@cyanheads/pubmed-mcp-server 2.10.19 → 2.10.21

package/dist/services/ncbi/formatting/citation-formatter.js

@@ -4,6 +4,27 @@
  * Pure TypeScript, zero dependencies, Workers-compatible.
  * @module src/services/ncbi/formatting/citation-formatter
  */
+/**
+ * NCBI `RefType`s that qualify the cited article itself — it was retracted,
+ * corrected, or questioned. A link from a record that is itself a notice
+ * (`RetractionOf`, `ErratumFor`) and comment or update links are not among them:
+ * citing a retraction notice is not citing a retracted work. (#215)
+ */
+export const CITATION_NOTICE_TYPES = [
+    'RetractionIn',
+    'RetractedandRepublishedIn',
+    'ExpressionOfConcernIn',
+    'ErratumIn',
+    'CorrectedandRepublishedIn',
+];
+const NOTICE_TYPES = new Set(CITATION_NOTICE_TYPES);
+function isCitationNotice(link) {
+    return NOTICE_TYPES.has(link.refType);
+}
+/** The record's linked notices that qualify the cited article, in NCBI's order. */
+export function citationNotices(article) {
+    return (article.commentsCorrections ?? []).filter(isCitationNotice);
+}
 /**
  * Whether a record cites a book rather than a journal article. Dispatch is on
  * `recordType`, never on `publicationTypes`: a Bookshelf record's publication
@@ -12,19 +33,100 @@
 function isBookRecord(article) {
     return article.recordType !== 'journal-article' && article.book !== undefined;
 }
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Helpers
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/** Vancouver (NLM) month abbreviations: three letters, no period. */
+const NLM_MONTHS = [
+    'Jan',
+    'Feb',
+    'Mar',
+    'Apr',
+    'May',
+    'Jun',
+    'Jul',
+    'Aug',
+    'Sep',
+    'Oct',
+    'Nov',
+    'Dec',
+];
+/** MLA 9 month forms: names longer than four letters are abbreviated. */
+const MLA_MONTHS = [
+    'Jan.',
+    'Feb.',
+    'Mar.',
+    'Apr.',
+    'May',
+    'June',
+    'July',
+    'Aug.',
+    'Sept.',
+    'Oct.',
+    'Nov.',
+    'Dec.',
+];
+/**
+ * Read one of a Bookshelf chapter's own dates. Bookshelf writes months and days
+ * as numbers; a month that is not one is dropped together with its day rather
+ * than guessed, so the date keeps only the parts that can be stated.
+ */
+function chapterDateOfType(article, dateType) {
+    const date = article.articleDates?.find((d) => d.dateType === dateType);
+    if (!date?.year)
+        return;
+    const month = Number(date.month);
+    if (!Number.isInteger(month) || month < 1 || month > 12)
+        return { year: date.year };
+    const day = Number(date.day);
+    return Number.isInteger(day) && day >= 1 && day <= 31
+        ? { year: date.year, month, day }
+        : { year: date.year, month };
+}
+/** A chapter's `ContributionDate` and `DateRevised`; both absent on any other record type. */
+function chapterDates(article) {
+    if (article.recordType !== 'book-chapter')
+        return {};
+    return {
+        contributed: chapterDateOfType(article, 'ContributionDate'),
+        revised: chapterDateOfType(article, 'DateRevised'),
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * The date a Bookshelf chapter is cited by: its last revision when it has one
+ * (APA and MLA both cite a last-updated date), otherwise its contribution date.
