@colin4k1024/tsp 2.4.0

package/skills/flutter-dart-code-review/SKILL.md

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+---
+name: flutter-dart-code-review
+description: Library-agnostic Flutter/Dart code review checklist covering widget best practices, state management patterns (BLoC, Riverpod, Provider, GetX, MobX, Signals), Dart idioms, performance, accessibility, security, and clean architecture.
+origin: ECC
+---
+
+# Flutter/Dart Code Review Best Practices
+
+Comprehensive, library-agnostic checklist for reviewing Flutter/Dart applications. These principles apply regardless of which state management solution, routing library, or DI framework is used.
+
+---
+
+## 1. General Project Health
+
+- [ ] Project follows consistent folder structure (feature-first or layer-first)
+- [ ] Proper separation of concerns: UI, business logic, data layers
+- [ ] No business logic in widgets; widgets are purely presentational
+- [ ] `pubspec.yaml` is clean — no unused dependencies, versions pinned appropriately
+- [ ] `analysis_options.yaml` includes a strict lint set with strict analyzer settings enabled
+- [ ] No `print()` statements in production code — use `dart:developer` `log()` or a logging package
+- [ ] Generated files (`.g.dart`, `.freezed.dart`, `.gr.dart`) are up-to-date or in `.gitignore`
+- [ ] Platform-specific code isolated behind abstractions
+
+---
+
+## 2. Dart Language Pitfalls
+
+- [ ] **Implicit dynamic**: Missing type annotations leading to `dynamic` — enable `strict-casts`, `strict-inference`, `strict-raw-types`
+- [ ] **Null safety misuse**: Excessive `!` (bang operator) instead of proper null checks or Dart 3 pattern matching (`if (value case var v?)`)
+- [ ] **Type promotion failures**: Using `this.field` where local variable promotion would work
+- [ ] **Catching too broadly**: `catch (e)` without `on` clause; always specify exception types
+- [ ] **Catching `Error`**: `Error` subtypes indicate bugs and should not be caught
+- [ ] **Unused `async`**: Functions marked `async` that never `await` — unnecessary overhead
+- [ ] **`late` overuse**: `late` used where nullable or constructor initialization would be safer; defers errors to runtime
+- [ ] **String concatenation in loops**: Use `StringBuffer` instead of `+` for iterative string building
+- [ ] **Mutable state in `const` contexts**: Fields in `const` constructor classes should not be mutable
+- [ ] **Ignoring `Future` return values**: Use `await` or explicitly call `unawaited()` to signal intent
+- [ ] **`var` where `final` works**: Prefer `final` for locals and `const` for compile-time constants
+- [ ] **Relative imports**: Use `package:` imports for consistency
+- [ ] **Mutable collections exposed**: Public APIs should return unmodifiable views, not raw `List`/`Map`
+- [ ] **Missing Dart 3 pattern matching**: Prefer switch expressions and `if-case` over verbose `is` checks and manual casting
+- [ ] **Throwaway classes for multiple returns**: Use Dart 3 records `(String, int)` instead of single-use DTOs
+- [ ] **`print()` in production code**: Use `dart:developer` `log()` or the project's logging package; `print()` has no log levels and cannot be filtered
+
+---
+
+## 3. Widget Best Practices
+
+### Widget decomposition:
+- [ ] No single widget with a `build()` method exceeding ~80-100 lines
+- [ ] Widgets split by encapsulation AND by how they change (rebuild boundaries)
+- [ ] Private `_build*()` helper methods that return widgets are extracted to separate widget classes (enables element reuse, const propagation, and framework optimizations)
+- [ ] Stateless widgets preferred over Stateful where no mutable local state is needed
+- [ ] Extracted widgets are in separate files when reusable
+
+### Const usage:
+- [ ] `const` constructors used wherever possible — prevents unnecessary rebuilds
+- [ ] `const` literals for collections that don't change (`const []`, `const {}`)
