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+.TH "GEOD" "1" "10 avril 2026" "9.8" "PROJ"
+.SH NAME
+geod \- Geodesic computations
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.INDENT 0.0
+.INDENT 3.5
+\fBgeod\fP \fI+ellps=<ellispoid>\fP [\fB\-afFIlptwW\fP [args]] [\fI+opt[=arg]\fP ...] file ...
+.sp
+\fBinvgeod\fP \fI+ellps=<ellispoid>\fP [\fB\-afFIlptwW\fP [args]] [\fI+opt[=arg]\fP ...] file ...
+.UNINDENT
+.UNINDENT
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.sp
+geod (direct) and invgeod (inverse) perform geodesic
+(Great Circle) computations for determining latitude, longitude and back
+azimuth of a terminus point given a initial point latitude, longitude,
+azimuth and distance (direct) or the forward and back azimuths and distance
+between an initial and terminus point latitudes and longitudes (inverse).
+The results are accurate to round off for |f| < 1/50, where
+f is flattening.
+.sp
+invgeod may not be available on all platforms; in this case
+use \fBgeod \-I\fP instead.
+.sp
+The following command\-line options can appear in any order:
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-I
+Specifies that the inverse geodesic computation is to be performed. May be
+used with execution of geod as an alternative to invgeod execution.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-a
+Latitude and longitudes of the initial and terminal points, forward and
+back azimuths and distance are output.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-t<a>
+Where \fIa\fP specifies a character employed as the first character to denote a control
+line to be passed through without processing.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-le
+Gives a listing of all the ellipsoids that may be selected with the
+\fI+ellps=\fP option.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-lu
+Gives a listing of all the units that may be selected with the \fI+units=\fP
+option. (Default units are meters.)
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-f <format>
+Where \fIformat\fP is a printf format string to control the output form of the
+geographic coordinate and azimuth values. The default mode is DMS.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-F <format>
+Where \fIformat\fP is a printf format string to control the output form of the distance
+value. The default mode is \fB\(dq%.3f\(dq\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-w<n>
+Where \fIn\fP is the number of significant fractional digits to employ for seconds
+output (when the option is not specified, \fB\-w3\fP is assumed).
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-W<n>
+Where \fIn\fP is the number of significant fractional digits to employ for seconds
+output. When \fB\-W\fP is employed the fields will be constant width
+with leading zeroes.
+.UNINDENT
+.INDENT 0.0
+.TP
+.B \-p
+This option causes the azimuthal values to be output as unsigned DMS
+numbers between 0 and 360 degrees. Also note \fB\-f\fP\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.sp
+The \fI+opt\fP command\-line options are associated with geodetic
+parameters for specifying the ellipsoidal or sphere to use.
+controls. The options are processed in left to right order
+from the command line. Reentry of an option is ignored with
+the first occurrence assumed to be the desired value.
+.sp
+See the PROJ documentation for a full list of these parameters and
+controls.
+.sp
+One or more files (processed in left to right order) specify
+the source of data to be transformed. A \fB\-\fP will specify the
+location of processing standard input. If no files are specified,
+the input is assumed to be from stdin.
+.sp
+For direct determinations input data must be in latitude, longitude,
+azimuth and distance order and output will be latitude,
+longitude and back azimuth of the terminus point. Latitude,
+longitude of the initial and terminus point are input for the
+inverse mode and respective forward and back azimuth from the
+initial and terminus points are output along with the distance
+between the points.
+.sp
+Input geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) and
+azimuthal data must be in decimal degrees or DMS format and
+input distance data must be in units consistent with the ellipsoid
+major axis or sphere radius units. The latitude must lie
+in the range [\-90d,90d]. Output geographic coordinates and azimuths will be
+in DMS (if the \fB\-f\fP switch is not employed) to 0.001\(dq with trailing,
+zero\-valued minute\-second fields deleted. Output distance
+data will be in the same units as the ellipsoid or sphere
+radius.
+.sp
+The Earth\(aqs ellipsoidal figure may be selected in the same manner
+as program proj \%<#\:proj> by using \fI+ellps=\fP, \fI+a=\fP, \fI+es=\fP, etc.
