@danielsimonjr/mathts-functions 0.28.0 → 0.29.0

package/dist/index.d.ts

@@ -25,6 +25,20 @@ export { fTest, jarqueBera, kruskalWallis, wilcoxon, fisherExact, studentizedRan
 export type { FTestResult, JarqueBeraResult, KruskalResult, WilcoxonResult, FisherExactResult, TukeyComparison, } from './hypothesis-extra.js';
 export { tril, triu, vander, toeplitz, circulant, companion, logdet, laplacianMatrix, generalizedEig, qz, } from './linalg-extra.js';
 export { hessian, gradient } from './calculus-extra.js';
+export { svd } from '@danielsimonjr/mathts-matrix';
+export type { SVDResult, SVDOptions } from '@danielsimonjr/mathts-matrix';
+export { orth } from './linalg-svd-extra.js';
+export type { OrthOptions } from './linalg-svd-extra.js';
+export { numericJacobian } from './numeric/numeric-jacobian.js';
+export type { VectorField, NumericJacobianOptions } from './numeric/numeric-jacobian.js';
+export { newton, secant, halley } from './numeric/open-root-finders.js';
+export type { NewtonOptions, SecantOptions, HalleyOptions } from './numeric/open-root-finders.js';
+export { fsolve, root } from './numeric/fsolve.js';
+export type { FsolveOptions } from './numeric/fsolve.js';
+export { minimizeScalar } from './numeric/minimize-scalar.js';
+export type { MinimizeScalarOptions, MinimizeScalarResult } from './numeric/minimize-scalar.js';
+export { quad } from './numeric/adaptive-quad.js';
+export type { QuadOptions, QuadResult } from './numeric/adaptive-quad.js';
 export { movingAverage, ewma, detrend, acf } from './timeseries-extra.js';
 export { linearRegression } from './regression-extra.js';
 export type { LinregressResult } from './regression-extra.js';

package/dist/index.d.ts.map

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package/dist/index.js

@@ -5510,15 +5510,15 @@ function modNumber(x, y) {
   return y === 0 ? x : x - y * Math.floor(x / y);
 }
 modNumber.signature = n2;
-function nthRootNumber(a, root = 2) {
-  const inv2 = root < 0;
+function nthRootNumber(a, root2 = 2) {
+  const inv2 = root2 < 0;
   if (inv2) {
-    root = -root;
+    root2 = -root2;
   }
-  if (root === 0) {
+  if (root2 === 0) {
     throw new Error("Root must be non-zero");
   }
-  if (a < 0 && Math.abs(root) % 2 !== 1) {
+  if (a < 0 && Math.abs(root2) % 2 !== 1) {
     throw new Error("Root must be odd when a is negative.");
   }
   if (a === 0) {
@@ -5527,7 +5527,7 @@ function nthRootNumber(a, root = 2) {
   if (!isFinite(a)) {
     return inv2 ? 0 : a;
   }
-  let x = Math.pow(Math.abs(a), 1 / root);
+  let x = Math.pow(Math.abs(a), 1 / root2);
   x = a < 0 ? -x : x;
   return inv2 ? 1 / x : x;
 }
@@ -8852,9 +8852,9 @@ function kdTree(points) {
   }
   return build(indexed, 0);
 }
-function kdTreeNearest(root, target) {
-  if (!root) return null;
-  let best = { point: root.point, index: root.index, distance: distanceNDSq(root.point, target) };
+function kdTreeNearest(root2, target) {
+  if (!root2) return null;
+  let best = { point: root2.point, index: root2.index, distance: distanceNDSq(root2.point, target) };
   function search(node) {
     if (!node) return;
     const d = distanceNDSq(node.point, target);
@@ -8869,7 +8869,7 @@ function kdTreeNearest(root, target) {
       search(second);
     }
   }
-  search(root);
+  search(root2);
   best.distance = Math.sqrt(best.distance);
   return best;
 }
@@ -8921,8 +8921,8 @@ function nearestNeighbor(points, query) {
       }
     }
   }
-  const root = kdTree(points);
-  return kdTreeNearest(root, query);
+  const root2 = kdTree(points);
+  return kdTreeNearest(root2, query);
 }
 function convexHull3D(points) {
   const n = points.length;
@@ -11843,6 +11843,81 @@ var createSolveODE = /* @__PURE__ */ factory(
   }
 );
 
