@cplieger/deadset-ts 8.0.0-dev.17 → 8.0.0-dev.19

package/dist/src/commands/tools.js

@@ -3,48 +3,130 @@
  * its program word and the options it names its configuration file by, each as the tool
  * documents them, and one reader per shell builtin that moves the shell's directory. A reader
  * never guesses: an option it does not handle, or a dynamic word where it needs a value, leaves
- * the command unread.
+ * the command unread. The same rows and readers decide, for layer 3, which words of a command
+ * may write the file a runtime runs, so the two layers never read one command apart.
  */
 import { hasURLScheme, isPathSpecifier, resolvePath } from "../paths.js";
-/** The options `words` start with, or `undefined` where one is unhandled or a needed word is dynamic. */
-function optionsOf(words, options) {
-    const values = new Map();
-    const keep = (name, value) => {
-        values.set(name, [...(values.get(name) ?? []), value]);
-    };
-    for (let at = 0; at < words.length; at += 1) {
-        const word = words[at]?.value;
-        if (word === undefined) {
+import { PART } from "./shell.js";
+const UNKNOWN = { kind: "unknown" };
+function isUnknown(value) {
+    return value === UNKNOWN;
+}
+/** The text `word` writes before its first part only the run knows: all of it where it is static. */
+function startOf(word) {
+    return word.value ?? word.written?.split(PART)[0] ?? "";
+}
+/**
+ * The options one word `word`, starting with `-`, writes, the word at `at`, or `undefined` where
+ * `options` does not hold one. A valued one's value is the next word's unless the word writes
+ * it, and always where it is `dynamic`, whose written text goes on past `word`.
+ */
+function optionsInWord(word, at, options, dynamic) {
+    const inWord = (name, prefix) => ({ name, value: { at, prefix } });
+    if (word.startsWith("--")) {
+        const equals = word.indexOf("=");
+        const name = equals < 0 ? word : word.slice(0, equals);
+        if (equals >= 0) {
+            return options.valued.has(name) || options.optional?.has(name) === true
+                ? [inWord(name, `${name}=`)]
+                : undefined;
+        }
+        if (options.optional?.has(word) === true) {
+            return [inWord(word, word)];
+        }
+        return options.valued.has(word) && !dynamic
+            ? [{ name: word, value: { at: at + 1, prefix: "" } }]
+            : undefined;
+    }
+    if (!dynamic && options.valued.has(word)) {
+        return [{ name: word, value: { at: at + 1, prefix: "" } }];
+    }
+    if (options.attached !== true) {
+        return options.optional?.has(word) === true ? [inWord(word, word)] : undefined;
+    }
+    const found = [];
+    for (let letter = 1; letter < word.length; letter += 1) {
+        const name = `-${word.charAt(letter)}`;
+        const prefix = word.slice(0, letter + 1);
+        if (options.valued.has(name)) {
+            const next = letter + 1 === word.length && !dynamic;
+            return [...found, next ? { name, value: { at: at + 1, prefix: "" } } : inWord(name, prefix)];
+        }
+        if (options.optional?.has(name) === true) {
+            return [...found, inWord(name, prefix)];
+        }
+        if (!options.flags.has(name)) {
             return undefined;
         }
-        if (word === "--") {
-            return { values, at: at + 1, ended: true };
+        found.push({ name });
+    }
+    return found.length === 0 || dynamic ? undefined : found;
+}
+/**
+ * The options `words` write from `from` on, read by `options`, the one reading of a table's
+ * options that {@link optionsOf}, {@link optionLines} and {@link envSplit} share. A dynamic
+ * word that starts with written text other than `-` is no option; one whose written start is a
+ * valued option's ends them with that option's value in it, as `-S"$CMD"` does.
+ */
+function scanOptions(words, options, from = 0) {
+    const found = [];
+    for (let at = from; at < words.length; at += 1) {
+        const one = words[at];
+        const dynamic = one?.value === undefined;
+        const word = one === undefined ? "" : startOf(one);
+        if (!dynamic && word === "--") {
+            return { options: found, at: at + 1, stop: "ended" };
         }
-        if (!word.startsWith("-") || options.flags.has(word)) {
-            if (!word.startsWith("-")) {
-                return { values, at, ended: false };
-            }
+        if (!dynamic && options.flags.has(word)) {
+            found.push({ name: word });
             continue;
         }
-        const equals = word.startsWith("--") ? word.indexOf("=") : -1;
-        const name = equals < 0 ? word : word.slice(0, equals);
-        if (options.valued.has(name)) {
-            const value = equals < 0 ? words[(at += 1)]?.value : word.slice(equals + 1);
-            if (value === undefined) {
-                return undefined;
-            }
-            keep(name, value);
+        if (!word.startsWith("-")) {
+            return { options: found, at, stop: dynamic && word === "" ? "dynamic" : "operand" };
         }
-        else if (options.attached === true &&
-            options.valued.has(word.slice(0, 2)) &&
-            !word.startsWith("--")) {
-            keep(word.slice(0, 2), word.slice(2));
+        const read = optionsInWord(word, at, options, dynamic);
+        if (dynamic || read === undefined) {
+            return {
+                options: [...found, ...(read ?? [])],
+                at,
+                stop: dynamic ? "dynamic" : "unread",
+            };
         }
-        else {
+        found.push(...read);
+        at = read.at(-1)?.value?.at ?? at;
+    }
+    return { options: found, at: words.length, stop: "end" };
+}
+/**
+ * The options `words` start with, {@link UNKNOWN} where `options` does not hold one, or
+ * `undefined` where a needed word is dynamic.
+ */
+function optionsOf(words, options) {
+    const scan = scanOptions(words, options);
+    if (scan.stop === "unread") {
+        return UNKNOWN;
+    }
+    if (scan.stop === "dynamic") {
+        return undefined;
+    }
+    const values = new Map();
+    const named = new Set();
+    for (const { name, value } of scan.options) {
+        named.add(name);
+        const text = value === undefined ? undefined : words[value.at]?.value;
+        if (value !== undefined && text === undefined) {
             return undefined;
         }
+        if (value !== undefined && text !== undefined) {
+            values.set(name, [...(values.get(name) ?? []), text.slice(value.prefix.length)]);
+        }
     }
-    return { values, at: words.length, ended: false };
+    return { values, named, at: scan.at, ended: scan.stop === "ended" };
+}
+/** The place of the first operand after the options `words` start with, `undefined` where {@link optionsOf} reads none. */
+function operandAt(words, options) {
+    const read = optionsOf(words, options);
+    return read === undefined || isUnknown(read) ? undefined : read.at;
 }
 /**
  * The path a URL's path text names, percent-decoded as Node's `fileURLToPath` does, with a
@@ -90,57 +172,189 @@ export function preloadTarget(preload, dir) {
     const path = urlPath(rest);
     return path === undefined ? undefined : { path: resolvePath(dir, path) };
 }
-/** A runtime: its preload options, then its entry, and every later word handed to the program. */
-function runtime(preloads, flags, runsNode, subcommand) {
-    const options = { valued: new Set(preloads.keys()), flags: new Set(flags) };
+/** The options of a runtime's command line, as {@link optionsOf} reads them. */
+function runtimeOptions(line) {
+    return {
+        valued: new Set([...line.preloads.keys(), ...(line.inline ?? []), ...(line.valued ?? [])]),
+        flags: new Set([...line.flags, ...(line.stdin === true ? ["-"] : [])]),
+        optional: new Set(line.optional),
+    };
+}
+/** The entries that name the runtime's own standard input: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man4/fd.4.html */
+const STDIN_PATHS = new Set(["/dev/stdin", "/dev/fd/0"]);
+/**
+ * How a runtime reads its words, those after its program word, {@link UNKNOWN} where one of
+ * its options is unhandled, or `undefined` where a word it needs is dynamic: the one reading
+ * layer 2 runs a runtime by and layer 3 finds the word that may write its entry by.
+ */
+function runtimeLine(line, words) {
+    const options = runtimeOptions(line);
+    const before = optionsOf(words, options);
+    if (before === undefined || isUnknown(before)) {
+        return before;
+    }
+    const picked = words[before.at]?.value;
+    const modal = line.modes?.has(picked ?? "") === true &&
+        words
+            .slice(0, before.at)
+            .every((word) => line.modeAfter === undefined || line.modeAfter.has(word.value ?? ""));
+    const from = picked !== undefined && line.subcommands?.has(picked) === true ? before.at + 1 : 0;
+    const read = from === 0 ? before : optionsOf(words.slice(from), options);
+    if (read === undefined || isUnknown(read)) {
+        return read;
+    }
+    const values = (name) => [
+        ...(from === 0 ? [] : (before.values.get(name) ?? [])),
+        ...(read.values.get(name) ?? []),
+    ];
+    const named = new Set([...(from === 0 ? [] : before.named), ...read.named]);
+    const runner = (line.runner ?? []).some((name) => named.has(name));
+    const inline = runner || (line.inline ?? []).some((name) => values(name).length > 0);
+    // `-` runs its standard input, and hands every later word to it.
+    const dash = words.slice(0, from + read.at).some((word) => word.value === "-");
+    const entry = dash ? words.length : from + read.at;
+    const piped = STDIN_PATHS.has(words[entry]?.value ?? "");
+    return {
+        entry: inline || piped || entry >= words.length || (from === 0 && modal) ? undefined : entry,
+        stdin: !inline && (piped || (line.stdin === true && entry >= words.length)),
+        tests: runner ? from + read.at : undefined,
+        named,
+        preloads: [...line.preloads].flatMap(([name, resolution]) => values(name).map((specifier) => ({ specifier, resolution }))),
+    };
+}
+/** The reader of a runtime's command line. */
+function runtime(line) {
     return (words) => {
-        const from = subcommand !== undefined && words[0]?.value === subcommand ? 1 : 0;
-        const read = optionsOf(words.slice(from), options);
-        if (read === undefined) {
-            return undefined;
+        const read = runtimeLine(line, words);
+        if (isUnknown(read)) {
+            return UNKNOWN;
         }
-        const entry = words[from + read.at];
-        const loads = [...preloads].flatMap(([name, resolution]) => (read.values.get(name) ?? []).map((specifier) => ({ specifier, resolution })));
-        if ((entry !== undefined && entry.value === undefined) ||
-            loads.some((one) => preloadTarget(one, "/") === undefined)) {
+        const entry = read?.entry === undefined ? undefined : words[read.entry];
+        if (read === undefined ||
+            (read.stdin && words.some((word) => word.value === "-")) ||
+            (entry !== undefined && entry.value === undefined) ||
+            read.preloads.some((one) => preloadTarget(one, "/") === undefined)) {
             return undefined;
         }
         return {
             kind: "run",
             entry: entry?.value,
-            preloads: loads,
-            runtime: runsNode && entry !== undefined ? "node" : undefined,
+            preloads: read.preloads,
+            runtime: line.runsNode && entry !== undefined ? "node" : undefined,
         };
     };
 }
+/** The options that run their value, code or a script's name, in a runtime's entry's place. */
+const INLINE = ["-e", "--eval", "-p", "--print"];
 /**
  * `node [options] [entry] [arguments]`, https://nodejs.org/api/cli.html: the options that load
- * a module before the entry, `-r` as `require` does and the rest as an ECMAScript module.
