@danielsimonjr/mathts-functions 0.59.0 → 0.61.0

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@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
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+ /**
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+ * Layer 1 rational-function symbolic integration — Task 1: parse a
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+ * single-variable rational-function expression into exact integer
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+ * numerator/denominator polynomials, split off the polynomial part via
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+ * exact-ℚ long division, and integrate a polynomial termwise (power rule).
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+ *
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+ * Reuses the univariate expression parser (`polyFromExpression`, from the
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+ * Gröbner-basis module) for parsing and the bigint dense-polynomial
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+ * convention (`IntPoly`, index = degree) from the #7 factorization engine
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+ * for the integer representation.
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+ *
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+ * See docs/superpowers/plans/2026-07-20-risch-layer1-rational-integration.md
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+ * (Task 1). Later tasks build denominator factorization, exact-ℚ partial
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+ * fractions, and per-factor closed-form integration on top of this module.
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+ */
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+ import { type IntPoly } from '../typed/factorization/integer-poly.js';
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+ /** Exact rational number, always normalized to lowest terms with a positive denominator. */
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+ export interface Rat {
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+ num: bigint;
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+ den: bigint;
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+ }
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+ /** A rational function `numer(x)/denom(x)` with integer dense (`IntPoly`) coefficients. */
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+ export interface RatFunc {
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+ numer: IntPoly;
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+ denom: IntPoly;
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+ }
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+ export declare function ratAdd(a: Rat, b: Rat): Rat;
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+ export declare function ratSub(a: Rat, b: Rat): Rat;
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+ export declare function ratMul(a: Rat, b: Rat): Rat;
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+ export declare function ratDiv(a: Rat, b: Rat): Rat;
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+ export declare function ratFromBigint(n: bigint): Rat;
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+ /**
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+ * A quadratic surd `a + b·√Δ` for a fixed positive non-square radicand `Δ`
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+ * (Δ > 0, non-square — a perfect-square Δ never occurs here since it would
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+ * already have split into rational linear factors). `Δ` is NOT stored on the
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+ * `Surd` itself: surds produced within one computation share a single `Δ`,
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+ * and every op that needs it (`surdMul`, `surdDiv`, `surdRender`) takes it as
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+ * an explicit parameter. `surdAdd`/`surdSub`/`surdNeg`/`surdFromRat` are
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+ * Δ-independent (componentwise on `a`/`b`), so they don't take it.
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+ *
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+ * See docs/superpowers/specs/2026-07-21-risch-layer2-quadratic-surd-design.md
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+ * (Architecture §1).
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+ */
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+ export interface Surd {
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+ a: Rat;
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+ b: Rat;
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+ }
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+ /** Lifts a rational number to a surd with zero `√Δ` component. */
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+ export declare function surdFromRat(r: Rat): Surd;
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+ /** Negates a surd componentwise. */
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+ export declare function surdNeg(s: Surd): Surd;
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+ /** Componentwise surd addition (Δ-independent). */
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+ export declare function surdAdd(x: Surd, y: Surd): Surd;
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+ /** Componentwise surd subtraction (Δ-independent). */
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+ export declare function surdSub(x: Surd, y: Surd): Surd;
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+ /**
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+ * Surd multiplication: `(a+b√Δ)(c+d√Δ) = (ac+bdΔ) + (ad+bc)√Δ`, using exact
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+ * `Rat` arithmetic throughout (`Δ` lifted to a `Rat` via `ratFromBigint`).
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+ */
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+ export declare function surdMul(x: Surd, y: Surd, delta: bigint): Surd;
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+ /**
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+ * Surd division, rationalized by the conjugate: `(a+b√Δ)/(c+d√Δ) =
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+ * (a+b√Δ)(c−d√Δ) / (c²−d²Δ)`, where `c²−d²Δ` is a plain rational scalar.
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+ * Throws when `y` is zero (both components zero).
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+ */
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+ export declare function surdDiv(x: Surd, y: Surd, delta: bigint): Surd;
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+ /**
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+ * Renders a surd as a readable, evaluable string `a + b*sqrt(Δ)`: a zero `a`
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+ * or zero `b` component is omitted, `b = 1`/`b = -1` render as bare
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+ * `sqrt(Δ)`/`- sqrt(Δ)`, and integer `Rat`s print without a `/1`. Exact
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+ * format is non-contractual (correctness is verified by differentiation
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+ * elsewhere); this only needs to stay evaluable and readable.
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+ */
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+ export declare function surdRender(s: Surd, delta: bigint): string;
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+ /**
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+ * Parses a single-variable expression `numerExpr/denomExpr` (or a bare
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+ * polynomial, denominator `[1n]`) into integer numerator/denominator dense
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+ * polynomials. Rational coefficients are cleared by the LCM of their
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+ * denominators (numerator and denominator are each cleared independently,
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+ * then cross-scaled by the other's factor so the represented ratio
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+ * `numer(x)/denom(x)` is unchanged).
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+ *
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+ * Returns `null` when `expr` is not a rational function of `v`: it contains
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+ * a transcendental call (`sin`/`exp`/... — any identifier other than `v`),
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+ * more than one variable, a zero denominator, or coefficients that cannot be
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+ * cleared to integers.
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+ */
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+ export declare function parseRationalFunction(expr: string, v: string): RatFunc | null;
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+ /**
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+ * Exact-ℚ polynomial long division of `rf.numer` by `rf.denom`:
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+ * `numer = quotient·denom + remainder`, `deg(remainder) < deg(denom)`.