+- [ ] Constructor is declared `const` when all fields are final
+
+### Key usage:
+- [ ] `ValueKey` used in lists/grids to preserve state across reorders
+- [ ] `GlobalKey` used sparingly — only when accessing state across the tree is truly needed
+- [ ] `UniqueKey` avoided in `build()` — it forces rebuild every frame
+- [ ] `ObjectKey` used when identity is based on a data object rather than a single value
+
+### Theming & design system:
+- [ ] Colors come from `Theme.of(context).colorScheme` — no hardcoded `Colors.red` or hex values
+- [ ] Text styles come from `Theme.of(context).textTheme` — no inline `TextStyle` with raw font sizes
+- [ ] Dark mode compatibility verified — no assumptions about light background
+- [ ] Spacing and sizing use consistent design tokens or constants, not magic numbers
+
+### Build method complexity:
+- [ ] No network calls, file I/O, or heavy computation in `build()`
+- [ ] No `Future.then()` or `async` work in `build()`
+- [ ] No subscription creation (`.listen()`) in `build()`
+- [ ] `setState()` localized to smallest possible subtree
+
+---
+
+## 4. State Management (Library-Agnostic)
+
+These principles apply to all Flutter state management solutions (BLoC, Riverpod, Provider, GetX, MobX, Signals, ValueNotifier, etc.).
+
+### Architecture:
+- [ ] Business logic lives outside the widget layer — in a state management component (BLoC, Notifier, Controller, Store, ViewModel, etc.)
+- [ ] State managers receive dependencies via injection, not by constructing them internally
+- [ ] A service or repository layer abstracts data sources — widgets and state managers should not call APIs or databases directly
+- [ ] State managers have a single responsibility — no "god" managers handling unrelated concerns
+- [ ] Cross-component dependencies follow the solution's conventions:
+  - In **Riverpod**: providers depending on providers via `ref.watch` is expected — flag only circular or overly tangled chains
+  - In **BLoC**: blocs should not directly depend on other blocs — prefer shared repositories or presentation-layer coordination
+  - In other solutions: follow the documented conventions for inter-component communication
+
+### Immutability & value equality (for immutable-state solutions: BLoC, Riverpod, Redux):
+- [ ] State objects are immutable — new instances created via `copyWith()` or constructors, never mutated in-place
+- [ ] State classes implement `==` and `hashCode` properly (all fields included in comparison)
+- [ ] Mechanism is consistent across the project — manual override, `Equatable`, `freezed`, Dart records, or other
+- [ ] Collections inside state objects are not exposed as raw mutable `List`/`Map`
+
+### Reactivity discipline (for reactive-mutation solutions: MobX, GetX, Signals):
+- [ ] State is only mutated through the solution's reactive API (`@action` in MobX, `.value` on signals, `.obs` in GetX) — direct field mutation bypasses change tracking
+- [ ] Derived values use the solution's computed mechanism rather than being stored redundantly
+- [ ] Reactions and disposers are properly cleaned up (`ReactionDisposer` in MobX, effect cleanup in Signals)
+
+### State shape design:
+- [ ] Mutually exclusive states use sealed types, union variants, or the solution's built-in async state type (e.g. Riverpod's `AsyncValue`) — not boolean flags (`isLoading`, `isError`, `hasData`)
+- [ ] Every async operation models loading, success, and error as distinct states
+- [ ] All state variants are handled exhaustively in UI — no silently ignored cases
+- [ ] Error states carry error information for display; loading states don't carry stale data
+- [ ] Nullable data is not used as a loading indicator — states are explicit
+
+```dart
+// BAD — boolean flag soup allows impossible states
+class UserState {
+  bool isLoading = false;
+  bool hasError = false; // isLoading && hasError is representable!
