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-.TH "GEOD" "1" "01 Dec 2024" "9.5" "PROJ"
-.SH NAME
-geod \- Geodesic computations
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-.INDENT 0.0
-.INDENT 3.5
-\fBgeod\fP \fI+ellps=<ellipse>\fP [\fB\-afFIlptwW\fP [args]] [\fI+opt[=arg]\fP ...] file ...
-.sp
-\fBinvgeod\fP \fI+ellps=<ellipse>\fP [\fB\-afFIlptwW\fP [args]] [\fI+opt[=arg]\fP ...] file ...
-.UNINDENT
-.UNINDENT
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-.sp
-\fI\%geod\fP (direct) and \fI\%invgeod\fP (inverse) perform geodesic
-(Great Circle) computations for determining latitude, longitude and back
-azimuth of a terminus point given a initial point latitude, longitude,
-azimuth and distance (direct) or the forward and back azimuths and distance
-between an initial and terminus point latitudes and longitudes (inverse).
-The results are accurate to round off for |f| < 1/50, where
-f is flattening.
-.sp
-\fI\%invgeod\fP may not be available on all platforms; in this case
-use \fI\%geod \-I\fP instead.
-.sp
-The following command\-line options can appear in any order:
-.INDENT 0.0
-.TP
-.B \-I
-Specifies that the inverse geodesic computation is to be performed. May be
-used with execution of \fI\%geod\fP as an alternative to \fI\%invgeod\fP execution.
-.UNINDENT
-.INDENT 0.0
-.TP
-.B \-a
-Latitude and longitudes of the initial and terminal points, forward and
-back azimuths and distance are output.
-.UNINDENT
-.INDENT 0.0
-.TP
-.B \-t<a>
-Where \fIa\fP specifies a character employed as the first character to denote a control
-line to be passed through without processing.
-.UNINDENT
-.INDENT 0.0
-.TP
-.B \-le
-Gives a listing of all the ellipsoids that may be selected with the
-\fI+ellps=\fP option.
-.UNINDENT
-.INDENT 0.0
-.TP
-.B \-lu
-Gives a listing of all the units that may be selected with the \fI+units=\fP
-option. (Default units are meters.)
-.UNINDENT
-.INDENT 0.0
-.TP
-.B \-f <format>
-Where \fIformat\fP is a printf format string to control the output form of the
-geographic coordinate values. The default mode is DMS.
-.UNINDENT
-.INDENT 0.0
-.TP
-.B \-F <format>
-Where \fIformat\fP is a printf format string to control the output form of the distance
-value. The default mode is \fB"%.3f"\fP\&.
-.UNINDENT
-.INDENT 0.0
-.TP
-.B \-w<n>
-Where \fIn\fP is the number of significant fractional digits to employ for seconds
-output (when the option is not specified, \fB\-w3\fP is assumed).
-.UNINDENT
-.INDENT 0.0
-.TP
-.B \-W<n>
-Where \fIn\fP is the number of significant fractional digits to employ for seconds
-output. When \fB\-W\fP is employed the fields will be constant width
-with leading zeroes.
-.UNINDENT
-.INDENT 0.0
-.TP
-.B \-p
-This option causes the azimuthal values to be output as unsigned DMS
-numbers between 0 and 360 degrees. Also note \fI\%\-f\fP\&.
-.UNINDENT
-.sp
-The \fI+opt\fP command\-line options are associated with geodetic
-parameters for specifying the ellipsoidal or sphere to use.
-controls. The options are processed in left to right order
-from the command line. Reentry of an option is ignored with
-the first occurrence assumed to be the desired value.
-.sp
-See the PROJ documentation for a full list of these parameters and
-controls.
-.sp
-One or more files (processed in left to right order) specify
-the source of data to be transformed. A \fB\-\fP will specify the
-location of processing standard input. If no files are specified,
-the input is assumed to be from stdin.
-.sp
-For direct determinations input data must be in latitude, longitude,
-azimuth and distance order and output will be latitude,
-longitude and back azimuth of the terminus point. Latitude,
-longitude of the initial and terminus point are input for the
-inverse mode and respective forward and back azimuth from the
-initial and terminus points are output along with the distance
-between the points.
-.sp
-Input geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) and
-azimuthal data must be in decimal degrees or DMS format and
-input distance data must be in units consistent with the ellipsoid
-major axis or sphere radius units. The latitude must lie
-in the range [\-90d,90d]. Output geographic coordinates will be
-in DMS (if the \fI\%\-f\fP switch is not employed) to 0.001" with trailing,
-zero\-valued minute\-second fields deleted. Output distance
-data will be in the same units as the ellipsoid or sphere
-radius.