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+ * Division is performed over ℚ (so a non-monic denominator is handled
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+ * correctly); the result is converted back to `bigint` coefficients, which
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+ * requires every intermediate `Rat` to reduce to an integer denominator —
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+ * true whenever the division is itself exact-integer, as it is for a
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+ * genuine rational-function reduction. Throws if it is not (a caller that
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+ * expects a non-integer quotient/remainder is out of this module's scope).
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+ */
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+ export declare function polynomialPart(rf: RatFunc): {
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+ quotient: IntPoly;
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+ remainder: IntPoly;
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+ };
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+ /**
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+ * Termwise power rule: the coefficient `c` at degree `n` in `p` integrates
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+ * to `c/(n+1) · v^(n+1)`. Renders a readable (not contractual beyond
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+ * containing the expected power) string, e.g. `x^2/2`, `2*x`.
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+ */
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+ export declare function integratePolynomial(p: IntPoly, v: string): string;
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+ /**
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+ * An irreducible factor of a rational function's denominator, classified for
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+ * closed-form integration:
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+ * - `'linear'` (degree 1) → a `log`;
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+ * - `'quadratic-neg'` (degree 2, discriminant `b²−4ac < 0`, complex roots) →
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+ * a `log` + `atan` pair (Layer 1);
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+ * - `'quadratic-pos'` (degree 2, discriminant `> 0`, real irrational roots,
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+ * multiplicity 1) → a pair of real `log`s with quadratic-surd coefficients
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+ * (Layer 2, see the quadratic-surd design doc).
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+ * Degree-≥3 irreducible factors, and repeated positive-discriminant quadratics,
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+ * are out of scope (see `factorDenominator`, which returns `null` for them).
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+ */
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+ export interface DenFactor {
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+ poly: IntPoly;
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+ mult: number;
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+ kind: 'linear' | 'quadratic-neg' | 'quadratic-pos';
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+ }
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+ /**
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+ * Factors `denom` completely over ℤ/ℚ via the #7 factorization engine
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+ * (`factorUnivariateZ`) and classifies each irreducible factor by degree.
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+ *
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+ * A degree-1 factor is `'linear'`. A degree-2 factor, having survived complete
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+ * factorization over ℚ, is irreducible over ℚ — but that does NOT fix its
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+ * discriminant sign: `disc = b²−4ac < 0` (complex roots, e.g. x²+1) is
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+ * `'quadratic-neg'` (Layer 1 arctan path); `disc > 0` (real irrational roots,
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+ * a non-square disc, e.g. x²−2) with **multiplicity 1** is `'quadratic-pos'`
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+ * (Layer 2 quadratic-surd path).
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+ *
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+ * Returns `null` when a factor is out of scope: any irreducible factor of
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+ * degree ≥ 3, or a **repeated** positive-discriminant quadratic (`disc > 0`,
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+ * `mult > 1`) — the reduction formula for repeated real-root quadratics is
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+ * Layer 3. The caller then falls back to the `integral(...)` marker.
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+ */
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+ export declare function factorDenominator(denom: IntPoly): DenFactor[] | null;
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+ /**
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+ * A single partial-fraction term `numer(x) / factor(x)^power`. `numer` is a
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+ * `Rat[]` of fixed length `deg(factor)` (index = degree, ascending — the same
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+ * convention as `IntPoly`): length 1 (a constant) over a linear factor,
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+ * length 2 (`[E, D]` meaning `D*x + E`) over a quadratic factor.
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+ */
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+ export interface PFTerm {
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+ factor: IntPoly;
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+ power: number;
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+ numer: Rat[];
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+ }
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+ /**
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+ * Exact-ℚ partial-fraction decomposition of `remainder(x) / ∏ factorᵢ(x)^multᵢ`
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+ * (`deg(remainder) < deg(∏ factorᵢ^multᵢ)`, as produced by `polynomialPart`)
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+ * into the standard form: for each irreducible factor `qᵢ` with multiplicity
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+ * `mᵢ`, terms `A_{i,k}(x) / qᵢ(x)^k` for `k = 1..mᵢ`, `deg A_{i,k} < deg qᵢ`.
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+ *
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+ * Solved by clearing denominators: multiplying the ansatz by the full
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+ * denominator `D = ∏ factorⱼ^multⱼ` turns each unknown numerator coefficient
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+ * into a linear unknown whose column is the polynomial
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+ * `x^j · qᵢ(x)^{mᵢ−k} · ∏_{j≠i} factorⱼ(x)^multⱼ` (a plain integer polynomial
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+ * product — no division is ever needed, since `mᵢ−k ≥ 0`). Equating
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+ * coefficients of `remainder(x)` on both sides gives a square (`deg D` ×
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+ * `deg D`) rational linear system, solved exactly via `solveLinearSystemRat`.
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+ */
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+ export declare function partialFractions(remainder: IntPoly, factors: DenFactor[]): PFTerm[];
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+ /**
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+ * Integrates a single partial-fraction term in closed form. Dispatches on the
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+ * degree of `term.factor` and, for a quadratic, on its discriminant sign:
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+ * - degree 1 → `log` (+ rational part for a repeated factor);
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+ * - degree 2, `disc < 0` (complex roots) → `log`/rational part + `atan`;
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+ * - degree 2, `disc > 0` (real irrational roots, power 1) → a pair of real
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+ * `log`s with quadratic-surd coefficients (Layer 2).
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+ * The produced string is evaluable by the expression engine (`log`, `atan`,
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+ * `sqrt`, `abs`, `^`, `*`); its exact form is not contractual — correctness is
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+ * verified by differentiation. Throws on any other factor degree, or on a
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+ * positive-discriminant quadratic with power > 1 (both unreachable for a
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+ * `factorDenominator`-classified factor).
