@cosyte/dicom 0.0.5 → 0.0.7

package/dist/index.mjs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Buffer } from 'buffer';
-import { deflateRawSync, inflateRawSync } from 'zlib';
+import { inflateRawSync, deflateRawSync } from 'zlib';
 import { createHash } from 'crypto';
 
 var __defProp = Object.defineProperty;
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ var __export = (target, all) => {
 };
 
 // src/version.ts
-var VERSION = "0.0.5";
+var VERSION = "0.0.7";
 
 // src/dictionary/index.ts
 var dictionary_exports = {};
@@ -11572,6 +11572,13 @@ var ByteCursor = class {
   }
 };
 
+// src/parser/tokens.ts
+var WITHHELD = "<withheld>";
+function safePrivateCreator(creator, profile) {
+  if (profile === void 0) return WITHHELD;
+  return profile.privateDictionary.has(creator) ? creator : WITHHELD;
+}
+
 // src/dataset/vr/charset.ts
 var TERM_TO_LABEL = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map([
   // Default repertoire (ISO 646 IRV / ASCII). Latin-1 is a lenient,
@@ -11624,7 +11631,7 @@ var MULTIBYTE_LABELS = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([
 ]);
 function parseSpecificCharacterSet(bytes) {
   const raw = bytes.toString("latin1");
-  return raw.split("\\").map((t) => t.replace(/[ ]+$/u, "").replace(/^[ ]+/u, ""));
+  return raw.split("\\").map((t) => t.replace(/[ ]+$/u, "").replace(/^[ ]+/u, "")).map((t) => t === "" || TERM_TO_LABEL.has(t) ? t : WITHHELD);
 }
 function isKnownCharsetTerm(term) {
   return TERM_TO_LABEL.has(term);
@@ -11653,6 +11660,48 @@ function decodeText(bytes, terms) {
   }
 }
 
+// src/parser/endian.ts
+var BE_VR_STRIDE = Object.freeze({
+  // 2-byte swaps
+  AT: 2,
+  US: 2,
+  SS: 2,
+  OW: 2,
+  // 4-byte swaps
+  UL: 4,
+  SL: 4,
+  FL: 4,
+  OF: 4,
+  OL: 4,
+  // 8-byte swaps (64-bit floats + 2018 64-bit integer additions)
+  FD: 8,
+  OD: 8,
+  OV: 8,
+  SV: 8,
+  UV: 8,
+  // No swap - byte streams (D-24) and ASCII / spec-defined VRs.
+  OB: 0,
+  UN: 0,
+  AE: 0,
+  AS: 0,
+  CS: 0,
+  DA: 0,
+  DS: 0,
+  DT: 0,
+  IS: 0,
+  LO: 0,
+  LT: 0,
+  PN: 0,
+  SH: 0,
+  ST: 0,
+  TM: 0,
+  UC: 0,
+  UI: 0,
+  UR: 0,
+  UT: 0,
+  SQ: 0
+});
+
 // src/parser/warnings.ts
 var WARNING_CODES = {
   // === Phase 2 actively emits (D-08 active list - alphabetical-within-prefix per CONTEXT specifics §) ===
@@ -11666,6 +11715,7 @@ var WARNING_CODES = {
   DICOM_ODD_LENGTH_VALUE_PADDED: "DICOM_ODD_LENGTH_VALUE_PADDED",
   DICOM_PIXEL_DATA_LENGTH_MISMATCH: "DICOM_PIXEL_DATA_LENGTH_MISMATCH",
   DICOM_PRIVATE_TAG_NO_CREATOR: "DICOM_PRIVATE_TAG_NO_CREATOR",
+  DICOM_SQ_NOT_DESCENDED: "DICOM_SQ_NOT_DESCENDED",
   DICOM_UN_PARSED_AS_SQ: "DICOM_UN_PARSED_AS_SQ",
   DICOM_UNDEFINED_LENGTH_IN_EXPLICIT_VR: "DICOM_UNDEFINED_LENGTH_IN_EXPLICIT_VR",
   DICOM_VR_MISMATCH: "DICOM_VR_MISMATCH",
@@ -11683,162 +11733,168 @@ var WARNING_CODES = {
   // === Reserved by later phases (declared, not emitted in Phase 2) ===
   DICOM_BURNED_IN_ANNOTATION_NOT_REMOVED: "DICOM_BURNED_IN_ANNOTATION_NOT_REMOVED",
   // reserved by Phase 7 - not emitted in Phase 2
+  DICOM_DEIDENT_EMBEDDED_ATTRIBUTE_REMOVED: "DICOM_DEIDENT_EMBEDDED_ATTRIBUTE_REMOVED",
+  // emitted by deidentify(), never by the parser
+  DICOM_DEIDENT_SEQUENCE_NOT_AUDITABLE: "DICOM_DEIDENT_SEQUENCE_NOT_AUDITABLE",
+  // emitted by deidentify(), never by the parser
+  DICOM_DEIDENT_UNDEFINED_VR_NOT_AUDITABLE: "DICOM_DEIDENT_UNDEFINED_VR_NOT_AUDITABLE",
+  // emitted by deidentify(), never by the parser
   DICOM_PRIVATE_CREATOR_UNKNOWN: "DICOM_PRIVATE_CREATOR_UNKNOWN"
   // reserved by Phase 6 - not emitted in Phase 2
 };
+var WARNING_MESSAGES = Object.freeze({
+  DICOM_MISSING_PREAMBLE: "No DICM magic at offset 128; falling back to offset-0 dataset.",
+  DICOM_FILE_META_GROUP_LENGTH_MISSING: "(0002,0000) FileMetaInformationGroupLength missing; scanning forward to first non-(0002,xxxx) element.",
+  DICOM_FILE_META_GROUP_LENGTH_MISMATCH: "(0002,0000) FileMetaInformationGroupLength declared {n} bytes; actual File Meta group size is {n2} bytes. Trusting actual.",
+  DICOM_UNDEFINED_LENGTH_IN_EXPLICIT_VR: "Element ({tag}) uses undefined length (0xFFFFFFFF) under an Explicit VR transfer syntax.",
+  DICOM_ODD_LENGTH_VALUE_PADDED: "Element ({tag}) has odd declared length {n}; cursor advanced by one padding byte to maintain alignment.",
+  DICOM_VR_MISMATCH: "Element ({tag}) on-wire VR is {vr2}; dictionary lists {vr}. Trusting on-wire VR.",
+  DICOM_PRIVATE_TAG_NO_CREATOR: "Private element ({tag}) has no Private Creator registered for its block; treating as VR=UN.",
+  DICOM_GROUP_LENGTH_IN_DATASET: "Retired Group Length element ({tag}) encountered in dataset; preserved as-is.",
