@cubis/foundry 0.3.34 → 0.3.36

package/workflows/workflows/agent-environment-setup/platforms/cursor/skills/postman/nestjs-expert/references/migration-from-express.md

@@ -1,1240 +0,0 @@
-# Express to NestJS Migration Guide
-
-> Reference for: NestJS Expert
-> Load when: Express migration, Express to NestJS, converting Express app, porting Node.js API, migrating from Express, rewriting Express application
-
----
-
-## When to Use This Guide
-
-**Use when:**
-- Migrating existing Express.js applications to NestJS
-- Modernizing legacy Node.js APIs with structured architecture
-- Adding TypeScript and dependency injection to Express codebases
-- Scaling Express applications requiring better organization
-- Team needs enforced architectural patterns and conventions
-- Application complexity justifies framework overhead
-
-**When NOT to Use:**
-
-- Simple CRUD APIs with < 10 endpoints (Express may be sufficient)
-- Serverless functions requiring minimal cold start time
-- Prototypes or MVPs where speed > structure
-- Team lacks TypeScript experience and timeline is tight
-- Performance-critical microservices where framework overhead matters
-- Projects with unique architectural requirements conflicting with NestJS patterns
-
----
-
-## Concept Mapping: Express → NestJS
-
-| Express Concept | NestJS Equivalent | Key Difference |
-|----------------|-------------------|----------------|
-| `app.get('/path', handler)` | `@Get('/path')` decorator | Declarative vs imperative |
-| Middleware functions | Guards, Interceptors, Pipes | Specialized by purpose |
-| `req.params`, `req.body` | `@Param()`, `@Body()` decorators | Automatic injection |
-| Manual `require()` | Dependency Injection | IoC container managed |
-| `express.Router()` | Controller classes | Object-oriented grouping |
-| `app.use(express.json())` | Built-in body parsing | Automatic configuration |
-| Error handling middleware | Exception Filters | Class-based with inheritance |
-| `app.listen(3000)` | `NestFactory.create()` | Bootstrap pattern |
-| Custom validation | `class-validator` pipes | Decorator-based validation |
-| Manual service instances | Provider registration | Singleton by default |
-
----
-
-## Architecture Comparison
-
-### Express Application Structure
-
-```
-src/
-├── routes/
-│   ├── users.js
-│   └── posts.js
-├── controllers/
-│   ├── userController.js
-│   └── postController.js
-├── services/
-│   ├── userService.js
-│   └── postService.js
-├── middleware/
-│   ├── auth.js
-│   └── errorHandler.js
-└── app.js
-```
-
-### NestJS Application Structure
-
-```
-src/
-├── users/
-│   ├── users.controller.ts
-│   ├── users.service.ts
-│   ├── users.module.ts
-│   ├── dto/
-│   │   ├── create-user.dto.ts
-│   │   └── update-user.dto.ts
-│   └── entities/
-│       └── user.entity.ts
-├── posts/
-│   ├── posts.controller.ts
-│   ├── posts.service.ts
-│   └── posts.module.ts
-├── common/
-│   ├── guards/
-│   ├── interceptors/
-│   └── filters/
-├── app.module.ts
-└── main.ts
-```
-
----
-
-## Migration Pattern: Route Handler → Controller
-
-### Before: Express Route Handler
-
-```typescript
-// routes/users.js
-const express = require('express');
-const router = express.Router();
-const UserService = require('../services/userService');
-
-const userService = new UserService();
-
-router.get('/', async (req, res, next) => {
-  try {
-    const page = parseInt(req.query.page) || 1;
-    const limit = parseInt(req.query.limit) || 10;
-
-    const users = await userService.findAll(page, limit);
-    res.json({
-      success: true,
-      data: users,
-      page,
-      limit
-    });
-  } catch (error) {
-    next(error);
-  }
-});
-
-router.get('/:id', async (req, res, next) => {
-  try {
-    const user = await userService.findById(req.params.id);
-    if (!user) {
-      return res.status(404).json({
-        success: false,
-        message: 'User not found'
-      });
-    }
-    res.json({ success: true, data: user });
-  } catch (error) {
-    next(error);
-  }
-});
-
-router.post('/', async (req, res, next) => {
-  try {
-    const { email, name } = req.body;
-
-    // Manual validation
