@cpp.js/package-proj 1.0.0-beta.20

package/dist/prebuilt/iOS-iphoneos/include/proj/coordinateoperation.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,2129 @@
+/******************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Project:  PROJ
+ * Purpose:  ISO19111:2019 implementation
+ * Author:   Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys dot com>
+ *
+ ******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2018, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys dot com>
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+ * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
+ * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
+ * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+ * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+ * in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+ * OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
+ * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+ * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ ****************************************************************************/
+
+#ifndef COORDINATEOPERATION_HH_INCLUDED
+#define COORDINATEOPERATION_HH_INCLUDED
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "common.hpp"
+#include "io.hpp"
+#include "metadata.hpp"
+
+#include "proj.h"
+
+NS_PROJ_START
+
+namespace crs {
+class CRS;
+using CRSPtr = std::shared_ptr<CRS>;
+using CRSNNPtr = util::nn<CRSPtr>;
+
+class DerivedCRS;
+class ProjectedCRS;
+} // namespace crs
+
+namespace io {
+class JSONParser;
+} // namespace io
+
+namespace coordinates {
+class CoordinateMetadata;
+using CoordinateMetadataPtr = std::shared_ptr<CoordinateMetadata>;
+using CoordinateMetadataNNPtr = util::nn<CoordinateMetadataPtr>;
+} // namespace coordinates
+
+/** osgeo.proj.operation namespace
+
+  \brief Coordinate operations (relationship between any two coordinate
+  reference systems).
+
+  This covers Conversion, Transformation,
+  PointMotionOperation or ConcatenatedOperation.
+*/
+namespace operation {
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Grid description */
+struct GridDescription {
+    std::string shortName;   /**< Grid short filename */
+    std::string fullName;    /**< Grid full path name (if found) */
+    std::string packageName; /**< Package name (or empty) */
+    std::string url;         /**< Grid URL (if packageName is empty), or package
+                                    URL (or empty) */
+    bool directDownload;     /**< Whether url can be fetched directly. */
+    /** Whether the grid is released with an open license. */
+    bool openLicense;
+    bool available; /**< Whether GRID is available. */
+
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    bool operator<(const GridDescription &other) const {
+        return shortName < other.shortName;
+    }
+
+    PROJ_DLL GridDescription();
+    PROJ_DLL ~GridDescription();
+    PROJ_DLL GridDescription(const GridDescription &);
+    PROJ_DLL GridDescription(GridDescription &&) noexcept;
+    //! @endcond
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class CoordinateOperation;
+/** Shared pointer of CoordinateOperation */
+using CoordinateOperationPtr = std::shared_ptr<CoordinateOperation>;
+/** Non-null shared pointer of CoordinateOperation */
+using CoordinateOperationNNPtr = util::nn<CoordinateOperationPtr>;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class CoordinateTransformer;
+/** Shared pointer of CoordinateTransformer */
+using CoordinateTransformerPtr = std::unique_ptr<CoordinateTransformer>;
+/** Non-null shared pointer of CoordinateTransformer */
+using CoordinateTransformerNNPtr = util::nn<CoordinateTransformerPtr>;
+
+/** \brief Coordinate transformer.
+ *
+ * Performs coordinate transformation of coordinate tuplies.
+ *
+ * @since 9.3
+ */
+class PROJ_GCC_DLL CoordinateTransformer {
+  public:
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_DLL ~CoordinateTransformer();
+    //! @endcond
+
+    PROJ_DLL PJ_COORD transform(PJ_COORD coord);
+
+  protected:
+    PROJ_FRIEND(CoordinateOperation);
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL CoordinateTransformer();
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL static CoordinateTransformerNNPtr
+    create(const CoordinateOperationNNPtr &op, PJ_CONTEXT *ctx);
+
+  private:
+    PROJ_OPAQUE_PRIVATE_DATA
+    INLINED_MAKE_UNIQUE
+    CoordinateTransformer &
+    operator=(const CoordinateTransformer &other) = delete;
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Transformation;
+/** Shared pointer of Transformation */
+using TransformationPtr = std::shared_ptr<Transformation>;
+/** Non-null shared pointer of Transformation */
+using TransformationNNPtr = util::nn<TransformationPtr>;
+
+/** \brief Abstract class for a mathematical operation on coordinates.
+ *
+ * A mathematical operation:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>on coordinates that transforms or converts them from one coordinate
+ * reference system to another coordinate reference system</li>
+ * <li>or that describes the change of coordinate values within one coordinate
+ * reference system due to the motion of the point between one coordinate epoch
+ * and another coordinate epoch.</li>
+ * </ul>
+ * Many but not all coordinate operations (from CRS A to CRS B) also uniquely
+ * define the inverse coordinate operation (from CRS B to CRS A). In some cases,
+ * the coordinate operation method algorithm for the inverse coordinate
+ * operation is the same as for the forward algorithm, but the signs of some
+ * coordinate operation parameter values have to be reversed. In other cases,
+ * different algorithms are required for the forward and inverse coordinate
+ * operations, but the same coordinate operation parameter values are used. If
+ * (some) entirely different parameter values are needed, a different coordinate
+ * operation shall be defined.
+ *
+ * \remark Implements CoordinateOperation from \ref ISO_19111_2019
+ */
+class PROJ_GCC_DLL CoordinateOperation : public common::ObjectUsage,
+                                         public io::IPROJStringExportable,
+                                         public io::IJSONExportable {
+  public:
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_DLL ~CoordinateOperation() override;
+    //! @endcond
+
+    PROJ_DLL const util::optional<std::string> &operationVersion() const;
+    PROJ_DLL const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &
+    coordinateOperationAccuracies() const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL const crs::CRSPtr sourceCRS() const;
+    PROJ_DLL const crs::CRSPtr targetCRS() const;
+    PROJ_DLL const crs::CRSPtr &interpolationCRS() const;
+    PROJ_DLL const util::optional<common::DataEpoch> &
+    sourceCoordinateEpoch() const;
+    PROJ_DLL const util::optional<common::DataEpoch> &
+    targetCoordinateEpoch() const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL CoordinateTransformerNNPtr
+    coordinateTransformer(PJ_CONTEXT *ctx) const;
+
+    /** \brief Return the inverse of the coordinate operation.
+     * @throw util::UnsupportedOperationException
+     */
+    PROJ_DLL virtual CoordinateOperationNNPtr inverse() const = 0;
+
+    /** \brief Return grids needed by an operation. */
+    PROJ_DLL virtual std::set<GridDescription>
+    gridsNeeded(const io::DatabaseContextPtr &databaseContext,
+                bool considerKnownGridsAsAvailable) const = 0;
+
+    PROJ_DLL bool
+    isPROJInstantiable(const io::DatabaseContextPtr &databaseContext,
+                       bool considerKnownGridsAsAvailable) const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL bool hasBallparkTransformation() const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL static const std::string OPERATION_VERSION_KEY;
+
+    PROJ_DLL CoordinateOperationNNPtr normalizeForVisualization() const;
+
+    PROJ_PRIVATE :
+        //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+        PROJ_FOR_TEST CoordinateOperationNNPtr
+        shallowClone() const;
+    //! @endcond
+
+  protected:
+    PROJ_INTERNAL CoordinateOperation();
+    PROJ_INTERNAL CoordinateOperation(const CoordinateOperation &other);
+
+    PROJ_FRIEND(crs::DerivedCRS);
+    PROJ_FRIEND(io::AuthorityFactory);
+    PROJ_FRIEND(CoordinateOperationFactory);
+    PROJ_FRIEND(ConcatenatedOperation);
+    PROJ_FRIEND(io::WKTParser);
+    PROJ_FRIEND(io::JSONParser);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void
+    setWeakSourceTargetCRS(std::weak_ptr<crs::CRS> sourceCRSIn,
+                           std::weak_ptr<crs::CRS> targetCRSIn);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void setCRSs(const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+                               const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn,
+                               const crs::CRSPtr &interpolationCRSIn);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void
+    setInterpolationCRS(const crs::CRSPtr &interpolationCRSIn);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void setCRSs(const CoordinateOperation *in,
+                               bool inverseSourceTarget);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL
+    void setAccuracies(
+        const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void setHasBallparkTransformation(bool b);
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void
+    setSourceCoordinateEpoch(const util::optional<common::DataEpoch> &epoch);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void
+    setTargetCoordinateEpoch(const util::optional<common::DataEpoch> &epoch);
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void
+    setProperties(const util::PropertyMap
+                      &properties); // throw(InvalidValueTypeException)
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL virtual CoordinateOperationNNPtr _shallowClone() const = 0;
+
+  private:
+    PROJ_OPAQUE_PRIVATE_DATA
+    CoordinateOperation &operator=(const CoordinateOperation &other) = delete;
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Abstract class modelling a parameter value (OperationParameter)
+ * or group of parameters.