+  DICOM_NONZERO_RESERVED_BYTES: "Element ({tag}) has non-zero reserved bytes between VR and length (first byte {n}, second byte {n2}); ignoring.",
+  DICOM_SQ_NOT_DESCENDED: "Element ({tag}) resolved to VR=SQ from the dictionary but its defined-length value is not a valid item stream; kept as opaque bytes and NOT descended, so nothing nested inside it is visible to navigation, and deidentify() cannot audit it. See DICOM_DEIDENT_SEQUENCE_NOT_AUDITABLE.",
+  DICOM_UN_PARSED_AS_SQ: "Element ({tag}) has VR=UN with undefined length; descended as Implicit VR LE sequence per CP-246.",
+  DICOM_EMPTY_ITEM_IN_SEQUENCE: "Sequence ({tag}) contains an empty item (length=0); tolerated.",
+  DICOM_PIXEL_DATA_LENGTH_MISMATCH: "(7FE0,0010) PixelData declared length {n} does not match computed {n2} bytes.",
+  DICOM_IMPLICIT_VR_FOR_PRIVATE_TAG_WITHOUT_VR: "Private element ({tag}) under Implicit VR LE has no VR override; falling back to UN.",
+  DICOM_PRIVATE_CREATOR_UNKNOWN: "Private element ({tag}) has a Private Creator the active profile's private dictionary does not name; falling back to UN. The creator string is not reproduced here - read the (gggg,00EE) element if you need it.",
+  DICOM_BURNED_IN_ANNOTATION_NOT_REMOVED: "Pixel Data is present and Burned In Annotation is not 'NO'; this metadata-only de-identifier cannot inspect or clean pixels. Recognizable text may remain burned into the image.",
+  DICOM_DEIDENT_EMBEDDED_ATTRIBUTE_REMOVED: "Element ({tag}) {vr} was kept by the action table, but its value ends with {n} whole Data Element(s) - an over-declared Value Length swallowed what followed it. Emptied rather than kept, because the action table cannot see an attribute encoded inside a value. Read report.embeddedAttributes for the tags that were hidden there.",
+  // Deliberately short. One of these is raised per un-auditable element, so a
+  // long message is multiplied by an element count the input controls; the
+  // reasoning belongs in the docs, not in a string repeated thousands of times.
+  DICOM_DEIDENT_SEQUENCE_NOT_AUDITABLE: "Element ({tag}) is VR=SQ with no parsed items, so its {n} value bytes could not be audited (PS3.15 E.1.1); emptied. See report.unauditableSequences.",
+  // Deliberately short for the same reason as the code above: one per element,
+  // and the element count is chosen by the input.
+  //
+  // NEITHER THE TAG NOR THE VR IS ECHOED, and that is specific to this code
+  // rather than caution. Every other factory's {tag} is composed from a real
+  // Data Element header; the condition that raises THIS one is that the header
+  // was fabricated from bytes inside some element's value, so its four tag bytes
+  // and its two VR bytes are document content. `renderTag` shape-checks a tag
+  // and cannot refuse one, so the withholding has to happen at the call site.
+  // The byte offset locates the element instead, and is a position this parser
+  // counted rather than anything the document said.
+  DICOM_DEIDENT_UNDEFINED_VR_NOT_AUDITABLE: "An element at byte offset {n2} carries an on-wire VR that is not one of the 34 PS3.5 6.2 defines, so its {n} value bytes are not a Value Field this library decoded; emptied (PS3.15 E.1.1). Its tag and VR are withheld: an earlier under-declared length can make them fragments of some element's value. See report.undefinedVrElements.",
+  DICOM_BOM_IN_TEXT_VR: "Element ({tag}) {vr} value begins with a UTF-8 BOM; stripped on decode.",
+  DICOM_TRAILING_NULL_IN_TEXT_VR: "Element ({tag}) {vr} value has a trailing NULL pad where SPACE is expected; trimmed.",
+  DICOM_UI_TRAILING_SPACE: "Element ({tag}) UI value is SPACE-padded; UI requires NULL padding (PS3.5 \xA76.2). Trimmed.",
+  DICOM_NON_ASCII_IN_ASCII_VR: "Element ({tag}) {vr} is an ASCII-only VR but contains non-ASCII bytes; decoded as Latin-1 best-effort.",
+  DICOM_IS_NONINTEGER_VALUE: "Element ({tag}) IS value is not a base-10 integer; surfaced as null with raw bytes preserved.",
+  DICOM_DA_LEGACY_FORMAT: "Element ({tag}) DA value is not in canonical YYYYMMDD form; decoded best-effort, raw preserved.",
+  DICOM_DT_NONSTANDARD_OFFSET: "Element ({tag}) DT value has a non-standard UTC offset; decoded best-effort, raw preserved.",
+  DICOM_UNSUPPORTED_CHARSET: "(0008,0005) Specific Character Set value {n} names a defined term this build does not support; decoding text as UTF-8 best-effort. The term is not reproduced here - read the element if you need it.",
+  DICOM_CHARSET_AMBIGUOUS_SEPARATOR: "(0008,0005) Specific Character Set value {n} is ambiguous under the active code extensions; decoding text as UTF-8 best-effort."