-    if (!email || !name) {
-      return res.status(400).json({
-        success: false,
-        message: 'Email and name are required'
-      });
-    }
-
-    const user = await userService.create({ email, name });
-    res.status(201).json({ success: true, data: user });
-  } catch (error) {
-    next(error);
-  }
-});
-
-module.exports = router;
-```
-
-### After: NestJS Controller
-
-```typescript
-// users/dto/create-user.dto.ts
-import { IsEmail, IsNotEmpty, IsString, MinLength } from 'class-validator';
-
-export class CreateUserDto {
-  @IsEmail()
-  @IsNotEmpty()
-  email: string;
-
-  @IsString()
-  @MinLength(2)
-  name: string;
-}
-
-// users/dto/pagination-query.dto.ts
-import { IsOptional, IsInt, Min, Max } from 'class-validator';
-import { Type } from 'class-transformer';
-
-export class PaginationQueryDto {
-  @IsOptional()
-  @Type(() => Number)
-  @IsInt()
-  @Min(1)
-  page?: number = 1;
-
-  @IsOptional()
-  @Type(() => Number)
-  @IsInt()
-  @Min(1)
-  @Max(100)
-  limit?: number = 10;
-}
-
-// users/users.controller.ts
-import {
-  Controller,
-  Get,
-  Post,
-  Body,
-  Param,
-  Query,
-  HttpCode,
-  HttpStatus,
-  ParseIntPipe,
-} from '@nestjs/common';
-import { UsersService } from './users.service';
-import { CreateUserDto } from './dto/create-user.dto';
-import { PaginationQueryDto } from './dto/pagination-query.dto';
-
-@Controller('users')
-export class UsersController {
-  constructor(private readonly usersService: UsersService) {}
-
-  @Get()
-  async findAll(@Query() query: PaginationQueryDto) {
-    const users = await this.usersService.findAll(query.page, query.limit);
-    return {
-      success: true,
-      data: users,
-      page: query.page,
-      limit: query.limit,
-    };
-  }
-
-  @Get(':id')
-  async findOne(@Param('id', ParseIntPipe) id: number) {
-    const user = await this.usersService.findById(id);
-    return { success: true, data: user };
-  }
-
-  @Post()
-  @HttpCode(HttpStatus.CREATED)
-  async create(@Body() createUserDto: CreateUserDto) {
-    const user = await this.usersService.create(createUserDto);
-    return { success: true, data: user };
-  }
-}
-```
-
----
-
-## Migration Pattern: Middleware → Guards/Interceptors
-
-### Before: Express Authentication Middleware
-
-```typescript
-// middleware/auth.js
-const jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');
-
-function authMiddleware(req, res, next) {
-  const token = req.headers.authorization?.split(' ')[1];
-
-  if (!token) {
-    return res.status(401).json({
-      success: false,
-      message: 'No token provided'
-    });
-  }
-
-  try {
-    const decoded = jwt.verify(token, process.env.JWT_SECRET);
-    req.user = decoded;
-    next();
-  } catch (error) {
-    return res.status(401).json({
-      success: false,
-      message: 'Invalid token'
-    });
-  }
-}
-
-// Usage in routes
-router.get('/profile', authMiddleware, async (req, res) => {
-  const user = await userService.findById(req.user.id);
-  res.json({ success: true, data: user });
-});
-```
-
-### After: NestJS Guard
-
-```typescript
-// common/guards/jwt-auth.guard.ts
-import {
-  Injectable,
-  CanActivate,
-  ExecutionContext,
-  UnauthorizedException,
-} from '@nestjs/common';
-import { JwtService } from '@nestjs/jwt';
-import { Request } from 'express';
-
-@Injectable()
-export class JwtAuthGuard implements CanActivate {
-  constructor(private jwtService: JwtService) {}
-
-  async canActivate(context: ExecutionContext): Promise<boolean> {
-    const request = context.switchToHttp().getRequest<Request>();
-    const token = this.extractTokenFromHeader(request);
-
-    if (!token) {
-      throw new UnauthorizedException('No token provided');
-    }
-
-    try {
-      const payload = await this.jwtService.verifyAsync(token);
-      request['user'] = payload;
-    } catch {
-      throw new UnauthorizedException('Invalid token');
-    }
-
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  private extractTokenFromHeader(request: Request): string | undefined {
-    const [type, token] = request.headers.authorization?.split(' ') ?? [];