+ *
+ * \remark Implements GeneralOperationParameter from \ref ISO_19111_2019
+ */
+class PROJ_GCC_DLL GeneralOperationParameter : public common::IdentifiedObject {
+  public:
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_DLL ~GeneralOperationParameter() override;
+    //! @endcond
+
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_INTERNAL bool _isEquivalentTo(
+        const util::IComparable *other,
+        util::IComparable::Criterion criterion =
+            util::IComparable::Criterion::STRICT,
+        const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext = nullptr) const override = 0;
+    //! @endcond
+
+  protected:
+    PROJ_INTERNAL GeneralOperationParameter();
+    PROJ_INTERNAL
+    GeneralOperationParameter(const GeneralOperationParameter &other);
+
+  private:
+    PROJ_OPAQUE_PRIVATE_DATA
+    GeneralOperationParameter &
+    operator=(const GeneralOperationParameter &other) = delete;
+};
+
+/** Shared pointer of GeneralOperationParameter */
+using GeneralOperationParameterPtr = std::shared_ptr<GeneralOperationParameter>;
+/** Non-null shared pointer of GeneralOperationParameter */
+using GeneralOperationParameterNNPtr = util::nn<GeneralOperationParameterPtr>;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class OperationParameter;
+/** Shared pointer of OperationParameter */
+using OperationParameterPtr = std::shared_ptr<OperationParameter>;
+/** Non-null shared pointer of OperationParameter */
+using OperationParameterNNPtr = util::nn<OperationParameterPtr>;
+
+/** \brief The definition of a parameter used by a coordinate operation method.
+ *
+ * Most parameter values are numeric, but other types of parameter values are
+ * possible.
+ *
+ * \remark Implements OperationParameter from \ref ISO_19111_2019
+ */
+class PROJ_GCC_DLL OperationParameter final : public GeneralOperationParameter {
+  public:
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_DLL ~OperationParameter() override;
+    //! @endcond
+
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_INTERNAL bool _isEquivalentTo(
+        const util::IComparable *other,
+        util::IComparable::Criterion criterion =
+            util::IComparable::Criterion::STRICT,
+        const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext = nullptr) const override;
+    //! @endcond
+
+    // non-standard
+    PROJ_DLL static OperationParameterNNPtr
+    create(const util::PropertyMap &properties);
+
+    PROJ_DLL int getEPSGCode() PROJ_PURE_DECL;
+
+    PROJ_DLL static const char *getNameForEPSGCode(int epsg_code) noexcept;
+
+  protected:
+    PROJ_INTERNAL OperationParameter();
+    PROJ_INTERNAL OperationParameter(const OperationParameter &other);
+    INLINED_MAKE_SHARED
+
+  private:
+    PROJ_OPAQUE_PRIVATE_DATA
+    OperationParameter &operator=(const OperationParameter &other) = delete;
+
+    // cppcheck-suppress functionStatic
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToWKT(io::WKTFormatter *formatter)
+        const override; // throw(io::FormattingException)
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+struct MethodMapping;
+//! @endcond
+
+/** \brief Abstract class modelling a parameter value (OperationParameterValue)
+ * or group of parameter values.
+ *
+ * \remark Implements GeneralParameterValue from \ref ISO_19111_2019
+ */
+class PROJ_GCC_DLL GeneralParameterValue : public util::BaseObject,
+                                           public io::IWKTExportable,
+                                           public io::IJSONExportable,
+                                           public util::IComparable {
+  public:
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_DLL ~GeneralParameterValue() override;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToWKT(io::WKTFormatter *formatter)
+        const override = 0; // throw(io::FormattingException)
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToJSON(io::JSONFormatter *formatter)
+        const override = 0; // throw(FormattingException)
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL bool _isEquivalentTo(
+        const util::IComparable *other,
+        util::IComparable::Criterion criterion =
+            util::IComparable::Criterion::STRICT,
+        const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext = nullptr) const override = 0;
+    //! @endcond
+
+  protected:
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_INTERNAL GeneralParameterValue();
+    PROJ_INTERNAL GeneralParameterValue(const GeneralParameterValue &other);
+
+    friend class Conversion;
+    friend class SingleOperation;
+    friend class PointMotionOperation;
+    PROJ_INTERNAL virtual void _exportToWKT(io::WKTFormatter *formatter,
+                                            const MethodMapping *mapping)
+        const = 0; // throw(io::FormattingException)
+                   //! @endcond
+
+  private:
+    PROJ_OPAQUE_PRIVATE_DATA
+    GeneralParameterValue &
+    operator=(const GeneralParameterValue &other) = delete;
+};
+
+/** Shared pointer of GeneralParameterValue */
+using GeneralParameterValuePtr = std::shared_ptr<GeneralParameterValue>;
+/** Non-null shared pointer of GeneralParameterValue */
+using GeneralParameterValueNNPtr = util::nn<GeneralParameterValuePtr>;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class ParameterValue;
+/** Shared pointer of ParameterValue */
+using ParameterValuePtr = std::shared_ptr<ParameterValue>;
+/** Non-null shared pointer of ParameterValue */
+using ParameterValueNNPtr = util::nn<ParameterValuePtr>;
+
+/** \brief The value of the coordinate operation parameter.
+ *
+ * Most parameter values are numeric, but other types of parameter values are
+ * possible.
+ *
+ * \remark Implements ParameterValue from \ref ISO_19111_2019
+ */
+class PROJ_GCC_DLL ParameterValue final : public util::BaseObject,
+                                          public io::IWKTExportable,
+                                          public util::IComparable {
+  public:
+    /** Type of the value. */
+    enum class Type {
+        /** Measure (i.e. value with a unit) */
+        MEASURE,
+        /** String */
+        STRING,
+        /** Integer */
+        INTEGER,
+        /** Boolean */
+        BOOLEAN,
+        /** Filename */
+        FILENAME
+    };
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_DLL ~ParameterValue() override;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToWKT(io::WKTFormatter *formatter)
+        const override; // throw(io::FormattingException)
+    //! @endcond
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ParameterValueNNPtr
+    create(const common::Measure &measureIn);
+    PROJ_DLL static ParameterValueNNPtr create(const char *stringValueIn);
+    PROJ_DLL static ParameterValueNNPtr
+    create(const std::string &stringValueIn);
+    PROJ_DLL static ParameterValueNNPtr create(int integerValueIn);
+    PROJ_DLL static ParameterValueNNPtr create(bool booleanValueIn);
+    PROJ_DLL static ParameterValueNNPtr
+    createFilename(const std::string &stringValueIn);
+
+    PROJ_DLL const Type &type() PROJ_PURE_DECL;
+    PROJ_DLL const common::Measure &value() PROJ_PURE_DECL;
+    PROJ_DLL const std::string &stringValue() PROJ_PURE_DECL;
+    PROJ_DLL const std::string &valueFile() PROJ_PURE_DECL;
+    PROJ_DLL int integerValue() PROJ_PURE_DECL;
+    PROJ_DLL bool booleanValue() PROJ_PURE_DECL;
+
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_INTERNAL bool _isEquivalentTo(
+        const util::IComparable *other,
+        util::IComparable::Criterion criterion =
+            util::IComparable::Criterion::STRICT,
+        const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext = nullptr) const override;
+    //! @endcond
+
+  protected:
+    PROJ_INTERNAL explicit ParameterValue(const common::Measure &measureIn);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL explicit ParameterValue(const std::string &stringValueIn,
+                                          Type typeIn);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL explicit ParameterValue(int integerValueIn);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL explicit ParameterValue(bool booleanValueIn);
+    INLINED_MAKE_SHARED
+  private:
+    PROJ_OPAQUE_PRIVATE_DATA
+    ParameterValue &operator=(const ParameterValue &other) = delete;
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class OperationParameterValue;
+/** Shared pointer of OperationParameterValue */
+using OperationParameterValuePtr = std::shared_ptr<OperationParameterValue>;
+/** Non-null shared pointer of OperationParameterValue */
+using OperationParameterValueNNPtr = util::nn<OperationParameterValuePtr>;
+
+/** \brief A parameter value, ordered sequence of values, or reference to a
+ * file of parameter values.