+});
+var KNOWN_VRS = new Set(Object.keys(BE_VR_STRIDE));
+var TAG_SHAPE = /^[0-9A-F]{8}$/u;
+function renderTag(tag) {
+  return tag !== void 0 && TAG_SHAPE.test(tag) ? tag : WITHHELD;
+}
+function renderVr(vr) {
+  return vr !== void 0 && KNOWN_VRS.has(vr) ? vr : WITHHELD;
+}
+function build(code, position, tokens = {}) {
+  const message = WARNING_MESSAGES[code].replace("{tag}", renderTag(tokens.tag)).replace("{vr2}", renderVr(tokens.vr2)).replace("{vr}", renderVr(tokens.vr)).replace("{n2}", String(tokens.n2 ?? 0)).replace("{n}", String(tokens.n ?? 0));
+  return { code, message, position };
+}
 function missingPreamble(position) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_MISSING_PREAMBLE,
-    message: "No DICM magic at offset 128; falling back to offset-0 dataset.",
-    position
-  };
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_MISSING_PREAMBLE, position);
 }
 function fileMetaGroupLengthMissing(position) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_FILE_META_GROUP_LENGTH_MISSING,
-    message: "(0002,0000) FileMetaInformationGroupLength missing; scanning forward to first non-(0002,xxxx) element.",
-    position
-  };
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_FILE_META_GROUP_LENGTH_MISSING, position);
 }
 function fileMetaGroupLengthMismatch(position, declared, actual) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_FILE_META_GROUP_LENGTH_MISMATCH,
-    message: `(0002,0000) FileMetaInformationGroupLength declared ${String(declared)} bytes; actual File Meta group size is ${String(actual)} bytes. Trusting actual.`,
-    position
-  };
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_FILE_META_GROUP_LENGTH_MISMATCH, position, {
+    n: declared,
+    n2: actual
+  });
 }
 function undefinedLengthInExplicitVR(position, tag) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_UNDEFINED_LENGTH_IN_EXPLICIT_VR,
-    message: `Element (${tag}) uses undefined length (0xFFFFFFFF) under an Explicit VR transfer syntax.`,
-    position
-  };
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_UNDEFINED_LENGTH_IN_EXPLICIT_VR, position, { tag });
 }
 function oddLengthValuePadded(position, tag, declaredLength) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_ODD_LENGTH_VALUE_PADDED,
-    message: `Element (${tag}) has odd declared length ${String(declaredLength)}; cursor advanced by one padding byte to maintain alignment.`,
-    position
-  };
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_ODD_LENGTH_VALUE_PADDED, position, {
+    tag,
+    n: declaredLength
+  });
 }
 function vrMismatch(position, tag, dictVR, fileVR) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_VR_MISMATCH,
-    message: `Element (${tag}) on-wire VR is ${fileVR}; dictionary lists ${dictVR}. Trusting on-wire VR.`,
-    position
-  };
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_VR_MISMATCH, position, { tag, vr: dictVR, vr2: fileVR });
 }
 function privateTagNoCreator(position, tag) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_PRIVATE_TAG_NO_CREATOR,
-    message: `Private element (${tag}) has no Private Creator registered for its block; treating as VR=UN.`,
-    position
-  };
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_PRIVATE_TAG_NO_CREATOR, position, { tag });
 }
 function groupLengthInDataset(position, tag) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_GROUP_LENGTH_IN_DATASET,
-    message: `Retired Group Length element (${tag}) encountered in dataset; preserved as-is.`,
-    position
-  };
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_GROUP_LENGTH_IN_DATASET, position, { tag });
 }
-function nonzeroReservedBytes(position, tag, observed) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_NONZERO_RESERVED_BYTES,
-    message: `Element (${tag}) has non-zero reserved bytes (${observed}) between VR and length; ignoring.`,
-    position
-  };
+function nonzeroReservedBytes(position, tag, first, second) {
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_NONZERO_RESERVED_BYTES, position, {
+    tag,
+    n: first,
+    n2: second
+  });
 }
 function unParsedAsSQ(position, tag) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_UN_PARSED_AS_SQ,
-    message: `Element (${tag}) declared VR=UN with undefined length; descended as Implicit VR LE sequence per CP-246.`,
-    position
-  };
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_UN_PARSED_AS_SQ, position, { tag });
+}
+function sqNotDescended(position, tag) {
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_SQ_NOT_DESCENDED, position, { tag });
 }
 function emptyItemInSequence(position, tag) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_EMPTY_ITEM_IN_SEQUENCE,
-    message: `Sequence (${tag}) contains an empty item (length=0); tolerated.`,
-    position
-  };
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_EMPTY_ITEM_IN_SEQUENCE, position, { tag });
 }
 function implicitVRForPrivateTagWithoutVR(position, tag) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_IMPLICIT_VR_FOR_PRIVATE_TAG_WITHOUT_VR,
-    message: `Private element (${tag}) under Implicit VR LE has no VR override; falling back to UN.`,
-    position
-  };
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_IMPLICIT_VR_FOR_PRIVATE_TAG_WITHOUT_VR, position, { tag });
 }
-function privateCreatorUnknown(position, tag, creator) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_PRIVATE_CREATOR_UNKNOWN,
-    message: `Private element (${tag}) creator "${creator}" is not in the active profile's private dictionary; falling back to UN.`,
-    position
-  };
+function privateCreatorUnknown(position, tag) {
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_PRIVATE_CREATOR_UNKNOWN, position, { tag });
 }
 function burnedInAnnotationNotRemoved(position) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_BURNED_IN_ANNOTATION_NOT_REMOVED,
-    message: "Pixel Data is present and Burned In Annotation is not 'NO'; this metadata-only de-identifier cannot inspect or clean pixels. Recognizable text may remain burned into the image.",