+  User? user;
+}
+
+// GOOD (immutable approach) — sealed types make impossible states unrepresentable
+sealed class UserState {}
+class UserInitial extends UserState {}
+class UserLoading extends UserState {}
+class UserLoaded extends UserState {
+  final User user;
+  const UserLoaded(this.user);
+}
+class UserError extends UserState {
+  final String message;
+  const UserError(this.message);
+}
+
+// GOOD (reactive approach) — observable enum + data, mutations via reactivity API
+// enum UserStatus { initial, loading, loaded, error }
+// Use your solution's observable/signal to wrap status and data separately
+```
+
+### Rebuild optimization:
+- [ ] State consumer widgets (Builder, Consumer, Observer, Obx, Watch, etc.) scoped as narrow as possible
+- [ ] Selectors used to rebuild only when specific fields change — not on every state emission
+- [ ] `const` widgets used to stop rebuild propagation through the tree
+- [ ] Computed/derived state is calculated reactively, not stored redundantly
+
+### Subscriptions & disposal:
+- [ ] All manual subscriptions (`.listen()`) are cancelled in `dispose()` / `close()`
+- [ ] Stream controllers are closed when no longer needed
+- [ ] Timers are cancelled in disposal lifecycle
+- [ ] Framework-managed lifecycle is preferred over manual subscription (declarative builders over `.listen()`)
+- [ ] `mounted` check before `setState` in async callbacks
+- [ ] `BuildContext` not used after `await` without checking `context.mounted` (Flutter 3.7+) — stale context causes crashes
+- [ ] No navigation, dialogs, or scaffold messages after async gaps without verifying the widget is still mounted
+- [ ] `BuildContext` never stored in singletons, state managers, or static fields
+
+### Local vs global state:
+- [ ] Ephemeral UI state (checkbox, slider, animation) uses local state (`setState`, `ValueNotifier`)
+- [ ] Shared state is lifted only as high as needed — not over-globalized
+- [ ] Feature-scoped state is properly disposed when the feature is no longer active
+
+---
+
+## 5. Performance
+
+### Unnecessary rebuilds:
+- [ ] `setState()` not called at root widget level — localize state changes
+- [ ] `const` widgets used to stop rebuild propagation
+- [ ] `RepaintBoundary` used around complex subtrees that repaint independently
+- [ ] `AnimatedBuilder` child parameter used for subtrees independent of animation
+
+### Expensive operations in build():
+- [ ] No sorting, filtering, or mapping large collections in `build()` — compute in state management layer
+- [ ] No regex compilation in `build()`
+- [ ] `MediaQuery.of(context)` usage is specific (e.g., `MediaQuery.sizeOf(context)`)
+
+### Image optimization:
+- [ ] Network images use caching (any caching solution appropriate for the project)
+- [ ] Appropriate image resolution for target device (no loading 4K images for thumbnails)
+- [ ] `Image.asset` with `cacheWidth`/`cacheHeight` to decode at display size
+- [ ] Placeholder and error widgets provided for network images
+
+### Lazy loading:
+- [ ] `ListView.builder` / `GridView.builder` used instead of `ListView(children: [...])` for large or dynamic lists (concrete constructors are fine for small, static lists)
+- [ ] Pagination implemented for large data sets
+- [ ] Deferred loading (`deferred as`) used for heavy libraries in web builds
+
+### Other:
+- [ ] `Opacity` widget avoided in animations — use `AnimatedOpacity` or `FadeTransition`
+- [ ] Clipping avoided in animations — pre-clip images
+- [ ] `operator ==` not overridden on widgets — use `const` constructors instead
+- [ ] Intrinsic dimension widgets (`IntrinsicHeight`, `IntrinsicWidth`) used sparingly (extra layout pass)
+
+---
+
+## 6. Testing
+
+### Test types and expectations:
+- [ ] **Unit tests**: Cover all business logic (state managers, repositories, utility functions)
+- [ ] **Widget tests**: Cover individual widget behavior, interactions, and visual output
+- [ ] **Integration tests**: Cover critical user flows end-to-end
+- [ ] **Golden tests**: Pixel-perfect comparisons for design-critical UI components
+
+### Coverage targets:
+- [ ] Aim for 80%+ line coverage on business logic
+- [ ] All state transitions have corresponding tests (loading → success, loading → error, retry, etc.)