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+ */
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+ export declare function integratePFTerm(term: PFTerm, v: string): string;
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+ /**
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+ * Full Layer-1 rational-function integration pipeline. Parses `expr` into an
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+ * exact integer rational function, splits off and integrates the polynomial
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+ * part, factors the denominator into linear + irreducible-quadratic factors,
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+ * decomposes into exact-ℚ partial fractions, and integrates each term in
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+ * closed form (rational part + `log` + `atan`).
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+ *
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+ * Returns `null` when `expr` is not a rational function of `v`
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+ * (`parseRationalFunction` declines), when the denominator has a degree-≥3
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+ * irreducible factor (`factorDenominator` declines — Layer 2 territory), or
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+ * when any internal step throws (e.g. a non-integer polynomial-part division),
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+ * so callers get a clean decline rather than an exception.
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+ */
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+ export declare function integrateRationalFunction(expr: string, v: string): string | null;
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+ //# sourceMappingURL=rational-integrate.d.ts.map
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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@@ -4,12 +4,17 @@
4
4
  * integrand is outside the supported subset, returns `integral(expr, variable)`.
5
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  *
6
6
  * The direct recursion is tried first; on failure, partial-fraction integration
7
- * (for rational integrands) and tabular integration by parts (for
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- * polynomial·{exp,sin,cos}) are attempted before giving up with the marker.
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+ * (for distinct-rational-root integrands), tabular integration by parts (for
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+ * polynomial·{exp,sin,cos}), and full rational-function integration (Risch
9
+ * Layer 1) are attempted before giving up with the marker. Rational functions
10
+ * with irreducible-quadratic and repeated factors are now integrated (rational
11
+ * part + `log` + `arctan`); degree-≥3 irreducible denominators and transcendental
12
+ * Risch remain out of scope (marker).
9
13
  *
10
14
  * @example symbolicIntegral('x^3') // 'x^4 / 4'
11
15
  * @example symbolicIntegral('cos(3*x + 1)') // 'sin(3 * x + 1) / 3'
12
16
  * @example symbolicIntegral('1/(x^2 - 1)') // partial fractions → sum of logs
17
+ * @example symbolicIntegral('1/(x^2 + 1)') // Risch Layer 1 → 'atan(...)'
13
18
  * @example symbolicIntegral('x * sin(x)') // by parts → 'sin(x) - x*cos(x)'
14
19
  */
15
20
  export declare function symbolicIntegral(expr: string, variable?: string): string;
@@ -1 +1 @@
1
- {"version":3,"file":"cas-integration.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/cas-integration.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAoWA;;;;;;;;;;;;;GAaG;AACH,wBAAgB,gBAAgB,CAAC,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,QAAQ,SAAM,GAAG,MAAM,CAWrE"}
1
+ {"version":3,"file":"cas-integration.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/cas-integration.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AA2WA;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;GAkBG;AACH,wBAAgB,gBAAgB,CAAC,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,QAAQ,SAAM,GAAG,MAAM,CAYrE"}
package/dist/index.js CHANGED
@@ -10019,11 +10019,15 @@ function landauMignotte(p) {
10019
10019
  return 1n;
10020
10020
  }
10021
10021
  const n = BigInt(d + 1);
10022
- const lcAbs = t[d] < 0n ? -t[d] : t[d];
10023
10022
  const powerOfTwo = 1n << BigInt(d);
10023
+ let normSq = 0n;
10024
+ for (const c of t) {
10025
+ normSq += c * c;
10026
+ }
10027
+ const norm2Ceil = isqrt(normSq) + 1n;
10024
10028
  const sq = isqrt(n);
10025
10029
  const sqrtCeil = sq * sq === n ? sq : sq + 1n;