+ *
+ * This combines a OperationParameter with the corresponding ParameterValue.
+ *
+ * \remark Implements OperationParameterValue from \ref ISO_19111_2019
+ */
+class PROJ_GCC_DLL OperationParameterValue final
+    : public GeneralParameterValue {
+  public:
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_DLL ~OperationParameterValue() override;
+    //! @endcond
+
+    PROJ_DLL const OperationParameterNNPtr &parameter() PROJ_PURE_DECL;
+    PROJ_DLL const ParameterValueNNPtr &parameterValue() PROJ_PURE_DECL;
+
+    PROJ_DLL static OperationParameterValueNNPtr
+    create(const OperationParameterNNPtr &parameterIn,
+           const ParameterValueNNPtr &valueIn);
+
+    PROJ_PRIVATE :
+        //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+        PROJ_INTERNAL static bool
+        convertFromAbridged(const std::string &paramName, double &val,
+                            const common::UnitOfMeasure *&unit,
+                            int &paramEPSGCode);
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToWKT(io::WKTFormatter *formatter)
+        const override; // throw(io::FormattingException)
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToJSON(io::JSONFormatter *formatter)
+        const override; // throw(FormattingException)
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL bool _isEquivalentTo(
+        const util::IComparable *other,
+        util::IComparable::Criterion criterion =
+            util::IComparable::Criterion::STRICT,
+        const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext = nullptr) const override;
+    //! @endcond
+
+  protected:
+    PROJ_INTERNAL
+    OperationParameterValue(const OperationParameterNNPtr &parameterIn,
+                            const ParameterValueNNPtr &valueIn);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL OperationParameterValue(const OperationParameterValue &other);
+    INLINED_MAKE_SHARED
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToWKT(io::WKTFormatter *formatter,
+                                    const MethodMapping *mapping)
+        const override; // throw(io::FormattingException)
+
+  private:
+    PROJ_OPAQUE_PRIVATE_DATA
+    OperationParameterValue &
+    operator=(const OperationParameterValue &other) = delete;
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class OperationMethod;
+/** Shared pointer of OperationMethod */
+using OperationMethodPtr = std::shared_ptr<OperationMethod>;
+/** Non-null shared pointer of OperationMethod */
+using OperationMethodNNPtr = util::nn<OperationMethodPtr>;
+
+/** \brief The method (algorithm or procedure) used to perform the
+ * coordinate operation.
+ *
+ * For a projection method, this contains the name of the projection method
+ * and the name of the projection parameters.
+ *
+ * \remark Implements OperationMethod from \ref ISO_19111_2019
+ */
+class PROJ_GCC_DLL OperationMethod : public common::IdentifiedObject,
+                                     public io::IJSONExportable {
+  public:
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_DLL ~OperationMethod() override;
+    //! @endcond
+
+    PROJ_DLL const util::optional<std::string> &formula() PROJ_PURE_DECL;
+    PROJ_DLL const util::optional<metadata::Citation> &
+    formulaCitation() PROJ_PURE_DECL;
+    PROJ_DLL const std::vector<GeneralOperationParameterNNPtr> &
+    parameters() PROJ_PURE_DECL;
+
+    PROJ_DLL static OperationMethodNNPtr
+    create(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+           const std::vector<GeneralOperationParameterNNPtr> &parameters);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static OperationMethodNNPtr
+    create(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+           const std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr> &parameters);
+
+    PROJ_DLL int getEPSGCode() PROJ_PURE_DECL;
+
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToWKT(io::WKTFormatter *formatter)
+        const override; // throw(io::FormattingException)
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToJSON(io::JSONFormatter *formatter)
+        const override; // throw(FormattingException)
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL bool _isEquivalentTo(
+        const util::IComparable *other,
+        util::IComparable::Criterion criterion =
+            util::IComparable::Criterion::STRICT,
+        const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext = nullptr) const override;
+    //! @endcond
+
+  protected:
+    PROJ_INTERNAL OperationMethod();
+    PROJ_INTERNAL OperationMethod(const OperationMethod &other);
+    INLINED_MAKE_SHARED
+    friend class Conversion;
+
+  private:
+    PROJ_OPAQUE_PRIVATE_DATA
+    OperationMethod &operator=(const OperationMethod &other) = delete;
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Exception that can be thrown when an invalid operation is attempted
+ * to be constructed.
+ */
+class PROJ_GCC_DLL InvalidOperation : public util::Exception {
+  public:
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_INTERNAL explicit InvalidOperation(const char *message);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL explicit InvalidOperation(const std::string &message);
+    PROJ_DLL InvalidOperation(const InvalidOperation &other);
+    PROJ_DLL ~InvalidOperation() override;
+    //! @endcond
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class SingleOperation;
+/** Shared pointer of SingleOperation */
+using SingleOperationPtr = std::shared_ptr<SingleOperation>;
+/** Non-null shared pointer of SingleOperation */
+using SingleOperationNNPtr = util::nn<SingleOperationPtr>;
+
+/** \brief A single (not concatenated) coordinate operation
+ * (CoordinateOperation)
+ *
+ * \remark Implements SingleOperation from \ref ISO_19111_2019
+ */
+class PROJ_GCC_DLL SingleOperation : virtual public CoordinateOperation {
+  public:
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_DLL ~SingleOperation() override;
+    //! @endcond
+
+    PROJ_DLL const std::vector<GeneralParameterValueNNPtr> &
+    parameterValues() PROJ_PURE_DECL;
+    PROJ_DLL const OperationMethodNNPtr &method() PROJ_PURE_DECL;
+
+    PROJ_DLL const ParameterValuePtr &
+    parameterValue(const std::string &paramName,
+                   int epsg_code = 0) const noexcept;
+
+    PROJ_DLL const ParameterValuePtr &
+    parameterValue(int epsg_code) const noexcept;
+
+    PROJ_DLL const common::Measure &
+    parameterValueMeasure(const std::string &paramName,
+                          int epsg_code = 0) const noexcept;
+
+    PROJ_DLL const common::Measure &
+    parameterValueMeasure(int epsg_code) const noexcept;
+
+    PROJ_DLL static SingleOperationNNPtr createPROJBased(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const std::string &PROJString,
+        const crs::CRSPtr &sourceCRS, const crs::CRSPtr &targetCRS,
+        const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies =
+            std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
+
+    PROJ_DLL std::set<GridDescription>
+    gridsNeeded(const io::DatabaseContextPtr &databaseContext,
+                bool considerKnownGridsAsAvailable) const override;
+
+    PROJ_DLL std::list<std::string> validateParameters() const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL TransformationNNPtr substitutePROJAlternativeGridNames(
+        io::DatabaseContextNNPtr databaseContext) const;
+
+    PROJ_PRIVATE :
+        //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+
+        PROJ_DLL double
+        parameterValueNumeric(
+            int epsg_code,
+            const common::UnitOfMeasure &targetUnit) const noexcept;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL double parameterValueNumeric(
+        const char *param_name,
+        const common::UnitOfMeasure &targetUnit) const noexcept;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL double
+    parameterValueNumericAsSI(int epsg_code) const noexcept;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL bool _isEquivalentTo(
+        const util::IComparable *other,
+        util::IComparable::Criterion criterion =
+            util::IComparable::Criterion::STRICT,
+        const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext = nullptr) const override;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL bool isLongitudeRotation() const;
+
+    //! @endcond
+
+  protected:
+    PROJ_INTERNAL explicit SingleOperation(
+        const OperationMethodNNPtr &methodIn);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL SingleOperation(const SingleOperation &other);
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void
+    setParameterValues(const std::vector<GeneralParameterValueNNPtr> &values);
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void
+    exportTransformationToWKT(io::WKTFormatter *formatter) const;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL bool
+    exportToPROJStringGeneric(io::PROJStringFormatter *formatter) const;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL bool _isEquivalentTo(const util::IComparable *other,
+                                       util::IComparable::Criterion criterion,
+                                       const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext,
+                                       bool inOtherDirection) const;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL static GeneralParameterValueNNPtr
+    createOperationParameterValueFromInterpolationCRS(int methodEPSGCode,
+                                                      int crsEPSGCode);
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL static void
+    exportToPROJStringChangeVerticalUnit(io::PROJStringFormatter *formatter,
+                                         double convFactor);
+
+  private:
+    PROJ_OPAQUE_PRIVATE_DATA
+    SingleOperation &operator=(const SingleOperation &other) = delete;
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Conversion;
+/** Shared pointer of Conversion */
+using ConversionPtr = std::shared_ptr<Conversion>;
+/** Non-null shared pointer of Conversion */
+using ConversionNNPtr = util::nn<ConversionPtr>;
+
+/** \brief A mathematical operation on coordinates in which the parameter
+ * values are defined rather than empirically derived.