+- [ ] Edge cases tested: empty states, error states, loading states, boundary values
+
+### Test isolation:
+- [ ] External dependencies (API clients, databases, services) are mocked or faked
+- [ ] Each test file tests exactly one class/unit
+- [ ] Tests verify behavior, not implementation details
+- [ ] Stubs define only the behavior needed for each test (minimal stubbing)
+- [ ] No shared mutable state between test cases
+
+### Widget test quality:
+- [ ] `pumpWidget` and `pump` used correctly for async operations
+- [ ] `find.byType`, `find.text`, `find.byKey` used appropriately
+- [ ] No flaky tests depending on timing — use `pumpAndSettle` or explicit `pump(Duration)`
+- [ ] Tests run in CI and failures block merges
+
+---
+
+## 7. Accessibility
+
+### Semantic widgets:
+- [ ] `Semantics` widget used to provide screen reader labels where automatic labels are insufficient
+- [ ] `ExcludeSemantics` used for purely decorative elements
+- [ ] `MergeSemantics` used to combine related widgets into a single accessible element
+- [ ] Images have `semanticLabel` property set
+
+### Screen reader support:
+- [ ] All interactive elements are focusable and have meaningful descriptions
+- [ ] Focus order is logical (follows visual reading order)
+
+### Visual accessibility:
+- [ ] Contrast ratio >= 4.5:1 for text against background
+- [ ] Tappable targets are at least 48x48 pixels
+- [ ] Color is not the sole indicator of state (use icons/text alongside)
+- [ ] Text scales with system font size settings
+
+### Interaction accessibility:
+- [ ] No no-op `onPressed` callbacks — every button does something or is disabled
+- [ ] Error fields suggest corrections
+- [ ] Context does not change unexpectedly while user is inputting data
+
+---
+
+## 8. Platform-Specific Concerns
+
+### iOS/Android differences:
+- [ ] Platform-adaptive widgets used where appropriate
+- [ ] Back navigation handled correctly (Android back button, iOS swipe-to-go-back)
+- [ ] Status bar and safe area handled via `SafeArea` widget
+- [ ] Platform-specific permissions declared in `AndroidManifest.xml` and `Info.plist`
+
+### Responsive design:
+- [ ] `LayoutBuilder` or `MediaQuery` used for responsive layouts
+- [ ] Breakpoints defined consistently (phone, tablet, desktop)
+- [ ] Text doesn't overflow on small screens — use `Flexible`, `Expanded`, `FittedBox`
+- [ ] Landscape orientation tested or explicitly locked
+- [ ] Web-specific: mouse/keyboard interactions supported, hover states present
+
+---
+
+## 9. Security
+
+### Secure storage:
+- [ ] Sensitive data (tokens, credentials) stored using platform-secure storage (Keychain on iOS, EncryptedSharedPreferences on Android)
+- [ ] Never store secrets in plaintext storage
+- [ ] Biometric authentication gating considered for sensitive operations
+
+### API key handling:
+- [ ] API keys NOT hardcoded in Dart source — use `--dart-define`, `.env` files excluded from VCS, or compile-time configuration
+- [ ] Secrets not committed to git — check `.gitignore`
+- [ ] Backend proxy used for truly secret keys (client should never hold server secrets)
+
+### Input validation:
+- [ ] All user input validated before sending to API
+- [ ] Form validation uses proper validation patterns
+- [ ] No raw SQL or string interpolation of user input
+- [ ] Deep link URLs validated and sanitized before navigation
+
+### Network security:
+- [ ] HTTPS enforced for all API calls
+- [ ] Certificate pinning considered for high-security apps
+- [ ] Authentication tokens refreshed and expired properly
+- [ ] No sensitive data logged or printed
+
+---
+
+## 10. Package/Dependency Review
+
+### Evaluating pub.dev packages:
+- [ ] Check **pub points score** (aim for 130+/160)
+- [ ] Check **likes** and **popularity** as community signals