10026
- const bound = sqrtCeil * powerOfTwo * (lcAbs === 0n ? 1n : lcAbs);
10030
+ const bound = sqrtCeil * powerOfTwo * norm2Ceil;
10027
10031
  return bound > 0n ? bound : 1n;
10028
10032
  }
10029
10033
  function modSymmetric(p, m) {
@@ -50609,6 +50613,558 @@ function lsqBounded(A, b, lower, upper, opts = {}) {
50609
50613
  return { x, residual: residualNorm(A, x, b) };
50610
50614
  }
50611
50615
 
50616
+ // src/cas/rational-integrate.ts
50617
+ function ratNormalize(num2, den) {
50618
+ if (den === 0n) {
50619
+ throw new Error("Rat: zero denominator");
50620
+ }
50621
+ let n = num2;
50622
+ let d = den;
50623
+ if (d < 0n) {
50624
+ n = -n;
50625
+ d = -d;
50626
+ }
50627
+ if (n === 0n) {
50628
+ return { num: 0n, den: 1n };
50629
+ }
50630
+ const g = bigintGcd(n, d);
50631
+ return { num: n / g, den: d / g };
50632
+ }
50633
+ function ratAdd(a, b) {
50634
+ return ratNormalize(a.num * b.den + b.num * a.den, a.den * b.den);
50635
+ }
50636
+ function ratSub(a, b) {
50637
+ return ratNormalize(a.num * b.den - b.num * a.den, a.den * b.den);
50638
+ }
50639
+ function ratMul(a, b) {
50640
+ return ratNormalize(a.num * b.num, a.den * b.den);
50641
+ }
50642
+ function ratDiv(a, b) {
50643
+ if (b.num === 0n) {
50644
+ throw new Error("Rat: division by zero");
50645
+ }
50646
+ return ratNormalize(a.num * b.den, a.den * b.num);
50647
+ }
50648
+ function ratFromBigint(n) {
50649
+ return { num: n, den: 1n };
50650
+ }
50651
+ var RAT_ZERO = { num: 0n, den: 1n };
50652
+ function surdFromRat(r) {
50653
+ return { a: r, b: RAT_ZERO };
50654
+ }
50655
+ function surdNeg(s) {
50656
+ return { a: ratNeg(s.a), b: ratNeg(s.b) };
50657
+ }
50658
+ function surdAdd(x, y) {
50659
+ return { a: ratAdd(x.a, y.a), b: ratAdd(x.b, y.b) };
50660
+ }
50661
+ function surdMul(x, y, delta) {
50662
+ const d = ratFromBigint(delta);
50663
+ return {
50664
+ a: ratAdd(ratMul(x.a, y.a), ratMul(ratMul(x.b, y.b), d)),
50665
+ b: ratAdd(ratMul(x.a, y.b), ratMul(x.b, y.a))
50666
+ };
50667
+ }
50668
+ function surdDiv(x, y, delta) {
50669
+ if (y.a.num === 0n && y.b.num === 0n) {
50670
+ throw new Error("surdDiv: division by zero surd");
50671
+ }
50672
+ const d = ratFromBigint(delta);
50673
+ const scale4 = ratSub(ratMul(y.a, y.a), ratMul(ratMul(y.b, y.b), d));
50674
+ const conj3 = { a: y.a, b: ratNeg(y.b) };
50675
+ const numer = surdMul(x, conj3, delta);
50676
+ return { a: ratDiv(numer.a, scale4), b: ratDiv(numer.b, scale4) };
50677
+ }
50678
+ function surdRender(s, delta) {
50679
+ const parts = [];
50680
+ if (s.a.num !== 0n) {
50681
+ parts.push(ratToStr(s.a));
50682
+ }
50683
+ if (s.b.num !== 0n) {
50684
+ const neg2 = s.b.num < 0n;
50685
+ const absB = neg2 ? ratNeg(s.b) : s.b;
50686
+ const sqrtPart = `sqrt(${delta})`;
50687
+ const term = absB.num === absB.den ? sqrtPart : `${ratToStr(absB)}*${sqrtPart}`;
50688
+ if (parts.length === 0) {
50689
+ parts.push(neg2 ? `- ${term}` : term);
50690
+ } else {
50691
+ parts.push(neg2 ? `- ${term}` : `+ ${term}`);
50692
+ }
50693
+ }
50694
+ if (parts.length === 0) {
50695
+ return "0";
50696
+ }
50697
+ return parts.join(" ");
50698
+ }
50699
+ function splitTopLevelDivision(expr) {
50700
+ let depth = 0;
50701
+ for (let i = 0; i < expr.length; i += 1) {
50702
+ const c = expr[i];
50703
+ if (c === "(") {
50704
+ depth += 1;
50705
+ } else if (c === ")") {
50706
+ depth -= 1;
50707
+ } else if (c === "/" && depth === 0) {
50708
+ return { numerStr: expr.slice(0, i), denomStr: expr.slice(i + 1) };
50709
+ }
50710
+ }
50711
+ return { numerStr: expr, denomStr: "1" };
50712
+ }
50713
+ function denseFromPoly(p) {
50714
+ let maxPow = 0;
50715
+ for (const t of p) {
50716
+ maxPow = Math.max(maxPow, t.powers[0] ?? 0);
50717
+ }
50718
+ const dense = new Array(maxPow + 1).fill(0);
50719
+ for (const t of p) {
50720
+ dense[t.powers[0]] += t.coeff;
50721
+ }
50722
+ return dense;
50723
+ }
50724
+ var INT_EPS = 1e-7;
50725
+ function isCloseToInteger(x) {
50726
+ return Math.abs(x - Math.round(x)) < INT_EPS;
50727
+ }
50728
+ function commonDenominator(coeffs) {
50729
+ const LIMIT = 1e5;
50730
+ for (let k = 1; k <= LIMIT; k += 1) {
50731
+ if (coeffs.every((c) => isCloseToInteger(c * k))) {
50732
+ return k;
50733
+ }
50734
+ }
50735
+ return null;
50736
+ }
50737
+ function parseRationalFunction(expr, v) {
50738
+ const { numerStr, denomStr } = splitTopLevelDivision(expr);
50739
+ let numerPoly;
50740
+ let denomPoly;
50741
+ try {
50742
+ numerPoly = polyFromExpression(numerStr, [v]);
50743
+ denomPoly = polyFromExpression(denomStr, [v]);
50744
+ } catch {