-    position
-  };
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_BURNED_IN_ANNOTATION_NOT_REMOVED, position);
+}
+function embeddedAttributeRemoved(position, tag, vr, count) {
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_DEIDENT_EMBEDDED_ATTRIBUTE_REMOVED, position, {
+    tag,
+    vr,
+    n: count
+  });
+}
+function sequenceNotAuditable(position, tag, byteLength) {
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_DEIDENT_SEQUENCE_NOT_AUDITABLE, position, {
+    tag,
+    n: byteLength
+  });
+}
+function undefinedVrNotAuditable(position, byteLength) {
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_DEIDENT_UNDEFINED_VR_NOT_AUDITABLE, position, {
+    n: byteLength,
+    n2: position.byteOffset
+  });
 }
 function bomInTextVR(position, tag, vr) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_BOM_IN_TEXT_VR,
-    message: `Element (${tag}) ${vr} value begins with a UTF-8 BOM; stripped on decode.`,
-    position
-  };
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_BOM_IN_TEXT_VR, position, { tag, vr });
 }
 function trailingNullInTextVR(position, tag, vr) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_TRAILING_NULL_IN_TEXT_VR,
-    message: `Element (${tag}) ${vr} value has a trailing NULL pad where SPACE is expected; trimmed.`,
-    position
-  };
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_TRAILING_NULL_IN_TEXT_VR, position, { tag, vr });
 }
 function uiTrailingSpace(position, tag) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_UI_TRAILING_SPACE,
-    message: `Element (${tag}) UI value is SPACE-padded; UI requires NULL padding (PS3.5 \xA76.2). Trimmed.`,
-    position
-  };
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_UI_TRAILING_SPACE, position, { tag });
 }
 function nonAsciiInAsciiVR(position, tag, vr) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_NON_ASCII_IN_ASCII_VR,
-    message: `Element (${tag}) ${vr} is an ASCII-only VR but contains non-ASCII bytes; decoded as Latin-1 best-effort.`,
-    position
-  };
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_NON_ASCII_IN_ASCII_VR, position, { tag, vr });
 }
 function isNonintegerValue(position, tag) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_IS_NONINTEGER_VALUE,
-    message: `Element (${tag}) IS value is not a base-10 integer; surfaced as null with raw bytes preserved.`,
-    position
-  };
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_IS_NONINTEGER_VALUE, position, { tag });
 }
 function daLegacyFormat(position, tag) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_DA_LEGACY_FORMAT,
-    message: `Element (${tag}) DA value is not in canonical YYYYMMDD form; decoded best-effort, raw preserved.`,
-    position
-  };
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_DA_LEGACY_FORMAT, position, { tag });
 }
 function dtNonstandardOffset(position, tag) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_DT_NONSTANDARD_OFFSET,
-    message: `Element (${tag}) DT value has a non-standard UTC offset; decoded best-effort, raw preserved.`,
-    position
-  };
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_DT_NONSTANDARD_OFFSET, position, { tag });
 }
-function unsupportedCharset(position, term) {
-  return {
-    code: WARNING_CODES.DICOM_UNSUPPORTED_CHARSET,
-    message: `Specific Character Set term "${term}" is not supported; decoding text as UTF-8 best-effort.`,
-    position
-  };
+function unsupportedCharset(position, valueIndex) {
+  return build(WARNING_CODES.DICOM_UNSUPPORTED_CHARSET, position, { n: valueIndex });
 }
 
 // src/profiles/lookup.ts
@@ -11858,9 +11914,9 @@ var SPECIFIC_CHARACTER_SET_TAG = "00080005";
 function applySpecificCharacterSet(tag, value, ctx, emit, position) {
   if (tag !== SPECIFIC_CHARACTER_SET_TAG) return;
   const terms = parseSpecificCharacterSet(value);
-  for (const term of terms) {
-    if (!isKnownCharsetTerm(term)) emit(unsupportedCharset(position, term));
-  }
+  terms.forEach((term, index) => {
+    if (!isKnownCharsetTerm(term)) emit(unsupportedCharset(position, index + 1));
+  });
   ctx.currentCharset = terms;
 }
 var LONG_FORM_VRS = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([
@@ -11896,7 +11952,7 @@ function resolveImplicitVR(tag, ctx, emit, position) {
       const def = resolvePrivateTag(ctx.profile, tag, creator);
       if (def !== void 0) return def.vr;
       if (!ctx.profile.privateDictionary.has(creator)) {
-        emit(privateCreatorUnknown(position, tag, creator));
+        emit(privateCreatorUnknown(position, tag));
       }
     }
     emit(implicitVRForPrivateTagWithoutVR(position, tag));
@@ -11921,6 +11977,9 @@ function resolvePrivateCreator(tag, ctx) {
   if (blockId < 16 || blockId > 255) return void 0;
   return ctx.creators.get(group)?.get(blockId);
 }
+function safeModelCreator(creator, ctx) {
+  return creator === void 0 ? void 0 : safePrivateCreator(creator, ctx.profile);
+}
 function registerPrivateCreator(tag, value, ctx) {
   const group = parseInt(tag.slice(0, 4), 16);
   if (group % 2 === 0) return;
@@ -11980,8 +12039,7 @@ function readExplicitElementHeader(cursor, _ctx, emit) {
     const reserved1 = cursor.buffer[cursor.position + 1];
     cursor.position += 2;
     if ((reserved0 ?? 0) !== 0 || (reserved1 ?? 0) !== 0) {
-      const observed = (reserved0 ?? 0).toString(16).padStart(2, "0") + (reserved1 ?? 0).toString(16).padStart(2, "0");
-      emit(nonzeroReservedBytes({ byteOffset: headerStart }, tag, observed));
+      emit(nonzeroReservedBytes({ byteOffset: headerStart }, tag, reserved0 ?? 0, reserved1 ?? 0));
     }
     length = cursor.readUInt32();
     headerLength = 12;
@@ -12617,6 +12675,13 @@ function parseSequence(buffer, valueStart, ctx, emit, opts) {
       ctx.currentCharset = parentCharset;
     }
   };
+  const parentCreators = ctx.creators;
+  const restoreParentCreators = () => {
+    ctx.creators = parentCreators;
+  };
+  const beginItemCreatorScope = () => {
+    ctx.creators = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  };