-    return type === 'Bearer' ? token : undefined;
-  }
-}
-
-// Usage in controller
-import { UseGuards } from '@nestjs/common';
-import { JwtAuthGuard } from '../common/guards/jwt-auth.guard';
-
-@Controller('users')
-export class UsersController {
-  @Get('profile')
-  @UseGuards(JwtAuthGuard)
-  async getProfile(@Request() req) {
-    return this.usersService.findById(req.user.id);
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Before: Express Logging Middleware
-
-```typescript
-// middleware/logger.js
-function loggerMiddleware(req, res, next) {
-  const start = Date.now();
-
-  res.on('finish', () => {
-    const duration = Date.now() - start;
-    console.log(`${req.method} ${req.path} - ${res.statusCode} - ${duration}ms`);
-  });
-
-  next();
-}
-
-// app.js
-app.use(loggerMiddleware);
-```
-
-### After: NestJS Interceptor
-
-```typescript
-// common/interceptors/logging.interceptor.ts
-import {
-  Injectable,
-  NestInterceptor,
-  ExecutionContext,
-  CallHandler,
-  Logger,
-} from '@nestjs/common';
-import { Observable } from 'rxjs';
-import { tap } from 'rxjs/operators';
-
-@Injectable()
-export class LoggingInterceptor implements NestInterceptor {
-  private readonly logger = new Logger(LoggingInterceptor.name);
-
-  intercept(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler): Observable<any> {
-    const request = context.switchToHttp().getRequest();
-    const { method, url } = request;
-    const start = Date.now();
-
-    return next.handle().pipe(
-      tap(() => {
-        const response = context.switchToHttp().getResponse();
-        const duration = Date.now() - start;
-        this.logger.log(
-          `${method} ${url} - ${response.statusCode} - ${duration}ms`,
-        );
-      }),
-    );
-  }
-}
-
-// main.ts - Apply globally
-import { NestFactory } from '@nestjs/core';
-import { AppModule } from './app.module';
-import { LoggingInterceptor } from './common/interceptors/logging.interceptor';
-
-async function bootstrap() {
-  const app = await NestFactory.create(AppModule);
-  app.useGlobalInterceptors(new LoggingInterceptor());
-  await app.listen(3000);
-}
-bootstrap();
-```
-
----
-
-## Migration Pattern: Dependency Injection
-
-### Before: Express Manual Instantiation
-
-```typescript
-// services/userService.js
-const UserRepository = require('../repositories/userRepository');
-const EmailService = require('./emailService');
-
-class UserService {
-  constructor() {
-    this.userRepository = new UserRepository();
-    this.emailService = new EmailService();
-  }
-
-  async create(userData) {
-    const user = await this.userRepository.create(userData);
-    await this.emailService.sendWelcomeEmail(user.email);
-    return user;
-  }
-}
-
-module.exports = UserService;
-
-// controllers/userController.js
-const UserService = require('../services/userService');
-const userService = new UserService();
-
-async function createUser(req, res) {
-  const user = await userService.create(req.body);
-  res.json({ success: true, data: user });
-}
-```
-
-### After: NestJS Dependency Injection
-
-```typescript
-// users/users.repository.ts
-import { Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
-import { InjectRepository } from '@nestjs/typeorm';
-import { Repository } from 'typeorm';
-import { User } from './entities/user.entity';
-
-@Injectable()
-export class UsersRepository {
-  constructor(
-    @InjectRepository(User)
-    private readonly repository: Repository<User>,
-  ) {}
-
-  async create(userData: Partial<User>): Promise<User> {
-    const user = this.repository.create(userData);
-    return this.repository.save(user);
-  }
-
-  async findById(id: number): Promise<User | null> {
-    return this.repository.findOne({ where: { id } });
-  }
-}
-
-// email/email.service.ts
-import { Injectable, Logger } from '@nestjs/common';
-
-@Injectable()
-export class EmailService {
-  private readonly logger = new Logger(EmailService.name);
-
-  async sendWelcomeEmail(email: string): Promise<void> {
-    this.logger.log(`Sending welcome email to ${email}`);
-    // Email sending logic
-  }
-}
-
-// users/users.service.ts