- * `-e`, `-p` and `-` run text that is no file, so they are unhandled.
- */
-const node = runtime(new Map([
-    ["-r", "require"],
-    ["--require", "require"],
-    ["--import", "import"],
-    ["--loader", "import"],
-    ["--experimental-loader", "import"],
-]), [], true);
-/** `tsx [watch] [options] <file> [arguments]`, https://tsx.is/usage, https://tsx.is/node-enhancement */
-const tsx = runtime(new Map([
-    ["-r", "require"],
-    ["--require", "require"],
-    ["--import", "import"],
-]), [], false, "watch");
+ * a module before the entry, `-r` as `require` does and the rest as an ECMAScript module;
+ * `--run`, which runs a script of the manifest; and the options that leave the entry where it
+ * is, `--inspect` and its kin and V8's taking their value only after `=`. With no entry, or
+ * `-`, it runs its standard input, which the second layer does not read, but where `--test`
+ * runs its test runner on the files its operands, or its default patterns, name.
+ */
+const NODE = {
+    preloads: new Map([
+        ["-r", "require"],
+        ["--require", "require"],
+        ["--import", "import"],
+        ["--loader", "import"],
+        ["--experimental-loader", "import"],
+    ]),
+    flags: long(...["no-warnings", "no-deprecation", "enable-source-maps", "experimental-vm-modules"], ...["experimental-strip-types", "no-experimental-strip-types", "experimental-transform-types"], ...["experimental-detect-module", "no-experimental-detect-module"], ...["experimental-require-module", "no-experimental-require-module", "trace-warnings"], ...["trace-deprecation", "trace-uncaught", "throw-deprecation", "pending-deprecation"], ...["expose-gc", "preserve-symlinks", "preserve-symlinks-main", "frozen-intrinsics"], ...["abort-on-uncaught-exception", "watch", "watch-preserve-output", "jitless"], ...["openssl-legacy-provider", "use-openssl-ca", "use-system-ca", "use-bundled-ca"], ...["no-addons", "insecure-http-parser", "version", "help", "v8-options", "test"], ...["test-only", "test-force-exit", "test-update-snapshots", "test-randomize"], ...["experimental-test-coverage", "experimental-test-module-mocks", "no-strip-types"], ...["experimental-test-snapshots"]).concat(["-v", "-h"]),
+    valued: [
+        "-C",
+        ...long("conditions", "input-type", "env-file", "env-file-if-exists", "title"),
+        ...long("disable-warning", "unhandled-rejections", "watch-path", "dns-result-order"),
+        ...long("icu-data-dir", "redirect-warnings", "diagnostic-dir", "max-http-header-size"),
+        ...long("test-reporter", "test-reporter-destination", "test-concurrency", "test-timeout"),
+        ...long("test-name-pattern", "test-skip-pattern", "test-shard", "test-isolation"),
+        ...long("test-coverage-include", "test-coverage-exclude", "test-coverage-branches"),
+        ...long("test-coverage-functions", "test-coverage-lines", "test-global-setup"),
+    ],
+    optional: long("inspect", "inspect-brk", "inspect-wait", "max-old-space-size", "stack-size"),
+    runsNode: true,
+    inline: [...INLINE, "--run"],
+    stdin: true,
+    runner: ["--test"],
+};
+/**
+ * `tsx [watch] [options] <file> [arguments]`, https://tsx.is/usage, which takes Node's options
+ * too: https://tsx.is/node-enhancement
+ */
+const TSX = {
+    preloads: new Map([
+        ["-r", "require"],
+        ["--require", "require"],
+        ["--import", "import"],
+    ]),
+    // `tsx --test` runs Node's test runner on files only `node --test` is read for, so it caps.
+    flags: [...NODE.flags.filter((name) => name !== "--test"), "--no-cache"],
+    valued: [...(NODE.valued ?? []), "--tsconfig"],
+    optional: NODE.optional ?? [],
+    runsNode: false,
+    subcommands: new Set(["watch"]),
+    stdin: true,
+};
 /** `ts-node [options] [script] [arguments]`, https://typestrong.org/ts-node/docs/options; `--esm` picks no file. */
-const tsNode = runtime(new Map([
-    ["-r", "require"],
-    ["--require", "require"],
-]), ["--esm"], false);
+const TS_NODE = {
+    preloads: new Map([
+        ["-r", "require"],
+        ["--require", "require"],
+    ]),
+    flags: ["--esm", "-v", "--version", "-h", "--help"],
+    runsNode: false,
+    inline: INLINE,
+};
+/**
+ * `bun [options] [run] [options] <file> [arguments]`, https://bun.com/docs/cli/run; its package
+ * manager, test runner, bundler and `bun x` subcommands run no entry.
+ */
+const BUN = {
+    preloads: new Map([
+        ["-r", "require"],
+        ["--preload", "require"],
+    ]),
+    flags: [
+        "--watch",
+        "--hot",
+        "--smol",
+        "--bun",
+        "--silent",
+        "--no-install",
+        "-v",
+        "--version",
+    ].concat(["-h", "--help"]),
+    runsNode: false,
+    subcommands: new Set(["run"]),
+    modes: new Set(["install", "i", "add", "a", "remove", "rm", "update", "outdated", "link", "unlink", "pm"]
+        .concat(["test", "build", "init", "create", "c", "upgrade", "publish", "patch", "audit"])
+        .concat(["info", "repl", "exec", "x"])),
+    inline: INLINE,
+};
+/**
+ * `deno [run|serve] [options] <file> [arguments]`, https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/run/
+ * and https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/serve/, with the permission flags written
+ * whole; its other subcommands run no entry: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/,
+ * found past its global options only, so `deno -A lint` runs `lint`:
+ * https://github.com/denoland/deno/blob/main/libs/cli_parser/src/parse.rs
+ */
+const DENO = {
+    preloads: new Map(),
+    flags: ["-A", "--allow-all", "-q", "--quiet", "--watch", "--no-check", "-V", "--version"].concat(["-h", "--help"], ["read", "write", "net", "env", "run", "sys", "ffi", "import"].map((name) => `--allow-${name}`)),
+    runsNode: false,
+    subcommands: new Set(["run", "serve"]),
+    modeAfter: new Set(["-q", "--quiet"]),
+    modes: new Set(["task", "test", "fmt", "lint", "compile", "install", "uninstall", "eval", "repl", "bench"]
+        .concat(["check", "doc", "info", "init", "upgrade", "cache", "coverage", "types", "add"])
+        .concat(["remove", "outdated", "publish", "jupyter", "clean", "completions", "help"])),
+};
 /** Hands on the command `words` from `at`, after the assignments `assigns` accepts. */
 function afterAssignments(words, at, assigns) {
     let end = at;
-    while (end < words.length && words[end]?.value?.includes("=") === true) {
-        if (!assigns(words[end]?.value ?? "")) {
+    for (let word = words[end]; word !== undefined && startOf(word).includes("="); word = words[end]) {
+        if (!assigns(startOf(word))) {
             return undefined;
         }
         end += 1;
@@ -151,60 +365,127 @@ function afterAssignments(words, at, assigns) {
     }
     return program === undefined
         ? { kind: "run", entry: undefined, preloads: [], runtime: undefined }
-        : { kind: "command", words: words.slice(end) };
+        : { kind: "command", words: words.slice(end), at: end };
+}
+/**
+ * GNU env's options, https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/env-invocation.html,
+ * whose `-S` and `--split-string` give a command line:
+ * https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/env-invocation.html#g_t_002dS_002f_002d_002dsplit_002dstring-usage-in-scripts
+ */
+const ENV = {
+    valued: new Set(["-u", "--unset", "-S", "--split-string", "-C", "--chdir"]),
+    flags: new Set([
+        ...["-i", "--ignore-environment", "-", "-v", "--debug", "-0", "--null"],
+        "--list-signal-handling",
+    ]),
+    attached: true,
+    optional: new Set(long("default-signal", "ignore-signal", "block-signal")),
+};
+/** env's options that give a command line, and the one that moves it to another directory. */
+const SPLIT = new Set(["-S", "--split-string"]);
+const CHDIR = new Set(["-C", "--chdir"]);
+/**
+ * The command line env runs where a `-S` or `--split-string` stands: GNU env splits its value
+ * on blanks, puts those words in place of the option and its value, before env's later words,
+ * and reads its options again from the first of them, parse_split_string of
+ * https://github.com/coreutils/coreutils/blob/master/src/env.c. {@link UNKNOWN} where the value
+ * is dynamic, writes a quote, an escape, a `$` or a `#`, which env reads otherwise, or follows
+ * a `-C`; `undefined` where none stands.
+ */
+function envSplit(words) {
+    const { options } = scanOptions(words, ENV);
+    const split = options.findIndex(({ name }) => SPLIT.has(name));
+    const value = options[split]?.value;
+    if (value === undefined) {
+        return undefined;
+    }
+    const text = words[value.at]?.value?.slice(value.prefix.length);
+    if (text === undefined ||
+        /['"\\$#]/u.test(text) ||
+        options.slice(0, split).some(({ name }) => CHDIR.has(name))) {
+        return UNKNOWN;
+    }
+    const spliced = text.split(/\s+/u).filter((one) => one !== "");
+    const later = words.slice(value.at + 1).map((word) => word.text);
+    return ["env", ...spliced.map((one) => `'${one}'`), ...later].join(" ");
 }
 /**
- * `env [option]... [name=value]... [command [argument]...]`,
- * https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/env-invocation.html: the options that
- * change only the environment, `-i`, `-u` and `-v` in each spelling. GNU env takes any word
- * holding an `=` after its first character as an assignment, and fails before running anything
- * on a `-u` name that is empty or holds an `=`.