   try {
     const cursor = new ByteCursor(buffer, opts.littleEndian, valueStart);
     const items = [];
@@ -12681,6 +12746,7 @@ function parseSequence(buffer, valueStart, ctx, emit, opts) {
         continue;
       }
       restoreParentCharset();
+      beginItemCreatorScope();
       if (itemLength === UNDEFINED_LENGTH) {
         const inner = opts.innerStrategy(buffer, cursor.position, ctx, emit, {
           stopOnItemDelim: true
@@ -12708,9 +12774,39 @@ function parseSequence(buffer, valueStart, ctx, emit, opts) {
     ctx.nestingDepth -= 1;
     ctx.encodingContextStack.pop();
     restoreParentCharset();
+    restoreParentCreators();
+  }
+}
+function isStrictEscalation(err) {
+  if (!(err instanceof DicomParseError)) return false;
+  return Object.values(WARNING_CODES).includes(err.code);
+}
+function tryParseDefinedLengthSQ(buffer, valueStart, valueLength, ctx, emit, implicitLeInner, tag) {
+  const savedDepth = ctx.nestingDepth;
+  const savedStackLen = ctx.encodingContextStack.length;
+  const savedWarningsLen = ctx.warnings.length;
+  try {
+    const slice = buffer.subarray(valueStart, valueStart + valueLength);
+    const result = parseSequence(slice, 0, ctx, emit, {
+      explicitLength: valueLength,
+      littleEndian: true,
+      innerStrategy: implicitLeInner
+    });
+    return { success: true, items: result.items };
+  } catch (err) {
+    if (isStrictEscalation(err)) throw err;
+    ctx.nestingDepth = savedDepth;
+    while (ctx.encodingContextStack.length > savedStackLen) {
+      ctx.encodingContextStack.pop();
+    }
+    while (ctx.warnings.length > savedWarningsLen) {
+      ctx.warnings.pop();
+    }
+    emit(sqNotDescended({ byteOffset: valueStart }, tag));
+    return { success: false, items: [] };
   }
 }
-function tryParseUnAsSQ(buffer, valueStart, valueLength, ctx, emit, implicitLeInner) {
+function tryParseUnAsSQ(buffer, valueStart, valueLength, ctx, emit, implicitLeInner, tag) {
   const savedDepth = ctx.nestingDepth;
   const savedStackLen = ctx.encodingContextStack.length;
   const savedWarningsLen = ctx.warnings.length;
@@ -12723,18 +12819,15 @@ function tryParseUnAsSQ(buffer, valueStart, valueLength, ctx, emit, implicitLeIn
       innerStrategy: implicitLeInner
     };
     const result = parseSequence(slice, 0, ctx, emit, opts);
-    emit(unParsedAsSQ({ byteOffset: valueStart }, "UN"));
+    emit(unParsedAsSQ({ byteOffset: valueStart }, tag));
     return {
       success: true,
       items: result.items,
       endOffset: valueStart + result.endOffset
     };
   } catch (err) {
-    if (err instanceof DicomParseError) {
-      const warningCodeValues = Object.values(WARNING_CODES);
-      if (warningCodeValues.includes(err.code)) {
-        throw err;
-      }
+    if (isStrictEscalation(err)) {
+      throw err;
     }
     ctx.nestingDepth = savedDepth;
     while (ctx.encodingContextStack.length > savedStackLen) {
@@ -12795,7 +12888,7 @@ function parseImplicitLE(buffer, datasetStart, ctx, emit, opts = {}) {
         const valueRawStart = headerStart;
         cursor.position = seq.endOffset;
         const rawBytes = ctx.copyValues ? copyValueBytes(buffer.subarray(valueRawStart, cursor.position)) : buffer.subarray(valueRawStart, cursor.position);
-        const privateCreator2 = resolvePrivateCreator(tag, ctx);
+        const privateCreator2 = safeModelCreator(resolvePrivateCreator(tag, ctx), ctx);
         elements.set(
           tag,
           new Element({
@@ -12812,6 +12905,40 @@ function parseImplicitLE(buffer, datasetStart, ctx, emit, opts = {}) {
         );
         continue;
       }
+      if (vr === "UN") {
+        const cp246 = tryParseUnAsSQ(
+          buffer,
+          cursor.position,
+          4294967295,
+          ctx,
+          emit,
+          parseImplicitLE,
+          tag
+        );
+        if (cp246.success) {
+          const valueRawStart = headerStart;
+          cursor.position = cp246.endOffset;
+          const rawBytes = ctx.copyValues ? copyValueBytes(buffer.subarray(valueRawStart, cursor.position)) : buffer.subarray(valueRawStart, cursor.position);
+          const privateCreator2 = safeModelCreator(resolvePrivateCreator(tag, ctx), ctx);
+          elements.set(
+            tag,
+            new Element({
+              tag,
+              vr: "SQ",
+              // Promoted, exactly as the Explicit-VR path promotes it.
+              vm: cp246.items.length,
+              length: 4294967295,
+              rawBytes,
+              byteOffset: headerStart,
+              cp246Promoted: true,
+              littleEndian: true,
+              items: cp246.items,
+              ...privateCreator2 !== void 0 ? { privateCreator: privateCreator2 } : {}
+            })
+          );
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
       throw new DicomParseError(
         FATAL_CODES.INVALID_FILE_META,
         `Undefined length on non-SQ element ${tag} (vr=${vr}) under Implicit VR LE.`,
@@ -12831,6 +12958,35 @@ function parseImplicitLE(buffer, datasetStart, ctx, emit, opts = {}) {
     const valueEnd = valueStart + length;
     const valueSlice = ctx.copyValues ? copyValueBytes(buffer.subarray(valueStart, valueEnd)) : buffer.subarray(valueStart, valueEnd);
     cursor.position = valueEnd;
+    if (vr === "SQ") {
+      const seq = tryParseDefinedLengthSQ(
+        buffer,
+        valueStart,
+        length,
+        ctx,
+        emit,
+        parseImplicitLE,
+        tag
+      );
+      if (seq.success) {
+        const privateCreator2 = safeModelCreator(resolvePrivateCreator(tag, ctx), ctx);
+        elements.set(
+          tag,
+          new Element({
+            tag,
+            vr,
+            vm: seq.items.length,
+            length,
+            rawBytes: valueSlice,
+            byteOffset: headerStart,
+            littleEndian: true,
+            items: seq.items,
+            ...privateCreator2 !== void 0 ? { privateCreator: privateCreator2 } : {}
+          })
+        );
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