-import { Injectable, NotFoundException } from '@nestjs/common';
-import { UsersRepository } from './users.repository';
-import { EmailService } from '../email/email.service';
-import { CreateUserDto } from './dto/create-user.dto';
-import { User } from './entities/user.entity';
-
-@Injectable()
-export class UsersService {
-  constructor(
-    private readonly usersRepository: UsersRepository,
-    private readonly emailService: EmailService,
-  ) {}
-
-  async create(createUserDto: CreateUserDto): Promise<User> {
-    const user = await this.usersRepository.create(createUserDto);
-    await this.emailService.sendWelcomeEmail(user.email);
-    return user;
-  }
-
-  async findById(id: number): Promise<User> {
-    const user = await this.usersRepository.findById(id);
-    if (!user) {
-      throw new NotFoundException(`User with ID ${id} not found`);
-    }
-    return user;
-  }
-}
-
-// users/users.module.ts
-import { Module } from '@nestjs/common';
-import { TypeOrmModule } from '@nestjs/typeorm';
-import { UsersController } from './users.controller';
-import { UsersService } from './users.service';
-import { UsersRepository } from './users.repository';
-import { User } from './entities/user.entity';
-import { EmailModule } from '../email/email.module';
-
-@Module({
-  imports: [TypeOrmModule.forFeature([User]), EmailModule],
-  controllers: [UsersController],
-  providers: [UsersService, UsersRepository],
-  exports: [UsersService],
-})
-export class UsersModule {}
-```
-
----
-
-## Migration Pattern: Error Handling
-
-### Before: Express Error Middleware
-
-```typescript
-// middleware/errorHandler.js
-function errorHandler(err, req, res, next) {
-  console.error(err.stack);
-
-  if (err.name === 'ValidationError') {
-    return res.status(400).json({
-      success: false,
-      message: 'Validation failed',
-      errors: err.errors
-    });
-  }
-
-  if (err.name === 'UnauthorizedError') {
-    return res.status(401).json({
-      success: false,
-      message: 'Unauthorized'
-    });
-  }
-
-  res.status(500).json({
-    success: false,
-    message: 'Internal server error'
-  });
-}
-
-// app.js
-app.use(errorHandler);
-```
-
-### After: NestJS Exception Filter
-
-```typescript
-// common/filters/http-exception.filter.ts
-import {
-  ExceptionFilter,
-  Catch,
-  ArgumentsHost,
-  HttpException,
-  HttpStatus,
-  Logger,
-} from '@nestjs/common';
-import { Request, Response } from 'express';
-
-@Catch()
-export class HttpExceptionFilter implements ExceptionFilter {
-  private readonly logger = new Logger(HttpExceptionFilter.name);
-
-  catch(exception: unknown, host: ArgumentsHost) {
-    const ctx = host.switchToHttp();
-    const response = ctx.getResponse<Response>();
-    const request = ctx.getRequest<Request>();
-
-    let status = HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR;
-    let message = 'Internal server error';
-    let errors: any = undefined;
-
-    if (exception instanceof HttpException) {
-      status = exception.getStatus();
-      const exceptionResponse = exception.getResponse();
-
-      if (typeof exceptionResponse === 'object') {
-        message = (exceptionResponse as any).message || message;
-        errors = (exceptionResponse as any).errors;
-      } else {
-        message = exceptionResponse;
-      }
-    } else if (exception instanceof Error) {
-      message = exception.message;
-      this.logger.error(exception.stack);
-    }
-
-    response.status(status).json({
-      success: false,
-      statusCode: status,
-      message,
-      errors,
-      timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
-      path: request.url,
-    });
-  }
-}
-
-// main.ts
-import { NestFactory } from '@nestjs/core';
-import { AppModule } from './app.module';
-import { HttpExceptionFilter } from './common/filters/http-exception.filter';
-
-async function bootstrap() {
-  const app = await NestFactory.create(AppModule);
-  app.useGlobalFilters(new HttpExceptionFilter());
-  await app.listen(3000);
-}
-bootstrap();
-```
-
----
-
-## Migration Pattern: Validation
-
-### Before: Express with express-validator
-