+ * `env [option]... [name=value]... [command [argument]...]`: the options that change only the
+ * environment, `-i`, `-u` and `-v` in each spelling, and `-S`, read by {@link envSplit}. GNU env
+ * takes any word holding an `=` after its first character as an assignment, and fails before
+ * running anything on a `-u` name that is empty or holds an `=`. A dynamic word whose written
+ * start is an assignment's is one, as env reads the text it expands to.
  */
 const env = (words) => {
-    const read = optionsOf(words, {
-        valued: new Set(["-u", "--unset"]),
-        flags: new Set(["-i", "--ignore-environment", "-", "-v", "--debug"]),
-        attached: true,
-    });
-    const unset = [...(read?.values.get("-u") ?? []), ...(read?.values.get("--unset") ?? [])];
-    return read === undefined || unset.some((name) => name === "" || name.includes("="))
+    const split = envSplit(words);
+    if (split !== undefined) {
+        return typeof split === "string" ? { kind: "line", text: split } : split;
+    }
+    const read = optionsOf(words, ENV);
+    if (read === undefined || isUnknown(read) || [...CHDIR].some((name) => read.named.has(name))) {
+        return read === undefined ? undefined : UNKNOWN;
+    }
+    const unset = [...(read.values.get("-u") ?? []), ...(read.values.get("--unset") ?? [])];
+    return unset.some((name) => name === "" || name.includes("="))
         ? undefined
         : afterAssignments(words, read.at, (value) => !value.startsWith("="));
 };
+/** The command line env runs where a `-S` stands, as {@link envSplit} reads it. */
+function envLines(words) {
+    const split = envSplit(words);
+    return typeof split === "string" ? { ...NO_LINES, texts: [split] } : NO_LINES;
+}
 /** `cross-env [name=value]... command [argument]...`, https://github.com/kentcdodds/cross-env#usage */
 const crossEnv = (words) => {
     const reading = afterAssignments(words, 0, (value) => /^\w+=/u.test(value));
     return reading?.kind === "command" ? reading : undefined;
 };
+/** The command a package runner's operand names: a package specifier's, whose version picks no other command. */
+function commandName(operand, packaged) {
+    return packaged ? operand.replace(/(?<=.)@[^/@]*$/u, "") : operand;
+}
 /** The command a package runner hands on: its first word a package's or a command's name. */
 function runnerCommand(words, packaged) {
     const [first, ...rest] = words;
     if (first?.value === undefined || first.value.startsWith("-")) {
         return undefined;
     }
-    // A package specifier names the package's command; a version picks no other command.
-    const name = packaged ? first.value.replace(/(?<=.)@[^/@]*$/u, "") : first.value;
-    return { kind: "command", words: [{ value: name, text: first.text }, ...rest] };
+    const name = commandName(first.value, packaged);
+    return { kind: "command", words: [{ value: name, text: first.text }, ...rest], at: 0 };
+}
+/**
+ * npx's and npm exec's options, https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/v11/commands/npx and
+ * https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/v11/commands/npm-exec: `--package` (and npx's `-p`), `-c` and
+ * `--call`, which give a command line, `--yes` and `--no`.
+ */
+function packageExecOptions(shortPackage) {
+    return {
+        valued: new Set(["--package", "-c", "--call", ...(shortPackage ? ["-p"] : [])]),
+        flags: new Set(["-y", "--yes", "--no"]),
+    };
 }
+const NPX = packageExecOptions(true);
+const NPM_EXEC = packageExecOptions(false);
+const CALL = new Set(["-c", "--call"]);
 /**
- * npx and npm exec, https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/v11/commands/npx and
- * https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/v11/commands/npm-exec: `--package` (and npx's `-p`), `--call`,
- * `--yes` and `--no`, before the first positional word, which is the package whose command
- * runs unless a `--package` names one. npm exec reads options after it too, unless a `--` ends them.
+ * npx and npm exec, by `options`, before the first positional word, which is the package whose
+ * command runs unless a `--package` names one. npm exec reads options after it too, unless a
+ * `--` ends them.
  */
-function packageExec(shortPackage, laterOptions) {
-    const valued = new Set(["--package", "-c", "--call", ...(shortPackage ? ["-p"] : [])]);
+function packageExec(options, laterOptions) {
     return (words) => {
-        const read = optionsOf(words, { valued, flags: new Set(["-y", "--yes", "--no"]) });
-        if (read === undefined) {
-            return undefined;
+        const read = optionsOf(words, options);
+        if (read === undefined || isUnknown(read)) {
+            return read;
         }
         const operands = words.slice(read.at);
-        if (laterOptions &&
-            !read.ended &&
-            operands.some((word) => word.value?.startsWith("-") !== false)) {
+        if (laterOptions && !read.ended && operands.some((word) => word.value === undefined)) {
             return undefined;
         }
+        // npm exec reads an option after its command as its own, whose table no row places.
+        if (laterOptions && !read.ended && operands.some((word) => word.value?.startsWith("-"))) {
+            return UNKNOWN;
+        }
         const call = [...(read.values.get("-c") ?? []), ...(read.values.get("--call") ?? [])];
         if (call.length > 0) {
             return call.length === 1 && operands.length === 0 && call[0] !== undefined
@@ -212,11 +493,11 @@ function packageExec(shortPackage, laterOptions) {
                 : undefined;
         }
         const packages = [...(read.values.get("--package") ?? []), ...(read.values.get("-p") ?? [])];
-        return runnerCommand(operands, packages.length === 0);
+        return after(read.at, runnerCommand(operands, packages.length === 0));
     };
 }
-const npx = packageExec(true, false);
-const npmExec = packageExec(false, true);
+const npx = packageExec(NPX, false);
+const npmExec = packageExec(NPM_EXEC, true);
 /**
  * `npm run <script> [-- <arguments>]`, https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/v11/commands/npm-run-script:
  * it runs another script of the same manifest, which is read on its own.
@@ -232,76 +513,695 @@ const npmRun = (words) => {
     }
     return { kind: "run", entry: undefined, preloads: [], runtime: undefined };
 };
-/** A tool whose second word picks the reader of the rest. */
-function subcommands(readers) {
-    return ([first, ...rest]) => first?.value === undefined ? undefined : readers.get(first.value)?.(rest);
+/** `reading`, of the words after `skipped` others, as a reading of those words and them. */
+function after(skipped, reading) {
+    return reading?.kind === "command" ? { ...reading, at: reading.at + skipped } : reading;
 }
+/**
+ * A tool whose second word picks the reader of the rest. Where its own options `options` stand
+ * before that word, it is not read, as they may run the command in another directory, and
+ * {@link UNKNOWN} where `options` does not hold one.
+ */
+function subcommands(readers, options) {
+    return (words) => {
+        const [first, ...rest] = words;
+        if (options !== undefined && first?.value?.startsWith("-") === true) {
+            return isUnknown(optionsOf(words, options)) ? UNKNOWN : undefined;
+        }
+        return first?.value === undefined ? undefined : after(1, readers.get(first.value)?.(rest));
+    };
+}
+/** npm's own options before its subcommand: https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/v11/using-npm/config */
+const NPM = {
+    valued: new Set(["-w", ...long("workspace", "prefix", "loglevel")]),
+    flags: new Set([
+        ...["-ws", ...letters("sqdy")],
+        ...long("workspaces", "no-workspaces", "include-workspace-root", "if-present", "silent"),
+        ...long("quiet", "verbose", "yes", "no"),
+        ...["-v", "-h", ...long("version", "help")],
+    ]),
+};
 /** `npm exec`, `npm x` and `npm run` with `run-script`. */
 const npm = subcommands(new Map([
     ["exec", npmExec],
     ["x", npmExec],
     ["run", npmRun],
     ["run-script", npmRun],
-]));
+]), NPM);
+/** `yarn dlx`'s options: https://yarnpkg.com/cli/dlx */
+const YARN_DLX = {
+    valued: new Set(["-p", "--package"]),
+    flags: new Set(["-q", "--quiet"]),
+};
+/** `bunx`'s options: https://bun.com/docs/pm/bunx */
+const BUNX = { valued: new Set(["-p", "--package"]), flags: new Set() };
+/**
+ * pnpm's own options, which it reads before or after its subcommand, `exec`'s `-c` among them:
+ * https://pnpm.io/pnpm-cli#options, https://pnpm.io/filtering, https://pnpm.io/cli/recursive,
+ * https://pnpm.io/cli/exec
+ */
+const PNPM = {
+    valued: new Set([
+        ...["-C", "-F", ...long("dir", "filter", "filter-prod", "test-pattern", "resume-from")],
+        ...long("changed-files-ignore-pattern", "workspace-concurrency", "reporter", "loglevel"),
+    ]),
+    flags: new Set([
+        ...letters("wrscvh"),
+        ...long("version", "help"),
+        ...long("workspace-root", "recursive", "parallel", "stream", "aggregate-output", "bail"),
+        ...long("no-bail", "sort", "no-sort", "reverse", "report-summary", "fail-if-no-match"),
+        ...long("silent", "color", "no-color", "shell-mode"),
+    ]),
+    attached: true,
+};
+/** The options of `pnpm exec` and `pnpm dlx` that run their operands in a shell: https://pnpm.io/cli/exec, https://pnpm.io/cli/dlx */
+const PNPM_LINES = new Set(["-c", "--shell-mode"]);
+/** pnpm's options after `dlx`, its own and `--package`. */
+const PNPM_DLX_OPTIONS = { ...PNPM, valued: new Set([...PNPM.valued, "--package"]) };
+/**
+ * `pnpm exec <command>`, https://pnpm.io/cli/exec, which hands on every later word, read where
+ * no option of pnpm's stands before it, which may run it in another directory or a shell.
+ */
+const pnpmExec = (words) => {
+    const read = optionsOf(words, PNPM);
+    if (read === undefined || isUnknown(read)) {
+        return read;
+    }
+    return read.at > 0 ? undefined : runnerCommand(words, false);
+};
 /**
- * `pnpm exec <command>`, https://pnpm.io/cli/exec, which hands on every later word, and
- * `pnpm dlx [--package <name>]... <command>`, https://pnpm.io/cli/dlx.
+ * `pnpm dlx [--package <name>]... <command>`, https://pnpm.io/cli/dlx, and `pnpx`, its alias:
+ * https://pnpm.io/cli/dlx#pnpx. Another option of pnpm's stands only unread.