+// src/numeric/adaptive-quad.ts
+var XGK = [
+  0.991455371120813,
+  0.949107912342759,
+  0.864864423359769,
+  0.741531185599394,
+  0.586087235467691,
+  0.405845151377397,
+  0.207784955007898,
+  0
+];
+var WGK = [
+  0.022935322010529,
+  0.063092092629979,
+  0.10479001032225,
+  0.140653259715525,
+  0.169004726639267,
+  0.190350578064785,
+  0.204432940075298,
+  0.209482141084728
+];
+var WG = [0.12948496616887, 0.27970539148928, 0.38183005050512, 0.41795918367347];
+var KRONROD_NODES = [];
+var KRONROD_WEIGHTS = [];
+var GAUSS_WEIGHTS = [];
+for (let i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
+  KRONROD_NODES.push(-XGK[i]);
+  KRONROD_WEIGHTS.push(WGK[i]);
+  GAUSS_WEIGHTS.push(0);
+}
+KRONROD_NODES.push(0);
+KRONROD_WEIGHTS.push(WGK[7]);
+GAUSS_WEIGHTS.push(0);
+for (let i = 6; i >= 0; i--) {
+  KRONROD_NODES.push(XGK[i]);
+  KRONROD_WEIGHTS.push(WGK[i]);
+  GAUSS_WEIGHTS.push(0);
+}
+GAUSS_WEIGHTS[1] = WG[0];
+GAUSS_WEIGHTS[3] = WG[1];
+GAUSS_WEIGHTS[5] = WG[2];
+GAUSS_WEIGHTS[7] = WG[3];
+GAUSS_WEIGHTS[9] = WG[2];
+GAUSS_WEIGHTS[11] = WG[1];
+GAUSS_WEIGHTS[13] = WG[0];
+function gaussKronrod15(f, a, b) {
+  const halfWidth = (b - a) / 2;
+  const mid = (a + b) / 2;
+  let k = 0;
+  let g = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < 15; i++) {
+    const fx = f(halfWidth * KRONROD_NODES[i] + mid);
+    k += KRONROD_WEIGHTS[i] * fx;
+    g += GAUSS_WEIGHTS[i] * fx;
+  }
+  return { k: halfWidth * k, g: halfWidth * g };
+}
+var ABS_FLOOR = 1e-14;
+function quad(f, a, b, opts) {
+  const tol = opts?.tol ?? 1e-10;
+  const maxDepth = opts?.maxDepth ?? 50;
+  function panel(a2, b2, depth) {
+    const { k, g } = gaussKronrod15(f, a2, b2);
+    const panelError = Math.abs(k - g);
+    if (depth >= maxDepth || panelError <= Math.max(tol * Math.abs(k), ABS_FLOOR)) {
+      return { value: k, error: panelError };
+    }
+    const mid = (a2 + b2) / 2;
+    const left = panel(a2, mid, depth + 1);
+    const right = panel(mid, b2, depth + 1);
+    return { value: left.value + right.value, error: left.error + right.error };
+  }
+  return panel(a, b, 0);
+}
+
 // src/typed/numeric.ts
 var NUMERIC_WASM_THRESHOLD = 16;
 function findRoot(f, a, b, opts) {
@@ -12072,37 +12147,7 @@ function leastSquares(A, b) {
   return linsolve(AtA, Atb);
 }
 function nintegrate(f, a, b, opts) {
-  const tol = opts?.tol ?? 1e-10;
-  const maxDepth = opts?.maxDepth ?? 30;
-  function adaptiveQuad(a2, b2, depth) {
-    const mid = (a2 + b2) / 2;
-    const whole = gaussLegendre5(f, a2, b2);
-    const left = gaussLegendre5(f, a2, mid);
-    const right = gaussLegendre5(f, mid, b2);
-    const refined = left + right;
-    if (depth >= maxDepth || Math.abs(refined - whole) < 15 * tol) {
-      return refined + (refined - whole) / 15;
-    }
-    return adaptiveQuad(a2, mid, depth + 1) + adaptiveQuad(mid, b2, depth + 1);
-  }
-  return adaptiveQuad(a, b, 0);
-}
-function gaussLegendre5(f, a, b) {
-  const nodes = [-0.906179845938664, -0.5384693101056831, 0, 0.5384693101056831, 0.906179845938664];
-  const weights = [
-    0.2369268850561891,
-    0.4786286704993665,
-    0.5688888888888889,
-    0.4786286704993665,
-    0.2369268850561891
-  ];
-  const hw = (b - a) / 2;
-  const mid = (a + b) / 2;
-  let sum3 = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
-    sum3 += weights[i] * f(hw * nodes[i] + mid);
-  }
-  return hw * sum3;
+  return quad(f, a, b, opts).value;
 }
 function simpsons(f, a, b, n = 100) {
   if (n % 2 !== 0) n += 1;
@@ -15137,9 +15182,9 @@ function multivariateNormal(mean6, cov2) {
         for (let j = 0; j < i; j++) s -= L[i][j] * z[j];
         z[i] = s / L[i][i];
       }
-      let quad = 0;
-      for (let i = 0; i < k; i++) quad += z[i] * z[i];
-      return Math.exp(-0.5 * (k * Math.log(2 * Math.PI) + logDet + quad));
+      let quad2 = 0;
+      for (let i = 0; i < k; i++) quad2 += z[i] * z[i];
+      return Math.exp(-0.5 * (k * Math.log(2 * Math.PI) + logDet + quad2));
     }
   };
 }
@@ -25038,10 +25083,10 @@ var createNthRoots = /* @__PURE__ */ factory(
         return new Complex12(0, -val);
       }
     ];
-    function _nthComplexRoots(a, root) {
-      if (root < 0) throw new Error("Root must be greater than zero");
-      if (root === 0) throw new Error("Root must be non-zero");
-      if (root % 1 !== 0) throw new Error("Root must be an integer");
+    function _nthComplexRoots(a, root2) {
+      if (root2 < 0) throw new Error("Root must be greater than zero");
+      if (root2 === 0) throw new Error("Root must be non-zero");
+      if (root2 % 1 !== 0) throw new Error("Root must be an integer");
       if (a === 0 || a.abs() === 0) return [new Complex12(0, 0)];
       const aIsNumeric = typeof a === "number";
       let offset = NaN;
@@ -25057,14 +25102,14 @@ var createNthRoots = /* @__PURE__ */ factory(
       const arg3 = a.arg();
       const abs2 = a.abs();
       const roots = [];
-      const r = Math.pow(abs2, 1 / root);
-      for (let k = 0; k < root; k++) {
-        const halfPiFactor = (offset + 4 * k) / root;
+      const r = Math.pow(abs2, 1 / root2);
+      for (let k = 0; k < root2; k++) {
+        const halfPiFactor = (offset + 4 * k) / root2;
         if (halfPiFactor === Math.round(halfPiFactor)) {
           roots.push(_calculateExactResult[halfPiFactor % 4](r));
           continue;
         }
-        roots.push(new Complex12({ r, phi: (arg3 + 2 * Math.PI * k) / root }));
+        roots.push(new Complex12({ r, phi: (arg3 + 2 * Math.PI * k) / root2 }));
       }
       return roots;
     }
@@ -28117,19 +28162,19 @@ var createNthRoot = /* @__PURE__ */ factory(
         sS: false
       })
     );
-    function _bigNthRoot(a, root) {
+    function _bigNthRoot(a, root2) {
       const precision = BigNumber9.precision;
       const Big = BigNumber9.clone({ precision: precision + 2 });
       const zero = new BigNumber9(0);
       const one = new Big(1);
-      const inv2 = root.isNegative();
+      const inv2 = root2.isNegative();
       if (inv2) {
-        root = root.neg();
+        root2 = root2.neg();
       }
-      if (root.isZero()) {
+      if (root2.isZero()) {
         throw new Error("Root must be non-zero");
       }
-      if (a.isNegative() && !root.abs().mod(2).equals(1)) {
+      if (a.isNegative() && !root2.abs().mod(2).equals(1)) {
         throw new Error("Root must be odd when a is negative.");
       }
       if (a.isZero()) {
@@ -28138,7 +28183,7 @@ var createNthRoot = /* @__PURE__ */ factory(
       if (!a.isFinite()) {
         return inv2 ? zero : a;
       }
-      let x = a.abs().pow(one.div(root));
+      let x = a.abs().pow(one.div(root2));
       x = a.isNeg() ? x.neg() : x;
       return new BigNumber9((inv2 ? one.div(x) : x).toPrecision(precision));
     }
@@ -42149,6 +42194,31 @@ function reviver(_key, value) {
 // src/typed/cas.ts
 import { computePool as computePool12 } from "@danielsimonjr/mathts-parallel";
 import { Complex as Complex10 } from "@danielsimonjr/mathts-core";
+
+// src/numeric/numeric-jacobian.ts
+function numericJacobian(f, x0, opts = {}) {
+  const n = x0.length;
+  const base = Array.from(x0);
+  const f0 = f(base);
+  const m = f0.length;
+  const cbrtEps = Math.cbrt(222e-18);
+  const J = Array.from({ length: m }, () => new Array(n).fill(0));
+  for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
+    const h = opts.h ?? Math.max(1, Math.abs(base[j])) * cbrtEps;
+    const xPlus = base.slice();
+    xPlus[j] += h;
+    const fPlus = f(xPlus);
+    const xMinus = base.slice();
+    xMinus[j] -= h;
+    const fMinus = f(xMinus);
+    for (let i = 0; i < m; i++) {
+      J[i][j] = (fPlus[i] - fMinus[i]) / (2 * h);
+    }
+  }
+  return J;
+}
+
+// src/typed/cas.ts
 function _evalNumeric(exprStr) {
   let pos = 0;
   const s = exprStr.replace(/\s+/g, "");
@@ -42409,6 +42479,9 @@ function gradientSymbolic(expr, vars, scope) {
   return vars.map((v) => partialDerivative(expr, v, scope));
 }
 function jacobian(exprs, vars, scope) {
+  if (typeof exprs === "function") {
+    return numericJacobian(exprs, vars);
+  }
   return exprs.map((expr) => vars.map((v) => partialDerivative(expr, v, scope)));
 }
 function laplacian(expr, vars, scope) {
@@ -43149,8 +43222,8 @@ function toRadicals(expr) {
   const a_lin = f1 - f0;
   if (Math.abs(a_lin * 2 + b_lin - f2) < 1e-8 && Math.abs(-a_lin + b_lin - fm1) < 1e-8) {
     if (Math.abs(a_lin) < 1e-12) return [];
-    const root = -b_lin / a_lin;
-    return [formatCoeff(root)];
+    const root2 = -b_lin / a_lin;
+    return [formatCoeff(root2)];
   }
   const c = f0;
   const a_plus_b = f1 - c;
@@ -44789,6 +44862,219 @@ function hessian(f, x, h = 1e-4) {
   return H;
 }
 