     if (element === 0 && group !== 2) {
       emit(groupLengthInDataset(position, tag));
     }
@@ -12838,7 +12994,7 @@ function parseImplicitLE(buffer, datasetStart, ctx, emit, opts = {}) {
       registerPrivateCreator(tag, valueSlice, ctx);
     }
     applySpecificCharacterSet(tag, valueSlice, ctx, emit, position);
-    const privateCreator = resolvePrivateCreator(tag, ctx);
+    const privateCreator = safeModelCreator(resolvePrivateCreator(tag, ctx), ctx);
     elements.set(
       tag,
       new Element({
@@ -12958,7 +13114,7 @@ function _parseExplicit(buffer, datasetStart, ctx, emit, mode, opts = {}) {
       }
       cursor.position = seqResult.endOffset;
       const rawBytes = ctx.copyValues ? copyValueBytes(buffer.subarray(headerStart, cursor.position)) : buffer.subarray(headerStart, cursor.position);
-      const privateCreator2 = resolvePrivateCreator(tag, ctx);
+      const privateCreator2 = safeModelCreator(resolvePrivateCreator(tag, ctx), ctx);
       elements.set(
         tag,
         new Element({
@@ -13010,12 +13166,13 @@ function _parseExplicit(buffer, datasetStart, ctx, emit, mode, opts = {}) {
         UNDEFINED_LENGTH2,
         ctx,
         emit,
-        parseImplicitLE
+        parseImplicitLE,
+        tag
       );
       if (cp246.success) {
         cursor.position = cp246.endOffset;
         const rawBytes = ctx.copyValues ? copyValueBytes(buffer.subarray(headerStart, cursor.position)) : buffer.subarray(headerStart, cursor.position);
-        const privateCreator3 = resolvePrivateCreator(tag, ctx);
+        const privateCreator3 = safeModelCreator(resolvePrivateCreator(tag, ctx), ctx);
         elements.set(
           tag,
           new Element({
@@ -13034,7 +13191,7 @@ function _parseExplicit(buffer, datasetStart, ctx, emit, mode, opts = {}) {
         );
         continue;
       }
-      const privateCreator2 = resolvePrivateCreator(tag, ctx);
+      const privateCreator2 = safeModelCreator(resolvePrivateCreator(tag, ctx), ctx);
       const fallbackEnd = buffer.length;
       const fallbackBytes = ctx.copyValues ? copyValueBytes(buffer.subarray(headerStart, fallbackEnd)) : buffer.subarray(headerStart, fallbackEnd);
       elements.set(
@@ -13081,7 +13238,7 @@ function _parseExplicit(buffer, datasetStart, ctx, emit, mode, opts = {}) {
       registerPrivateCreator(tag, valueSlice, ctx);
     }
     applySpecificCharacterSet(tag, valueSlice, ctx, emit, position);
-    const privateCreator = resolvePrivateCreator(tag, ctx);
+    const privateCreator = safeModelCreator(resolvePrivateCreator(tag, ctx), ctx);
     const finalVr = vr;
     elements.set(
       tag,
@@ -13134,20 +13291,22 @@ function parseDeflatedLEWithCap(buffer, datasetStart, ctx, emit, maxInflatedByte
         buildSnippet(buffer, datasetStart)
       );
     }
+    const zlibCode = typeof code === "string" && code.length > 0 ? code : "unknown";
     throw new DicomParseError(
       FATAL_CODES.INVALID_FILE_META,
-      `Failed to inflate Deflated TS payload: ${message}`,
+      `Failed to inflate Deflated TS payload (zlib error code: ${zlibCode}).`,
       datasetStart,
       buildSnippet(buffer, datasetStart)
     );
   }
   const innerCtx = { ...ctx, buffer: inflated };
+  const innerChokepoint = makeEmitter(innerCtx);
   const innerEmit = (w) => {
     const wrapped = {
       ...w,
       position: { ...w.position, deflated: true }
     };
-    emit(wrapped);
+    innerChokepoint(wrapped);
   };
   const result = parseExplicitLE(inflated, 0, innerCtx, innerEmit);
   return { elements: result.elements, endOffset: buffer.length };
@@ -13174,6 +13333,7 @@ var TRANSFER_SYNTAX_PARSERS = Object.freeze({
 });
 
 // src/parser/index.ts
+var SUPPORTED_TRANSFER_SYNTAXES = Object.keys(TRANSFER_SYNTAX_PARSERS).join(", ");
 function parseDicom(input, options = {}) {
   if (rawInputIsEmpty(input)) {
     throw new DicomParseError(FATAL_CODES.EMPTY_INPUT, "Input is empty.", 0, "");
@@ -13196,9 +13356,10 @@ function parseDicom(input, options = {}) {
   const strategy = TRANSFER_SYNTAX_PARSERS[tsUid];
   if (strategy === void 0) {
     const tsName = uid(tsUid)?.name ?? "";
+    const named = tsName.length > 0 ? `Transfer Syntax ${tsName}` : "The Transfer Syntax UID";
     throw new DicomParseError(
       FATAL_CODES.UNSUPPORTED_TRANSFER_SYNTAX,
-      `Transfer Syntax UID "${tsUid}" is not supported by @cosyte/dicom v1.`,
+      `${named} in (0002,0010) is not supported by @cosyte/dicom v1 (supported: ${SUPPORTED_TRANSFER_SYNTAXES}).`,
       fileMetaEnd,
       tsName.length > 0 ? tsName : buildSnippet(buffer, fileMetaEnd)
     );
@@ -13436,7 +13597,7 @@ function serializeDicom(ds) {
   if (encoding === void 0) {
     throw new DicomSerializeError(
       SERIALIZE_ERROR_CODES.UNSUPPORTED_TRANSFER_SYNTAX,
-      `Transfer Syntax UID "${tsUid}" is not supported by the @cosyte/dicom v1 writer.`
+      `The Dataset's File Meta Transfer Syntax UID is not supported by the @cosyte/dicom v1 writer (supported: ${Object.keys(BODY_ENCODING).join(", ")}).`
     );
   }
   const preamble = part10Preamble();
@@ -14535,6 +14696,132 @@ function uidValueMultiplicity(rawBytes) {
   return raw.split("\\").length;
 }
 
+// src/deident/embedded.ts
+var KNOWN_VRS2 = new Set(Object.keys(BE_VR_STRIDE));
+var UNDEFINED_LENGTH4 = 4294967295;
+var FFFE_GROUP = 65534;
+var SCANNABLE_CARRIER_VRS = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([
+  "AE",
+  "AS",
+  "CS",
+  "DA",
+  "DS",
+  "DT",
+  "IS",
+  "LO",
+  "LT",
+  "PN",
+  "SH",
+  "ST",
+  "TM",
+  "UC",
+  "UI",
+  "UR",
+  "UT"
+]);
+var ALLOWED_CONTROL_BYTES = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([
+  9,
+  // TAB
+  10,
+  // LF
+  12,
+  // FF
+  13,
+  // CR
+  27
+  // ESC
+]);
+var CONTROL_TOLERANT_VRS = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set(["LT", "ST", "UT"]);
+var ESC_ONLY_VRS = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set(["LO", "SH", "UC", "PN"]);
+var MAX_SCAN_BYTES = 1 << 20;
+var MIN_HEADER = 8;