  */
+const pnpmDlx = (words) => {
+    const read = optionsOf(words, PNPM_DLX_OPTIONS);
+    if (read === undefined || isUnknown(read)) {
+        return read;
+    }
+    return [...read.named].some((name) => name !== "--package")
+        ? undefined
+        : after(read.at, runnerCommand(words.slice(read.at), !read.values.has("--package")));
+};
 const pnpm = subcommands(new Map([
-    ["exec", (words) => runnerCommand(words, false)],
-    [
-        "dlx",
-        (words) => {
-            const read = optionsOf(words, { valued: new Set(["--package"]), flags: new Set() });
-            return read === undefined
-                ? undefined
-                : runnerCommand(words.slice(read.at), !read.values.has("--package"));
-        },
-    ],
-]));
+    ["exec", pnpmExec],
+    ["dlx", pnpmDlx],
+]), PNPM);
+/** yarn's own options before its subcommand: https://yarnpkg.com/cli */
+const YARN = {
+    valued: new Set(["--cwd"]),
+    flags: new Set(["-v", "-h", ...long("version", "help")]),
+};
 /**
  * `yarn node`, https://yarnpkg.com/cli/node, and `yarn dlx [-p <name>]... <command>`,
  * https://yarnpkg.com/cli/dlx, whose command runs in the current directory.
  */
 const yarn = subcommands(new Map([
-    ["node", (words) => ({ kind: "command", words: [{ value: "node", text: "node" }, ...words] })],
+    [
+        "node",
+        (words) => ({ kind: "command", words: [{ value: "node", text: "node" }, ...words], at: -1 }),
+    ],
     [
         "dlx",
         (words) => {
-            const read = optionsOf(words, {
-                valued: new Set(["-p", "--package"]),
-                flags: new Set(["-q", "--quiet"]),
-            });
-            return read === undefined
-                ? undefined
-                : runnerCommand(words.slice(read.at), !read.values.has("-p") && !read.values.has("--package"));
+            const read = optionsOf(words, YARN_DLX);
+            return read === undefined || isUnknown(read)
+                ? read
+                : after(read.at, runnerCommand(words.slice(read.at), !read.values.has("-p") && !read.values.has("--package")));
         },
     ],
-]));
+]), YARN);
 /** `bunx [-p <name>] <command>[@version] [arguments]`, https://bun.com/docs/pm/bunx */
 const bunx = (words) => {
-    const read = optionsOf(words, { valued: new Set(["-p", "--package"]), flags: new Set() });
-    return read === undefined ? undefined : runnerCommand(words.slice(read.at), true);
+    const read = optionsOf(words, BUNX);
+    return read === undefined || isUnknown(read)
+        ? read
+        : after(read.at, runnerCommand(words.slice(read.at), true));
+};
+/** `bun x`, which is `bunx`, and else bun's own command line. */
+const bun = (words) => words[0]?.value === "x" ? after(1, bunx(words.slice(1))) : runtime(BUN)(words);
+const NO_LINES = { at: new Map(), input: false };
+/** The places `at`, each a whole word that is a command line. */
+function wholeWords(at) {
+    return new Map(at.map((one) => [one, ""]));
+}
+/** Whether a word's written text, the text beside its parts, writes a path: text other than `/`, `\`, `.` and `..`. */
+function writesPath(written) {
+    return (written ?? "")
+        .split(/[/\\]/u)
+        .some((segment) => !["", ".", ".."].includes(segment.replaceAll(PART, "")));
+}
+/**
+ * A shell's options: POSIX sh's one-letter ones and the `set` ones bash takes, which may share a
+ * word and may start with `+`, https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/sh.html,
+ * and bash's `-o`, `-O`, `--rcfile` and `--init-file`, which take the next word, and its long
+ * flags: https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Invoking-Bash.html
+ */
+const SHELL_OPTIONS = {
+    valued: new Set(["-o", "-O", "--rcfile", "--init-file"]),
+    flags: new Set([
+        ...letters("abCefhimnuvxlsrBEHPTckptD"),
+        ...long("login", "norc", "noprofile", "posix", "restricted", "verbose", "noediting"),
+        ...long("debugger", "dump-po-strings", "dump-strings", "help", "version"),
+    ]),
+    attached: true,
+};
+/** A shell's one-letter options that give its operand as a command line, and the one that has it read its standard input. */
+const SHELL_LINES = new Set(["-c"]);
+const SHELL_INPUT = "-s";
+/**
+ * A shell's command lines: with an option holding `c`, or a dynamic word before its first
+ * operand whose written text is only letters, `-` and `+`, each such word and that operand; its
+ * standard input where neither stands and no operand names a script, or an option holding `s`
+ * or such a word may say so; else its first operand is its script, appended where none stands,
+ * its options read by {@link SHELL_OPTIONS}. This is the shell's own scan, not
+ * {@link scanOptions}: `-c` is a flag whose operand is the command line, never an attached value.
+ */
+function shellLines(words) {
+    const dynamic = [];
+    let command = false;
+    let input = false;
+    let unread = false;
+    let operand = words.length;
+    for (let at = 0; at < words.length; at += 1) {
+        const value = words[at]?.value;
+        const written = words[at]?.written?.replaceAll(PART, "");
+        if (value === undefined && (written === undefined || /^[A-Za-z+-]*$/u.test(written))) {
+            dynamic.push(at);
+        }
+        else if (value === undefined) {
+            operand = at;
+            break;
+        }
+        else if (value === "--" || value === "-" || !/^[-+]/u.test(value)) {
+            operand = value === "--" || value === "-" ? at + 1 : at;
+            break;
+        }
+        else {
+            const named = value.startsWith("--")
+                ? [value]
+                : Array.from(value.slice(1), (one) => `-${one}`);
+            command ||= value.startsWith("-") && named.some((one) => SHELL_LINES.has(one));
+            input ||= value.startsWith("-") && named.includes(SHELL_INPUT);
+            unread ||= named.some((one) => !SHELL_OPTIONS.flags.has(one) && !SHELL_OPTIONS.valued.has(one));
+            at += SHELL_OPTIONS.valued.has(named.at(-1) ?? "") ? 1 : 0;
+        }
+    }
+    const lines = command || dynamic.length > 0;
+    const script = command || input ? undefined : words[operand];
+    return {
+        at: wholeWords(lines ? [...dynamic, ...(operand < words.length ? [operand] : [])] : []),
+        input: !command && (input || dynamic.length > 0 || operand >= words.length),
+        appended: !input && operand >= words.length,
+        unwritten: unread || (script !== undefined && script.value === undefined && !writesPath(script.written)),
+    };
+}
+/** Every word after the program word, each a command line. */
+function everyWord(words) {
+    return { at: wholeWords(words.map((_, at) => at)), input: false };
+}
+/**
+ * The values of the options `lines` among a tool's options `options`, each a command line, as
+ * {@link scanOptions} reads them before its first operand or, where `later`, before a `--`,
+ * each with the text its word writes before it. Where an option `options` does not hold
+ * stands, every later word may be one.
+ */
+function optionLines(options, lines, later = false) {
+    return (words) => {
+        const at = new Map();
+        for (let from = 0; from < words.length;) {
+            const scan = scanOptions(words, options, from);
+            for (const { name, value } of scan.options) {
+                if (value !== undefined && value.at < words.length && lines.has(name)) {
+                    at.set(value.at, value.prefix);
+                }
+            }
+            if (scan.stop === "unread") {
+                for (let one = scan.at; one < words.length; one += 1) {
+                    at.set(one, "");
+                }
+            }
+            if (scan.stop !== "operand" || !later) {
+                break;
+            }
+            from = scan.at + 1;
+        }
+        return { at, input: false };
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * The lines of a tool whose subcommand `names`, after its own options `options`, reads its
+ * words, and those options, as `read` does; where one of those options is unread, any word may be one.
+ */
+function subcommandLines(names, read, options) {
+    return (words) => {
+        const sub = options === undefined ? 0 : operandAt(words, options);
+        if (sub === undefined) {
+            return everyWord(words);
+        }
+        const name = words[sub]?.value;
+        if (name === undefined || !names.has(name)) {
+            return NO_LINES;
+        }
+        const found = read(words.slice(sub + 1), words.slice(0, sub)).at;
+        return { at: new Map([...found].map(([at, prefix]) => [at + sub + 1, prefix])), input: false };
+    };
+}
+/** The lines of `pnpm dlx` or `pnpx`, its words, after pnpm's options `before`, as {@link pnpmLines} reads them. */
+function dlxLines(words, before = []) {
+    const scans = [scanOptions(before, PNPM), scanOptions(words, PNPM_DLX_OPTIONS)];
+    return scans.some((scan) => scan.stop === "unread" || scan.options.some(({ name }) => PNPM_LINES.has(name)))
+        ? everyWord(words)
+        : NO_LINES;
+}
+/**
+ * The lines of `pnpm exec` and `pnpm dlx`: every operand where one of {@link PNPM_LINES}
+ * stands among pnpm's options before or after the subcommand, or where one of them is unread.
+ */
+const pnpmLines = subcommandLines(new Set(["exec", "dlx"]), dlxLines, PNPM);
+/** Each of `texts` as a pattern of each place it stands in a word, or `undefined` where none is. */
+function textsPattern(texts) {
+    const written = texts.filter((text) => text !== "");
+    return written.length === 0
+        ? undefined
+        : new RegExp(written.map((text) => text.replaceAll(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/gu, "\\$&")).join("|"), "gu");
+}
+/** The words of an appending tool with an option or a construct no row reads. */
+const UNREAD = { starts: undefined, replaced: undefined, from: 0 };
+/** The long options named `names`. */
+function long(...names) {
+    return names.map((name) => `--${name}`);
+}
+/** The one-letter options `letters` name. */
+function letters(written) {
+    return Array.from(written, (letter) => `-${letter}`);
+}
+/** https://www.gnu.org/software/findutils/manual/html_node/find_html/xargs-options.html */
+const XARGS = {
+    valued: new Set([
+        ...letters("adEILnPs"),
+        ...long("arg-file", "delimiter", "max-args", "max-procs", "max-chars", "process-slot-var"),
+    ]),
+    flags: new Set([
+        ...letters("0prtxo"),
+        ...long("null", "interactive", "no-run-if-empty", "verbose", "exit", "open-tty", "show-limits"),
+    ]),
+    attached: true,
+    optional: new Set(["-e", "-i", "-l", ...long("eof", "replace", "max-lines")]),
+};
+/**
+ * `xargs [option]... [command [argument]...]`: its command starts after its options, and `-I`,
+ * `-i` and `--replace` name the text it replaces with each path it reads, `{}` where `-i` or
+ * `--replace` names none. With no command it runs `echo`.