+// src/index.ts
+import { svd as svd3 } from "@danielsimonjr/mathts-matrix";
+
+// src/linalg-svd-extra.ts
+import { svd as svd2 } from "@danielsimonjr/mathts-matrix";
+function orth(A, opts = {}) {
+  const { U, S } = svd2(A);
+  const m = A.length;
+  const n = A[0]?.length ?? 0;
+  const s0 = S[0] ?? 0;
+  const tol = opts.tol ?? Math.max(m, n) * s0 * 222e-18;
+  const rank2 = S.filter((s) => s > tol).length;
+  return U.map((row2) => row2.slice(0, rank2));
+}
+
+// src/numeric/open-root-finders.ts
+var EPS_CBRT = Math.cbrt(2220446049250313e-31);
+function centralDiff1(f, x) {
+  const h = Math.max(1, Math.abs(x)) * EPS_CBRT;
+  return (f(x + h) - f(x - h)) / (2 * h);
+}
+function centralDiff2(f, x) {
+  const h = Math.max(1, Math.abs(x)) * EPS_CBRT;
+  return (f(x + h) - 2 * f(x) + f(x - h)) / (h * h);
+}
+function newton(f, x0, opts) {
+  const fprime = opts?.fprime;
+  const tol = opts?.tol ?? 1e-12;
+  const maxIter = opts?.maxIter ?? 100;
+  let x = x0;
+  for (let iter = 0; iter < maxIter; iter++) {
+    const fx = f(x);
+    if (Math.abs(fx) < tol) return x;
+    const dfx = fprime ? fprime(x) : centralDiff1(f, x);
+    if (Math.abs(dfx) < 1e-300) {
+      throw new Error("newton: derivative near zero \u2014 cannot continue");
+    }
+    const dx = fx / dfx;
+    const xNext = x - dx;
+    if (Math.abs(dx) < tol) return xNext;
+    x = xNext;
+  }
+  throw new Error(`newton: failed to converge within ${maxIter} iterations`);
+}
+function secant(f, x0, x1, opts) {
+  const tol = opts?.tol ?? 1e-12;
+  const maxIter = opts?.maxIter ?? 100;
+  let xPrev = x0;
+  let x = x1;
+  let fPrev = f(xPrev);
+  for (let iter = 0; iter < maxIter; iter++) {
+    const fx = f(x);
+    if (Math.abs(fx) < tol) return x;
+    const denom = fx - fPrev;
+    if (Math.abs(denom) < 1e-300) {
+      throw new Error("secant: f(x_k) - f(x_{k-1}) near zero \u2014 cannot continue");
+    }
+    const dx = fx * (x - xPrev) / denom;
+    const xNext = x - dx;
+    if (Math.abs(dx) < tol) return xNext;
+    xPrev = x;
+    fPrev = fx;
+    x = xNext;
+  }
+  throw new Error(`secant: failed to converge within ${maxIter} iterations`);
+}
+function halley(f, x0, opts) {
+  const fprime = opts?.fprime;
+  const fprime2 = opts?.fprime2;
+  const tol = opts?.tol ?? 1e-12;
+  const maxIter = opts?.maxIter ?? 100;
+  let x = x0;
+  for (let iter = 0; iter < maxIter; iter++) {
+    const fx = f(x);
+    if (Math.abs(fx) < tol) return x;
+    const dfx = fprime ? fprime(x) : centralDiff1(f, x);
+    const d2fx = fprime2 ? fprime2(x) : centralDiff2(f, x);
+    const denom = 2 * dfx * dfx - fx * d2fx;
+    if (Math.abs(denom) < 1e-300) {
+      throw new Error("halley: denominator near zero \u2014 cannot continue");
+    }
+    const dx = 2 * fx * dfx / denom;
+    const xNext = x - dx;
+    if (Math.abs(dx) < tol) return xNext;
+    x = xNext;
+  }
+  throw new Error(`halley: failed to converge within ${maxIter} iterations`);
+}
+
+// src/numeric/fsolve.ts
+function maxNorm(v) {
+  let m = 0;
+  for (const vi of v) m = Math.max(m, Math.abs(vi));
+  return m;
+}
+function norm24(v) {
+  let s = 0;
+  for (const vi of v) s += vi * vi;
+  return Math.sqrt(s);
+}
+function fsolve(F, x0, opts = {}) {
+  const tol = opts.tol ?? 1e-10;
+  const maxIter = opts.maxIter ?? 100;
+  let x = Array.from(x0);
+  let Fx = F(x);
+  for (let iter = 0; iter < maxIter; iter++) {
+    if (maxNorm(Fx) < tol) return x;
+    const J = numericJacobian(F, x);
+    const rhs = Fx.map((v) => -v);
+    let delta;
+    try {
+      delta = linsolve(J, rhs);
+    } catch (err) {
+      const msg = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+      throw new Error(`fsolve: singular Jacobian at iteration ${iter} (${msg})`);
+    }
+    const residualNorm = norm24(Fx);
+    let xNext = x.map((xi, i) => xi + delta[i]);
+    let FxNext = F(xNext);
+    if (norm24(FxNext) >= residualNorm) {
+      let trialLambda = 1;
+      for (let halving = 0; halving < 20; halving++) {
+        trialLambda /= 2;
+        const xTrial = x.map((xi, i) => xi + trialLambda * delta[i]);
+        const FxTrial = F(xTrial);
+        if (norm24(FxTrial) < residualNorm) {
+          xNext = xTrial;
+          FxNext = FxTrial;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    x = xNext;
+    Fx = FxNext;
+  }
+  if (maxNorm(Fx) < tol) return x;