+ * Never the containing book's date, which records when the book began. (#189)
+ */
+function chapterDate(article) {
+    const { contributed, revised } = chapterDates(article);
+    return revised ?? contributed;
+}
+/** `20 Dec. 2018`, `July 2025`, or `2025` — MLA 9's day-month-year order. */
+function formatDateMla(date) {
+    const month = date.month ? MLA_MONTHS[date.month - 1] : undefined;
+    return [date.day, month, date.year].filter(Boolean).join(' ');
+}
+/** `2018 Dec 20`, `2025 Jul`, or `2025` — NLM's year-month-day order. */
+function formatDateNlm(date) {
+    const month = date.month ? NLM_MONTHS[date.month - 1] : undefined;
+    return [date.year, month, date.day].filter(Boolean).join(' ');
+}
+/** RIS `DA` form, zero-padded: `2018/12/20`, `2025/07`, or `2025`. */
+function formatDateRis(date) {
+    const pad = (n) => (n ? String(n).padStart(2, '0') : undefined);
+    return [date.year, pad(date.month), pad(date.day)].filter(Boolean).join('/');
+}
 /**
  * Extract the publication year from a ParsedArticle.
- * Prefers `journalInfo.publicationDate.year`, then the containing book's own
- * date, then the earliest `articleDates` entry (for a book, its contribution
- * date) before giving up. Returns 'n.d.' (no date) when no year is available.
+ * Prefers `journalInfo.publicationDate.year`, then a Bookshelf chapter's own
+ * date ({@link chapterDate}), then the containing book's date, then the first
+ * dated `articleDates` entry before giving up. Returns 'n.d.' (no date) when no
+ * year is available.
  */
 function getYear(article) {
     const journalYear = article.journalInfo?.publicationDate?.year;
     if (journalYear)
         return journalYear;
+    const chapterYear = chapterDate(article)?.year;
+    if (chapterYear)
+        return chapterYear;
     const bookYear = article.book?.pubDate ?? article.book?.beginningDate ?? article.book?.endingDate;
     if (bookYear)
         return bookYear;
@@ -33,11 +135,12 @@ function getYear(article) {
 }
 /**
  * The date NLM prints for a book: a closed range for a book published over
- * several years (`1993-2026`), otherwise the single publication year.
+ * several years (`1993-2026`), an open one for a book still being updated
+ * (`2000-`), otherwise the single publication year.
  */
 function bookDateSpan(book) {
-    if (book.beginningDate && book.endingDate && book.beginningDate !== book.endingDate) {
-        return `${book.beginningDate}-${book.endingDate}`;
+    if (book.beginningDate && book.beginningDate !== book.endingDate) {
+        return `${book.beginningDate}-${book.endingDate ?? ''}`;
     }
     return book.pubDate ?? book.beginningDate ?? book.endingDate;
 }
@@ -107,18 +210,163 @@ function splitPages(pages) {
     return start ? { start } : {};
 }
 /**
- * The electronic article locator that stands in for a page range, or undefined.
+ * The electronic article locator that Vancouver, BibTeX, and RIS print in place
+ * of a page range, or undefined.
  *
  * Returns a value only when the record carries no pagination. Publishers that
  * report the article number as both `Pagination` and `ELocationID` (PLoS ONE,
  * Scientific Reports) are already covered by the `pages` rendering, and printing
- * both would duplicate the number in every style.
+ * both would duplicate the number. APA and MLA use {@link articleNumber}.
  */
 function articleLocator(journal) {
     if (journal?.pages)
         return;
     return journal?.elocationId || undefined;
 }
+/**
+ * The article number APA and MLA cite in place of a page range: the record's
+ * non-DOI locator when it has no pagination, or when its pagination is that
+ * same value — NCBI copies an article number into `MedlinePgn` (Frontiers
+ * `662953`, Springer `42`). A page that matches no locator stays a page, though
+ * some are article numbers the record cannot identify (an Elsevier `105471`
+ * beside an `S…` pii looks exactly like a Lancet page `2413`). (#217)
+ */
+function articleNumber(journal) {
+    if (!journal?.elocationId)
+        return;
+    return !journal.pages || journal.pages === journal.elocationId ? journal.elocationId : undefined;
+}
+/** One range inside NLM's pagination: a start, a dash, an end. */
+const PAGE_RANGE = /([^\s,;\u{2013}\u{2014}-]+)\s*[-\u{2013}\u{2014}]\s*([^\s,;\u{2013}\u{2014}-]+)/gu;
+/**
+ * The end of a range as NLM's elision means it. An end made of digits is
+ * written against the start's digits and takes the start's prefix (`637-41` →
+ * `641`, `S5-15` → `S15`, `1255.e1-5` → `1255.e5`); any other end is already
+ * whole (`878.e8`, `e65`, `xv`).