50745
+ return null;
50746
+ }
50747
+ const numerDense = denseFromPoly(numerPoly);
50748
+ const denomDense = denseFromPoly(denomPoly);
50749
+ if (denomDense.every((c) => c === 0)) {
50750
+ return null;
50751
+ }
50752
+ const kNumer = commonDenominator(numerDense);
50753
+ const kDenom = commonDenominator(denomDense);
50754
+ if (kNumer === null || kDenom === null) {
50755
+ return null;
50756
+ }
50757
+ const scale4 = kNumer * kDenom;
50758
+ const toIntPoly = (dense) => {
50759
+ const out = new Array(dense.length);
50760
+ for (let i = 0; i < dense.length; i += 1) {
50761
+ const scaled = dense[i] * scale4;
50762
+ if (!isCloseToInteger(scaled)) {
50763
+ return null;
50764
+ }
50765
+ out[i] = BigInt(Math.round(scaled));
50766
+ }
50767
+ return trim(out);
50768
+ };
50769
+ const numer = toIntPoly(numerDense);
50770
+ const denom = toIntPoly(denomDense);
50771
+ if (numer === null || denom === null || denom.length === 0) {
50772
+ return null;
50773
+ }
50774
+ return { numer, denom };
50775
+ }
50776
+ function trimRat(p) {
50777
+ let n = p.length;
50778
+ while (n > 0 && p[n - 1].num === 0n) {
50779
+ n -= 1;
50780
+ }
50781
+ return p.slice(0, n);
50782
+ }
50783
+ function polynomialPart(rf) {
50784
+ const denom = trim(rf.denom);
50785
+ if (denom.length === 0) {
50786
+ throw new Error("polynomialPart: zero denominator");
50787
+ }
50788
+ const db = denom.length - 1;
50789
+ const lb = ratFromBigint(denom[db]);
50790
+ const denomRat = denom.map(ratFromBigint);
50791
+ let rem = trimRat(trim(rf.numer).map(ratFromBigint));
50792
+ const dq = rem.length - 1 - db;
50793
+ const quotient = new Array(Math.max(dq + 1, 0)).fill(RAT_ZERO);
50794
+ while (rem.length > 0 && rem.length - 1 >= db) {
50795
+ const dr = rem.length - 1;
50796
+ const shift = dr - db;
50797
+ const coeff = ratDiv(rem[dr], lb);
50798
+ quotient[shift] = coeff;
50799
+ const next = rem.slice();
50800
+ for (let i = 0; i <= db; i += 1) {
50801
+ next[shift + i] = ratSub(next[shift + i], ratMul(coeff, denomRat[i]));
50802
+ }
50803
+ rem = trimRat(next);
50804
+ }
50805
+ const toExactIntPoly = (rs) => trim(
50806
+ rs.map((r) => {
50807
+ if (r.den !== 1n) {
50808
+ throw new Error("polynomialPart: division introduced a non-integer coefficient");
50809
+ }
50810
+ return r.num;
50811
+ })
50812
+ );
50813
+ return { quotient: toExactIntPoly(quotient), remainder: toExactIntPoly(rem) };
50814
+ }
50815
+ function formatRatTerm(r, varPart) {
50816
+ const sign3 = r.num < 0n ? "-" : "";
50817
+ const absNum = r.num < 0n ? -r.num : r.num;
50818
+ const coeffPart = absNum === 1n ? "" : `${absNum}*`;
50819
+ const denPart = r.den === 1n ? "" : `/${r.den}`;
50820
+ return `${sign3}${coeffPart}${varPart}${denPart}`;
50821
+ }
50822
+ function integratePolynomial(p, v) {
50823
+ const trimmed = trim(p);
50824
+ const terms = [];
50825
+ for (let i = 0; i < trimmed.length; i += 1) {
50826
+ const c = trimmed[i];
50827
+ if (c === 0n) {
50828
+ continue;
50829
+ }
50830
+ const n = i + 1;
50831
+ const coeff = ratNormalize(c, BigInt(n));
50832
+ const varPart = n === 1 ? v : `${v}^${n}`;
50833
+ terms.push(formatRatTerm(coeff, varPart));
50834
+ }
50835
+ if (terms.length === 0) {
50836
+ return "0";
50837
+ }
50838
+ return terms.join(" + ").replace(/\+ -/g, "- ");
50839
+ }
50840
+ function factorDenominator(denom) {
50841
+ const { factors } = factorUnivariateZ(trim(denom));
50842
+ const out = [];
50843
+ for (const { poly, mult } of factors) {
50844
+ const deg = trim(poly).length - 1;
50845
+ if (deg === 1) {
50846
+ out.push({ poly, mult, kind: "linear" });
50847
+ } else if (deg === 2) {
50848
+ const q = trim(poly);
50849
+ const disc = q[1] * q[1] - 4n * q[2] * q[0];
50850
+ if (disc < 0n) {
50851
+ out.push({ poly, mult, kind: "quadratic-neg" });
50852
+ } else if (mult === 1) {
50853
+ out.push({ poly, mult, kind: "quadratic-pos" });
50854
+ } else {
50855
+ return null;
50856
+ }
50857
+ } else {
50858
+ return null;
50859
+ }
50860
+ }
50861
+ return out;
50862
+ }
50863
+ function shiftedColumn(poly, shift, size2) {
50864
+ const col = new Array(size2).fill(RAT_ZERO);
50865
+ for (let i = 0; i < poly.length; i += 1) {
50866
+ const row2 = i + shift;
50867
+ if (row2 < size2) {
50868
+ col[row2] = ratFromBigint(poly[i]);
50869
+ }
50870
+ }
50871
+ return col;
50872
+ }
50873
+ function solveLinearSystemRat(matrix2, rhs) {
50874
+ const n = rhs.length;
50875
+ const rows = matrix2.map((row2, r) => [...row2, rhs[r]]);
50876
+ for (let col = 0; col < n; col += 1) {
50877
+ let pivotRow = -1;
50878
+ for (let r = col; r < n; r += 1) {