+ */
+function xargs(words) {
+    const read = optionsOf(words, XARGS);
+    if (read === undefined || isUnknown(read)) {
+        return UNREAD;
+    }
+    const defaulted = [...(read.values.get("-i") ?? []), ...(read.values.get("--replace") ?? [])];
+    return {
+        starts: [read.at],
+        replaced: textsPattern([
+            ...(read.values.get("-I") ?? []),
+            ...defaulted.map((text) => (text === "" ? "{}" : text)),
+        ]),
+        from: read.at,
+    };
+}
+/** `find`'s actions that run a command up to a `;` or `+`, each `{}` in its words a path it finds: https://www.gnu.org/software/findutils/manual/html_node/find_html/Single-File.html */
+const FIND_ACTIONS = new Set(["-exec", "-execdir", "-ok", "-okdir"]);
+/**
+ * GNU find's options and primaries that take the next word, two for `-fprintf`:
+ * https://www.gnu.org/software/findutils/manual/html_node/find_html/Primary-Index.html
+ */
+const FIND_VALUED = new Set([
+    ...["-D", "-name", "-iname", "-path", "-ipath", "-wholename", "-iwholename", "-regex"],
+    ...["-iregex", "-lname", "-ilname", "-type", "-xtype", "-user", "-group", "-uid", "-gid"],
+    ...["-perm", "-size", "-mtime", "-atime", "-ctime", "-mmin", "-amin", "-cmin", "-newer"],
+    ...["-anewer", "-cnewer", "-inum", "-links", "-samefile", "-used", "-fstype", "-context"],
+    ...["-maxdepth", "-mindepth", "-printf", "-fprint", "-fprint0", "-fls", "-regextype"],
+    ...["-files0-from", "-fprintf"],
+]);
+/** find's `-newerXY` primaries, which take the next word too. */
+const FIND_NEWER = /^-newer[aBcm][aBcmt]$/u;
+/**
+ * `find`'s words: its paths, up to the first that starts with `-` or is `(` or `!`, then its
+ * expression. A dynamic word that is no primary's value, nor a path the expression follows,
+ * may be an action, a construct no row reads.
+ */
+function find(words) {
+    const starts = [];
+    let paths = true;
+    for (let at = 0; at < words.length; at += 1) {
+        const value = words[at]?.value;
+        paths &&= value === undefined || !(value.startsWith("-") || value === "(" || value === "!");
+        const next = words[at + 1]?.value;
+        if (value === undefined) {
+            if (paths && (next === undefined ? at + 1 === words.length : /^[-(!]/u.test(next))) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            return UNREAD;
+        }
+        if (FIND_VALUED.has(value) || FIND_NEWER.test(value)) {
+            at += value === "-fprintf" ? 2 : 1;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (FIND_ACTIONS.has(value)) {
+            starts.push(at + 1);
+            at = words.findIndex((word, end) => end > at &&
+                (word.value === ";" || (word.value === "+" && words[end - 1]?.value === "{}")));
+            at = at < 0 ? words.length : at;
+        }
+    }
+    return { starts, replaced: /\{\}/gu, from: starts[0] ?? words.length };
+}
+/** GNU parallel's options naming a text other than a `{…}` that it replaces with a part of each path. */
+const PARALLEL_REPLACING = [
+    "-I",
+    ...long("er", "extensionreplace", "bnr", "basenamereplace", "dnr", "dirnamereplace"),
+    ...long("bner", "basenameextensionreplace", "seqreplace", "slotreplace"),
+];
+/** https://www.gnu.org/software/parallel/parallel.html */
+const PARALLEL = {
+    valued: new Set([
+        ...PARALLEL_REPLACING,
+        ...letters("jNnLaCdSE"),
+        ...long("jobs", "max-args", "max-lines", "arg-file", "colsep", "delimiter", "sshlogin"),
+        ...long("joblog", "results", "delay", "timeout", "halt", "tmpdir", "workdir", "eof"),
+    ]),
+    flags: new Set([
+        ...letters("kvq0uXmr"),
+        ...long("keep-order", "verbose", "bar", "progress", "eta", "tag", "dry-run", "null"),
+        ...long("quote", "ungroup", "group", "line-buffer", "lb", "xargs", "no-notice"),
+        ...long("will-cite", "shuf", "plus", "no-run-if-empty", "pipe"),
+    ]),
+    attached: true,
+};
+/**
+ * `parallel [option]... [command [argument]...] [::: argument... | :::: file...]`: its command
+ * starts after its options and ends at the first `:::` or `::::`, and every `{…}` in it, each
+ * one of the replacement strings it documents, and each text its replacing options name
+ * stand for a part of each path it is handed. A `{=…=}`, the path a perl expression computes,
+ * is a construct no row reads.
+ */
+function parallel(words) {
+    const read = optionsOf(words, PARALLEL);
+    if (read === undefined || isUnknown(read)) {
+        return UNREAD;
+    }
+    const end = words.findIndex((word, at) => at >= read.at && /^::::?\+?$/u.test(word.value ?? ""));
+    const command = words.slice(read.at, end < 0 ? undefined : end);
+    // The word parallel is handed, its quotes removed, as `'{''=…=}'` writes `{=…=}`.
+    if (command.some((word) => (word.value ?? word.written ?? word.text).includes("{="))) {
+        return UNREAD;
+    }
+    const texts = textsPattern(PARALLEL_REPLACING.flatMap((name) => read.values.get(name) ?? []));
+    return {
+        starts: [read.at],
+        replaced: new RegExp([/\{[^{}\s]*\}/u.source, ...(texts === undefined ? [] : [texts.source])].join("|"), "gu"),
+        from: read.at,
+        ...(end < 0 ? {} : { end }),
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * `parallel` hands a shell its command's words joined by blanks as one command line; with no
+ * command before its `:::` each word after it, and with none at all each line it reads.
+ */
+function parallelLines(words) {
+    const { starts, end } = parallel(words);
+    const [start] = starts ?? [];
+    if (start === undefined) {
+        return everyWord(words);
+    }
+    if (start === end) {
+        return { at: wholeWords(words.slice(start + 1).map((_, at) => start + 1 + at)), input: false };
+    }
+    return start === words.length
+        ? { at: new Map(), input: true }
+        : { at: new Map(), input: false, joined: [[start, end ?? words.length]] };
+}
+/**
+ * concurrently's options, read by yargs before and after its commands, each a long one's
+ * `=` spelling too: https://github.com/open-cli-tools/concurrently/blob/main/bin/index.ts
+ */
+const CONCURRENTLY = {
+    valued: new Set([
+        ...["-m", "-n", "-s", "-p", "-c", "-l", "-t"],
+        ...long("max-processes", "names", "success", "hide", "shell", "teardown", "kill-signal"),
+        ...long("kill-timeout", "prefix", "prefix-colors", "prefix-length", "timestamp-format"),
+        ...long("restart-tries", "restart-after", "default-input-target", "name-separator"),
+    ]),
+    flags: new Set([
+        ...["-r", "-g", "-P", "-k", "-i", "-h", "-v", "-V"],
+        ...long("raw", "no-color", "group", "timings", "passthrough-arguments", "kill-others"),
+        ...long("kill-others-on-fail", "pad-prefix", "handle-input", "help", "version"),
+    ]),
 };
-/** The row of a tool whose reader is `read`. */
-function reading(read) {
-    return { read };
+/** concurrently's `--teardown`, whose value is a command line it runs before it exits. */
+const TEARDOWN = "--teardown";
+/**
+ * The words with a `{N}`, `{@}` or `{*}`, which concurrently replaces with the arguments after
+ * its `--` under `-P`, a part only the run knows: a `CONCURRENTLY_PASSTHROUGH_ARGUMENTS`
+ * variable, which yargs's `.env` reads, sets `-P` where no word writes it.
+ */
+const PLACEHOLDER = /\{(?:\d+|@|\*)\}/gu;
+/**
+ * concurrently's command lines: each word that is no option nor an option's value, each
+ * `--teardown` value, and the words after a `--` but under `-P`, where they are its commands'
+ * arguments. From an option {@link CONCURRENTLY} does not list, every word may be one.
+ */
+function concurrentlyLines(words) {
+    const at = new Map();
+    let passthrough = false;
+    for (let one = 0; one < words.length; one += 1) {
+        const value = words[one]?.value;
+        if (value === "--") {
+            for (let later = one + 1; !passthrough && later < words.length; later += 1) {
+                at.set(later, "");
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        if (value === undefined || value === "-" || !value.startsWith("-")) {
+            at.set(one, "");
+            continue;
+        }
+        const equals = value.startsWith("--") ? value.indexOf("=") : -1;
+        const name = equals < 0 ? value : value.slice(0, equals);
+        if (equals < 0 && CONCURRENTLY.flags.has(name)) {
+            passthrough ||= name === "-P" || name === "--passthrough-arguments";
+        }
+        else if (CONCURRENTLY.valued.has(name)) {
+            const valueAt = equals < 0 ? (one += 1) : one;
+            if (name === TEARDOWN && valueAt < words.length) {
+                at.set(valueAt, equals < 0 ? "" : `${TEARDOWN}=`);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            for (let later = one; later < words.length; later += 1) {
+                at.set(later, "");
+            }
+            return { at, input: false, unwritten: true, replaced: PLACEHOLDER };
+        }
+    }
+    return { at, input: false, replaced: PLACEHOLDER };
+}
+/** `eval`'s operands joined by blanks, one command line: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/V3_chap02.html#eval */
+function evalLines(words) {
+    const from = words[0]?.value === "--" ? 1 : 0;
+    return from >= words.length ? NO_LINES : { ...NO_LINES, joined: [[from, words.length]] };
+}
+/**
+ * The script `.` and `source` run in the shell itself, their first operand: one written with
+ * no path runs a file no word writes, as `bash "$F"` does, and so does an option, which POSIX
+ * gives them none of: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/V3_chap02.html#dot
+ */
+function sourceLines(words) {
+    const script = words[words[0]?.value === "--" ? 1 : 0];
+    return {
+        ...NO_LINES,
+        unwritten: script !== undefined &&
+            (script.value === undefined
+                ? !writesPath(script.written)
+                : script.value.startsWith("-") && script.value !== "--"),
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * The row of a launcher whose reader is `read`, which runs a command after `after` where
+ * given, read after its own options `options`.