+ */
+function fullPageEnd(start, end) {
+    const startParts = /^(.*?)(\d+)$/.exec(start);
+    if (!startParts || !/^\d+$/.test(end))
+        return end;
+    const [, prefix = '', digits = ''] = startParts;
+    const elided = end.length < digits.length;
+    return `${prefix}${elided ? digits.slice(0, digits.length - end.length) : ''}${end}`;
+}
+/**
+ * APA 7 pagination: each range written in full with an en dash (`637-41` →
+ * `637–641`, `S5-15` → `S5–S15`), the rest of NLM's text as given — a list's
+ * separators and labels too (`1407-8; author reply 1409-10` → `1407–1408;
+ * author reply 1409–1410`).
+ */
+function formatPagesApa(pages) {
+    return pages.replace(PAGE_RANGE, (_, start, end) => `${start}\u{2013}${fullPageEnd(start, end)}`);
+}
+/**
+ * Words APA 7 keeps lowercase in a title unless one opens it or its subtitle:
+ * articles, coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions of three letters or
+ * fewer — plus the articles, conjunctions, and prepositions of the non-English
+ * journal names NLM catalogs, in NLM's unaccented spelling: Romance (`Annales
+ * de dermatologie et de venereologie`), Germanic and Scandinavian (`Beitrage
+ * zur gerichtlichen Medizin`), Slavic (`Akusherstvo i ginekologiia`), and the
+ * Hungarian, Turkish, Finnish, Japanese, and Latin ones NLM's titles use. A
+ * word that is also a romanized Chinese syllable stays out (`za` of `za zhi`,
+ * `ai`, `nei`), as does one NLM uses for an abbreviation (`ed.`, `med.`).
+ */
+const APA_MINOR_WORDS = new Set([
+    ...['a', 'an', 'the', 'and', 'but', 'for', 'nor', 'or', 'so', 'yet'],
+    ...['as', 'at', 'by', 'in', 'of', 'off', 'on', 'per', 'to', 'up', 'via'],
+    ...['de', 'des', 'du', 'la', 'le', 'les', 'et', 'sur', 'au', 'aux', 'pour', 'par', 'dans'],
+    ...['avec', 'un', 'une', 'el', 'los', 'las', 'y', 'e', 'al', 'para', 'por', 'o', 'os', 'em'],
+    ...['no', 'na', 'ao', 'da', 'das', 'do', 'dos', 'di', 'del', 'della', 'dello', 'delle', 'dei'],
+    ...['degli', 'alla', 'alle', 'fra', 'si', 'din', 'pentru', 'der', 'die', 'dem', 'den', 'und'],
+    ...['für', 'fur', 'zu', 'zur', 'im', 'am', 'auf', 'aus', 'mit', 'uber', 'van', 'von', 'voor'],
+    ...['en', 'het', 'tot', 'op', 'uit', 'te', 'og', 'och', 'af', 'til', 'fran', 'mot', 'vir'],
+    ...['i', 'v', 'w', 'z', 'u', 'po', 'pro', 'nad', 've', 'es', 'az', 'ja', 'ad'],
+]);
+/** MLA 9 also keeps a preposition of any length lowercase. */
+const MLA_MINOR_WORDS = new Set([
+    ...APA_MINOR_WORDS,
+    ...['about', 'above', 'across', 'against', 'along', 'among', 'around', 'behind', 'below'],
+    ...['beneath', 'beside', 'between', 'beyond', 'during', 'from', 'into', 'onto', 'over'],
+    ...['through', 'throughout', 'toward', 'towards', 'under', 'upon', 'with', 'within'],
+    ...['without'],
+]);
+/** One hyphen-delimited part of a word: surrounding punctuation, then lowercase letters. */
+const LOWERCASE_WORD = /^([^\p{L}\p{N}]*)(\p{Ll}+(?:['\u{2019}]\p{Ll}+)*)([^\p{L}\p{N}]*)$/u;
+/** A French or Italian elided particle and the word it joins (`d'ophtalmologie`, `dell'apparato`). */
+const ELISION = /^(d|l|qu|dell|dall|nell|all|sull)(['\u{2019}])(.+)$/u;
+/** Brands NLM writes in lowercase, which keep it (`npj quantum materials`). */
+const LOWERCASE_BRANDS = new Set(['npj']);