+- [ ] Verify the publisher is **verified** on pub.dev
+- [ ] Check last publish date — stale packages (>1 year) are a risk
+- [ ] Review open issues and response time from maintainers
+- [ ] Check license compatibility with your project
+- [ ] Verify platform support covers your targets
+
+### Version constraints:
+- [ ] Use caret syntax (`^1.2.3`) for dependencies — allows compatible updates
+- [ ] Pin exact versions only when absolutely necessary
+- [ ] Run `flutter pub outdated` regularly to track stale dependencies
+- [ ] No dependency overrides in production `pubspec.yaml` — only for temporary fixes with a comment/issue link
+- [ ] Minimize transitive dependency count — each dependency is an attack surface
+
+### Monorepo-specific (melos/workspace):
+- [ ] Internal packages import only from public API — no `package:other/src/internal.dart` (breaks Dart package encapsulation)
+- [ ] Internal package dependencies use workspace resolution, not hardcoded `path: ../../` relative strings
+- [ ] All sub-packages share or inherit root `analysis_options.yaml`
+
+---
+
+## 11. Navigation and Routing
+
+### General principles (apply to any routing solution):
+- [ ] One routing approach used consistently — no mixing imperative `Navigator.push` with a declarative router
+- [ ] Route arguments are typed — no `Map<String, dynamic>` or `Object?` casting
+- [ ] Route paths defined as constants, enums, or generated — no magic strings scattered in code
+- [ ] Auth guards/redirects centralized — not duplicated across individual screens
+- [ ] Deep links configured for both Android and iOS
+- [ ] Deep link URLs validated and sanitized before navigation
+- [ ] Navigation state is testable — route changes can be verified in tests
+- [ ] Back behavior is correct on all platforms
+
+---
+
+## 12. Error Handling
+
+### Framework error handling:
+- [ ] `FlutterError.onError` overridden to capture framework errors (build, layout, paint)
+- [ ] `PlatformDispatcher.instance.onError` set for async errors not caught by Flutter
+- [ ] `ErrorWidget.builder` customized for release mode (user-friendly instead of red screen)
+- [ ] Global error capture wrapper around `runApp` (e.g., `runZonedGuarded`, Sentry/Crashlytics wrapper)
+
+### Error reporting:
+- [ ] Error reporting service integrated (Firebase Crashlytics, Sentry, or equivalent)
+- [ ] Non-fatal errors reported with stack traces
+- [ ] State management error observer wired to error reporting (e.g., BlocObserver, ProviderObserver, or equivalent for your solution)
+- [ ] User-identifiable info (user ID) attached to error reports for debugging
+
+### Graceful degradation:
+- [ ] API errors result in user-friendly error UI, not crashes
+- [ ] Retry mechanisms for transient network failures
+- [ ] Offline state handled gracefully
+- [ ] Error states in state management carry error info for display
+- [ ] Raw exceptions (network, parsing) are mapped to user-friendly, localized messages before reaching the UI — never show raw exception strings to users
+
+---
+
+## 13. Internationalization (l10n)
+
+### Setup:
+- [ ] Localization solution configured (Flutter's built-in ARB/l10n, easy_localization, or equivalent)
+- [ ] Supported locales declared in app configuration
+
+### Content:
+- [ ] All user-visible strings use the localization system — no hardcoded strings in widgets
+- [ ] Template file includes descriptions/context for translators
+- [ ] ICU message syntax used for plurals, genders, selects
+- [ ] Placeholders defined with types
+- [ ] No missing keys across locales
+
+### Code review:
+- [ ] Localization accessor used consistently throughout the project
+- [ ] Date, time, number, and currency formatting is locale-aware
+- [ ] Text directionality (RTL) supported if targeting Arabic, Hebrew, etc.