+ *
+ * Application of the coordinate conversion introduces no error into output
+ * coordinates. The best-known example of a coordinate conversion is a map
+ * projection. For coordinate conversions the output coordinates are referenced
+ * to the same datum as are the input coordinates.
+ *
+ * Coordinate conversions forming a component of a derived CRS have a source
+ * crs::CRS and a target crs::CRS that are NOT specified through the source and
+ * target
+ * associations, but through associations from crs::DerivedCRS to
+ * crs::SingleCRS.
+ *
+ * \remark Implements Conversion from \ref ISO_19111_2019
+ */
+
+/*!
+
+\section projection_parameters Projection parameters
+
+\subsection colatitude_cone_axis Co-latitude of cone axis
+
+The rotation applied to spherical coordinates for the oblique projection,
+measured on the conformal sphere in the plane of the meridian of origin.
+
+EPSG:1036
+
+\subsection center_latitude Latitude of natural origin/Center Latitude
+
+The latitude of the point from which the values of both the geographical
+coordinates on the ellipsoid and the grid coordinates on the projection are
+deemed to increment or decrement for computational purposes. Alternatively it
+may be considered as the latitude of the point which in the absence of
+application of false coordinates has grid coordinates of (0,0).
+
+EPSG:8801
+
+\subsection center_longitude Longitude of natural origin/Central Meridian
+
+The longitude of the point from which the values of both the geographical
+coordinates on the ellipsoid and the grid coordinates on the projection are
+deemed to increment or decrement for computational purposes. Alternatively it
+may be considered as the longitude of the point which in the absence of
+application of false coordinates has grid coordinates of (0,0).  Sometimes known
+as "central meridian (CM)".
+
+EPSG:8802
+
+\subsection scale Scale Factor
+
+The factor by which the map grid is reduced or enlarged during the projection
+process, defined by its value at the natural origin.
+
+EPSG:8805
+
+\subsection false_easting False Easting
+
+Since the natural origin may be at or near the centre of the projection and
+under normal coordinate circumstances would thus give rise to negative
+coordinates over parts of the mapped area, this origin is usually given false
+coordinates which are large enough to avoid this inconvenience. The False
+Easting, FE, is the value assigned to the abscissa (east or west) axis of the
+projection grid at the natural origin.
+
+EPSG:8806
+
+\subsection false_northing False Northing
+
+Since the natural origin may be at or near the centre of the projection and
+under normal coordinate circumstances would thus give rise to negative
+coordinates over parts of the mapped area, this origin is usually given false
+coordinates which are large enough to avoid this inconvenience. The False
+Northing, FN, is the value assigned to the ordinate (north or south) axis of the
+projection grid at the natural origin.
+
+EPSG:8807
+
+\subsection latitude_projection_centre Latitude of projection centre
+
+For an oblique projection, this is the latitude of the point at which the
+azimuth of the central line is defined.
+
+EPSG:8811
+
+\subsection longitude_projection_centre Longitude of projection centre
+
+For an oblique projection, this is the longitude of the point at which the
+azimuth of the central line is defined.
+
+EPSG:8812
+
+\subsection azimuth_initial_line Azimuth of initial line
+
+The azimuthal direction (north zero, east of north being positive) of the great
+circle which is the centre line of an oblique projection. The azimuth is given
+at the projection centre.
+
+EPSG:8813
+
+\subsection angle_from_recitfied_to_skrew_grid Angle from Rectified to Skew Grid
+
+The angle at the natural origin of an oblique projection through which the
+natural coordinate reference system is rotated to make the projection north
+axis parallel with true north.
+
+EPSG:8814
+
+\subsection scale_factor_initial_line Scale factor on initial line
+
+The factor by which the map grid is reduced or enlarged during the projection
+process, defined by its value at the projection center.
+
+EPSG:8815
+
+\subsection easting_projection_centre Easting at projection centre
+
+The easting value assigned to the projection centre.
+
+EPSG:8816
+
+\subsection northing_projection_centre Northing at projection centre
+
+The northing value assigned to the projection centre.
+
+EPSG:8817
+
+\subsection latitude_pseudo_standard_parallel Latitude of pseudo standard
+parallel
+
+Latitude of the parallel on which the conic or cylindrical projection is based.
+This latitude is not geographic, but is defined on the conformal sphere AFTER
+its rotation to obtain the oblique aspect of the projection.
+
+EPSG:8818
+
+\subsection scale_factor_pseudo_standard_parallel Scale factor on pseudo
+standard parallel
+
+The factor by which the map grid is reduced or enlarged during the projection
+process, defined by its value at the pseudo-standard parallel.
+EPSG:8819
+
+\subsection latitude_false_origin Latitude of false origin
+
+The latitude of the point which is not the natural origin and at which grid
+coordinate values false easting and false northing are defined.
+
+EPSG:8821
+
+\subsection longitude_false_origin Longitude of false origin
+
+The longitude of the point which is not the natural origin and at which grid
+coordinate values false easting and false northing are defined.
+
+EPSG:8822
+
+\subsection latitude_first_std_parallel Latitude of 1st standard parallel
+
+For a conic projection with two standard parallels, this is the latitude of one
+of the parallels of intersection of the cone with the ellipsoid. It is normally
+but not necessarily that nearest to the pole. Scale is true along this parallel.
+
+EPSG:8823
+
+\subsection latitude_second_std_parallel Latitude of 2nd standard parallel
+
+For a conic projection with two standard parallels, this is the latitude of one
+of the parallels at which the cone intersects with the ellipsoid. It is normally
+but not necessarily that nearest to the equator. Scale is true along this
+parallel.
+
+EPSG:8824
+
+\subsection easting_false_origin Easting of false origin
+
+The easting value assigned to the false origin.
+
+EPSG:8826
+
+\subsection northing_false_origin Northing of false origin
+
+The northing value assigned to the false origin.
+
+EPSG:8827
+
+\subsection latitude_std_parallel Latitude of standard parallel
+
+For polar aspect azimuthal projections, the parallel on which the scale factor
+is defined to be unity.
+
+EPSG:8832
+
+\subsection longitude_of_origin Longitude of origin
+
+For polar aspect azimuthal projections, the meridian along which the
+northing axis increments and also across which parallels of latitude
+increment towards the north pole.