50879
+ if (rows[r][col].num !== 0n) {
50880
+ pivotRow = r;
50881
+ break;
50882
+ }
50883
+ }
50884
+ if (pivotRow === -1) {
50885
+ throw new Error("partialFractions: singular partial-fraction linear system");
50886
+ }
50887
+ if (pivotRow !== col) {
50888
+ const tmp = rows[col];
50889
+ rows[col] = rows[pivotRow];
50890
+ rows[pivotRow] = tmp;
50891
+ }
50892
+ const pivotVal = rows[col][col];
50893
+ rows[col] = rows[col].map((v) => ratDiv(v, pivotVal));
50894
+ for (let r = 0; r < n; r += 1) {
50895
+ if (r === col) {
50896
+ continue;
50897
+ }
50898
+ const factor2 = rows[r][col];
50899
+ if (factor2.num === 0n) {
50900
+ continue;
50901
+ }
50902
+ const pivotRowVals = rows[col];
50903
+ rows[r] = rows[r].map((v, c) => ratSub(v, ratMul(factor2, pivotRowVals[c])));
50904
+ }
50905
+ }
50906
+ return rows.map((row2) => row2[n]);
50907
+ }
50908
+ function partialFractions(remainder, factors) {
50909
+ const trimmedRemainder = trim(remainder);
50910
+ const factorPowers = factors.map((f) => {
50911
+ const powers = [[1n]];
50912
+ let acc = [1n];
50913
+ for (let p = 1; p <= f.mult; p += 1) {
50914
+ acc = mul(acc, f.poly);
50915
+ powers.push(acc);
50916
+ }
50917
+ return powers;
50918
+ });
50919
+ const othersProduct = factors.map((_f, fi) => {
50920
+ let acc = [1n];
50921
+ for (let fj = 0; fj < factors.length; fj += 1) {
50922
+ if (fj === fi) {
50923
+ continue;
50924
+ }
50925
+ acc = mul(acc, factorPowers[fj][factors[fj].mult]);
50926
+ }
50927
+ return acc;
50928
+ });
50929
+ const degOf = (fi) => trim(factors[fi].poly).length - 1;
50930
+ const unknowns = [];
50931
+ for (let fi = 0; fi < factors.length; fi += 1) {
50932
+ const di = degOf(fi);
50933
+ for (let k = 1; k <= factors[fi].mult; k += 1) {
50934
+ for (let j = 0; j < di; j += 1) {
50935
+ unknowns.push({ fi, k, j });
50936
+ }
50937
+ }
50938
+ }
50939
+ const n = unknowns.length;
50940
+ const columns = unknowns.map(({ fi, k, j }) => {
50941
+ const remainingPower = factors[fi].mult - k;
50942
+ const coPoly = mul(othersProduct[fi], factorPowers[fi][remainingPower]);
50943
+ return shiftedColumn(coPoly, j, n);
50944
+ });
50945
+ const rows = [];
50946
+ for (let r = 0; r < n; r += 1) {
50947
+ rows.push(columns.map((col) => col[r]));
50948
+ }
50949
+ const rhs = new Array(n).fill(RAT_ZERO).map((_, idx2) => ratFromBigint(idx2 < trimmedRemainder.length ? trimmedRemainder[idx2] : 0n));
50950
+ const solution = n === 0 ? [] : solveLinearSystemRat(rows, rhs);
50951
+ const terms = [];
50952
+ let idx = 0;
50953
+ for (let fi = 0; fi < factors.length; fi += 1) {
50954
+ const di = degOf(fi);
50955
+ for (let k = 1; k <= factors[fi].mult; k += 1) {
50956
+ const numer = [];
50957
+ for (let j = 0; j < di; j += 1) {
50958
+ numer.push(solution[idx]);
50959
+ idx += 1;
50960
+ }
50961
+ terms.push({ factor: factors[fi].poly, power: k, numer });
50962
+ }
50963
+ }
50964
+ return terms;
50965
+ }
50966
+ function ratNeg(r) {
50967
+ return { num: -r.num, den: r.den };
50968
+ }
50969
+ function ratToStr(r) {
50970
+ return r.den === 1n ? `${r.num}` : `${r.num}/${r.den}`;
50971
+ }
50972
+ function renderCoeffTimes(r, rest) {
50973
+ const neg2 = r.num < 0n;
50974
+ const absNum = neg2 ? -r.num : r.num;
50975
+ const sign3 = neg2 ? "-" : "";
50976
+ if (absNum === r.den) {
50977
+ return `${sign3}${rest}`;
50978
+ }
50979
+ const denPart = r.den === 1n ? "" : `/${r.den}`;
50980
+ return `${sign3}${absNum}${denPart}*${rest}`;
50981
+ }
50982
+ function renderXMinus(a, v) {
50983
+ if (a.num === 0n) {
50984
+ return v;
50985
+ }
50986
+ if (a.num > 0n) {
50987
+ return `${v} - ${ratToStr(a)}`;
50988
+ }
50989
+ return `${v} + ${ratToStr(ratNeg(a))}`;
50990
+ }
50991
+ function renderQuadraticCore(b, c, v) {
50992
+ let s = `${v}^2`;
50993
+ if (b.num !== 0n) {
50994
+ s += ` + (${ratToStr(b)})*${v}`;
50995
+ }
50996
+ s += ` + (${ratToStr(c)})`;
50997
+ return s;
50998
+ }
50999
+ function renderTwoXPlusB(b, v) {
51000
+ let s = `2*${v}`;
51001
+ if (b.num !== 0n) {
51002
+ s += ` + (${ratToStr(b)})`;
51003
+ }
51004
+ return s;
51005
+ }
51006
+ function joinTerms(parts) {
51007
+ if (parts.length === 0) {
51008
+ return "0";
51009
+ }
51010
+ return parts.join(" + ").replace(/\+ -/g, "- ");
51011
+ }
51012
+ function integrateLinearTerm(factor2, k, numer, v) {
51013
+ const p0 = factor2[0];
51014
+ const p1 = factor2[1];
51015
+ const a = ratNeg(ratDiv(ratFromBigint(p0), ratFromBigint(p1)));
51016
+ const A = ratDiv(numer[0], ratFromBigint(p1 ** BigInt(k)));
51017
+ if (A.num === 0n) {
51018
+ return "0";
51019
+ }
51020