+const capitalize = (word) => `${word.charAt(0).toUpperCase()}${word.slice(1)}`;
+/**
+ * Title-case a journal name, which NLM catalogs in sentence case (`Frontiers in
+ * pediatrics`), for APA and MLA, which cite it in title case. Only a word part
+ * written entirely in lowercase letters gains a capital — each part of a
+ * hyphenated word on its own — so a name NLM already cases (`eLife`, `mBio`,
+ * `JAMA`, `PloS`) and any part carrying a digit stay as written, as do a
+ * lowercase brand and a single-letter prefix (`npj`, `i-Perception`, `e-SPEN`).
+ * An elision capitalizes the word, not its particle (`d'Ophtalmologie`). A minor
+ * word stays lowercase unless it opens the name, or a subtitle or parallel title
+ * after a colon, semicolon, or ` = ` (`CA: A Cancer Journal`). (#217)
+ */
+function titleCaseJournal(title, minorWords) {
+    let opensPhrase = true;
+    const caseWord = (word, opens) => {
+        if (!opens && minorWords.has(word))
+            return word;
+        const elision = ELISION.exec(word);
+        if (!elision)
+            return capitalize(word);
+        const [, particle = '', apostrophe = '', rest = ''] = elision;
+        return `${opens ? capitalize(particle) : particle}${apostrophe}${caseWord(rest, false)}`;
+    };
+    return title
+        .split(/(\s+)/)
+        .map((token) => {
+        if (!/\S/.test(token))
+            return token;
+        if (token === ':' || token === ';' || token === '=') {
+            opensPhrase = true;
+            return token;
+        }
+        const parts = token.split('-');
+        const cased = parts
+            .map((part, index) => {
+            const match = LOWERCASE_WORD.exec(part);
+            if (!match)
+                return part;
+            const [, lead = '', word = '', trail = ''] = match;
+            const isPrefix = index === 0 && parts.length > 1 && word.length === 1;
+            if (isPrefix || LOWERCASE_BRANDS.has(word))
+                return part;
+            return `${lead}${caseWord(word, opensPhrase && index === 0)}${trail}`;
+        })
+            .join('-');
+        opensPhrase = /[:;]$/.test(token);
+        return cased;
+    })
+        .join('');
+}
+/**
+ * Author keywords, then MeSH descriptor names, each term once: a term equal to
+ * an earlier one ignoring case is dropped, so the author's spelling and position
+ * win (`Deep learning` over MeSH `Deep Learning`). (#217)
+ */
+function mergedKeywords(article) {
+    const terms = new Map();
+    const candidates = [
+        ...(article.keywords ?? []),
+        ...(article.meshTerms ?? []).map((m) => m.descriptorName),
+    ];
+    for (const term of candidates) {
+        if (!term)
+            continue;
+        const key = term.toLowerCase();
+        if (!terms.has(key))
+            terms.set(key, term);
+    }
+    return [...terms.values()];
+}
 /**
  * Collapse internal whitespace (including embedded newlines from structured
  * abstracts) to single spaces. Strict RIS parsers treat blank lines as record
@@ -314,7 +562,8 @@ function formatEditorsApa(editors) {
  * ```
  * Authors (Year). Chapter title. In E. Editor (Ed.), *Book title*. Publisher. URL
  * ```
- * A whole-book record drops the `In …` clause and italicizes its own title.