+ */
+function launcher(read, after = [], lines, options) {
+    return {
+        ...(read === undefined ? {} : { read }),
+        launches: {
+            ...(after.length === 0 ? {} : { after: new Set(after) }),
+            ...(lines === undefined ? {} : { lines }),
+            ...(options === undefined ? {} : { options }),
+        },
+    };
+}
+/** The row of a runtime. */
+function runs(line) {
+    return { read: runtime(line), runtime: line };
 }
 /** The row of a tool that names its configuration file by `options` anywhere before a `--`. */
 function configuredBy(...options) {
     return { configurations: { valued: new Set(options) } };
 }
-/** The row of each tool, by its program word: its name, or a path to it in `node_modules/.bin`. */
-const TOOLS = new Map([
-    ["node", reading(node)],
-    ["tsx", reading(tsx)],
-    ["ts-node", reading(tsNode)],
-    ["env", reading(env)],
-    ["cross-env", reading(crossEnv)],
+/** The row of a shell, whose `-c` runs its operand as a command line. */
+const SHELL = { launches: { line: true, lines: shellLines } };
+/**
+ * The reader of a tool that runs the command after its options `options`, the first operand,
+ * or where `ended` the first word after a `--`, before which only its options stand.
+ */
+function afterOptions(options, ended = false) {
+    return (words) => {
+        const end = words.findIndex((word) => word.value === "--");
+        const read = optionsOf(ended && end >= 0 ? words.slice(0, end) : words, options);
+        if (read === undefined || isUnknown(read)) {
+            return read;
+        }
+        if (ended && end >= 0 && read.at !== end) {
+            return undefined;
+        }
+        const at = ended && end >= 0 ? end + 1 : read.at;
+        const program = words[at];
+        return program?.value === undefined || program.value.startsWith("-")
+            ? undefined
+            : { kind: "command", words: words.slice(at), at };
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * c8's options, `c8 [opts] [script] [opts]`, https://github.com/bcoe/c8#cli-options, read by
+ * yargs, which clusters no valued option's value: https://github.com/bcoe/c8/blob/main/lib/parse-args.js
+ */
+const C8 = {
+    valued: new Set([
+        ...["-c", "-r", "-o", "-n", "-x", "-e"],
+        ...long("config", "reporter", "reports-dir", "report-dir", "src", "include", "exclude"),
+        ...long("extension", "branches", "functions", "lines", "statements", "temp-directory"),
+        ...long("resolve", "wrapper-length"),
+    ]),
+    flags: new Set([
+        "-a",
+        ...long("all", "exclude-node-modules", "exclude-after-remap", "skip-full", "check-coverage"),
+        ...long("per-file", "100", "clean", "omit-relative", "allowExternal", "merge-async"),
+        ...long("experimental-monocart", "no-clean", "no-exclude-node-modules", "no-omit-relative"),
+    ]),
+};
+/**
+ * nyc's options, `nyc [options] [bin-to-instrument]`, https://github.com/istanbuljs/nyc#usage,
+ * each of `@istanbuljs/schema`'s with its alias: https://github.com/istanbuljs/schema/blob/master/index.js
+ */
+const NYC = {
+    valued: new Set([
+        ...["-t", "-x", "-n", "-e", "-i", "-r"],
+        ...long("cwd", "temp-dir", "exclude", "include", "extension", "ignore-class-methods"),
+        ...long("parser-plugins", "require", "reporter", "report-dir", "cache-dir", "nycrc-path"),
+        ...long("branches", "functions", "lines", "statements"),
+    ]),
+    flags: new Set([
+        ...["-s", "-a", "-c"],
+        ...long("exclude-node-modules", "auto-wrap", "es-modules", "compact", "preserve-comments"),
+        ...long("produce-source-map", "source-map", "instrument", "exclude-after-remap", "per-file"),
+        ...long("check-coverage", "show-process-tree", "skip-empty", "skip-full", "silent", "all"),
+        ...long("eager", "cache", "babel-cache", "use-spawn-wrap", "hook-require", "clean"),
+        ...long("hook-run-in-context", "hook-run-in-this-context", "in-place", "exit-on-error"),
+        ...long("delete", "complete-copy", "no-clean", "no-cache", "no-instrument"),
+    ]),
+};
+/**
+ * dotenv-cli's options, `dotenv [-e <path>] [-v <name>=<value>] [-c [env]] [-- command]`,
+ * https://github.com/entropitor/dotenv-cli#usage. minimist reads a flag's next word as its
+ * value, so only `-e`, `-v` and `-c` are read where no `--` stands; `-p` and `--debug` run nothing.
+ */
+const DOTENV = {
+    valued: new Set(["-e", "-v", "-c"]),
+    flags: new Set(["-o", "--override", "--no-expand", "-q"]),
+    optional: new Set(["--quiet"]),
+};
+/** dotenv-cli, reading its flags only before a `--`. */
+const dotenv = (words) => words.some((word) => word.value === "--")
+    ? afterOptions(DOTENV, true)(words)
+    : afterOptions({ valued: DOTENV.valued, flags: new Set() })(words);
+/**
+ * env-cmd's options, `env-cmd [options] -- <command> [...args]`, read by commander, which
+ * clusters short options: https://github.com/toddbluhm/env-cmd#-help. `-e` takes every word
+ * after it that starts with no `-`, so it is read only before a `--`.
+ */
+const ENV_CMD = {
+    valued: new Set(["-f", "--file"]),
+    flags: new Set([
+        "-x",
+        ...long("expand-envs", "recursive", "fallback", "no-override", "silent", "use-shell"),
+        "--verbose",
+    ]),
+    attached: true,
+};
+/** env-cmd, whose `-e` and `--environments` stand only before a `--`. */
+const envCmd = (words) => words.some((word) => word.value === "--")
+    ? afterOptions({ ...ENV_CMD, valued: new Set([...ENV_CMD.valued, "-e", "--environments"]) }, true)(words)
+    : afterOptions(ENV_CMD)(words);
+/** env-cmd's `--use-shell` hands its command's words, joined by blanks, to a shell. */
+function envCmdLines(words) {
+    const reading = envCmd(words);
+    return reading?.kind === "command" && words.some((word) => word.value === "--use-shell")
+        ? { at: new Map(), input: false, joined: [[reading.at, words.length]] }
+        : NO_LINES;
+}
+/**
+ * `dotenvx run [options] -- <command>`, https://dotenvx.com/docs/advanced/run, whose command
+ * stands after `--`: https://github.com/dotenvx/dotenvx/blob/main/src/cli/dotenvx.js
+ */
+const DOTENVX_RUN = {
+    valued: new Set([
+        ...["-e", "-f", "-fk"],
+        ...long("env", "env-file", "env-keys-file", "convention", "ignore", "token"),
+    ]),
+    flags: new Set(["-o", ...long("overload", "strict", "no-armor", "no-native")]),
+    attached: true,
+};
+/** dotenvx's own options before its subcommand: https://dotenvx.com/docs/cli */
+const DOTENVX = {
+    valued: new Set(["-l", "--log-level"]),
+    flags: new Set([
+        "-q",
+        "-v",
+        "-d",
+        "-V",
+        "-h",
+        ...long("quiet", "verbose", "debug", "version", "help"),
+    ]),
+};
+/**
+ * cross-env-shell, which runs its words after the assignments, joined by blanks, as one
+ * command line: https://github.com/kentcdodds/cross-env#cross-env-vs-cross-env-shell
+ */
+function crossEnvShellLines(words) {
+    const at = words.findIndex((word) => !/^\w+=/u.test(startOf(word)));
+    return at < 0 ? NO_LINES : { at: new Map(), input: false, joined: [[at, words.length]] };
+}
+/** The row of each tool, by the name its program word's last segment writes, but its grammar. */
+const ROWS = new Map([
+    ["node", runs(NODE)],
+    ["tsx", runs(TSX)],
+    ["ts-node", runs(TS_NODE)],
+    ["bun", { read: bun, runtime: BUN, launches: { after: new Set(["x"]) } }],
+    ["deno", runs(DENO)],
+    ["env", launcher(env, [], envLines)],
+    ["cross-env", launcher(crossEnv)],
+    ["cross-env-shell", launcher(undefined, [], crossEnvShellLines)],
+    ["c8", launcher(afterOptions(C8))],
+    ["nyc", launcher(afterOptions(NYC))],
+    ["dotenv", launcher(dotenv)],
+    ["env-cmd", launcher(envCmd, [], envCmdLines)],
+    [
+        "dotenvx",
+        launcher(subcommands(new Map([["run", afterOptions(DOTENVX_RUN, true)]]), DOTENVX), ["run"], undefined, DOTENVX),
+    ],
     [
         "npx",
         {
-            read: npx,
+            ...launcher(npx),
             // `-c` takes a command line, which is read as a configuration file's name as well, so
             // every configuration `fixtures/commands/observed.json` records stays named.
             configurations: {
@@ -310,10 +1210,28 @@ const TOOLS = new Map([
             },
         },
     ],
-    ["npm", reading(npm)],
-    ["pnpm", reading(pnpm)],
-    ["yarn", reading(yarn)],
-    ["bunx", reading(bunx)],
+    // The readers of npm and pnpm leave their own options before the subcommand unread, as each
+    // of them, `--workspace` and `--filter` among them, may run the command in another directory.
+    [
+        "npm",
+        launcher(npm, ["exec", "x"], subcommandLines(new Set(["exec", "x"]), optionLines(NPM_EXEC, CALL, true), NPM), NPM),
+    ],
+    // pnpm and yarn run a package's command of a name that is none of theirs:
+    // https://pnpm.io/pnpm-cli, https://yarnpkg.com/cli/run; `yarn exec` runs its command in the
+    // workspace's root, https://yarnpkg.com/cli/exec
+    ["pnpm", launcher(pnpm, [], pnpmLines)],
+    ["pnpx", launcher(pnpmDlx, [], (words) => dlxLines(words))],
+    ["yarn", launcher(yarn)],
+    ["bunx", launcher(bunx)],
+    // The shell's `exec`, `command` and `builtin`, and the wrappers that run their operands.