+
+EPSG:8833
+
+*/
+
+class PROJ_GCC_DLL Conversion : public SingleOperation {
+  public:
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_DLL ~Conversion() override;
+    //! @endcond
+
+    PROJ_DLL CoordinateOperationNNPtr inverse() const override;
+
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToWKT(io::WKTFormatter *formatter)
+        const override; // throw(io::FormattingException)
+    //! @endcond
+
+    PROJ_DLL bool isUTM(int &zone, bool &north) const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL ConversionNNPtr identify() const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    create(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+           const OperationMethodNNPtr &methodIn,
+           const std::vector<GeneralParameterValueNNPtr>
+               &values); // throw InvalidOperation
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    create(const util::PropertyMap &propertiesConversion,
+           const util::PropertyMap &propertiesOperationMethod,
+           const std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr> &parameters,
+           const std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr>
+               &values); // throw InvalidOperation
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createUTM(const util::PropertyMap &properties, int zone, bool north);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createTransverseMercator(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLat,
+        const common::Angle &centerLong, const common::Scale &scale,
+        const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createGaussSchreiberTransverseMercator(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLat,
+        const common::Angle &centerLong, const common::Scale &scale,
+        const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createTransverseMercatorSouthOriented(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLat,
+        const common::Angle &centerLong, const common::Scale &scale,
+        const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createTwoPointEquidistant(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                              const common::Angle &latitudeFirstPoint,
+                              const common::Angle &longitudeFirstPoint,
+                              const common::Angle &latitudeSecondPoint,
+                              const common::Angle &longitudeSeconPoint,
+                              const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                              const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createTunisiaMappingGrid(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLat,
+        const common::Angle &centerLong, const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createTunisiaMiningGrid(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLat,
+        const common::Angle &centerLong, const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createAlbersEqualArea(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                          const common::Angle &latitudeFalseOrigin,
+                          const common::Angle &longitudeFalseOrigin,
+                          const common::Angle &latitudeFirstParallel,
+                          const common::Angle &latitudeSecondParallel,
+                          const common::Length &eastingFalseOrigin,
+                          const common::Length &northingFalseOrigin);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createLambertConicConformal_1SP(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLat,
+        const common::Angle &centerLong, const common::Scale &scale,
+        const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createLambertConicConformal_1SP_VariantB(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+        const common::Angle &latitudeNatOrigin, const common::Scale &scale,
+        const common::Angle &latitudeFalseOrigin,
+        const common::Angle &longitudeFalseOrigin,
+        const common::Length &eastingFalseOrigin,
+        const common::Length &northingFalseOrigin);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createLambertConicConformal_2SP(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                                    const common::Angle &latitudeFalseOrigin,
+                                    const common::Angle &longitudeFalseOrigin,
+                                    const common::Angle &latitudeFirstParallel,
+                                    const common::Angle &latitudeSecondParallel,
+                                    const common::Length &eastingFalseOrigin,
+                                    const common::Length &northingFalseOrigin);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createLambertConicConformal_2SP_Michigan(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+        const common::Angle &latitudeFalseOrigin,
+        const common::Angle &longitudeFalseOrigin,
+        const common::Angle &latitudeFirstParallel,
+        const common::Angle &latitudeSecondParallel,
+        const common::Length &eastingFalseOrigin,
+        const common::Length &northingFalseOrigin,
+        const common::Scale &ellipsoidScalingFactor);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createLambertConicConformal_2SP_Belgium(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+        const common::Angle &latitudeFalseOrigin,
+        const common::Angle &longitudeFalseOrigin,
+        const common::Angle &latitudeFirstParallel,
+        const common::Angle &latitudeSecondParallel,
+        const common::Length &eastingFalseOrigin,
+        const common::Length &northingFalseOrigin);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createAzimuthalEquidistant(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                               const common::Angle &latitudeNatOrigin,
+                               const common::Angle &longitudeNatOrigin,
+                               const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                               const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createGuamProjection(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                         const common::Angle &latitudeNatOrigin,
+                         const common::Angle &longitudeNatOrigin,
+                         const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                         const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createBonne(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                const common::Angle &latitudeNatOrigin,
+                const common::Angle &longitudeNatOrigin,
+                const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createLambertCylindricalEqualAreaSpherical(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+        const common::Angle &latitudeFirstParallel,
+        const common::Angle &longitudeNatOrigin,
+        const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createLambertCylindricalEqualArea(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+        const common::Angle &latitudeFirstParallel,
+        const common::Angle &longitudeNatOrigin,
+        const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createCassiniSoldner(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLat,
+        const common::Angle &centerLong, const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createEquidistantConic(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                           const common::Angle &latitudeFalseOrigin,
+                           const common::Angle &longitudeFalseOrigin,
+                           const common::Angle &latitudeFirstParallel,
+                           const common::Angle &latitudeSecondParallel,
+                           const common::Length &eastingFalseOrigin,
+                           const common::Length &northingFalseOrigin);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createEckertI(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                  const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                  const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                  const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createEckertII(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                   const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                   const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                   const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createEckertIII(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                    const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                    const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                    const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createEckertIV(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                   const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                   const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                   const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createEckertV(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                  const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                  const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                  const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createEckertVI(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                   const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                   const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                   const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createEquidistantCylindrical(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                                 const common::Angle &latitudeFirstParallel,
+                                 const common::Angle &longitudeNatOrigin,
+                                 const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                                 const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createEquidistantCylindricalSpherical(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+        const common::Angle &latitudeFirstParallel,
+        const common::Angle &longitudeNatOrigin,
+        const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createGall(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+               const common::Angle &centerLong,
+               const common::Length &falseEasting,
+               const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createGoodeHomolosine(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                          const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                          const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                          const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createInterruptedGoodeHomolosine(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                                     const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                                     const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                                     const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createGeostationarySatelliteSweepX(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLong,
+        const common::Length &height, const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createGeostationarySatelliteSweepY(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLong,
+        const common::Length &height, const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createGnomonic(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLat,
+        const common::Angle &centerLong, const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createHotineObliqueMercatorVariantA(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+        const common::Angle &latitudeProjectionCentre,
+        const common::Angle &longitudeProjectionCentre,
+        const common::Angle &azimuthInitialLine,
+        const common::Angle &angleFromRectifiedToSkrewGrid,
+        const common::Scale &scale, const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createHotineObliqueMercatorVariantB(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+        const common::Angle &latitudeProjectionCentre,
+        const common::Angle &longitudeProjectionCentre,
+        const common::Angle &azimuthInitialLine,
+        const common::Angle &angleFromRectifiedToSkrewGrid,
+        const common::Scale &scale,
+        const common::Length &eastingProjectionCentre,
+        const common::Length &northingProjectionCentre);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createHotineObliqueMercatorTwoPointNaturalOrigin(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+        const common::Angle &latitudeProjectionCentre,
+        const common::Angle &latitudePoint1,
+        const common::Angle &longitudePoint1,
+        const common::Angle &latitudePoint2,
+        const common::Angle &longitudePoint2, const common::Scale &scale,
+        const common::Length &eastingProjectionCentre,
+        const common::Length &northingProjectionCentre);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createLabordeObliqueMercator(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                                 const common::Angle &latitudeProjectionCentre,
+                                 const common::Angle &longitudeProjectionCentre,
+                                 const common::Angle &azimuthInitialLine,
+                                 const common::Scale &scale,
+                                 const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                                 const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createInternationalMapWorldPolyconic(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLong,
+        const common::Angle &latitudeFirstParallel,
+        const common::Angle &latitudeSecondParallel,
+        const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createKrovakNorthOriented(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+        const common::Angle &latitudeProjectionCentre,
+        const common::Angle &longitudeOfOrigin,
+        const common::Angle &colatitudeConeAxis,
+        const common::Angle &latitudePseudoStandardParallel,
+        const common::Scale &scaleFactorPseudoStandardParallel,
+        const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createKrovak(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                 const common::Angle &latitudeProjectionCentre,
+                 const common::Angle &longitudeOfOrigin,
+                 const common::Angle &colatitudeConeAxis,
+                 const common::Angle &latitudePseudoStandardParallel,
+                 const common::Scale &scaleFactorPseudoStandardParallel,