+ const xMinus = renderXMinus(a, v);
51021
+ if (k === 1) {
51022
+ return renderCoeffTimes(A, `log(abs(${xMinus}))`);
51023
+ }
51024
+ const coeff = ratNeg(ratDiv(A, ratFromBigint(BigInt(k - 1))));
51025
+ return renderCoeffTimes(coeff, `(${xMinus})^(${-(k - 1)})`);
51026
+ }
51027
+ function integrateInverseQuadraticPower(k, b, c) {
51028
+ if (k === 1) {
51029
+ return { terms: [], atanCoeff: ratFromBigint(1n) };
51030
+ }
51031
+ const prev = integrateInverseQuadraticPower(k - 1, b, c);
51032
+ const d2 = ratSub(ratMul(ratFromBigint(4n), c), ratMul(b, b));
51033
+ const denomFactor = ratMul(ratFromBigint(BigInt(k - 1)), d2);
51034
+ const newTermCoeff = ratDiv(ratFromBigint(1n), denomFactor);
51035
+ const propagate = ratDiv(ratFromBigint(BigInt(2 * (2 * k - 3))), denomFactor);
51036
+ const terms = prev.terms.map((t) => ({ coeff: ratMul(t.coeff, propagate), power: t.power }));
51037
+ terms.push({ coeff: newTermCoeff, power: k - 1 });
51038
+ return { terms, atanCoeff: ratMul(prev.atanCoeff, propagate) };
51039
+ }
51040
+ function integrateQuadraticTerm(factor2, k, numer, v) {
51041
+ const q0 = factor2[0];
51042
+ const q1 = factor2[1];
51043
+ const q2 = factor2[2];
51044
+ const b = ratDiv(ratFromBigint(q1), ratFromBigint(q2));
51045
+ const c = ratDiv(ratFromBigint(q0), ratFromBigint(q2));
51046
+ const leadPow = ratFromBigint(q2 ** BigInt(k));
51047
+ const D = ratDiv(numer[1], leadPow);
51048
+ const E = ratDiv(numer[0], leadPow);
51049
+ const d2 = ratSub(ratMul(ratFromBigint(4n), c), ratMul(b, b));
51050
+ const K = ratSub(E, ratMul(D, ratDiv(b, ratFromBigint(2n))));
51051
+ const qCore = renderQuadraticCore(b, c, v);
51052
+ const twoXb = renderTwoXPlusB(b, v);
51053
+ const parts = [];
51054
+ if (D.num !== 0n) {
51055
+ const half = ratDiv(D, ratFromBigint(2n));
51056
+ if (k === 1) {
51057
+ parts.push(renderCoeffTimes(half, `log(${qCore})`));
51058
+ } else {
51059
+ const coeff = ratNeg(ratDiv(half, ratFromBigint(BigInt(k - 1))));
51060
+ parts.push(renderCoeffTimes(coeff, `(${qCore})^(${-(k - 1)})`));
51061
+ }
51062
+ }
51063
+ if (K.num !== 0n) {
51064
+ const ik = integrateInverseQuadraticPower(k, b, c);
51065
+ for (const t of ik.terms) {
51066
+ const coeff = ratMul(K, t.coeff);
51067
+ if (coeff.num === 0n) {
51068
+ continue;
51069
+ }
51070
+ parts.push(renderCoeffTimes(coeff, `(${twoXb})/(${qCore})^(${t.power})`));
51071
+ }
51072
+ const atanCoeff = ratMul(ratMul(K, ik.atanCoeff), ratFromBigint(2n));
51073
+ if (atanCoeff.num !== 0n) {
51074
+ const d2s = ratToStr(d2);
51075
+ parts.push(renderCoeffTimes(atanCoeff, `atan((${twoXb})/sqrt(${d2s}))/sqrt(${d2s})`));
51076
+ }
51077
+ }
51078
+ return joinTerms(parts);
51079
+ }
51080
+ function integrateQuadraticPosTerm(factor2, numer, v) {
51081
+ const c = factor2[0];
51082
+ const b = factor2[1];
51083
+ const a = factor2[2];
51084
+ const R = b * b - 4n * a * c;
51085
+ const D = numer[1] ?? RAT_ZERO;
51086
+ const E = numer[0] ?? RAT_ZERO;
51087
+ const twoA = ratFromBigint(2n * a);
51088
+ const negBOver2A = ratDiv(ratFromBigint(-b), twoA);
51089
+ const inv2A = ratDiv(ratFromBigint(1n), twoA);
51090
+ const r1 = { a: negBOver2A, b: inv2A };
51091
+ const r2 = { a: negBOver2A, b: ratNeg(inv2A) };
51092
+ const sqrtR = { a: RAT_ZERO, b: ratFromBigint(1n) };
51093
+ const Dsurd = surdFromRat(D);
51094
+ const Esurd = surdFromRat(E);
51095
+ const numA = surdAdd(surdMul(Dsurd, r1, R), Esurd);
51096
+ const numB = surdAdd(surdMul(Dsurd, r2, R), Esurd);
51097
+ const A = surdDiv(numA, sqrtR, R);
51098
+ const B = surdDiv(numB, surdNeg(sqrtR), R);
51099
+ const parts = [];
51100
+ const emit = (coeff, root2) => {
51101
+ if (coeff.a.num === 0n && coeff.b.num === 0n) {
51102
+ return;
51103
+ }
51104
+ parts.push(`(${surdRender(coeff, R)})*log(abs(${v} - (${surdRender(root2, R)})))`);
51105
+ };
51106
+ emit(A, r1);
51107
+ emit(B, r2);
51108
+ return joinTerms(parts);
51109
+ }
51110
+ function integratePFTerm(term, v) {
51111
+ const factor2 = trim(term.factor);
51112
+ const deg = factor2.length - 1;
51113
+ if (deg === 1) {
51114
+ return integrateLinearTerm(factor2, term.power, term.numer, v);
51115
+ }
51116
+ if (deg === 2) {
51117
+ const disc = factor2[1] * factor2[1] - 4n * factor2[2] * factor2[0];
51118
+ if (disc < 0n) {
51119
+ return integrateQuadraticTerm(factor2, term.power, term.numer, v);
51120
+ }
51121
+ if (term.power !== 1) {
51122
+ throw new Error("integratePFTerm: repeated positive-discriminant quadratic is out of scope");
51123
+ }
51124
+ return integrateQuadraticPosTerm(factor2, term.numer, v);
51125