+    ...["exec", "command", "builtin", "nohup", "nice", "time", "timeout", "sudo"].map((name) => [name, launcher(undefined)]),
+    ["eval", { launches: { lines: evalLines } }],
+    ["concurrently", { launches: { lines: concurrentlyLines } }],
+    ...[".", "source"].map((name) => [name, { launches: { line: true, lines: sourceLines } }]),
+    ...["sh", "bash", "dash", "zsh", "ksh", "ash"].map((name) => [name, SHELL]),
+    ["xargs", { launches: { appends: xargs } }],
+    ["find", { launches: { appends: find } }],
+    ["parallel", { launches: { appends: parallel, lines: parallelLines } }],
     // https://eslint.org/docs/latest/use/command-line-interface
     ["eslint", configuredBy("-c", "--config")],
     // https://prettier.io/docs/cli, whose `-c` is `--check`.
@@ -331,21 +1249,494 @@ const TOOLS = new Map([
     // https://mochajs.org/#command-line-usage, whose `-c` is `--color`.
     ["mocha", configuredBy("--config")],
 ]);
-/** The row of a simple command's program word, by its name or a path to it in `node_modules/.bin`. */
-function rowOf(program) {
-    const name = program?.value === undefined
-        ? undefined
-        : /^(?:.*\/)?node_modules\/\.bin\/([^/]+)$|^([^/]+)$/u.exec(program.value);
-    const tool = name?.[1] ?? name?.[2];
-    return tool === undefined ? undefined : TOOLS.get(tool);
+/** A runtime's {@link Grammar}, from the same table its reader reads by. */
+function runtimeGrammar(line, doc) {
+    const { valued, flags, optional } = runtimeOptions(line);
+    const inline = new Set([...(line.inline ?? []), ...(line.runner ?? [])]);
+    const options = {
+        valued: new Set([...valued].filter((name) => !inline.has(name))),
+        flags: new Set([...flags].filter((name) => name !== "-" && !inline.has(name))),
+        ...(optional === undefined || optional.size === 0 ? {} : { optional }),
+    };
+    const one = { options, operand: "file", inline, doc };
+    const modes = {
+        ...(line.modes === undefined ? {} : { modes: line.modes }),
+        ...(line.modeAfter === undefined ? {} : { modeAfter: line.modeAfter }),
+    };
+    return {
+        ...one,
+        ...modes,
+        subcommands: new Map([...(line.subcommands ?? [])].map((name) => [name, one])),
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * Each tool's {@link Grammar}: its options, the object its reader parses with, and how its
+ * other words read, which production reads only through {@link linesOf} and the enumerated
+ * property spells whole. Tools with no table, `sudo` and `nohup` among them, have none: after
+ * them every later word may be a program word.
+ */
+const GRAMMARS = new Map([
+    ["node", runtimeGrammar(NODE, "https://nodejs.org/api/cli.html")],
+    ["tsx", runtimeGrammar(TSX, "https://tsx.is/usage")],
+    ["ts-node", runtimeGrammar(TS_NODE, "https://typestrong.org/ts-node/docs/options")],
+    ["bun", runtimeGrammar(BUN, "https://bun.com/docs/cli/run")],
+    ["deno", runtimeGrammar(DENO, "https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/run/")],
+    [
+        "env",
+        {
+            options: ENV,
+            operand: "command",
+            lines: new Set(["-S", "--split-string"]),
+            doc: "https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/env-invocation.html",
+        },
+    ],
+    [
+        "npx",
+        {
+            options: NPX,
+            operand: "command",
+            lines: CALL,
+            doc: "https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/v11/commands/npx",
+        },
+    ],
+    [
+        "npm",
+        {
+            options: NPM,
+            operand: "command",
+            subcommands: new Map(["exec", "x"].map((name) => [
+                name,
+                {
+                    options: NPM_EXEC,
+                    operand: "command",
+                    lines: CALL,
+                    later: true,
+                    doc: "https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/v11/commands/npm-exec",
+                },
+            ])),
+            doc: "https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/v11/using-npm/config",
+        },
+    ],
+    [
+        "pnpm",
+        {
+            options: PNPM,
+            operand: "command",
+            subcommands: new Map([
+                [
+                    "exec",
+                    { options: PNPM, operand: "command", lines: PNPM_LINES, doc: "https://pnpm.io/cli/exec" },
+                ],
+                [
+                    "dlx",
+                    {
+                        options: PNPM_DLX_OPTIONS,
+                        operand: "command",
+                        lines: PNPM_LINES,
+                        doc: "https://pnpm.io/cli/dlx",
+                    },
+                ],
+            ]),
+            lines: PNPM_LINES,
+            doc: "https://pnpm.io/pnpm-cli#options",
+        },
+    ],
+    [
+        "yarn",
+        {
+            options: YARN,
+            operand: "command",
+            subcommands: new Map([
+                ["dlx", { options: YARN_DLX, operand: "command", doc: "https://yarnpkg.com/cli/dlx" }],
+            ]),
+            doc: "https://yarnpkg.com/cli",
+        },
+    ],
+    ["bunx", { options: BUNX, operand: "command", doc: "https://bun.com/docs/pm/bunx" }],
+    [
+        "pnpx",
+        {
+            options: PNPM_DLX_OPTIONS,
+            operand: "command",
+            lines: PNPM_LINES,
+            doc: "https://pnpm.io/cli/dlx#pnpx",
+        },
+    ],
+    ["c8", { options: C8, operand: "command", doc: "https://github.com/bcoe/c8#cli-options" }],
+    ["nyc", { options: NYC, operand: "command", doc: "https://github.com/istanbuljs/nyc#usage" }],
+    // Its flags stand only before a `--`, so a form with one before no `--` caps.
+    [
+        "dotenv",
+        { options: DOTENV, operand: "command", doc: "https://github.com/entropitor/dotenv-cli#usage" },
+    ],
+    [
+        "env-cmd",
+        {
+            options: ENV_CMD,
+            operand: "command",
+            lines: new Set(["--use-shell"]),
+            doc: "https://github.com/toddbluhm/env-cmd#-help",
+        },
+    ],
+    [
+        "dotenvx",
+        {
+            options: DOTENVX,
+            operand: "command",
+            subcommands: new Map([
+                [
+                    "run",
+                    {
+                        options: DOTENVX_RUN,
+                        operand: "command",
+                        ended: true,
+                        doc: "https://dotenvx.com/docs/advanced/run",
+                    },
+                ],
+            ]),
+            doc: "https://dotenvx.com/docs",
+        },
+    ],
+    ...["sh", "bash", "dash", "zsh", "ksh", "ash"].map((name) => [
+        name,
+        {
+            options: SHELL_OPTIONS,
+            operand: "line",
+            lines: SHELL_LINES,
+            doc: "https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/sh.html",
+        },
+    ]),
+    [
+        "concurrently",
+        {
+            options: CONCURRENTLY,
+            operand: "lines",
+            lines: new Set([TEARDOWN]),
+            doc: "https://github.com/open-cli-tools/concurrently/blob/main/bin/index.ts",
+        },
+    ],
+    [
+        "xargs",
+        {
+            options: XARGS,
+            operand: "appended",
+            doc: "https://www.gnu.org/software/findutils/manual/html_node/find_html/xargs-options.html",
+        },
+    ],
+    [
+        "parallel",
+        {
+            options: PARALLEL,
+            operand: "appended",
+            doc: "https://www.gnu.org/software/parallel/parallel.html",
+        },
+    ],
+]);
+/**
+ * The row of each tool, by the name its program word's last segment writes, with its grammar,
+ * which the enumerated property of `text/named-files.property.test.ts` spells every option of.
+ */
+export const TOOLS = new Map([...ROWS].map(([name, row]) => {
+    const grammar = GRAMMARS.get(name);
+    return [name, grammar === undefined ? row : { ...row, grammar }];
+}));
+/** Where the words after the program word of `row` write the command lines it hands to a shell. */
+function linesOf(row) {
+    const grammar = row?.grammar;
+    return (row?.launches?.lines ??
+        (grammar?.lines === undefined || row?.launches === undefined
+            ? undefined
+            : optionLines(grammar.options, grammar.lines, grammar.later)));
+}
+/**
+ * The row of a simple command's program word, by the name its last path segment writes, as a
+ * package runner's operand where `packaged`, its version removed.
+ */
+function rowOf(program, packaged = false) {
+    const name = programName(program)?.replace(/\.(?:exe|cmd)$/iu, "");
+    return name === undefined ? undefined : TOOLS.get(commandName(name, packaged));
 }
 /**
- * What the reader of one simple command's program reads it as, or `undefined` where none
- * understands it. A program word that is any other path runs that file, whatever its name.
+ * The last path segment of a program word, a dynamic one's too where it writes that segment
+ * whole after a `/`, as `"$(npm root)/.bin/tsx"` does, or `undefined` where the run computes it.
  */
+function programName(program) {
+    const text = program?.value ?? program?.written;
+    const last = text?.slice(text.lastIndexOf("/") + 1);
+    return last === undefined ||
+        last.includes(PART) ||
+        (program?.value === undefined && last === text)
+        ? undefined
+        : last;
+}
+/** What the reader of one simple command's program reads it as, or `undefined` where none understands it. */
 export function readTool(words) {
+    const reading = readRow(words);
+    return reading?.kind === "unknown" ? undefined : reading;
+}
+/** The command each launcher of `words` hands on to in turn, as {@link readTool} reads it, and what its last one is read as. */
+export function handedOn(words) {
+    let handed = words;
+    let reading = readTool(handed);
+    while (reading?.kind === "command") {
+        handed = reading.words;
+        reading = readTool(handed);
+    }
+    return [handed, reading];
+}
+/** bash's `echo` options, which a word holds only, and a word holding any other letter is written: https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Bash-Builtins.html#index-echo */
+const ECHO_OPTION = /^-[neE]+$/u;
+/** The escapes of a `printf` format this reading writes, each the text it stands for; any other is unread. */
+const PRINTF_ESCAPES = new Map([
+    ["\\n", "\n"],
+    ["\\t", "\t"],
+    ["\\\\", "\\"],
+    ["%%", "%"],
+]);
+/**
+ * What one simple command writes to its standard output, `undefined` where no row reads it,
+ * another program's output among it. `echo` writes its operands joined by blanks as one line,
+ * `undefined` where one holds a `\` or `-e` stands, as XSI echo reads escapes:
+ * https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/echo.html. `printf` writes its
+ * format, `undefined` where it holds a conversion or an escape other than `%%`, `\n`, `\t` and
+ * `\\`, or other operands follow it, whose output POSIX leaves unspecified:
+ * https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/printf.html. `cat` writes the file
+ * each operand names and, with none or a `-`, its own standard input:
+ * https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/cat.html.