+  throw new Error(`fsolve: failed to converge within ${maxIter} iterations`);
+}
+var root = fsolve;
+
+// src/numeric/minimize-scalar.ts
+var GOLD = (3 - Math.sqrt(5)) / 2;
+var EPS2 = 2220446049250313e-31;
+function minimizeScalar(f, opts) {
+  const [a0, b0] = opts?.bracket ?? [-10, 10];
+  const tol = opts?.tol ?? 1e-8;
+  const maxIter = opts?.maxIter ?? 100;
+  let a = Math.min(a0, b0);
+  let b = Math.max(a0, b0);
+  let x = a + GOLD * (b - a);
+  let w = x;
+  let v = x;
+  let fx = f(x);
+  let fw = fx;
+  let fv = fx;
+  let e = 0;
+  let d = 0;
+  for (let iter = 0; iter < maxIter; iter++) {
+    const xm = 0.5 * (a + b);
+    const tol1 = tol * Math.abs(x) + EPS2;
+    const tol2 = 2 * tol1;
+    if (Math.abs(x - xm) <= tol2 - 0.5 * (b - a)) break;
+    let useGolden = true;
+    if (Math.abs(e) > tol1) {
+      const r = (x - w) * (fx - fv);
+      let q = (x - v) * (fx - fw);
+      let p = (x - v) * q - (x - w) * r;
+      q = 2 * (q - r);
+      if (q > 0) p = -p;
+      q = Math.abs(q);
+      const eTemp = e;
+      e = d;
+      if (Math.abs(p) < Math.abs(0.5 * q * eTemp) && p > q * (a - x) && p < q * (b - x)) {
+        d = p / q;
+        const u2 = x + d;
+        if (u2 - a < tol2 || b - u2 < tol2) {
+          d = xm - x >= 0 ? tol1 : -tol1;
+        }
+        useGolden = false;
+      }
+    }
+    if (useGolden) {
+      e = x >= xm ? a - x : b - x;
+      d = GOLD * e;
+    }
+    const u = Math.abs(d) >= tol1 ? x + d : x + (d >= 0 ? tol1 : -tol1);
+    const fu = f(u);
+    if (fu <= fx) {
+      if (u >= x) a = x;
+      else b = x;
+      v = w;
+      fv = fw;
+      w = x;
+      fw = fx;
+      x = u;
+      fx = fu;
+    } else {
+      if (u < x) a = u;
+      else b = u;
+      if (fu <= fw || w === x) {
+        v = w;
+        fv = fw;
+        w = u;
+        fw = fu;
+      } else if (fu <= fv || v === x || v === w) {
+        v = u;
+        fv = fu;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return { x, fval: fx };
+}
+
 // src/timeseries-extra.ts
 var arr4 = (x) => Array.isArray(x) ? x : Array.from(x);
 var mean4 = (x) => mean(x);
@@ -44987,7 +45273,7 @@ function levenbergMarquardt(residual, x0, opts = {}) {
   let x = Array.from(x0);
   let lambda = 1e-3;
   const h = 1e-7;
-  const norm24 = (v) => v.reduce((s, c) => s + c * c, 0);
+  const norm25 = (v) => v.reduce((s, c) => s + c * c, 0);
   const jacobian2 = (xc, r0) => {
     const m = r0.length;
     const J = Array.from({ length: m }, () => new Array(n).fill(0));
@@ -45000,7 +45286,7 @@ function levenbergMarquardt(residual, x0, opts = {}) {
     return J;
   };
   let r = residual(x);
-  let cost = norm24(r);
+  let cost = norm25(r);
   let iter = 0;
   for (; iter < maxIter; iter++) {
     const J = jacobian2(x, r);
@@ -45031,7 +45317,7 @@ function levenbergMarquardt(residual, x0, opts = {}) {
     }
     const xNew = x.map((v, i) => v + delta[i]);
     const rNew = residual(xNew);
-    const costNew = norm24(rNew);
+    const costNew = norm25(rNew);
     if (costNew < cost) {
       x = xNew;
       r = rNew;
@@ -45794,6 +46080,7 @@ export {
   fresnelC,
   fresnelS,
   friedmanTest,
+  fsolve,
   fsum,
   fullSimplify,
   functionExpand,
@@ -45833,6 +46120,7 @@ export {
   groebnerBasis,
   groupDelay,
   gumbelDist,
+  halley,
   harmonicNumber,
   hartreeEnergy,
   hasNumericValue,
@@ -45988,6 +46276,7 @@ export {
   minSelect,
   minimalPolynomial,
   minimize,
+  minimizeScalar,
   minimumSpanningTree,
   minkowskiDistance,
   mod,
@@ -46010,6 +46299,7 @@ export {
   negativeBinomialDist,
   nelderMead,
   neutronMass,
+  newton,
   newtonInterp,
   nextPrime,
   nintegrate,
@@ -46031,11 +46321,13 @@ export {
   nullspace,
   number,
   numeric,
+  numericJacobian,
   oct,
   odeAdaptiveStep,
   odeGeneral,
   ones,
   or,
+  orth,
   outer,
   padeApproximant,
   pageRank,
@@ -46117,6 +46409,7 @@ export {
   protonMass,
   ptp,
   qr,
+  quad,
   quadprog,
   quantileSeq,
   quantumOfCirculation,
@@ -46154,6 +46447,7 @@ export {
   rightLogShift,
   risingFactorial,
   romberg,
+  root,
   rotate,
   rotateVector2D,
   rotateVector3D,
@@ -46165,6 +46459,7 @@ export {
   sackurTetrode,
   schur,
   sec,
+  secant,
   sech,
   secondRadiation,
   seedProbabilityRng,
@@ -46241,6 +46536,7 @@ export {
   subtractScalar,
   sum,
   summation,
+  svd3 as svd,
   sylvester,
   symbolicEqual,
   symbolicIntegral,