+ }
51126
+ throw new Error(`integratePFTerm: unsupported factor degree ${deg}`);
51127
+ }
51128
+ function integrateRationalFunction(expr, v) {
51129
+ try {
51130
+ const rf = parseRationalFunction(expr, v);
51131
+ if (rf === null) {
51132
+ return null;
51133
+ }
51134
+ const factors = factorDenominator(rf.denom);
51135
+ if (factors === null) {
51136
+ return null;
51137
+ }
51138
+ const { quotient, remainder } = polynomialPart(rf);
51139
+ const terms = partialFractions(remainder, factors);
51140
+ let prod2 = [1n];
51141
+ for (const { poly, mult } of factors) {
51142
+ for (let k = 0; k < mult; k += 1) prod2 = mul(prod2, poly);
51143
+ }
51144
+ const scalePoly = exactDivide(rf.denom, prod2);
51145
+ if (scalePoly !== null && scalePoly.length === 1 && scalePoly[0] !== 1n) {
51146
+ const scale4 = ratFromBigint(scalePoly[0]);
51147
+ for (const term of terms) {
51148
+ term.numer = term.numer.map((c) => ratDiv(c, scale4));
51149
+ }
51150
+ }
51151
+ const parts = [];
51152
+ const polyPart = integratePolynomial(quotient, v);
51153
+ if (polyPart !== "0") {
51154
+ parts.push(polyPart);
51155
+ }
51156
+ for (const term of terms) {
51157
+ const s = integratePFTerm(term, v);
51158
+ if (s !== "0") {
51159
+ parts.push(s);
51160
+ }
51161
+ }
51162
+ return joinTerms(parts);
51163
+ } catch {
51164
+ return null;
51165
+ }
51166
+ }
51167
+
50612
51168
  // src/cas-integration.ts
50613
51169
  var parse2 = parse;
50614
51170
  var evaluate2 = evaluate;
@@ -50846,7 +51402,7 @@ function symbolicIntegral(expr, variable = "x") {
50846
51402
  return integrateNode(parse2(expr), variable);
50847
51403
  } catch (e) {
50848
51404
  if (!(e instanceof NotIntegrable)) throw e;
50849
- return tryPartialFractions(expr, variable) ?? tryByParts(expr, variable) ?? `integral(${expr}, ${variable})`;
51405
+ return tryPartialFractions(expr, variable) ?? tryByParts(expr, variable) ?? integrateRationalFunction(expr, variable) ?? `integral(${expr}, ${variable})`;
50850
51406
  }
50851
51407
  }
50852
51408
 
@@ -1 +1 @@
1
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1
+ {"version":3,"file":"integer-poly.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../../src/typed/factorization/integer-poly.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA;;;;;;;;;;;GAWG;AAEH,qEAAqE;AACrE,MAAM,MAAM,OAAO,GAAG,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC;AAE/B;;;GAGG;AACH,wBAAgB,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,OAAO,CAMxC;AAED,sEAAsE;AACtE,wBAAgB,MAAM,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,MAAM,CAGzC;AAED,+DAA+D;AAC/D,wBAAgB,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,MAAM,CAGrC;AAED,4EAA4E;AAC5E,wBAAgB,MAAM,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,OAAO,CAE1C;AAED,wBAAwB;AACxB,wBAAgB,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,OAAO,CASnD;AAED,wBAAwB;AACxB,wBAAgB,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,OAAO,CASnD;AAED,qBAAqB;AACrB,wBAAgB,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,OAAO,CAEvC;AAED,uDAAuD;AACvD,wBAAgB,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,OAAO,CAenD;AAED,iDAAiD;AACjD,wBAAgB,SAAS,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,OAAO,CAExD;AAED,gFAAgF;AAChF,wBAAgB,MAAM,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,OAAO,CAQtD;AAED,4DAA4D;AAC5D,wBAAgB,QAAQ,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,MAAM,CAOtD;AAED,sDAAsD;AACtD,wBAAgB,SAAS,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,MAAM,CAStD;AAED,0EAA0E;AAC1E,wBAAgB,OAAO,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,MAAM,CAO1C;AAED;;;GAGG;AACH,wBAAgB,aAAa,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,OAAO,CAYjD;AAED;;;;;;;GAOG;AACH,wBAAgB,WAAW,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,OAAO,GAAG,IAAI,CAmClE;AAED,sEAAsE;AACtE,wBAAgB,UAAU,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,OAAO,CAU9C;AAyBD;;;;;GAKG;AACH,wBAAgB,QAAQ,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,OAAO,CAkBxD;AAmBD;;;;;;GAMG;AACH,wBAAgB,cAAc,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,GAAG,MAAM,CAyBjD;AAED;;;;;GAKG;AACH,wBAAgB,YAAY,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,OAAO,CAa3D"}
package/package.json CHANGED
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
1
1
  {
2
2
  "name": "@danielsimonjr/mathts-functions",
3
- "version": "0.59.0",
3
+ "version": "0.61.0",
4
4
  "description": "Mathematical functions for MathTS - arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry, statistics, and more",
5
5
  "author": "Daniel Simon Jr.",
6
6
  "license": "MIT",