+ */
+export function outputOf(words) {
+    const name = programName(words[0]);
+    const none = { at: [], joined: [], texts: [], input: false };
+    if (name === "echo") {
+        let from = 1;
+        while (ECHO_OPTION.test(words[from]?.value ?? "")) {
+            from += 1;
+        }
+        const escaped = words.slice(1, from).some((word) => word.value?.includes("e") === true) ||
+            words.slice(from).some((word) => (word.value ?? word.written ?? word.text).includes("\\"));
+        return escaped ? undefined : { ...none, joined: [[from, words.length]] };
+    }
+    if (name === "printf") {
+        const operands = words.slice(words[1]?.value === "--" ? 2 : 1);
+        const [format, ...more] = operands;
+        const known = format?.value;
+        if (known === undefined || known.startsWith("-") || more.length > 0) {
+            return known === "-v" ? none : undefined;
+        }
+        const rest = known.replaceAll(/\\.|%./gsu, (escape) => PRINTF_ESCAPES.has(escape) ? "" : "\0");
+        return rest.includes("\\") || rest.includes("%") || rest.includes("\0")
+            ? undefined
+            : {
+                ...none,
+                texts: [known.replaceAll(/\\.|%./gsu, (escape) => PRINTF_ESCAPES.get(escape) ?? escape)],
+            };
+    }
+    if (name !== "cat") {
+        return undefined;
+    }
+    const operands = words.flatMap((word, at) => at > 0 && !/^-./u.test(word.value ?? "") ? [at] : []);
+    return {
+        ...none,
+        at: operands.filter((at) => words[at]?.value !== "-"),
+        input: operands.length === 0 || operands.some((at) => words[at]?.value === "-"),
+    };
+}
+/** What the reader of one simple command's program reads it as, {@link UNKNOWN} where its table does not model it. */
+function readRow(words) {
     const [program, ...rest] = words;
-    return rowOf(program)?.read?.(rest);
+    return after(1, rowOf(program)?.read?.(rest));
+}
+/**
+ * The test run of one simple command whose program word names a runtime, as `node --test`, the
+ * one reading of its options that tests.1 roots its files by, or `undefined` where it runs no
+ * test runner, its table does not model it or a word it needs is dynamic.
+ */
+export function testRun(words) {
+    const [program, ...rest] = words;
+    const line = rowOf(program)?.runtime;
+    const read = line === undefined ? undefined : runtimeLine(line, rest);
+    if (read === undefined || isUnknown(read) || read.tests === undefined) {
+        return undefined;
+    }
+    const patterns = rest.slice(read.tests).map((word) => word.value);
+    return patterns.every((one) => one !== undefined)
+        ? {
+            patterns,
+            stripped: !read.named.has("--no-strip-types") && !read.named.has("--no-experimental-strip-types"),
+        }
+        : undefined;
+}
+/** Whether `input`, the file a `<` names, writes no path, so a reader of it runs a file no word writes. */
+function unnamed(input) {
+    return input !== undefined && input.value === undefined && !writesPath(input.written);
+}
+/**
+ * The launch of the program word `program`, at `at` of `words`, where it may run a command
+ * written after it: after one of its subcommands, past its own options, or a dynamic word or an
+ * unread option that may be one, and for a shell where its words write a command line.
+ */
+function launchAt(words, at, program) {
+    const launch = rowOf(program)?.launches;
+    if (launch?.after !== undefined) {
+        const sub = launch.options === undefined ? 0 : operandAt(words.slice(at + 1), launch.options);
+        const next = sub === undefined ? undefined : words[at + 1 + sub];
+        return sub === undefined ||
+            (next !== undefined && (next.value === undefined || launch.after.has(next.value)))
+            ? launch
+            : undefined;
+    }
+    return launch?.line !== true || (launch.lines?.(words.slice(at + 1)).at.size ?? 0) > 0
+        ? launch
+        : undefined;
+}
+/**
+ * The program words of `words`, a simple command: the first word, the program word each
+ * launcher hands a command on to, as its reader reads it or, for one that hands its commands
+ * the paths it finds, where each starts after its options, and, after a launcher whose words
+ * its reader does not read or that has no reader, each later word up to the first dynamic one.
+ */
+function chainOf(words) {
+    const read = [...words];
+    const replaced = new Map();
+    const programs = new Map();
+    let dynamic;
+    let end;
+    let unread;
+    let unknown = false;
+    const scanned = new Set();
+    const queue = [[0, read[0]]];
+    for (let next = queue.shift(); next !== undefined; next = queue.shift()) {
+        const [at, program] = next;
+        if (program === undefined || programs.has(at)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (programName(program) === undefined) {
+            dynamic = Math.min(dynamic ?? at, at);
+            continue;
+        }
+        programs.set(at, program);
+        const launch = launchAt(read, at, program);
+        const appending = launch?.appends?.(read.slice(at + 1));
+        const pattern = appending?.replaced;
+        for (let later = at + 1 + (appending?.from ?? read.length); pattern !== undefined && later < read.length; later += 1) {
+            const word = read[later];
+            const written = word?.written?.replace(pattern, PART);
+            replaced.set(later, pattern);
+            if (word !== undefined && written !== undefined && written !== word.written) {
+                read[later] = { value: undefined, text: word.text, written };
+            }
+        }
+        if (appending?.end !== undefined) {
+            end = Math.min(end ?? read.length, at + 1 + appending.end);
+        }
+        if (appending !== undefined && appending.starts === undefined) {
+            unread = Math.min(unread ?? at, at);
+        }
+        const reading = launch === undefined || appending !== undefined
+            ? undefined
+            : readRow([program, ...read.slice(at + 1)]);
+        unknown ||= reading?.kind === "unknown";
+        if (appending?.starts !== undefined) {
+            queue.push(...appending.starts.map((start) => [at + 1 + start, read[at + 1 + start]]));
+        }
+        else if (reading?.kind === "command") {
+            queue.push([at + reading.at, reading.words[0]]);
+        }
+        else if (launch !== undefined && (reading === undefined || reading.kind === "unknown")) {
+            // An earlier scan that reached `later` queued every word from there to the same stop.
+            for (let later = at + 1; later < read.length && !scanned.has(later); later += 1) {
+                scanned.add(later);
+                queue.push([later, read[later]]);
+                if (programName(read[later]) === undefined) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return { programs, dynamic, words: read, replaced, end, unread, unknown };
+}
+/** A character a glob reads specially, so a pattern holding one names more than the path it writes. */
+const GLOB = /[*?[\]{}]/u;
+/**
+ * The words of one simple command that may write the file a runtime runs (roots.13): where
+ * `program` holds, a dynamic program word and every word after it; after each program word
+ * {@link chainOf} places that names a runtime, its entry, or every later word its reader does
+ * not read. A runtime with no entry after a tool that hands it the paths it finds, a command a
+ * row's table does not model, or one that reads command lines or its standard input from the
+ * file `input`, which a `<` names with no path, runs a file no word writes. `tests` lets tests.1 root this command's own test run; otherwise a test runner's
+ * pattern may write a file, and a dynamic or glob one, or none, runs a file no word writes.
+ */
+export function fileOperands(words, program, input, tests = false) {
+    const chain = chainOf(words);
+    const read = chain.words;
+    const places = new Set();
+    const fromHere = (at) => {
+        for (let later = at; later < read.length; later += 1) {
+            places.add(later);
+        }
+    };
+    if (program && chain.dynamic !== undefined) {
+        fromHere(chain.dynamic);
+    }
+    let unwritten = chain.unknown || chain.unread !== undefined;
+    let reads = false;
+    let stdin = false;
+    const programs = [...chain.programs].sort(([one], [other]) => one - other);
+    const [handed] = tests ? handedOn(words) : [[]];
+    // Where the command reader's own test run is this runtime's, tests.1 roots its files.
+    const rooted = testRun(handed) !== undefined &&
+        handed.every((word, at) => read[read.length - handed.length + at]?.value === word.value)
+        ? read.length - handed.length
+        : -1;
+    const appender = programs.find(([, word]) => rowOf(word)?.launches?.appends !== undefined)?.[0] ?? -1;
+    for (const [named, word] of programs) {
+        const line = rowOf(word, true)?.runtime;
+        if (line === undefined) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const end = chain.end !== undefined && named < chain.end ? chain.end : read.length;
+        const runtime = runtimeLine(line, read.slice(named + 1, end));
+        if (runtime === undefined || isUnknown(runtime)) {
+            fromHere(named + 1);
+            unwritten ||= isUnknown(runtime);
+            continue;
+        }
+        stdin ||= runtime.stdin;
+        if (runtime.tests !== undefined && named !== rooted) {
+            const from = named + 1 + runtime.tests;
+            const patterns = read.slice(from, end);
+            patterns.forEach((_, at) => places.add(from + at));
+            unwritten ||=
+                patterns.length === 0 ||
+                    patterns.some((one) => one.value === undefined || GLOB.test(one.value));
+        }
+        if (runtime.entry === undefined) {
+            unwritten ||= appender >= 0 && appender < named;
+        }
+        else {
+            places.add(named + 1 + runtime.entry);
+        }
+    }
+    const lines = new Map();
+    const replaced = new Map(chain.replaced);
+    const joined = [];
+    const texts = [];
+    for (const [at, word] of programs) {
+        const found = linesOf(rowOf(word))?.(read.slice(at + 1)) ?? NO_LINES;
+        for (const [one, prefix] of found.at) {
+            lines.set(at + 1 + one, prefix);
+            if (found.replaced !== undefined) {
+                replaced.set(at + 1 + one, found.replaced);
+            }
+        }
+        joined.push(...(found.joined ?? []).map(([from, to]) => [at + 1 + from, at + 1 + to]));
+        texts.push(...(found.texts ?? []));
+        reads ||= found.input;
+        unwritten ||=
+            found.unwritten === true || (found.appended === true && appender >= 0 && appender < at);
+    }
+    unwritten ||= (reads || stdin) && unnamed(input);
+    return { places, unwritten, lines, input: reads, stdin, replaced, joined, texts };
 }
 /**
  * The configuration files one simple command names, as written: each static value of an option