package/dist/linalg-svd-extra.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/** Options for {@link orth}. */
+export interface OrthOptions {
+    /**
+     * Rank-determination tolerance. Singular values `> tol` count toward the
+     * rank. Default: `max(m, n) * S[0] * 2.22e-16` (machine epsilon scaled by
+     * matrix size and the largest singular value).
+     */
+    tol?: number;
+}
+/**
+ * Orthonormal basis for the column space of `A`.
+ *
+ * Computes `{ U, S } = svd(A)` and returns the first `r` columns of `U`,
+ * where `r` is the number of singular values above `tol`. For the all-zero
+ * matrix (`r = 0`), returns an `m x 0` matrix (each row an empty array).
+ *
+ * @example
+ * orth([[1,0,1],[0,1,1],[1,1,2]])  // rank 2 -> 3x2 matrix, U^T U = I
+ */
+export declare function orth(A: number[][], opts?: OrthOptions): number[][];
+//# sourceMappingURL=linalg-svd-extra.d.ts.map

package/dist/linalg-svd-extra.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"linalg-svd-extra.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/linalg-svd-extra.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAWA,gCAAgC;AAChC,MAAM,WAAW,WAAW;IAC1B;;;;OAIG;IACH,GAAG,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;CACd;AAED;;;;;;;;;GASG;AACH,wBAAgB,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,IAAI,GAAE,WAAgB,GAAG,MAAM,EAAE,EAAE,CAQtE"}