+ * A chapter's year is its own ({@link chapterDate}), not the book's. A whole-book
+ * record drops the `In …` clause and italicizes its own title.
  *
  * A record crediting nobody at all — no authors, and for a whole book no
  * editors either — moves its title into the author position instead (APA 7
@@ -354,8 +603,9 @@ function formatApaBook(article) {
     else if (book.title && !titleLedTheReference) {
         parts.push(`*${stripTrailingPeriod(book.title)}*.`);
     }
+    // A publisher already ending in a period (`MDText.com, Inc.`) gains no second one
     if (book.publisher)
-        parts.push(`${book.publisher}.`);
+        parts.push(terminate(book.publisher));
     const url = bookAccessUrl(article);
     if (url)
         parts.push(url);
@@ -372,7 +622,8 @@ function formatApaBook(article) {
  * ```
  * Title. (Year). *Journal*, *Volume*(Issue), Pages. https://doi.org/DOI
  * ```
- * A Bookshelf record routes to {@link formatApaBook}.
+ * A retracted article ends on `(Retraction published <RefSource>)`. A Bookshelf
+ * record routes to {@link formatApaBook}.
  */
 export function formatApa(article) {
     if (isBookRecord(article))
@@ -403,21 +654,20 @@ export function formatApa(article) {
     // Journal, volume, issue, pages
     const journal = article.journalInfo;
     if (journal?.title) {
-        let journalPart = `*${journal.title}*`;
+        let journalPart = `*${titleCaseJournal(journal.title, APA_MINOR_WORDS)}*`;
         if (journal.volume) {
             journalPart += `, *${journal.volume}*`;
             if (journal.issue) {
                 journalPart += `(${journal.issue})`;
             }
         }
-        if (journal.pages) {
-            journalPart += `, ${journal.pages}`;
+        // APA 7 p. 294-295: an article number takes the page range's place
+        const number = articleNumber(journal);
+        if (number) {
+            journalPart += `, Article ${number}`;
         }
-        else {
-            // APA 7 p. 294-295: an article number takes the page range's place
-            const locator = articleLocator(journal);
-            if (locator)
-                journalPart += `, Article ${locator}`;
+        else if (journal.pages) {
+            journalPart += `, ${formatPagesApa(journal.pages)}`;
         }
         journalPart += '.';
         parts.push(journalPart);
@@ -426,19 +676,20 @@ export function formatApa(article) {
     if (article.doi) {
         parts.push(`https://doi.org/${article.doi}`);
     }
+    // APA 7 notes a retraction after the DOI. Its own form names the notice's
+    // year, full journal title, and location, which `RefSource` does not carry
+    // apart; NCBI's exporter fills the parenthetical with `RefSource` instead.
+    const retractions = citationNotices(article)
+        .filter((notice) => notice.refType === 'RetractionIn')
+        .map((notice) => stripTrailingPeriod(notice.refSource));
+    if (retractions.length > 0) {
+        parts.push(`(Retraction published ${retractions.join('; ')})`);
+    }
     return parts.join(' ');
 }
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // MLA 9th Edition
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-/**
- * Format a PubMed article as an MLA 9th edition citation.
- *
- * Pattern:
- * ```
- * Last, First, et al. "Title." *Journal*, vol. 12, no. 3, 2024, pp. 45-67. DOI.
- * ```
- */
 /** MLA renders editors first-name-first after `edited by`. */
 function formatEditorsMla(editors) {
     const names = editors
@@ -458,9 +709,11 @@ function formatEditorsMla(editors) {
  * Format a Bookshelf record as an MLA 9th edition citation.
  *
  * ```
- * Author. "Chapter Title." *Book Title*, edited by E. Editor, Publisher, Year.