-```typescript
-// routes/users.js
-const { body, validationResult } = require('express-validator');
-
-router.post(
-  '/',
-  [
-    body('email').isEmail().normalizeEmail(),
-    body('name').trim().isLength({ min: 2, max: 50 }),
-    body('age').optional().isInt({ min: 0, max: 120 }),
-  ],
-  async (req, res, next) => {
-    const errors = validationResult(req);
-    if (!errors.isEmpty()) {
-      return res.status(400).json({
-        success: false,
-        errors: errors.array()
-      });
-    }
-
-    try {
-      const user = await userService.create(req.body);
-      res.status(201).json({ success: true, data: user });
-    } catch (error) {
-      next(error);
-    }
-  }
-);
-```
-
-### After: NestJS with class-validator
-
-```typescript
-// users/dto/create-user.dto.ts
-import {
-  IsEmail,
-  IsNotEmpty,
-  IsString,
-  MinLength,
-  MaxLength,
-  IsOptional,
-  IsInt,
-  Min,
-  Max,
-} from 'class-validator';
-import { Transform } from 'class-transformer';
-
-export class CreateUserDto {
-  @IsEmail()
-  @IsNotEmpty()
-  @Transform(({ value }) => value.toLowerCase().trim())
-  email: string;
-
-  @IsString()
-  @MinLength(2)
-  @MaxLength(50)
-  @Transform(({ value }) => value.trim())
-  name: string;
-
-  @IsOptional()
-  @IsInt()
-  @Min(0)
-  @Max(120)
-  age?: number;
-}
-
-// users/users.controller.ts
-import { Controller, Post, Body, ValidationPipe } from '@nestjs/common';
-import { UsersService } from './users.service';
-import { CreateUserDto } from './dto/create-user.dto';
-
-@Controller('users')
-export class UsersController {
-  constructor(private readonly usersService: UsersService) {}
-
-  @Post()
-  async create(@Body(ValidationPipe) createUserDto: CreateUserDto) {
-    const user = await this.usersService.create(createUserDto);
-    return { success: true, data: user };
-  }
-}
-
-// main.ts - Global validation pipe
-import { ValidationPipe } from '@nestjs/common';
-
-async function bootstrap() {
-  const app = await NestFactory.create(AppModule);
-  app.useGlobalPipes(
-    new ValidationPipe({
-      whitelist: true, // Strip non-whitelisted properties
-      forbidNonWhitelisted: true, // Throw error for non-whitelisted
-      transform: true, // Auto-transform payloads to DTO instances
-      transformOptions: {
-        enableImplicitConversion: true,
-      },
-    }),
-  );
-  await app.listen(3000);
-}
-```
-
----
-
-## Migration Pattern: Testing
-
-### Before: Express with Mocha/Chai
-
-```typescript
-// test/users.test.js
-const request = require('supertest');
-const { expect } = require('chai');
-const app = require('../src/app');
-
-describe('Users API', () => {
-  describe('POST /users', () => {
-    it('should create a new user', async () => {
-      const userData = {
-        email: 'test@example.com',
-        name: 'Test User'
-      };
-
-      const response = await request(app)
-        .post('/users')
-        .send(userData)
-        .expect(201);
-
-      expect(response.body.success).to.be.true;
-      expect(response.body.data).to.have.property('id');
-      expect(response.body.data.email).to.equal(userData.email);
-    });
-
-    it('should return 400 for invalid email', async () => {
-      const response = await request(app)
-        .post('/users')
-        .send({ email: 'invalid', name: 'Test' })
-        .expect(400);
-
-      expect(response.body.success).to.be.false;
-    });
-  });
-});
-```
-
-### After: NestJS with Jest
-
-```typescript
-// users/users.controller.spec.ts
-import { Test, TestingModule } from '@nestjs/testing';
-import { UsersController } from './users.controller';
-import { UsersService } from './users.service';
-import { CreateUserDto } from './dto/create-user.dto';
-
-describe('UsersController', () => {
-  let controller: UsersController;
-  let service: UsersService;
-
-  const mockUsersService = {
-    create: jest.fn(),
-    findById: jest.fn(),
-    findAll: jest.fn(),
-  };
-
-  beforeEach(async () => {
-    const module: TestingModule = await Test.createTestingModule({
-      controllers: [UsersController],
-      providers: [
-        {
-          provide: UsersService,