package/dist/numeric/adaptive-quad.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/**
+ * Adaptive Gauss-Kronrod (G7-K15) quadrature.
+ *
+ * QUADPACK-style adaptive numerical integration: on each subinterval, a
+ * 15-point Kronrod estimate `K` is compared against the embedded 7-point
+ * Gauss estimate `G` (both reuse the same 15 evaluation points, so `G` is
+ * "free" once `K` is computed). `|K - G|` is the panel's error estimate; if
+ * it exceeds tolerance the interval is bisected and each half is refined
+ * recursively. This adapts naturally to endpoint singularities and peaked
+ * integrands, unlike a fixed-order Gauss-Legendre rule (see `gaussLegendre5`
+ * in `../typed/numeric.ts`, whose Richardson-extrapolation adaptivity still
+ * converges slowly on e.g. `x^-1/2` near 0).
+ *
+ * @packageDocumentation
+ */
+type f64 = number;
+type i32 = number;
+/** Options for {@link quad}. */
+export interface QuadOptions {
+    /** Relative tolerance on each panel's `|K - G|` vs `|K|` (default 1e-10). */
+    tol?: f64;
+    /** Maximum bisection recursion depth per panel (default 50). */
+    maxDepth?: i32;
+}
+/** Result of {@link quad}. */
+export interface QuadResult {
+    /** The estimated integral. */
+    value: f64;
+    /** Sum of the absolute per-panel `|K - G|` error estimates. */
+    error: f64;
+}
+/**
+ * Adaptive Gauss-Kronrod (G7-K15) numerical integration of `f` over `[a, b]`.
+ *
+ * Each subinterval is evaluated with the 15-point Kronrod rule and its
+ * embedded 7-point Gauss rule; `|K - G|` is the panel's error estimate. A
+ * panel whose error exceeds `tol * |K|` (or the absolute floor, for panels
+ * near zero) is bisected and each half refined recursively, up to
+ * `maxDepth`. This adapts naturally to endpoint singularities and sharply
+ * peaked integrands.
+ *
+ * @param f - Function to integrate
+ * @param a - Lower bound
+ * @param b - Upper bound
+ * @param opts - Options (tol, maxDepth)
+ * @returns `{ value, error }` — the estimated integral and summed panel error
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```typescript
+ * quad((x) => 4 / (1 + x * x), 0, 1).value; // ~pi
+ * quad((x) => 1 / Math.sqrt(x), 0, 1).value; // ~2, despite the endpoint singularity
+ * ```
+ */
+export declare function quad(f: (x: f64) => f64, a: f64, b: f64, opts?: QuadOptions): QuadResult;
+export {};
+//# sourceMappingURL=adaptive-quad.d.ts.map

package/dist/numeric/adaptive-quad.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/numeric/fsolve.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/**
+ * Nonlinear system solver: `fsolve` (damped Newton with a backtracking line
+ * search) for `F: R^n -> R^n`. Complements the scalar open root-finders
+ * (`./open-root-finders.ts`) and reuses the two Phase 1 foundations:
+ * `numericJacobian` (Task 1, central-difference Jacobian) and `linsolve`
+ * (`../typed/numeric.ts`, LU with partial pivoting) for the Newton step.
+ *
+ * @packageDocumentation
+ */
+import { type VectorField } from './numeric-jacobian.js';
+type f64 = number;
+type i32 = number;
+/** Options for `fsolve` / `root`. */
+export interface FsolveOptions {
+    /** Absolute tolerance on max|F_i(x)| for convergence (default 1e-10). */
+    tol?: f64;
+    /** Maximum Newton iterations (default 100). */
+    maxIter?: i32;
+}
+/**
+ * Solve `F(x) = 0` for `F: R^n -> R^n` via damped Newton's method.
+ *
+ * At each iterate: compute `J = numericJacobian(F, x)`, solve the Newton
+ * step `J * delta = -F(x)` via `linsolve`, then backtrack — try
+ * `lambda = 1, 1/2, 1/4, ...` (up to ~20 halvings) and take the largest
+ * `lambda` for which `||F(x + lambda*delta)||_2 < ||F(x)||_2`, falling back
+ * to `lambda = 1` (a plain Newton step) if no halving improves the residual.
+ * Update `x <- x + lambda*delta` and repeat until
+ * `max_i |F_i(x)| < tol` (converged) or `maxIter` is exhausted.
+ *
+ * @param F - Vector field whose root is sought (`F(x) = 0`)
+ * @param x0 - Initial guess (length n)
+ * @param opts - Options (tol, maxIter)
+ * @returns Approximate solution vector x with F(x) ~ 0
+ * @throws If the Jacobian is singular (`linsolve` fails) or Newton fails to
+ *   converge within `maxIter` iterations.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * fsolve((v) => [v[0] ** 2 - v[1], v[0] + v[1] - 2], [0.5, 0.5]) // => ~[1, 1]
+ */
+export declare function fsolve(F: VectorField, x0: readonly number[], opts?: FsolveOptions): number[];
+/** Alias for `fsolve` — `root(F, x0)` solves `F(x) = 0`. */
+export declare const root: typeof fsolve;
+export {};
+//# sourceMappingURL=fsolve.d.ts.map