+ * Author. "Chapter Title." *Book Title*, edited by E. Editor, Publisher, Date.
  * ```
- * A whole-book record italicizes its own title in place of the quoted chapter.
+ * A chapter's date is its own, in full (`20 Dec. 2018`); otherwise the book's
+ * year. A whole-book record italicizes its own title in place of the quoted
+ * chapter.
  */
 function formatMlaBook(article) {
     const { book } = article;
@@ -481,13 +734,23 @@ function formatMlaBook(article) {
         detailParts.push(book.edition);
     if (book.publisher)
         detailParts.push(book.publisher);
-    const year = getYear(article);
-    if (year !== 'n.d.')
-        detailParts.push(year);
+    const ownDate = chapterDate(article);
+    const date = ownDate ? formatDateMla(ownDate) : getYear(article);
+    if (date !== 'n.d.')
+        detailParts.push(date);
     if (detailParts.length)
-        parts.push(`${detailParts.join(', ')}.`);
+        parts.push(terminate(detailParts.join(', ')));
     return parts.join(' ');
 }
+/**
+ * Format a PubMed article as an MLA 9th edition citation.
+ *
+ * Pattern:
+ * ```
+ * Last, First, et al. "Title." *Journal*, vol. 12, no. 3, 2024, pp. 45-67. DOI.
+ * ```
+ * A Bookshelf record routes to {@link formatMlaBook}.
+ */
 export function formatMla(article) {
     if (isBookRecord(article))
         return formatMlaBook(article);
@@ -507,7 +770,7 @@ export function formatMla(article) {
     const journal = article.journalInfo;
     if (journal?.title) {
         const detailParts = [];
-        detailParts.push(`*${journal.title}*`);
+        detailParts.push(`*${titleCaseJournal(journal.title, MLA_MINOR_WORDS)}*`);
         if (journal.volume) {
             detailParts.push(`vol. ${journal.volume}`);
         }
@@ -518,18 +781,17 @@ export function formatMla(article) {
         if (year !== 'n.d.') {
             detailParts.push(year);
         }
-        if (journal.pages) {
+        // MLA 9 codifies no article-number form; citation guides converge on
+        // "art. <value>" in the page position.
+        const number = articleNumber(journal);
+        if (number) {
+            detailParts.push(`art. ${number}`);
+        }
+        else if (journal.pages) {
             // MLA 9 §6.56: "p." for a single page, "pp." for a range
             const isRange = /[-\u2013\u2014]/.test(journal.pages);
             detailParts.push(`${isRange ? 'pp.' : 'p.'} ${journal.pages}`);
         }
-        else {
-            // MLA 9 codifies no article-number form; citation guides converge on
-            // "art. <value>" in the page position.
-            const locator = articleLocator(journal);
-            if (locator)
-                detailParts.push(`art. ${locator}`);
-        }
         parts.push(`${detailParts.join(', ')}.`);
     }
     // DOI
@@ -650,20 +912,13 @@ export function formatBibtex(article) {
         if (url)
             fields.push(['url', url]);
     }
-    // Keywords — merge article keywords with MeSH descriptor names
-    const keywordSet = new Set();
-    for (const k of article.keywords ?? [])
-        keywordSet.add(k);
-    for (const m of article.meshTerms ?? []) {
-        if (m.descriptorName)
-            keywordSet.add(m.descriptorName);
-    }
-    // Brace-wrap each term so MeSH descriptors that carry internal commas in
-    // their inverted form (e.g. "Databases, Protein") stay a single keyword —
-    // biblatex's comma-separated list parser reads a braced item as one element.
-    if (keywordSet.size > 0) {
-        const keywords = [...keywordSet].map((k) => `{${escapeBibtex(k)}}`).join(', ');
-        fields.push(['keywords', keywords]);
+    // Keywords — article keywords merged with MeSH descriptor names. Brace-wrap
+    // each term so MeSH descriptors that carry internal commas in their inverted
+    // form (e.g. "Databases, Protein") stay a single keyword — biblatex's
+    // comma-separated list parser reads a braced item as one element.