-          useValue: mockUsersService,
-        },
-      ],
-    }).compile();
-
-    controller = module.get<UsersController>(UsersController);
-    service = module.get<UsersService>(UsersService);
-  });
-
-  afterEach(() => {
-    jest.clearAllMocks();
-  });
-
-  describe('create', () => {
-    it('should create a new user', async () => {
-      const createUserDto: CreateUserDto = {
-        email: 'test@example.com',
-        name: 'Test User',
-      };
-
-      const expectedUser = {
-        id: 1,
-        ...createUserDto,
-        createdAt: new Date(),
-      };
-
-      mockUsersService.create.mockResolvedValue(expectedUser);
-
-      const result = await controller.create(createUserDto);
-
-      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
-      expect(result.data).toEqual(expectedUser);
-      expect(service.create).toHaveBeenCalledWith(createUserDto);
-      expect(service.create).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('findOne', () => {
-    it('should return a user by id', async () => {
-      const userId = 1;
-      const expectedUser = {
-        id: userId,
-        email: 'test@example.com',
-        name: 'Test User',
-      };
-
-      mockUsersService.findById.mockResolvedValue(expectedUser);
-
-      const result = await controller.findOne(userId);
-
-      expect(result.data).toEqual(expectedUser);
-      expect(service.findById).toHaveBeenCalledWith(userId);
-    });
-  });
-});
-
-// users/users.service.spec.ts
-import { Test, TestingModule } from '@nestjs/testing';
-import { NotFoundException } from '@nestjs/common';
-import { UsersService } from './users.service';
-import { UsersRepository } from './users.repository';
-import { EmailService } from '../email/email.service';
-
-describe('UsersService', () => {
-  let service: UsersService;
-  let repository: UsersRepository;
-  let emailService: EmailService;
-
-  const mockUsersRepository = {
-    create: jest.fn(),
-    findById: jest.fn(),
-  };
-
-  const mockEmailService = {
-    sendWelcomeEmail: jest.fn(),
-  };
-
-  beforeEach(async () => {
-    const module: TestingModule = await Test.createTestingModule({
-      providers: [
-        UsersService,
-        {
-          provide: UsersRepository,
-          useValue: mockUsersRepository,
-        },
-        {
-          provide: EmailService,
-          useValue: mockEmailService,
-        },
-      ],
-    }).compile();
-
-    service = module.get<UsersService>(UsersService);
-    repository = module.get<UsersRepository>(UsersRepository);
-    emailService = module.get<EmailService>(EmailService);
-  });
-
-  describe('create', () => {
-    it('should create user and send welcome email', async () => {
-      const createUserDto = {
-        email: 'test@example.com',
-        name: 'Test User',
-      };
-
-      const createdUser = { id: 1, ...createUserDto };
-
-      mockUsersRepository.create.mockResolvedValue(createdUser);
-      mockEmailService.sendWelcomeEmail.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
-
-      const result = await service.create(createUserDto);
-
-      expect(result).toEqual(createdUser);
-      expect(repository.create).toHaveBeenCalledWith(createUserDto);
-      expect(emailService.sendWelcomeEmail).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-        createUserDto.email,
-      );
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('findById', () => {
-    it('should throw NotFoundException when user not found', async () => {
-      mockUsersRepository.findById.mockResolvedValue(null);
-
-      await expect(service.findById(999)).rejects.toThrow(NotFoundException);
-      await expect(service.findById(999)).rejects.toThrow(
-        'User with ID 999 not found',
-      );
-    });
-  });
-});
-
-// E2E Testing
-// test/users.e2e-spec.ts
-import { Test, TestingModule } from '@nestjs/testing';
-import { INestApplication, ValidationPipe } from '@nestjs/common';
-import * as request from 'supertest';
-import { AppModule } from '../src/app.module';
-
-describe('UsersController (e2e)', () => {
-  let app: INestApplication;
-
-  beforeAll(async () => {