package/dist/numeric/fsolve.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/numeric/minimize-scalar.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/**
+ * Scalar (1-D) function minimization via Brent's method.
+ *
+ * Distinct from root-finding (`findRoot`, `newton`, `secant`, `halley`, which
+ * solve f(x) = 0): this locates a local minimizer of f over a bounded
+ * interval. Combines golden-section search (guaranteed, slow) with parabolic
+ * interpolation (fast near a smooth minimum) — the classic algorithm of
+ * Brent (1973) / Numerical Recipes §10.2, and the same method behind
+ * `scipy.optimize.minimize_scalar(method='bounded')`.
+ *
+ * @packageDocumentation
+ */
+type f64 = number;
+type i32 = number;
+/**
+ * Options for {@link minimizeScalar}.
+ */
+export interface MinimizeScalarOptions {
+    /**
+     * Interval `[a, b]` to search over (bounded Brent). If omitted, defaults to
+     * `[-10, 10]` — a generic finite bracket; supply an explicit bracket for
+     * functions whose minimum may lie outside that range.
+     */
+    bracket?: [f64, f64];
+    /** Convergence tolerance on the interval width (default 1e-8). */
+    tol?: f64;
+    /** Maximum iterations (default 100). */
+    maxIter?: i32;
+}
+/**
+ * Result of {@link minimizeScalar}.
+ */
+export interface MinimizeScalarResult {
+    /** The minimizer. */
+    x: f64;
+    /** f(x) at the minimizer. */
+    fval: f64;
+}
+/**
+ * Minimize a scalar function `f: R -> R` over a bounded interval using
+ * Brent's method (golden-section search + parabolic interpolation).
+ *
+ * If `opts.bracket` is not supplied, the default search interval is
+ * `[-10, 10]`.
+ *
+ * @param f - Function to minimize
+ * @param opts - Options (bracket, tol, maxIter)
+ * @returns `{ x, fval }` — the minimizer and its function value
+ *
+ * @example
+ * minimizeScalar(x => (x - 2) ** 2) // => { x: ~2, fval: ~0 }
+ * minimizeScalar(Math.sin, { bracket: [0, 2 * Math.PI] }) // => { x: ~3pi/2, fval: ~-1 }
+ */
+export declare function minimizeScalar(f: (x: f64) => f64, opts?: MinimizeScalarOptions): MinimizeScalarResult;
+export {};
+//# sourceMappingURL=minimize-scalar.d.ts.map

package/dist/numeric/minimize-scalar.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/numeric/numeric-jacobian.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/**
+ * Numeric Jacobian of a vector-valued function `f: R^n -> R^m` via central
+ * differences. Complements the symbolic `jacobian(exprs, vars, scope)` in
+ * `typed/cas.ts` — that path requires expression strings and throws on a
+ * plain numeric function (`exprs.map is not a function`). This is the
+ * foundation for numeric root-finding (`fsolve`, Phase 1 Task 3).
+ */
+/** A vector field ℝⁿ → ℝᵐ. */
+export type VectorField = (x: number[]) => number[];
+export interface NumericJacobianOptions {
+    /** Absolute step override. Default: per-coordinate relative step (see below). */
+    h?: number;
+}
+/**
+ * Central-difference Jacobian: `J[i][j] = ∂f_i/∂x_j = (f_i(x0 + h·e_j) − f_i(x0 − h·e_j)) / (2h)`.
+ *
+ * `f` need not be square (`m = f(x0).length` rows, `n = x0.length` columns).
+ * The per-coordinate step defaults to `h = max(1, |x0[j]|) * cbrt(eps)`
+ * (eps = 2.22e-16, i.e. Number.EPSILON), the standard relative step for
+ * central differences (~6e-6 relative) that balances truncation error
+ * (O(h^2)) against floating-point round-off (O(eps/h)).
+ *
+ * @example
+ * numericJacobian((v) => [v[0] ** 2 + v[1], v[0] * v[1]], [1, 2])
+ * // => [[2, 1], [2, 1]]
+ */
+export declare function numericJacobian(f: VectorField, x0: readonly number[], opts?: NumericJacobianOptions): number[][];
+//# sourceMappingURL=numeric-jacobian.d.ts.map