+function readU16(buf, off, littleEndian) {
+  return littleEndian ? buf.readUInt16LE(off) : buf.readUInt16BE(off);
+}
+function readU32(buf, off, littleEndian) {
+  return littleEndian ? buf.readUInt32LE(off) : buf.readUInt32BE(off);
+}
+function decodeAt(value, off, encoding) {
+  if (off + MIN_HEADER > value.length) return void 0;
+  const littleEndian = encoding !== "explicitBE";
+  const group = readU16(value, off, littleEndian);
+  const element = readU16(value, off + 2, littleEndian);
+  if (group === FFFE_GROUP) {
+    return { next: off + 8, tag: void 0 };
+  }
+  if (group === 0 && element === 0) return void 0;
+  const tag = joinTag(group, element);
+  if (encoding === "implicit") {
+    const length2 = readU32(value, off + 4, littleEndian);
+    if (length2 === UNDEFINED_LENGTH4 || length2 % 2 !== 0) return void 0;
+    const next2 = off + 8 + length2;
+    return next2 > value.length ? void 0 : { next: next2, tag };
+  }
+  const vr = value.toString("latin1", off + 4, off + 6);
+  if (!KNOWN_VRS2.has(vr)) return void 0;
+  if (LONG_FORM_VRS.has(vr)) {
+    if (off + 12 > value.length) return void 0;
+    if (value[off + 6] !== 0 || value[off + 7] !== 0) return void 0;
+    const length2 = readU32(value, off + 8, littleEndian);
+    if (length2 === UNDEFINED_LENGTH4 || length2 % 2 !== 0) return void 0;
+    const next2 = off + 12 + length2;
+    return next2 > value.length ? void 0 : { next: next2, tag };
+  }
+  const length = readU16(value, off + 6, littleEndian);
+  if (length % 2 !== 0) return void 0;
+  const next = off + 8 + length;
+  return next > value.length ? void 0 : { next, tag };
+}
+function isScannableCarrier(vr) {
+  return SCANNABLE_CARRIER_VRS.has(vr);
+}
+function hasByteOutsideRepertoire(region, carrierVr) {
+  const allFive = CONTROL_TOLERANT_VRS.has(carrierVr);
+  const escOnly = ESC_ONLY_VRS.has(carrierVr);
+  for (const byte of region) {
+    if (byte >= 32 && byte !== 127) continue;
+    if (allFive && ALLOWED_CONTROL_BYTES.has(byte)) continue;
+    if (escOnly && byte === 27) continue;
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+function findEmbeddedAttributes(value, carrierVr, encoding, isActionable) {
+  if (!isScannableCarrier(carrierVr)) return void 0;
+  if (value.length < MIN_HEADER) return void 0;
+  const windowStart = value.length > MAX_SCAN_BYTES ? value.length - MAX_SCAN_BYTES : 0;
+  const window = value.subarray(windowStart);
+  const n = window.length;
+  const half = (n >> 1) + 1;
+  const tiles = new Uint8Array(half);
+  const hit = new Uint8Array(half);
+  for (let off = n - MIN_HEADER & -2; off >= 0; off -= 2) {
+    const decoded = decodeAt(window, off, encoding);
+    if (decoded === void 0) continue;
+    const atEnd = decoded.next === n;
+    const onward = decoded.next < n ? tiles[decoded.next >> 1] === 1 : false;
+    if (!atEnd && !onward) continue;
+    tiles[off >> 1] = 1;
+    const actionable = decoded.tag !== void 0 && isActionable(decoded.tag);
+    const onwardHit = decoded.next < n ? hit[decoded.next >> 1] === 1 : false;
+    if (actionable || onwardHit) hit[off >> 1] = 1;
+  }
+  for (let off = 0; off + MIN_HEADER <= n; off += 2) {
+    if (hit[off >> 1] !== 1) continue;
+    if (!hasByteOutsideRepertoire(window.subarray(off), carrierVr)) return void 0;
+    const tags = [];
+    let pos = off;
+    while (pos < n) {
+      const decoded = decodeAt(window, pos, encoding);
+      if (decoded === void 0) break;
+      if (decoded.tag !== void 0) tags.push(decoded.tag);
+      pos = decoded.next;
+    }
+    return tags;
+  }
+  return void 0;
+}
+
 // src/deident/types.ts
 var DEIDENTIFY_OPTIONS = Object.freeze([
   "CleanGraphics",
@@ -14606,6 +14893,9 @@ var BODY_ENCODING2 = {
   "1.2.840.10008.1.2.2": "explicitBE",
   "1.2.840.10008.1.2.1.99": "explicitLE"
 };
+var MAX_UNAUDITABLE_SEQUENCE_FINDINGS = 64;
+var MAX_UNDEFINED_VR_FINDINGS = 64;
+var KNOWN_VRS3 = new Set(Object.keys(BE_VR_STRIDE));
 function validateRetain(retain) {
   const valid = new Set(DEIDENTIFY_OPTIONS);
   const active = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
@@ -14719,12 +15009,83 @@ function isPrivateCreatorElement(tag) {
   const { element } = splitTag(tag);
   return element >= 16 && element <= 255;
 }
-function keepsPrivate(el, ctx) {
+function actsOnTag(tag, ctx) {
+  if (isPrivateTag(tag)) return true;
+  const action = annexE(tag);
+  if (action === void 0) return false;
+  return resolveAction(effectiveCode(action, ctx.active)) !== "K";
+}
+function hasUndefinedVr(el) {
+  return !KNOWN_VRS3.has(el.vr);
+}
+function keepOrEmpty(el, ctx, contextPath, out) {
+  if (hasUndefinedVr(el)) {
+    emptyUndefinedVrElement(el, ctx, contextPath, out);
+    return false;
+  }
+  const hidden = findEmbeddedAttributes(el.rawBytes, el.vr, ctx.encoding, (t) => actsOnTag(t, ctx));
+  if (hidden === void 0) {
+    out.elements.set(el.tag, el);
+    return true;
+  }
+  out.elements.set(el.tag, freshScalar(el, Buffer.alloc(0), 0));
+  out.embeddedAttributes.push({
+    tag: el.tag,
+    vr: el.vr,
+    hidden,
+    ...contextPath.length > 0 ? { contextPath: [...contextPath] } : {}
+  });
+  out.warnings.push(
+    embeddedAttributeRemoved({ byteOffset: el.byteOffset }, el.tag, el.vr, hidden.length)
+  );
+  return false;
+}
+function emptyUndefinedVrElement(el, ctx, contextPath, out) {
+  out.elements.set(el.tag, freshScalar(el, Buffer.alloc(0), 0));
+  if (ctx.budget.undefinedVrElements >= MAX_UNDEFINED_VR_FINDINGS) return;
+  ctx.budget.undefinedVrElements += 1;
+  out.undefinedVrElements.push({
+    byteOffset: el.byteOffset,
+    byteLength: el.rawBytes.length,
+    ...contextPath.length > 0 ? { contextPath: [...contextPath] } : {}
+  });
+  out.warnings.push(undefinedVrNotAuditable({ byteOffset: el.byteOffset }, el.rawBytes.length));
+}
+function isUnauditableSequence(el) {
+  return el.vr === "SQ" && el.items === void 0;
+}
+function emptyUnauditableSequence(el, ctx, contextPath, out) {
+  out.elements.set(el.tag, rebuildSequence(el, [], ctx.encoding));