+- [ ] No string concatenation for localized text — use parameterized messages
+
+---
+
+## 14. Dependency Injection
+
+### Principles (apply to any DI approach):
+- [ ] Classes depend on abstractions (interfaces), not concrete implementations at layer boundaries
+- [ ] Dependencies provided externally via constructor, DI framework, or provider graph — not created internally
+- [ ] Registration distinguishes lifetime: singleton vs factory vs lazy singleton
+- [ ] Environment-specific bindings (dev/staging/prod) use configuration, not runtime `if` checks
+- [ ] No circular dependencies in the DI graph
+- [ ] Service locator calls (if used) are not scattered throughout business logic
+
+---
+
+## 15. Static Analysis
+
+### Configuration:
+- [ ] `analysis_options.yaml` present with strict settings enabled
+- [ ] Strict analyzer settings: `strict-casts: true`, `strict-inference: true`, `strict-raw-types: true`
+- [ ] A comprehensive lint rule set is included (very_good_analysis, flutter_lints, or custom strict rules)
+- [ ] All sub-packages in monorepos inherit or share the root analysis options
+
+### Enforcement:
+- [ ] No unresolved analyzer warnings in committed code
+- [ ] Lint suppressions (`// ignore:`) are justified with comments explaining why
+- [ ] `flutter analyze` runs in CI and failures block merges
+
+### Key rules to verify regardless of lint package:
+- [ ] `prefer_const_constructors` — performance in widget trees
+- [ ] `avoid_print` — use proper logging
+- [ ] `unawaited_futures` — prevent fire-and-forget async bugs
+- [ ] `prefer_final_locals` — immutability at variable level
+- [ ] `always_declare_return_types` — explicit contracts
+- [ ] `avoid_catches_without_on_clauses` — specific error handling
+- [ ] `always_use_package_imports` — consistent import style
+
+---
+
+## State Management Quick Reference
+
+The table below maps universal principles to their implementation in popular solutions. Use this to adapt review rules to whichever solution the project uses.
+
+| Principle | BLoC/Cubit | Riverpod | Provider | GetX | MobX | Signals | Built-in |
+|-----------|-----------|----------|----------|------|------|---------|----------|
+| State container | `Bloc`/`Cubit` | `Notifier`/`AsyncNotifier` | `ChangeNotifier` | `GetxController` | `Store` | `signal()` | `StatefulWidget` |
+| UI consumer | `BlocBuilder` | `ConsumerWidget` | `Consumer` | `Obx`/`GetBuilder` | `Observer` | `Watch` | `setState` |
+| Selector | `BlocSelector`/`buildWhen` | `ref.watch(p.select(...))` | `Selector` | N/A | computed | `computed()` | N/A |
+| Side effects | `BlocListener` | `ref.listen` | `Consumer` callback | `ever()`/`once()` | `reaction` | `effect()` | callbacks |
+| Disposal | auto via `BlocProvider` | `.autoDispose` | auto via `Provider` | `onClose()` | `ReactionDisposer` | manual | `dispose()` |
+| Testing | `blocTest()` | `ProviderContainer` | `ChangeNotifier` directly | `Get.put` in test | store directly | signal directly | widget test |
+
+---
+
+## Sources
+
+- [Effective Dart: Style](https://dart.dev/effective-dart/style)
+- [Effective Dart: Usage](https://dart.dev/effective-dart/usage)
+- [Effective Dart: Design](https://dart.dev/effective-dart/design)
+- [Flutter Performance Best Practices](https://docs.flutter.dev/perf/best-practices)
+- [Flutter Testing Overview](https://docs.flutter.dev/testing/overview)
+- [Flutter Accessibility](https://docs.flutter.dev/ui/accessibility-and-internationalization/accessibility)
+- [Flutter Internationalization](https://docs.flutter.dev/ui/accessibility-and-internationalization/internationalization)
+- [Flutter Navigation and Routing](https://docs.flutter.dev/ui/navigation)
+- [Flutter Error Handling](https://docs.flutter.dev/testing/errors)
+- [Flutter State Management Options](https://docs.flutter.dev/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/options)

package/skills/foundation-models-on-device/SKILL.md

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+---
+name: foundation-models-on-device
+description: Apple FoundationModels framework for on-device LLM — text generation, guided generation with @Generable, tool calling, and snapshot streaming in iOS 26+.