+                 const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                 const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createLambertAzimuthalEqualArea(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                                    const common::Angle &latitudeNatOrigin,
+                                    const common::Angle &longitudeNatOrigin,
+                                    const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                                    const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createMillerCylindrical(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                            const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                            const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                            const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createMercatorVariantA(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLat,
+        const common::Angle &centerLong, const common::Scale &scale,
+        const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createMercatorVariantB(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                           const common::Angle &latitudeFirstParallel,
+                           const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                           const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                           const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createPopularVisualisationPseudoMercator(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLat,
+        const common::Angle &centerLong, const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createMercatorSpherical(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLat,
+        const common::Angle &centerLong, const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createMollweide(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                    const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                    const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                    const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createNewZealandMappingGrid(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLat,
+        const common::Angle &centerLong, const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createObliqueStereographic(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLat,
+        const common::Angle &centerLong, const common::Scale &scale,
+        const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createOrthographic(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLat,
+        const common::Angle &centerLong, const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createAmericanPolyconic(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLat,
+        const common::Angle &centerLong, const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createPolarStereographicVariantA(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLat,
+        const common::Angle &centerLong, const common::Scale &scale,
+        const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createPolarStereographicVariantB(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+        const common::Angle &latitudeStandardParallel,
+        const common::Angle &longitudeOfOrigin,
+        const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createRobinson(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                   const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                   const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                   const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createSinusoidal(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                     const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                     const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                     const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createStereographic(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLat,
+        const common::Angle &centerLong, const common::Scale &scale,
+        const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createVanDerGrinten(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                        const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                        const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createWagnerI(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                  const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                  const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                  const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createWagnerII(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                   const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                   const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                   const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createWagnerIII(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                    const common::Angle &latitudeTrueScale,
+                    const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                    const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                    const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createWagnerIV(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                   const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                   const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                   const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createWagnerV(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                  const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                  const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                  const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createWagnerVI(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                   const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                   const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                   const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createWagnerVII(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                    const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                    const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                    const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createQuadrilateralizedSphericalCube(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &centerLat,
+        const common::Angle &centerLong, const common::Length &falseEasting,
+        const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createSphericalCrossTrackHeight(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &pegPointLat,
+        const common::Angle &pegPointLong, const common::Angle &pegPointHeading,
+        const common::Length &pegPointHeight);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createEqualEarth(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                     const common::Angle &centerLong,
+                     const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                     const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createVerticalPerspective(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                              const common::Angle &topoOriginLat,
+                              const common::Angle &topoOriginLong,
+                              const common::Length &topoOriginHeight,
+                              const common::Length &viewPointHeight,
+                              const common::Length &falseEasting,
+                              const common::Length &falseNorthing);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createPoleRotationGRIBConvention(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+        const common::Angle &southPoleLatInUnrotatedCRS,
+        const common::Angle &southPoleLongInUnrotatedCRS,
+        const common::Angle &axisRotation);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createPoleRotationNetCDFCFConvention(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+        const common::Angle &gridNorthPoleLatitude,
+        const common::Angle &gridNorthPoleLongitude,
+        const common::Angle &northPoleGridLongitude);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createChangeVerticalUnit(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                             const common::Scale &factor);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createChangeVerticalUnit(const util::PropertyMap &properties);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createHeightDepthReversal(const util::PropertyMap &properties);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createAxisOrderReversal(bool is3D);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createGeographicGeocentric(const util::PropertyMap &properties);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createGeographic2DOffsets(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                              const common::Angle &offsetLat,
+                              const common::Angle &offsetLong);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createGeographic3DOffsets(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &offsetLat,
+        const common::Angle &offsetLong, const common::Length &offsetHeight);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr createGeographic2DWithHeightOffsets(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const common::Angle &offsetLat,
+        const common::Angle &offsetLong, const common::Length &offsetHeight);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createVerticalOffset(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+                         const common::Length &offsetHeight);
+
+    PROJ_DLL ConversionPtr convertToOtherMethod(int targetEPSGCode) const;
+
+    PROJ_PRIVATE :
+        //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+        PROJ_INTERNAL void
+        _exportToPROJString(io::PROJStringFormatter *formatter)
+            const override; // throw(FormattingException)
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToJSON(io::JSONFormatter *formatter)
+        const override; // throw(FormattingException)
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL const char *getESRIMethodName() const;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL const char *getWKT1GDALMethodName() const;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL ConversionNNPtr shallowClone() const;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL ConversionNNPtr alterParametersLinearUnit(
+        const common::UnitOfMeasure &unit, bool convertToNewUnit) const;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createGeographicGeocentric(const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRS,
+                               const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRS);
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL static ConversionNNPtr
+    createGeographicGeocentricLatitude(const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRS,
+                                       const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRS);
+
+    //! @endcond
+
+  protected:
+    PROJ_INTERNAL
+    Conversion(const OperationMethodNNPtr &methodIn,
+               const std::vector<GeneralParameterValueNNPtr> &values);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL Conversion(const Conversion &other);
+    INLINED_MAKE_SHARED
+
+    PROJ_FRIEND(crs::ProjectedCRS);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL bool addWKTExtensionNode(io::WKTFormatter *formatter) const;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL CoordinateOperationNNPtr _shallowClone() const override;
+
+  private:
+    PROJ_OPAQUE_PRIVATE_DATA
+    Conversion &operator=(const Conversion &other) = delete;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL static ConversionNNPtr
+    create(const util::PropertyMap &properties, int method_epsg_code,
+           const std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr> &values);
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL static ConversionNNPtr
+    create(const util::PropertyMap &properties, const char *method_wkt2_name,
+           const std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr> &values);
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief A mathematical operation on coordinates in which parameters are
+ * empirically derived from data containing the coordinates of a series of
+ * points in both coordinate reference systems.
+ *
+ * This computational process is usually "over-determined", allowing derivation
+ * of error (or accuracy) estimates for the coordinate transformation. Also,
+ * the stochastic nature of the parameters may result in multiple (different)
+ * versions of the same coordinate transformations between the same source and
+ * target CRSs. Any single coordinate operation in which the input and output
+ * coordinates are referenced to different datums (reference frames) will be a
+ * coordinate transformation.
+ *
+ * \remark Implements Transformation from \ref ISO_19111_2019
+ */
+class PROJ_GCC_DLL Transformation : public SingleOperation {
+  public:
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_DLL ~Transformation() override;
+    //! @endcond
+
+    PROJ_DLL const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRS() PROJ_PURE_DECL;
+    PROJ_DLL const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRS() PROJ_PURE_DECL;
+
+    PROJ_DLL CoordinateOperationNNPtr inverse() const override;
+
+    PROJ_DLL static TransformationNNPtr
+    create(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+           const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn, const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn,
+           const crs::CRSPtr &interpolationCRSIn,
+           const OperationMethodNNPtr &methodIn,
+           const std::vector<GeneralParameterValueNNPtr> &values,
+           const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>
+               &accuracies); // throw InvalidOperation
+
+    PROJ_DLL static TransformationNNPtr
+    create(const util::PropertyMap &propertiesTransformation,
+           const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn, const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn,
+           const crs::CRSPtr &interpolationCRSIn,
+           const util::PropertyMap &propertiesOperationMethod,
+           const std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr> &parameters,
+           const std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr> &values,
+           const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>
+               &accuracies); // throw InvalidOperation
+