-    const moduleFixture: TestingModule = await Test.createTestingModule({
-      imports: [AppModule],
-    }).compile();
-
-    app = moduleFixture.createNestApplication();
-    app.useGlobalPipes(new ValidationPipe());
-    await app.init();
-  });
-
-  afterAll(async () => {
-    await app.close();
-  });
-
-  describe('/users (POST)', () => {
-    it('should create a new user', () => {
-      return request(app.getHttpServer())
-        .post('/users')
-        .send({
-          email: 'test@example.com',
-          name: 'Test User',
-        })
-        .expect(201)
-        .expect((res) => {
-          expect(res.body.success).toBe(true);
-          expect(res.body.data).toHaveProperty('id');
-          expect(res.body.data.email).toBe('test@example.com');
-        });
-    });
-
-    it('should return 400 for invalid email', () => {
-      return request(app.getHttpServer())
-        .post('/users')
-        .send({
-          email: 'invalid-email',
-          name: 'Test',
-        })
-        .expect(400);
-    });
-  });
-});
-```
-
----
-
-## Incremental Migration Strategy
-
-### Strategy 1: Strangler Fig Pattern (Recommended)
-
-Gradually replace Express routes with NestJS while both run simultaneously.
-
-**Cross-reference:** See `references/strangler-fig-pattern.md` for detailed implementation.
-
-```typescript
-// main.ts - Running both Express and NestJS
-import { NestFactory } from '@nestjs/core';
-import { AppModule } from './app.module';
-import * as express from 'express';
-import { expressApp } from './legacy/express-app';
-
-async function bootstrap() {
-  const nestApp = await NestFactory.create(AppModule);
-
-  // Proxy middleware to route between NestJS and Express
-  const app = express();
-
-  // NestJS routes (new implementation)
-  app.use('/api/v2', nestApp.getHttpAdapter().getInstance());
-
-  // Express routes (legacy)
-  app.use('/api', expressApp);
-
-  await app.listen(3000);
-}
-bootstrap();
-```
-
-**Migration steps:**
-1. Set up NestJS alongside Express
-2. Migrate one module at a time to NestJS
-3. Route new endpoints to NestJS, old to Express
-4. Update frontend/clients to use new endpoints
-5. Remove Express routes once fully migrated
-6. Decommission Express app
-
-### Strategy 2: Module-by-Module Migration
-
-Migrate complete feature modules sequentially.
-
-```
-Phase 1: Authentication (Week 1-2)
-- Migrate auth middleware → Guards
-- Migrate JWT handling → @nestjs/jwt
-- Test authentication flows
-- Deploy with feature flag
-
-Phase 2: Users Module (Week 3-4)
-- Migrate user routes → Controllers
-- Migrate user service → Providers
-- Add validation with DTOs
-- Write tests
-
-Phase 3: Posts Module (Week 5-6)
-...
-```
-
-### Strategy 3: Adapter Pattern for Gradual DI Migration
-
-Wrap Express services in NestJS providers during transition.
-
-```typescript
-// Adapter for legacy Express service
-import { Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
-const LegacyUserService = require('../legacy/services/userService');
-
-@Injectable()
-export class UserServiceAdapter {
-  private legacyService = new LegacyUserService();
-
-  async findAll(): Promise<any[]> {
-    return this.legacyService.findAll();
-  }
-
-  async create(data: any): Promise<any> {
-    return this.legacyService.create(data);
-  }
-}
-
-// Use in NestJS controller while migrating
-@Controller('users')
-export class UsersController {
-  constructor(private readonly userService: UserServiceAdapter) {}
-
-  @Get()
-  async findAll() {
-    return this.userService.findAll();
-  }
-}
-```
-
----
-
-## Common Pitfalls
-
-### 1. Over-engineering Simple Applications
-
-**Problem:** Migrating a 500-line Express app to full NestJS with modules, DTOs, repositories, guards, etc.
-
-**Solution:** Evaluate if NestJS complexity is justified. Consider keeping simple APIs in Express.
-
-### 2. Not Understanding Dependency Injection Lifecycle
-
-**Problem:**
-```typescript
-// WRONG - Creates new instance, bypassing DI
-@Injectable()
-export class UsersService {
-  constructor() {
-    this.emailService = new EmailService(); // Don't do this!