+  if (ctx.budget.unauditableSequences >= MAX_UNAUDITABLE_SEQUENCE_FINDINGS) return;
+  ctx.budget.unauditableSequences += 1;
+  out.unauditableSequences.push({
+    tag: el.tag,
+    byteLength: el.rawBytes.length,
+    ...contextPath.length > 0 ? { contextPath: [...contextPath] } : {}
+  });
+  out.warnings.push(
+    sequenceNotAuditable({ byteOffset: el.byteOffset }, el.tag, el.rawBytes.length)
+  );
+}
+function creatorsInScope(source) {
+  const byBlock = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+  for (const el of source) {
+    if (!isPrivateTag(el.tag) || !isPrivateCreatorElement(el.tag)) continue;
+    const { group, element } = splitTag(el.tag);
+    byBlock.set(`${String(group)}:${String(element & 255)}`, decodeCreator(el));
+  }
+  return byBlock;
+}
+function creatorFor(tag, creators) {
+  const { group, element } = splitTag(tag);
+  return creators.get(`${String(group)}:${String(element >> 8 & 255)}`);
+}
+function keepsPrivate(el, ctx, creators) {
   if (!ctx.active.has("RetainSafePrivate") || ctx.profile === void 0) return false;
   if (isPrivateCreatorElement(el.tag)) {
     return ctx.profile.privateDictionary.has(decodeCreator(el));
   }
-  const creator = el.privateCreator;
+  const creator = creatorFor(el.tag, creators);
   if (creator === void 0) return false;
   return resolvePrivateTag(ctx.profile, el.tag, creator) !== void 0;
 }
@@ -14732,20 +15093,26 @@ function processElements(source, ctx, contextPath) {
   const out = {
     elements: /* @__PURE__ */ new Map(),
     attributes: [],
-    removedPrivateTags: []
+    removedPrivateTags: [],
+    embeddedAttributes: [],
+    unauditableSequences: [],
+    undefinedVrElements: [],
+    warnings: []
   };
+  const creators = creatorsInScope(source);
   for (const el of source) {
     if (isPrivateTag(el.tag)) {
-      if (keepsPrivate(el, ctx)) out.elements.set(el.tag, el);
+      if (keepsPrivate(el, ctx, creators)) keepOrEmpty(el, ctx, contextPath, out);
       else out.removedPrivateTags.push(el.tag);
       continue;
     }
     const action = annexE(el.tag);
     if (action === void 0) {
-      if (el.vr === "SQ" && el.items !== void 0) {
-        out.elements.set(el.tag, descendSequence(el, ctx, contextPath, out));
+      if (el.vr === "SQ") {
+        if (isUnauditableSequence(el)) emptyUnauditableSequence(el, ctx, contextPath, out);
+        else out.elements.set(el.tag, descendSequence(el, ctx, contextPath, out));
       } else {
-        out.elements.set(el.tag, el);
+        keepOrEmpty(el, ctx, contextPath, out);
       }
       continue;
     }
@@ -14757,8 +15124,7 @@ function processElements(source, ctx, contextPath) {
     let applied;
     switch (resolved) {
       case "K":
-        out.elements.set(el.tag, el);
-        applied = "kept";
+        applied = keepOrEmpty(el, ctx, contextPath, out) ? "kept" : "emptied";
         break;
       case "X":
         applied = "removed";
@@ -14800,6 +15166,10 @@ function descendSequence(el, ctx, contextPath, out) {
     const inner = processElements(item.elements(), ctx, childPath);
     out.attributes.push(...inner.attributes);
     out.removedPrivateTags.push(...inner.removedPrivateTags);
+    out.embeddedAttributes.push(...inner.embeddedAttributes);
+    out.unauditableSequences.push(...inner.unauditableSequences);
+    out.undefinedVrElements.push(...inner.undefinedVrElements);
+    out.warnings.push(...inner.warnings);
     newItems.push(new Item({ index, warnings: [], elements: inner.elements }));
   });
   return rebuildSequence(el, newItems, ctx.encoding);
@@ -14816,13 +15186,23 @@ function applySequenceAction(el, resolved, action, ctx, contextPath, out) {
       applied = "emptied";
       break;
     case "C":
-      out.elements.set(el.tag, descendSequence(el, ctx, contextPath, out));
-      applied = "cleaned";
+      if (isUnauditableSequence(el)) {
+        emptyUnauditableSequence(el, ctx, contextPath, out);
+        applied = "emptied";
+      } else {
+        out.elements.set(el.tag, descendSequence(el, ctx, contextPath, out));
+        applied = "cleaned";
+      }
       break;
     case "U":
     case "K":
-      out.elements.set(el.tag, descendSequence(el, ctx, contextPath, out));
-      applied = "kept";
+      if (isUnauditableSequence(el)) {
+        emptyUnauditableSequence(el, ctx, contextPath, out);
+        applied = "emptied";
+      } else {
+        out.elements.set(el.tag, descendSequence(el, ctx, contextPath, out));
+        applied = "kept";
+      }
       break;
   }
   out.attributes.push(auditAttribute(el.tag, action, resolved, applied, contextPath));
@@ -14868,8 +15248,18 @@ function deidentify(ds, options = {}) {
     active,
     remap,
     profile: options.profile,
-    encoding};
-  const { elements, attributes, removedPrivateTags } = processElements(ds.elements(), ctx, []);
+    encoding,
+    budget: { unauditableSequences: 0, undefinedVrElements: 0 }
+  };
+  const processed = processElements(ds.elements(), ctx, []);
+  const {
+    elements,
+    attributes,
+    removedPrivateTags,
+    embeddedAttributes,
+    unauditableSequences,
+    undefinedVrElements
+  } = processed;
   elements.set(
     TAG_PATIENT_IDENTITY_REMOVED,
     insertedScalar(TAG_PATIENT_IDENTITY_REMOVED, "CS", Buffer.from("YES", "latin1"), littleEndian)
@@ -14879,7 +15269,7 @@ function deidentify(ds, options = {}) {
     TAG_DEIDENTIFICATION_METHOD,
     insertedScalar(TAG_DEIDENTIFICATION_METHOD, "LO", Buffer.from(method, "latin1"), littleEndian)
   );
-  const warnings = [];
+  const warnings = [...processed.warnings];
   if (hasUncleanedBurnedIn(ds)) {
     const offset = ds.get(TAG_PIXEL_DATA)?.byteOffset ?? 0;
     warnings.push(burnedInAnnotationNotRemoved({ byteOffset: offset, fileMeta: false }));
@@ -14894,6 +15284,9 @@ function deidentify(ds, options = {}) {
   const report = {
     attributes,
     removedPrivateTags,
+    embeddedAttributes,
+    unauditableSequences,
+    undefinedVrElements,
     uidMap: remap.cache,
     warnings,
     retained: [...active]