+---
+
+# FoundationModels: On-Device LLM (iOS 26)
+
+Patterns for integrating Apple's on-device language model into apps using the FoundationModels framework. Covers text generation, structured output with `@Generable`, custom tool calling, and snapshot streaming — all running on-device for privacy and offline support.
+
+## When to Activate
+
+- Building AI-powered features using Apple Intelligence on-device
+- Generating or summarizing text without cloud dependency
+- Extracting structured data from natural language input
+- Implementing custom tool calling for domain-specific AI actions
+- Streaming structured responses for real-time UI updates
+- Need privacy-preserving AI (no data leaves the device)
+
+## Core Pattern — Availability Check
+
+Always check model availability before creating a session:
+
+```swift
+struct GenerativeView: View {
+    private var model = SystemLanguageModel.default
+
+    var body: some View {
+        switch model.availability {
+        case .available:
+            ContentView()
+        case .unavailable(.deviceNotEligible):
+            Text("Device not eligible for Apple Intelligence")
+        case .unavailable(.appleIntelligenceNotEnabled):
+            Text("Please enable Apple Intelligence in Settings")
+        case .unavailable(.modelNotReady):
+            Text("Model is downloading or not ready")
+        case .unavailable(let other):
+            Text("Model unavailable: \(other)")
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Core Pattern — Basic Session
+
+```swift
+// Single-turn: create a new session each time
+let session = LanguageModelSession()
+let response = try await session.respond(to: "What's a good month to visit Paris?")
+print(response.content)
+
+// Multi-turn: reuse session for conversation context
+let session = LanguageModelSession(instructions: """
+    You are a cooking assistant.
+    Provide recipe suggestions based on ingredients.
+    Keep suggestions brief and practical.
+    """)
+
+let first = try await session.respond(to: "I have chicken and rice")
+let followUp = try await session.respond(to: "What about a vegetarian option?")
+```
+
+Key points for instructions:
+- Define the model's role ("You are a mentor")
+- Specify what to do ("Help extract calendar events")
+- Set style preferences ("Respond as briefly as possible")
+- Add safety measures ("Respond with 'I can't help with that' for dangerous requests")
+
+## Core Pattern — Guided Generation with @Generable
+
+Generate structured Swift types instead of raw strings:
+
+### 1. Define a Generable Type
+
+```swift
+@Generable(description: "Basic profile information about a cat")
+struct CatProfile {
+    var name: String
+
+    @Guide(description: "The age of the cat", .range(0...20))
+    var age: Int
+
+    @Guide(description: "A one sentence profile about the cat's personality")
+    var profile: String
+}
+```
+
+### 2. Request Structured Output
+
+```swift
+let response = try await session.respond(
+    to: "Generate a cute rescue cat",
+    generating: CatProfile.self
+)
+
+// Access structured fields directly
+print("Name: \(response.content.name)")
+print("Age: \(response.content.age)")
+print("Profile: \(response.content.profile)")
+```
+
+### Supported @Guide Constraints
+
+- `.range(0...20)` — numeric range
+- `.count(3)` — array element count
+- `description:` — semantic guidance for generation
+
+## Core Pattern — Tool Calling
+
+Let the model invoke custom code for domain-specific tasks:
+
+### 1. Define a Tool
+
+```swift
+struct RecipeSearchTool: Tool {
+    let name = "recipe_search"
+    let description = "Search for recipes matching a given term and return a list of results."