+    PROJ_DLL static TransformationNNPtr createGeocentricTranslations(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn, double translationXMetre,
+        double translationYMetre, double translationZMetre,
+        const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static TransformationNNPtr createPositionVector(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn, double translationXMetre,
+        double translationYMetre, double translationZMetre,
+        double rotationXArcSecond, double rotationYArcSecond,
+        double rotationZArcSecond, double scaleDifferencePPM,
+        const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static TransformationNNPtr createCoordinateFrameRotation(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn, double translationXMetre,
+        double translationYMetre, double translationZMetre,
+        double rotationXArcSecond, double rotationYArcSecond,
+        double rotationZArcSecond, double scaleDifferencePPM,
+        const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static TransformationNNPtr createTimeDependentPositionVector(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn, double translationXMetre,
+        double translationYMetre, double translationZMetre,
+        double rotationXArcSecond, double rotationYArcSecond,
+        double rotationZArcSecond, double scaleDifferencePPM,
+        double rateTranslationX, double rateTranslationY,
+        double rateTranslationZ, double rateRotationX, double rateRotationY,
+        double rateRotationZ, double rateScaleDifference,
+        double referenceEpochYear,
+        const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static TransformationNNPtr
+    createTimeDependentCoordinateFrameRotation(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn, double translationXMetre,
+        double translationYMetre, double translationZMetre,
+        double rotationXArcSecond, double rotationYArcSecond,
+        double rotationZArcSecond, double scaleDifferencePPM,
+        double rateTranslationX, double rateTranslationY,
+        double rateTranslationZ, double rateRotationX, double rateRotationY,
+        double rateRotationZ, double rateScaleDifference,
+        double referenceEpochYear,
+        const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static TransformationNNPtr createTOWGS84(
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+        const std::vector<double> &TOWGS84Parameters); // throw InvalidOperation
+
+    PROJ_DLL static TransformationNNPtr createNTv2(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn, const std::string &filename,
+        const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static TransformationNNPtr createMolodensky(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn, double translationXMetre,
+        double translationYMetre, double translationZMetre,
+        double semiMajorAxisDifferenceMetre, double flattingDifference,
+        const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static TransformationNNPtr createAbridgedMolodensky(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn, double translationXMetre,
+        double translationYMetre, double translationZMetre,
+        double semiMajorAxisDifferenceMetre, double flattingDifference,
+        const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static TransformationNNPtr
+    createGravityRelatedHeightToGeographic3D(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn, const crs::CRSPtr &interpolationCRSIn,
+        const std::string &filename,
+        const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static TransformationNNPtr createVERTCON(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn, const std::string &filename,
+        const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static TransformationNNPtr createLongitudeRotation(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn, const common::Angle &offset);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static TransformationNNPtr createGeographic2DOffsets(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn, const common::Angle &offsetLat,
+        const common::Angle &offsetLong,
+        const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static TransformationNNPtr createGeographic3DOffsets(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn, const common::Angle &offsetLat,
+        const common::Angle &offsetLong, const common::Length &offsetHeight,
+        const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static TransformationNNPtr createGeographic2DWithHeightOffsets(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn, const common::Angle &offsetLat,
+        const common::Angle &offsetLong, const common::Length &offsetHeight,
+        const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static TransformationNNPtr createVerticalOffset(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn, const common::Length &offsetHeight,
+        const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies);
+
+    PROJ_DLL static TransformationNNPtr createChangeVerticalUnit(
+        const util::PropertyMap &properties, const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn, const common::Scale &factor,
+        const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies);
+
+    PROJ_PRIVATE :
+        //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+        PROJ_INTERNAL const std::string &
+        getNTv2Filename() const;
+
+    PROJ_FOR_TEST std::vector<double>
+    getTOWGS84Parameters() const; // throw(io::FormattingException)
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL const std::string &getHeightToGeographic3DFilename() const;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToWKT(io::WKTFormatter *formatter)
+        const override; // throw(io::FormattingException)
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToJSON(io::JSONFormatter *formatter)
+        const override; // throw(FormattingException)
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL TransformationNNPtr shallowClone() const;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL TransformationNNPtr
+    promoteTo3D(const std::string &newName,
+                const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext) const;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL TransformationNNPtr
+    demoteTo2D(const std::string &newName,
+               const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext) const;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL static bool
+    isGeographic3DToGravityRelatedHeight(const OperationMethodNNPtr &method,
+                                         bool allowInverse);
+    //! @endcond
+
+  protected:
+    PROJ_INTERNAL Transformation(
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn, const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn,
+        const crs::CRSPtr &interpolationCRSIn,
+        const OperationMethodNNPtr &methodIn,
+        const std::vector<GeneralParameterValueNNPtr> &values,
+        const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL Transformation(const Transformation &other);
+    INLINED_MAKE_SHARED
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToPROJString(io::PROJStringFormatter *formatter)
+        const override; // throw(FormattingException)
+
+    PROJ_FRIEND(CoordinateOperationFactory);
+    PROJ_FRIEND(SingleOperation);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL TransformationNNPtr inverseAsTransformation() const;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL CoordinateOperationNNPtr _shallowClone() const override;
+
+  private:
+    PROJ_OPAQUE_PRIVATE_DATA
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class PointMotionOperation;
+/** Shared pointer of PointMotionOperation */
+using PointMotionOperationPtr = std::shared_ptr<PointMotionOperation>;
+/** Non-null shared pointer of PointMotionOperation */
+using PointMotionOperationNNPtr = util::nn<PointMotionOperationPtr>;
+
+/** \brief A mathematical operation that describes the change of coordinate
+ * values within one coordinate reference system due to the motion of the
+ * point between one coordinate epoch and another coordinate epoch.
+ *
+ * The motion is due to tectonic plate movement or deformation.
+ *
+ * \remark Implements PointMotionOperation from \ref ISO_19111_2019
+ */
+class PROJ_GCC_DLL PointMotionOperation : public SingleOperation {
+  public:
+    // TODO
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_DLL ~PointMotionOperation() override;
+    //! @endcond
+
+    PROJ_DLL const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRS() PROJ_PURE_DECL;
+
+    PROJ_DLL CoordinateOperationNNPtr inverse() const override;
+
+    PROJ_DLL static PointMotionOperationNNPtr
+    create(const util::PropertyMap &properties, const crs::CRSNNPtr &crsIn,
+           const OperationMethodNNPtr &methodIn,
+           const std::vector<GeneralParameterValueNNPtr> &values,
+           const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>
+               &accuracies); // throw InvalidOperation
+
+    PROJ_DLL static PointMotionOperationNNPtr
+    create(const util::PropertyMap &propertiesOperation,
+           const crs::CRSNNPtr &crsIn,
+           const util::PropertyMap &propertiesOperationMethod,
+           const std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr> &parameters,
+           const std::vector<ParameterValueNNPtr> &values,
+           const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>
+               &accuracies); // throw InvalidOperation
+
+    PROJ_DLL PointMotionOperationNNPtr substitutePROJAlternativeGridNames(
+        io::DatabaseContextNNPtr databaseContext) const;
+
+    PROJ_PRIVATE :
+        //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+        PROJ_INTERNAL PointMotionOperationNNPtr
+        shallowClone() const;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL PointMotionOperationNNPtr
+    cloneWithEpochs(const common::DataEpoch &sourceEpoch,
+                    const common::DataEpoch &targetEpoch) const;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToPROJString(io::PROJStringFormatter *formatter)
+        const override; // throw(FormattingException)
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToWKT(io::WKTFormatter *formatter)
+        const override; // throw(io::FormattingException)
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToJSON(io::JSONFormatter *formatter)
+        const override; // throw(FormattingException)
+
+    //! @endcond
+
+  protected:
+    PROJ_INTERNAL PointMotionOperation(
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &crsIn, const OperationMethodNNPtr &methodIn,
+        const std::vector<GeneralParameterValueNNPtr> &values,
+        const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL PointMotionOperation(const PointMotionOperation &other);
+    INLINED_MAKE_SHARED
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL CoordinateOperationNNPtr _shallowClone() const override;
+
+  private:
+    PointMotionOperation &operator=(const PointMotionOperation &) = delete;
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class ConcatenatedOperation;
+/** Shared pointer of ConcatenatedOperation */
+using ConcatenatedOperationPtr = std::shared_ptr<ConcatenatedOperation>;
+/** Non-null shared pointer of ConcatenatedOperation */
+using ConcatenatedOperationNNPtr = util::nn<ConcatenatedOperationPtr>;
+
+/** \brief An ordered sequence of two or more single coordinate operations
+ * (SingleOperation).
+ *
+ * The sequence of coordinate operations is constrained by the requirement
+ * that
+ * the source coordinate reference system of step n+1 shall be the same as
+ * the target coordinate reference system of step n.
+ *
+ * \remark Implements ConcatenatedOperation from \ref ISO_19111_2019
+ */
+class PROJ_GCC_DLL ConcatenatedOperation final : public CoordinateOperation {
+  public:
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_DLL ~ConcatenatedOperation() override;
+    //! @endcond
+
+    PROJ_DLL const std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr> &operations() const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL CoordinateOperationNNPtr inverse() const override;
+
+    PROJ_DLL static ConcatenatedOperationNNPtr
+    create(const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+           const std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr> &operationsIn,
+           const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>
+               &accuracies); // throw InvalidOperation
+
+    PROJ_DLL static CoordinateOperationNNPtr createComputeMetadata(
+        const std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr> &operationsIn,
+        bool checkExtent); // throw InvalidOperation
+
+    PROJ_DLL std::set<GridDescription>
+    gridsNeeded(const io::DatabaseContextPtr &databaseContext,
+                bool considerKnownGridsAsAvailable) const override;
+
+    PROJ_PRIVATE :
+
+        //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+        PROJ_INTERNAL void
+        _exportToWKT(io::WKTFormatter *formatter)
+            const override; // throw(io::FormattingException)
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL bool _isEquivalentTo(
+        const util::IComparable *other,
+        util::IComparable::Criterion criterion =
+            util::IComparable::Criterion::STRICT,
+        const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext = nullptr) const override;
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToJSON(io::JSONFormatter *formatter)
+        const override; // throw(FormattingException)
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL static void
+    fixStepsDirection(const crs::CRSNNPtr &concatOpSourceCRS,
+                      const crs::CRSNNPtr &concatOpTargetCRS,
+                      std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr> &operationsInOut,
+                      const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext);
+    //! @endcond
+
+  protected:
+    PROJ_INTERNAL ConcatenatedOperation(const ConcatenatedOperation &other);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL explicit ConcatenatedOperation(
+        const std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr> &operationsIn);
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToPROJString(io::PROJStringFormatter *formatter)
+        const override; // throw(FormattingException)
+
+    PROJ_INTERNAL CoordinateOperationNNPtr _shallowClone() const override;
+
+    INLINED_MAKE_SHARED
+
+  private:
+    PROJ_OPAQUE_PRIVATE_DATA
+    ConcatenatedOperation &
+    operator=(const ConcatenatedOperation &other) = delete;
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class CoordinateOperationContext;
+/** Unique pointer of CoordinateOperationContext */
+using CoordinateOperationContextPtr =
+    std::unique_ptr<CoordinateOperationContext>;
+/** Non-null unique pointer of CoordinateOperationContext */
+using CoordinateOperationContextNNPtr = util::nn<CoordinateOperationContextPtr>;
+
+/** \brief Context in which a coordinate operation is to be used.