+    const keywords = mergedKeywords(article);
+    if (keywords.length > 0) {
+        fields.push(['keywords', keywords.map((k) => `{${escapeBibtex(k)}}`).join(', ')]);
     }
     // Build entry
     const maxKeyLen = Math.max(...fields.map(([k]) => k.length));
@@ -735,11 +990,14 @@ export function formatRis(article) {
         tag('ET', book.edition);
         tag('T3', book.collectionTitle);
     }
-    // Year
+    // Year, and a Bookshelf chapter's own date in full as `DA` (YYYY/MM/DD)
     const year = getYear(article);
     if (year !== 'n.d.') {
         tag('PY', year);
     }
+    const ownDate = chapterDate(article);
+    if (ownDate)
+        tag('DA', formatDateRis(ownDate));
     // Volume & Issue
     tag('VL', journal?.volume);
     tag('IS', journal?.issue);
@@ -775,15 +1033,8 @@ export function formatRis(article) {
         if (url)
             lines.push(`UR  - ${url}`);
     }
-    // Keywords — merge article keywords with MeSH descriptor names
-    const keywordSet = new Set();
-    for (const k of article.keywords ?? [])
-        keywordSet.add(k);
-    for (const m of article.meshTerms ?? []) {
-        if (m.descriptorName)
-            keywordSet.add(m.descriptorName);
-    }
-    for (const kw of keywordSet) {
+    // Keywords — article keywords merged with MeSH descriptor names
+    for (const kw of mergedKeywords(article)) {
         tag('KW', kw);
     }
     // Abstract — collapse internal whitespace so blank lines don't break strict
@@ -838,30 +1089,18 @@ function formatAuthorsVancouver(authors) {
         return names.join(', ');
     return `${names.slice(0, 6).join(', ')}, et al.`;
 }
-/**
- * Format a PubMed article as a Vancouver (ICMJE/NLM) reference — the numbered
- * style used by NEJM, Lancet, JAMA, BMJ, and most biomedical journals.
- *
- * Pattern (the leading list number is the consumer's responsibility — entries
- * are formatted independently, so this returns the unnumbered reference body):
- * ```
- * Surname AB, Surname CD, et al. Article title. Abbrev J Name. Year;Vol(Issue):Pages. doi: 10.x/y
- * ```
- * Journal name uses the NLM/ISO abbreviation when available; pages are used as
- * PubMed supplies them (often elided, e.g. "583-9"); the DOI carries no trailing
- * period so it stays copy-pasteable. An article number replaces nothing — with
- * no pagination it trails the source as an NLM note (`. pii: 2400512.`).
- */
 /**
  * Format a Bookshelf record as a Vancouver (NLM) reference, following *Citing
  * Medicine* 2e Ch. 22 §C, Contributions to Books on the Internet:
  * ```
- * Authors. Chapter title. In: Editors, editors. Book title [Internet].
- * Place: Publisher; date. Available from: URL
+ * Authors. Chapter title. Contributed [updated Revised]. In: Editors, editors.
+ * Book title [Internet]. Place: Publisher; date. Available from: URL
  * ```
- * A whole-book record drops the contribution and the `In:`, taking the book
- * title as its own. `[cited …]` and the extent (`[about 41 p.]`) are part of the
- * NLM pattern but neither is derivable from an EFetch record, so both are
+ * The chapter carries its own dates (`1998 Oct 23 [updated 2018 Dec 20]`); the
+ * container keeps the book's, open-ended as `2000-` while the book is still
+ * updated. A whole-book record drops the contribution and the `In:`, taking the
+ * book title as its own. `[cited …]` and the extent (`[about 41 p.]`) are part of
+ * the NLM pattern but neither is derivable from an EFetch record, so both are
  * omitted rather than invented. Editors stand in for absent authors on a whole
  * book, which is the NLM form for an edited work.