+.sp
+geod may also be used to determine intermediate points along
+either a geodesic line between two points or along an arc of
+specified distance from a geographic point. In both cases an
+initial point must be specified with \fI+lat_1=lat\fP and \fI+lon_1=long\fP
+parameters and either a terminus point \fI+lat_2=lat\fP and
+\fI+lon_2=long\fP or a distance and azimuth from the initial point
+with \fI+S=distance\fP and \fI+A=azimuth\fP must be specified.
+.sp
+If points along a geodesic are to be determined then either
+\fI+n_S=integer\fP specifying the number of intermediate points
+and/or \fI+del_S=distance\fP specifying the incremental distance
+between points must be specified.
+.sp
+To determine points along an arc equidistant from the initial
+point both \fI+del_A=angle\fP and \fI+n_A=integer\fP must be specified
+which determine the respective angular increments and number of
+points to be determined.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.sp
+The following script determines the geodesic azimuths and distance in U.S.
+statute miles from Boston, MA, to Portland, OR:
+.INDENT 0.0
+.INDENT 3.5
+.sp
+.EX
+geod +ellps=clrk66 \-I +units=us\-mi <<EOF
+42d15\(aqN 71d07\(aqW 45d31\(aqN 123d41\(aqW
+EOF
+.EE
+.UNINDENT
+.UNINDENT
+.sp
+which gives the results:
+.INDENT 0.0
+.INDENT 3.5
+.sp
+.EX
+\-66d31\(aq50.141\(dq 75d39\(aq13.083\(dq 2587.504
+.EE
+.UNINDENT
+.UNINDENT
+.sp
+where the first two values are the azimuth from Boston to Portland,
+the back azimuth from Portland to Boston followed by the distance.
+.sp
+An example of forward geodesic use is to use the Boston location
+and determine Portland\(aqs location by azimuth and distance:
+.INDENT 0.0
+.INDENT 3.5
+.sp
+.EX
+geod +ellps=clrk66 +units=us\-mi <<EOF
+42d15\(aqN 71d07\(aqW \-66d31\(aq50.141\(dq 2587.504
+EOF
+.EE
+.UNINDENT
+.UNINDENT
+.sp
+which gives:
+.INDENT 0.0
+.INDENT 3.5
+.sp
+.EX
+45d31\(aq0.003\(dqN 123d40\(aq59.985\(dqW 75d39\(aq13.094\(dq
+.EE
+.UNINDENT
+.UNINDENT
+.sp
+i.e., the latitude and longitude of Portland, and the
+back azimuth from Portland to Boston.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fP
+.INDENT 0.0
+.INDENT 3.5
+Lack of precision in the distance value compromises the
+precision of the Portland location.
+.UNINDENT
+.UNINDENT
+.SH FURTHER READING
+.INDENT 0.0
+.IP 1. 3
+GeographicLib \%<https://\:geographiclib\:.sourceforge\:.io>\&.
+.IP 2. 3
+C. F. F. Karney, Algorithms for Geodesics \%<https://\:doi\:.org/\:10\:.1007/\:s00190-012-0578-z>, J. Geodesy \fB87\fP(1), 43–55 (2013);
+addenda \%<https://\:geographiclib\:.sourceforge\:.io/\:geod-addenda\:.html>\&.
+.IP 3. 3
+A geodesic bibliography \%<https://\:geographiclib\:.sourceforge\:.io/\:geodesic-papers/\:biblio\:.html>\&.
+.UNINDENT
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.sp
+\fBproj(1)\fP, \fBcs2cs(1)\fP, \fBcct(1)\fP, \fBgie(1)\fP, \fBprojinfo(1)\fP, \fBprojsync(1)\fP
+.SH BUGS
+.sp
+A list of known bugs can be found at \%<https://\:github\:.com/\:OSGeo/\:PROJ/\:issues>
+where new bug reports can be submitted to.
+.SH HOME PAGE
+.sp
+\%<https://\:proj\:.org/>
+.SH Author
+Charles Karney
+.SH Copyright
+1983-2026, PROJ contributors
+.\" End of generated man page.