package/dist/numeric/numeric-jacobian.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/numeric/open-root-finders.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+/**
+ * Open (non-bracketing) scalar root-finders.
+ *
+ * Complements the bracketing `findRoot` (bisection/Brent, `../typed/numeric.ts`)
+ * with classic open methods that iterate from a starting point (or two)
+ * without requiring a sign-change bracket: Newton–Raphson, secant, and
+ * Halley's method (cubic convergence).
+ *
+ * @packageDocumentation
+ */
+type f64 = number;
+type i32 = number;
+/**
+ * Options for Newton's method.
+ */
+export interface NewtonOptions {
+    /** Analytic derivative f'(x). If omitted, a central-difference estimate is used. */
+    fprime?: (x: f64) => f64;
+    /** Absolute tolerance for convergence (default 1e-12) */
+    tol?: f64;
+    /** Maximum iterations (default 100) */
+    maxIter?: i32;
+}
+/**
+ * Find a root of f(x) = 0 via Newton–Raphson iteration:
+ * `x_{k+1} = x_k - f(x_k) / f'(x_k)`.
+ *
+ * If `opts.fprime` is not supplied, the derivative is estimated by a
+ * central difference with step `h = max(1, |x|) * cbrt(eps)`.
+ *
+ * @param f - Function whose root is sought
+ * @param x0 - Initial guess
+ * @param opts - Options (fprime, tol, maxIter)
+ * @returns Approximate root
+ *
+ * @example
+ * newton(x => x ** 2 - 2, 1) // => ~1.4142135623730951
+ */
+export declare function newton(f: (x: f64) => f64, x0: f64, opts?: NewtonOptions): f64;
+/**
+ * Options for the secant method.
+ */
+export interface SecantOptions {
+    /** Absolute tolerance for convergence (default 1e-12) */
+    tol?: f64;
+    /** Maximum iterations (default 100) */
+    maxIter?: i32;
+}
+/**
+ * Find a root of f(x) = 0 via the secant method:
+ * `x_{k+1} = x_k - f(x_k) (x_k - x_{k-1}) / (f(x_k) - f(x_{k-1}))`.
+ *
+ * Requires no derivative, but two initial estimates.
+ *
+ * @param f - Function whose root is sought
+ * @param x0 - First initial estimate
+ * @param x1 - Second initial estimate
+ * @param opts - Options (tol, maxIter)
+ * @returns Approximate root
+ *
+ * @example
+ * secant(x => x ** 2 - 2, 1, 2) // => ~1.4142135623730951
+ */
+export declare function secant(f: (x: f64) => f64, x0: f64, x1: f64, opts?: SecantOptions): f64;
+/**
+ * Options for Halley's method.
+ */
+export interface HalleyOptions {
+    /** Analytic first derivative f'(x). If omitted, estimated via central difference. */
+    fprime?: (x: f64) => f64;
+    /** Analytic second derivative f''(x). If omitted, estimated via central difference. */
+    fprime2?: (x: f64) => f64;
+    /** Absolute tolerance for convergence (default 1e-12) */
+    tol?: f64;
+    /** Maximum iterations (default 100) */
+    maxIter?: i32;
+}
+/**
+ * Find a root of f(x) = 0 via Halley's method (cubic convergence):
+ * `x_{k+1} = x_k - 2 f f' / (2 f'^2 - f f'')`.
+ *
+ * If `opts.fprime` / `opts.fprime2` are not supplied, both derivatives are
+ * estimated by central differences with step `h = max(1, |x|) * cbrt(eps)`.
+ *
+ * @param f - Function whose root is sought
+ * @param x0 - Initial guess
+ * @param opts - Options (fprime, fprime2, tol, maxIter)
+ * @returns Approximate root
+ *
+ * @example
+ * halley(x => x ** 3 - 2, 1) // => ~1.2599210498948732
+ */
+export declare function halley(f: (x: f64) => f64, x0: f64, opts?: HalleyOptions): f64;
+export {};
+//# sourceMappingURL=open-root-finders.d.ts.map

package/dist/numeric/open-root-finders.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/typed/cas.d.ts

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
  */
 import { parse } from '../factories/evaluate.js';
 import { Complex } from '@danielsimonjr/mathts-core';
+import { type VectorField } from '../numeric/numeric-jacobian.js';
 type f64 = number;
 type MathNode = ReturnType<typeof parse>;
 /**
@@ -109,17 +110,25 @@ export declare function gradientSymbolic(expr: string, vars: string[], scope: Re
 /**
  * Compute the Jacobian matrix of a vector-valued function.
  *
- * J[i][j] = partial derivative of exprs[i] with respect to vars[j].
+ * Polymorphic: symbolic when `exprs` is an array of expression strings
+ * (J[i][j] = partial derivative of exprs[i] with respect to vars[j]);
+ * numeric (central differences) when `exprs` is a plain function
+ * `f: number[] => number[]` — dispatches to `numericJacobian(f, x0)`.
  *
- * @param exprs - Array of expression strings (vector field components)
- * @param vars - Variable names
- * @param scope - Variable values at which to evaluate
+ * @param exprs - Array of expression strings (vector field components), OR a
+ *   numeric vector field `f: (x: number[]) => number[]`
+ * @param vars - Variable names (symbolic), OR the numeric evaluation point `x0`
+ * @param scope - Variable values at which to evaluate (symbolic path only)
  * @returns 2D array (matrix) of partial derivatives
  *
  * @example
  * jacobian(['x*y', 'x^2'], ['x', 'y'], { x: 2, y: 3 })
  * // => [[3, 2], [4, 0]]
+ * @example
+ * jacobian((v) => [v[0] * v[1], v[0] ** 2], [2, 3])
+ * // => [[3, 2], [4, 0]] (numeric, central differences)
  */
+export declare function jacobian(exprs: VectorField, vars: number[]): f64[][];
 export declare function jacobian(exprs: string[], vars: string[], scope: Record<string, f64>): f64[][];
 /**
  * Compute the Laplacian of a scalar field.

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package/dist/typed/numeric.d.ts

@@ -100,13 +100,17 @@ export declare function globalMinimize(f: (x: number[]) => f64, bounds: [number,
  */
 export declare function leastSquares(A: number[][], b: number[]): number[];
 /**
- * Adaptive numerical integration using Gauss-Legendre quadrature
- * with recursive subdivision.
+ * Adaptive numerical integration via Gauss-Kronrod (G7-K15) quadrature (see
+ * {@link quad} in `../numeric/adaptive-quad.js`). Previously used a fixed
+ * 5-point Gauss-Legendre panel with Richardson-extrapolation adaptivity,
+ * which converged slowly on endpoint singularities (e.g. `x^-1/2` near 0,
+ * ~1.7e-6 error); G7-K15's embedded error estimate resolves those panels
+ * directly, down to ~1e-10.
  *
  * @param f - Function to integrate
  * @param a - Lower bound
  * @param b - Upper bound
- * @param opts - Options (tol, maxIter for max subdivisions)
+ * @param opts - Options (tol, maxDepth for max subdivisions)
  * @returns Approximate integral
  */
 export declare function nintegrate(f: (x: f64) => f64, a: f64, b: f64, opts?: {

package/dist/typed/numeric.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@danielsimonjr/mathts-functions",
-  "version": "0.28.0",
+  "version": "0.29.0",
   "description": "Mathematical functions for MathTS - arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry, statistics, and more",
   "author": "Daniel Simon Jr.",
   "license": "MIT",