  */
@@ -875,6 +1114,13 @@ function formatVancouverBook(article) {
     if (article.recordType === 'book-chapter') {
         if (article.title)
             segments.push(`${stripTrailingPeriod(article.title)}.`);
+        const { contributed, revised } = chapterDates(article);
+        const dated = [
+            contributed && formatDateNlm(contributed),
+            revised && `[updated ${formatDateNlm(revised)}]`,
+        ].filter(Boolean);
+        if (dated.length)
+            segments.push(`${dated.join(' ')}.`);
         segments.push(editorStr ? `In: ${editorStr}, editors.` : 'In:');
     }
     else if (!authorStr && editorStr) {
@@ -885,13 +1131,37 @@ function formatVancouverBook(article) {
         segments.push(`${stripTrailingPeriod(container)}.`);
     const source = [bookImprint(book), bookDateSpan(book)].filter(Boolean).join('; ');
     if (source)
-        segments.push(`${source}.`);
+        segments.push(terminate(source));
     // No trailing period — it would be read as part of the URL
     const url = bookshelfUrl(book);
     if (url)
         segments.push(`Available from: ${url}`);
     return segments.join(' ');
 }
+/**
+ * The notices Vancouver notes after the reference, each with Citing Medicine's
+ * label (Boxes 58–59). NCBI's own NLM export prints these two and no others.
+ */
+const VANCOUVER_NOTE_LABELS = {
+    RetractionIn: 'Retraction in',
+    ErratumIn: 'Erratum in',
+};
+/**
+ * Format a PubMed article as a Vancouver (ICMJE/NLM) reference — the numbered
+ * style used by NEJM, Lancet, JAMA, BMJ, and most biomedical journals.
+ *
+ * Pattern (the leading list number is the consumer's responsibility — entries
+ * are formatted independently, so this returns the unnumbered reference body):
+ * ```
+ * Surname AB, Surname CD, et al. Article title. Abbrev J Name. Year;Vol(Issue):Pages. doi: 10.x/y
+ * ```
+ * Journal name uses the NLM/ISO abbreviation when available; pages are used as
+ * PubMed supplies them (often elided, e.g. "583-9"); the DOI carries no trailing
+ * period so it stays copy-pasteable, unless a note follows it. An article number replaces nothing — with
+ * no pagination it trails the source as an NLM note (`. pii: 2400512.`). A
+ * retraction or erratum follows as a note (`Retraction in: <RefSource>`). A
+ * Bookshelf record routes to {@link formatVancouverBook}.
+ */
 export function formatVancouver(article) {
     if (isBookRecord(article))
         return formatVancouverBook(article);
@@ -934,10 +1204,19 @@ export function formatVancouver(article) {
         const label = journal?.elocationIdType;
         segments.push(label ? `${label}: ${locator}.` : `${locator}.`);
     }
-    // DOI — NLM "doi: <doi>" form; no trailing period (would corrupt the DOI)
+    // Citing Medicine's retraction and erratum notes (Boxes 58–59), one per
+    // notice in NCBI's order with `RefSource` verbatim, as NCBI's NLM export
+    // prints them. Each ends on exactly one period: some `RefSource`s carry none.
+    const notes = citationNotices(article).flatMap((notice) => {
+        const label = VANCOUVER_NOTE_LABELS[notice.refType];
+        return label ? [terminate(`${label}: ${notice.refSource}`)] : [];
+    });
+    // DOI — NLM "doi: <doi>" form with no trailing period, which a reader copying
+    // it would take as part of the DOI; a note after it closes it, as in NLM's export
     if (article.doi) {
-        segments.push(`doi: ${article.doi}`);
+        segments.push(notes.length > 0 ? `doi: ${article.doi}.` : `doi: ${article.doi}`);
     }
+    segments.push(...notes);
     return segments.join(' ');
 }
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------