@codehz/ecs 0.7.2 → 0.7.3

package/src/__tests__/entity/entity.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from "bun:test";
+import type { ComponentId, EntityId } from "../../entity";
+import {
+  component,
+  COMPONENT_ID_MAX,
+  ComponentIdAllocator,
+  createComponentId,
+  createEntityId,
+  decodeRelationId,
+  ENTITY_ID_START,
+  EntityIdManager,
+  getComponentIdByName,
+  getComponentNameById,
+  getComponentOptions,
+  getDetailedIdType,
+  getIdType,
+  inspectEntityId,
+  INVALID_COMPONENT_ID,
+  isCascadeDeleteComponent,
+  isComponentId,
+  isDontFragmentComponent,
+  isEntityId,
+  isExclusiveComponent,
+  isRelationId,
+  isWildcardRelationId,
+  relation,
+} from "../../entity";
+
+describe("Entity ID System", () => {
+  describe("Component IDs", () => {
+    it("should create valid component IDs", () => {
+      expect(createComponentId(1)).toBe(createComponentId(1));
+      expect(createComponentId(2)).toBe(createComponentId(2));
+      expect(createComponentId(COMPONENT_ID_MAX)).toBe(createComponentId(COMPONENT_ID_MAX));
+    });
+
+    it("should reject invalid component IDs", () => {
+      expect(() => createComponentId(0)).toThrow();
+      expect(() => createComponentId(-1)).toThrow();
+      expect(() => createComponentId(COMPONENT_ID_MAX + 1)).toThrow();
+    });
+
+    it("should identify component IDs correctly", () => {
+      expect(isComponentId(createComponentId(1))).toBe(true);
+      expect(isComponentId(createComponentId(2))).toBe(true);
+      expect(isComponentId(createComponentId(COMPONENT_ID_MAX))).toBe(true);
+      expect(isComponentId(createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START))).toBe(false);
+      expect(isComponentId(relation(createComponentId(1), createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START)))).toBe(false);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("Entity IDs", () => {
+    it("should create valid entity IDs", () => {
+      expect(createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START)).toBe(createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START));
+      expect(createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START + 1)).toBe(createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START + 1));
+      expect(createEntityId(10000)).toBe(createEntityId(10000));
+    });
+
+    it("should reject invalid entity IDs", () => {
+      expect(() => createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START - 1)).toThrow();
+      expect(() => createEntityId(0)).toThrow();
+    });
+
+    it("should identify entity IDs correctly", () => {
+      expect(isEntityId(createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START))).toBe(true);
+      expect(isEntityId(createEntityId(10000))).toBe(true);
+      expect(isEntityId(createComponentId(1))).toBe(false);
+      expect(isEntityId(relation(createComponentId(1), createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START)))).toBe(false);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("Relation IDs", () => {
+    it("should create valid relation IDs with entities", () => {
+      const compId = createComponentId(5);
+      const entId = createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START + 10);
+      const relationId = relation(compId, entId);
+
+      expect(relationId).toBeLessThan(0);
+      expect(isRelationId(relationId)).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it("should create valid relation IDs with components", () => {
+      const compId1 = createComponentId(5);
+      const compId2 = createComponentId(10);
+      const relationId = relation(compId1, compId2);
+
+      expect(relationId).toBeLessThan(0);
+      expect(isRelationId(relationId)).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it("should reject invalid relation creation", () => {
+      const entId = createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START);
+      expect(() => relation(1024 as ComponentId, entId)).toThrow(); // invalid component id
+      expect(() => relation(createComponentId(5), -1 as EntityId)).toThrow(); // invalid target id
+      expect(() => relation(createComponentId(5), relation(createComponentId(1), createEntityId(1025)))).toThrow(); // relation as target
+    });
+
+    it("should decode relation IDs with entities correctly", () => {
+      const compId = createComponentId(42);
+      const entId = createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START + 123);