+
+    @Generable
+    struct Arguments {
+        var searchTerm: String
+        var numberOfResults: Int
+    }
+
+    func call(arguments: Arguments) async throws -> ToolOutput {
+        let recipes = await searchRecipes(
+            term: arguments.searchTerm,
+            limit: arguments.numberOfResults
+        )
+        return .string(recipes.map { "- \($0.name): \($0.description)" }.joined(separator: "\n"))
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### 2. Create Session with Tools
+
+```swift
+let session = LanguageModelSession(tools: [RecipeSearchTool()])
+let response = try await session.respond(to: "Find me some pasta recipes")
+```
+
+### 3. Handle Tool Errors
+
+```swift
+do {
+    let answer = try await session.respond(to: "Find a recipe for tomato soup.")
+} catch let error as LanguageModelSession.ToolCallError {
+    print(error.tool.name)
+    if case .databaseIsEmpty = error.underlyingError as? RecipeSearchToolError {
+        // Handle specific tool error
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Core Pattern — Snapshot Streaming
+
+Stream structured responses for real-time UI with `PartiallyGenerated` types:
+
+```swift
+@Generable
+struct TripIdeas {
+    @Guide(description: "Ideas for upcoming trips")
+    var ideas: [String]
+}
+
+let stream = session.streamResponse(
+    to: "What are some exciting trip ideas?",
+    generating: TripIdeas.self
+)
+
+for try await partial in stream {
+    // partial: TripIdeas.PartiallyGenerated (all properties Optional)
+    print(partial)
+}
+```
+
+### SwiftUI Integration
+
+```swift
+@State private var partialResult: TripIdeas.PartiallyGenerated?
+@State private var errorMessage: String?
+
+var body: some View {
+    List {
+        ForEach(partialResult?.ideas ?? [], id: \.self) { idea in
+            Text(idea)
+        }
+    }
+    .overlay {
+        if let errorMessage { Text(errorMessage).foregroundStyle(.red) }
+    }
+    .task {
+        do {
+            let stream = session.streamResponse(to: prompt, generating: TripIdeas.self)
+            for try await partial in stream {
+                partialResult = partial
+            }
+        } catch {
+            errorMessage = error.localizedDescription
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Key Design Decisions
+
+| Decision | Rationale |
+|----------|-----------|
+| On-device execution | Privacy — no data leaves the device; works offline |
+| 4,096 token limit | On-device model constraint; chunk large data across sessions |
+| Snapshot streaming (not deltas) | Structured output friendly; each snapshot is a complete partial state |
+| `@Generable` macro | Compile-time safety for structured generation; auto-generates `PartiallyGenerated` type |
+| Single request per session | `isResponding` prevents concurrent requests; create multiple sessions if needed |
+| `response.content` (not `.output`) | Correct API — always access results via `.content` property |
+
+## Best Practices
+
+- **Always check `model.availability`** before creating a session — handle all unavailability cases
+- **Use `instructions`** to guide model behavior — they take priority over prompts
+- **Check `isResponding`** before sending a new request — sessions handle one request at a time
+- **Access `response.content`** for results — not `.output`
+- **Break large inputs into chunks** — 4,096 token limit applies to instructions + prompt + output combined
+- **Use `@Generable`** for structured output — stronger guarantees than parsing raw strings
+- **Use `GenerationOptions(temperature:)`** to tune creativity (higher = more creative)
+- **Monitor with Instruments** — use Xcode Instruments to profile request performance
+
+## Anti-Patterns to Avoid
+
+- Creating sessions without checking `model.availability` first
+- Sending inputs exceeding the 4,096 token context window
+- Attempting concurrent requests on a single session
+- Using `.output` instead of `.content` to access response data
+- Parsing raw string responses when `@Generable` structured output would work
+- Building complex multi-step logic in a single prompt — break into multiple focused prompts
+- Assuming the model is always available — device eligibility and settings vary
+
+## When to Use
+
+- On-device text generation for privacy-sensitive apps
+- Structured data extraction from user input (forms, natural language commands)
+- AI-assisted features that must work offline
+- Streaming UI that progressively shows generated content
+- Domain-specific AI actions via tool calling (search, compute, lookup)