+ *
+ * \remark Implements [CoordinateOperationFactory
+ * https://sis.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/sis/referencing/operation/CoordinateOperationContext.html]
+ * from
+ * Apache SIS
+ */
+
+class PROJ_GCC_DLL CoordinateOperationContext {
+  public:
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_DLL virtual ~CoordinateOperationContext();
+    //! @endcond
+
+    PROJ_DLL const io::AuthorityFactoryPtr &getAuthorityFactory() const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL const metadata::ExtentPtr &getAreaOfInterest() const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL void setAreaOfInterest(const metadata::ExtentPtr &extent);
+
+    PROJ_DLL double getDesiredAccuracy() const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL void setDesiredAccuracy(double accuracy);
+
+    PROJ_DLL void setAllowBallparkTransformations(bool allow);
+
+    PROJ_DLL bool getAllowBallparkTransformations() const;
+
+    /** Specify how source and target CRS extent should be used to restrict
+     * candidate operations (only taken into account if no explicit area of
+     * interest is specified. */
+    enum class SourceTargetCRSExtentUse {
+        /** Ignore CRS extent */
+        NONE,
+        /** Test coordinate operation extent against both CRS extent. */
+        BOTH,
+        /** Test coordinate operation extent against the intersection of both
+           CRS extent. */
+        INTERSECTION,
+        /** Test coordinate operation against the smallest of both CRS extent.
+         */
+        SMALLEST,
+    };
+
+    PROJ_DLL void setSourceAndTargetCRSExtentUse(SourceTargetCRSExtentUse use);
+
+    PROJ_DLL SourceTargetCRSExtentUse getSourceAndTargetCRSExtentUse() const;
+
+    /** Spatial criterion to restrict candidate operations. */
+    enum class SpatialCriterion {
+        /** The area of validity of transforms should strictly contain the
+         * are of interest. */
+        STRICT_CONTAINMENT,
+
+        /** The area of validity of transforms should at least intersect the
+         * area of interest. */
+        PARTIAL_INTERSECTION
+    };
+
+    PROJ_DLL void setSpatialCriterion(SpatialCriterion criterion);
+
+    PROJ_DLL SpatialCriterion getSpatialCriterion() const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL void setUsePROJAlternativeGridNames(bool usePROJNames);
+
+    PROJ_DLL bool getUsePROJAlternativeGridNames() const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL void setDiscardSuperseded(bool discard);
+
+    PROJ_DLL bool getDiscardSuperseded() const;
+
+    /** Describe how grid availability is used. */
+    enum class GridAvailabilityUse {
+        /** Grid availability is only used for sorting results. Operations
+         * where some grids are missing will be sorted last. */
+        USE_FOR_SORTING,
+
+        /** Completely discard an operation if a required grid is missing. */
+        DISCARD_OPERATION_IF_MISSING_GRID,
+
+        /** Ignore grid availability at all. Results will be presented as if
+         * all grids were available. */
+        IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY,
+
+        /** Results will be presented as if grids known to PROJ (that is
+         * registered in the grid_alternatives table of its database) were
+         * available. Used typically when networking is enabled.
+         */
+        KNOWN_AVAILABLE,
+    };
+
+    PROJ_DLL void setGridAvailabilityUse(GridAvailabilityUse use);
+
+    PROJ_DLL GridAvailabilityUse getGridAvailabilityUse() const;
+
+    /** Describe if and how intermediate CRS should be used */
+    enum class IntermediateCRSUse {
+        /** Always search for intermediate CRS. */
+        ALWAYS,
+
+        /** Only attempt looking for intermediate CRS if there is no direct
+         * transformation available. */
+        IF_NO_DIRECT_TRANSFORMATION,
+
+        /* Do not attempt looking for intermediate CRS. */
+        NEVER,
+    };
+
+    PROJ_DLL void setAllowUseIntermediateCRS(IntermediateCRSUse use);
+
+    PROJ_DLL IntermediateCRSUse getAllowUseIntermediateCRS() const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL void
+    setIntermediateCRS(const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>
+                           &intermediateCRSAuthCodes);
+
+    PROJ_DLL const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> &
+    getIntermediateCRS() const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL void
+    setSourceCoordinateEpoch(const util::optional<common::DataEpoch> &epoch);
+
+    PROJ_DLL const util::optional<common::DataEpoch> &
+    getSourceCoordinateEpoch() const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL void
+    setTargetCoordinateEpoch(const util::optional<common::DataEpoch> &epoch);
+
+    PROJ_DLL const util::optional<common::DataEpoch> &
+    getTargetCoordinateEpoch() const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL static CoordinateOperationContextNNPtr
+    create(const io::AuthorityFactoryPtr &authorityFactory,
+           const metadata::ExtentPtr &extent, double accuracy);
+
+    PROJ_DLL CoordinateOperationContextNNPtr clone() const;
+
+  protected:
+    PROJ_INTERNAL CoordinateOperationContext();
+    PROJ_INTERNAL
+    CoordinateOperationContext(const CoordinateOperationContext &);
+    INLINED_MAKE_UNIQUE
+
+  private:
+    PROJ_OPAQUE_PRIVATE_DATA
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class CoordinateOperationFactory;
+/** Unique pointer of CoordinateOperationFactory */
+using CoordinateOperationFactoryPtr =
+    std::unique_ptr<CoordinateOperationFactory>;
+/** Non-null unique pointer of CoordinateOperationFactory */
+using CoordinateOperationFactoryNNPtr = util::nn<CoordinateOperationFactoryPtr>;
+
+/** \brief Creates coordinate operations. This factory is capable to find
+ * coordinate transformations or conversions between two coordinate
+ * reference
+ * systems.
+ *
+ * \remark Implements (partially) CoordinateOperationFactory from \ref
+ * GeoAPI
+ */
+class PROJ_GCC_DLL CoordinateOperationFactory {
+  public:
+    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+    PROJ_DLL virtual ~CoordinateOperationFactory();
+    //! @endcond
+
+    PROJ_DLL CoordinateOperationPtr createOperation(
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRS, const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRS) const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr>
+    createOperations(const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRS,
+                     const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRS,
+                     const CoordinateOperationContextNNPtr &context) const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr> createOperations(
+        const coordinates::CoordinateMetadataNNPtr &sourceCoordinateMetadata,
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRS,
+        const CoordinateOperationContextNNPtr &context) const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr> createOperations(
+        const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRS,
+        const coordinates::CoordinateMetadataNNPtr &targetCoordinateMetadata,
+        const CoordinateOperationContextNNPtr &context) const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr> createOperations(
+        const coordinates::CoordinateMetadataNNPtr &sourceCoordinateMetadata,
+        const coordinates::CoordinateMetadataNNPtr &targetCoordinateMetadata,
+        const CoordinateOperationContextNNPtr &context) const;
+
+    PROJ_DLL static CoordinateOperationFactoryNNPtr create();
+
+  protected:
+    PROJ_INTERNAL CoordinateOperationFactory();
+    INLINED_MAKE_UNIQUE
+
+  private:
+    PROJ_OPAQUE_PRIVATE_DATA
+};
+
+} // namespace operation
+
+NS_PROJ_END
+
+#endif //  COORDINATEOPERATION_HH_INCLUDED