-.sp
-The Earth\(aqs ellipsoidal figure may be selected in the same manner
-as program \fI\%proj\fP by using \fI+ellps=\fP, \fI+a=\fP, \fI+es=\fP, etc.
-.sp
-\fI\%geod\fP may also be used to determine intermediate points along
-either a geodesic line between two points or along an arc of
-specified distance from a geographic point. In both cases an
-initial point must be specified with \fI+lat_1=lat\fP and \fI+lon_1=long\fP
-parameters and either a terminus point \fI+lat_2=lat\fP and
-\fI+lon_2=long\fP or a distance and azimuth from the initial point
-with \fI+S=distance\fP and \fI+A=azimuth\fP must be specified.
-.sp
-If points along a geodesic are to be determined then either
-\fI+n_S=integer\fP specifying the number of intermediate points
-and/or \fI+del_S=distance\fP specifying the incremental distance
-between points must be specified.
-.sp
-To determine points along an arc equidistant from the initial
-point both \fI+del_A=angle\fP and \fI+n_A=integer\fP must be specified
-which determine the respective angular increments and number of
-points to be determined.
-.SH EXAMPLES
-.sp
-The following script determines the geodesic azimuths and distance in U.S.
-statute miles from Boston, MA, to Portland, OR:
-.INDENT 0.0
-.INDENT 3.5
-.sp
-.nf
-.ft C
-geod +ellps=clrk66 \-I +units=us\-mi <<EOF
-42d15\(aqN 71d07\(aqW 45d31\(aqN 123d41\(aqW
-EOF
-.ft P
-.fi
-.UNINDENT
-.UNINDENT
-.sp
-which gives the results:
-.INDENT 0.0
-.INDENT 3.5
-.sp
-.nf
-.ft C
-\-66d31\(aq50.141" 75d39\(aq13.083" 2587.504
-.ft P
-.fi
-.UNINDENT
-.UNINDENT
-.sp
-where the first two values are the azimuth from Boston to Portland,
-the back azimuth from Portland to Boston followed by the distance.
-.sp
-An example of forward geodesic use is to use the Boston location
-and determine Portland\(aqs location by azimuth and distance:
-.INDENT 0.0
-.INDENT 3.5
-.sp
-.nf
-.ft C
-geod +ellps=clrk66 +units=us\-mi <<EOF
-42d15\(aqN 71d07\(aqW \-66d31\(aq50.141" 2587.504
-EOF
-.ft P
-.fi
-.UNINDENT
-.UNINDENT
-.sp
-which gives:
-.INDENT 0.0
-.INDENT 3.5
-.sp
-.nf
-.ft C
-45d31\(aq0.003"N 123d40\(aq59.985"W 75d39\(aq13.094"
-.ft P
-.fi
-.UNINDENT
-.UNINDENT
-.sp
-i.e., the latitude and longitude of Portland, and the
-back azimuth from Portland to Boston.
-.sp
-\fBNOTE:\fP
-.INDENT 0.0
-.INDENT 3.5
-Lack of precision in the distance value compromises the
-precision of the Portland location.
-.UNINDENT
-.UNINDENT
-.SH FURTHER READING
-.INDENT 0.0
-.IP 1. 3
-\fI\%GeographicLib\fP\&.
-.IP 2. 3
-C. F. F. Karney, \fI\%Algorithms for Geodesics\fP, J. Geodesy \fB87\fP(1), 43–55 (2013);
-\fI\%addenda\fP\&.
-.IP 3. 3
-\fI\%A geodesic bibliography\fP\&.
-.UNINDENT
-.SH SEE ALSO
-.sp
-\fBproj(1)\fP, \fBcs2cs(1)\fP, \fBcct(1)\fP, \fBgie(1)\fP, \fBprojinfo(1)\fP, \fBprojsync(1)\fP
-.SH BUGS
-.sp
-A list of known bugs can be found at \fI\%https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/issues\fP
-where new bug reports can be submitted to.
-.SH HOME PAGE
-.sp
-\fI\%https://proj.org/\fP
-.SH AUTHOR
-Charles Karney
-.SH COPYRIGHT
-1983-2024, PROJ contributors
-.\" Generated by docutils manpage writer.
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