-  }
-}
-```
-
-**Solution:**
-```typescript
-// CORRECT - Let NestJS inject dependencies
-@Injectable()
-export class UsersService {
-  constructor(private readonly emailService: EmailService) {}
-}
-```
-
-### 3. Mixing Middleware and Guards Incorrectly
-
-**Problem:** Using Express middleware for authentication instead of Guards, losing NestJS benefits.
-
-**Solution:** Use Guards for authentication/authorization, Interceptors for logging/transformation, Middleware only for Express-specific needs.
-
-### 4. Ignoring Validation Pipes
-
-**Problem:** Manual validation in controllers like Express.
-
-```typescript
-// WRONG - Manual validation
-@Post()
-async create(@Body() body: any) {
-  if (!body.email) {
-    throw new BadRequestException('Email required');
-  }
-  // ...
-}
-```
-
-**Solution:**
-```typescript
-// CORRECT - Use DTOs with class-validator
-@Post()
-async create(@Body() createUserDto: CreateUserDto) {
-  // Validation happens automatically
-  return this.usersService.create(createUserDto);
-}
-```
-
-### 5. Not Leveraging Module Imports/Exports
-
-**Problem:** Circular dependencies and tightly coupled modules.
-
-**Solution:** Properly structure module imports/exports. Use forwardRef() for circular dependencies.
-
-```typescript
-@Module({
-  imports: [TypeOrmModule.forFeature([User]), EmailModule],
-  providers: [UsersService, UsersRepository],
-  exports: [UsersService], // Export for other modules
-})
-export class UsersModule {}
-```
-
-### 6. Forgetting to Enable CORS
-
-**Problem:** CORS working in Express but failing in NestJS.
-
-**Solution:**
-```typescript
-// main.ts
-const app = await NestFactory.create(AppModule);
-app.enableCors({
-  origin: process.env.ALLOWED_ORIGINS?.split(','),
-  credentials: true,
-});
-```
-
-### 7. Incorrect Exception Handling
-
-**Problem:** Using Express error middleware patterns.
-
-**Solution:** Use NestJS built-in exceptions and filters.
-
-```typescript
-// Throw NestJS exceptions
-throw new NotFoundException('User not found');
-throw new BadRequestException('Invalid input');
-throw new UnauthorizedException('Invalid credentials');
-```
-
-### 8. Not Configuring ValidationPipe Globally
-
-**Problem:** Validation inconsistent across endpoints.
-
-**Solution:**
-```typescript
-// main.ts
-app.useGlobalPipes(
-  new ValidationPipe({
-    whitelist: true,
-    forbidNonWhitelisted: true,
-    transform: true,
-  }),
-);
-```
-
----
-
-## Migration Checklist
-
-**Pre-Migration:**
-- [ ] Audit existing Express codebase structure
-- [ ] Document all routes and dependencies
-- [ ] Identify shared services and utilities
-- [ ] Plan module boundaries
-- [ ] Set up NestJS project structure
-
-**During Migration:**
-- [ ] Migrate DTOs and validation rules
-- [ ] Convert route handlers to controllers
-- [ ] Refactor services for dependency injection
-- [ ] Implement guards for authentication
-- [ ] Create interceptors for cross-cutting concerns
-- [ ] Add exception filters
-- [ ] Write unit tests for each component
-- [ ] Write e2e tests for critical flows
-
-**Post-Migration:**
-- [ ] Performance testing and optimization
-- [ ] Update API documentation
-- [ ] Configure logging and monitoring
-- [ ] Set up CI/CD for NestJS
-- [ ] Train team on NestJS patterns
-- [ ] Remove Express dependencies
-- [ ] Refactor for NestJS best practices
-
----
-
-## Additional Resources
-
-- NestJS Official Documentation: https://docs.nestjs.com
-- NestJS Migration Guide: https://docs.nestjs.com/migration-guide
-- class-validator Decorators: https://github.com/typestack/class-validator
-- TypeORM with NestJS: https://docs.nestjs.com/techniques/database
-- Testing Guide: https://docs.nestjs.com/fundamentals/testing