+      const relationId = relation(compId, entId);
+
+      const decoded = decodeRelationId(relationId);
+      expect(decoded.componentId).toBe(compId);
+      expect(decoded.targetId).toBe(entId);
+      expect(decoded.type).toBe("entity");
+    });
+
+    it("should decode relation IDs with components correctly", () => {
+      const compId1 = createComponentId(42);
+      const compId2 = createComponentId(100);
+      const relationId = relation(compId1, compId2);
+
+      const decoded = decodeRelationId(relationId);
+      expect(decoded.componentId).toBe(compId1);
+      expect(decoded.targetId).toBe(compId2);
+      expect(decoded.type).toBe("component");
+    });
+
+    it("should create valid wildcard relation IDs", () => {
+      const compId = createComponentId(5);
+      const relationId = relation(compId, "*");
+
+      expect(relationId).toBeLessThan(0);
+      expect(isRelationId(relationId)).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it("should identify wildcard relation IDs correctly", () => {
+      const compId = createComponentId(5);
+      const wildcardRelationId = relation(compId, "*");
+      const entityRelationId = relation(compId, createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START));
+      const componentRelationId = relation(compId, createComponentId(10));
+      const entityId = createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START);
+      const componentId = createComponentId(1);
+
+      expect(isWildcardRelationId(wildcardRelationId)).toBe(true);
+      expect(isWildcardRelationId(entityRelationId)).toBe(false);
+      expect(isWildcardRelationId(componentRelationId)).toBe(false);
+      expect(isWildcardRelationId(entityId)).toBe(false);
+      expect(isWildcardRelationId(componentId)).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it("should decode wildcard relation IDs correctly", () => {
+      const compId = createComponentId(42);
+      const relationId = relation(compId, "*");
+
+      const decoded = decodeRelationId(relationId);
+      expect(decoded.componentId).toBe(compId);
+      expect(decoded.targetId).toBe(0 as EntityId);
+      expect(decoded.type).toBe("wildcard");
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("ID Type Detection", () => {
+    it("should correctly identify ID types", () => {
+      expect(getIdType(createComponentId(1))).toBe("component");
+      expect(getIdType(createComponentId(500))).toBe("component");
+      expect(getIdType(createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START))).toBe("entity");
+      expect(getIdType(createEntityId(10000))).toBe("entity");
+      expect(getIdType(relation(createComponentId(1), createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START)))).toBe("entity-relation");
+      expect(getIdType(relation(createComponentId(1), createComponentId(2)))).toBe("component-relation");
+      expect(getIdType(relation(createComponentId(1), "*"))).toBe("wildcard-relation");
+
+      // Invalid IDs
+      expect(getIdType(INVALID_COMPONENT_ID as EntityId)).toBe("invalid");
+      expect(getIdType(-999999 as EntityId)).toBe("invalid");
+    });
+
+    it("should provide detailed ID type information", () => {
+      // Component ID
+      const compResult = getDetailedIdType(createComponentId(42));
+      expect(compResult.type).toBe("component");
+      expect(compResult.componentId).toBeUndefined();
+      expect(compResult.targetId).toBeUndefined();
+
+      // Entity ID
+      const entityResult = getDetailedIdType(createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START + 100));
+      expect(entityResult.type).toBe("entity");
+      expect(entityResult.componentId).toBeUndefined();
+      expect(entityResult.targetId).toBeUndefined();
+
+      // Entity relation
+      const entityRelationId = relation(createComponentId(5), createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START + 200));
+      const entityRelationResult = getDetailedIdType(entityRelationId);
+      expect(entityRelationResult.type).toBe("entity-relation");
+      expect(entityRelationResult.componentId).toBe(createComponentId(5));
+      expect(entityRelationResult.targetId).toBe(createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START + 200));
+
+      // Component relation
+      const compRelationId = relation(createComponentId(10), createComponentId(20));
+      const compRelationResult = getDetailedIdType(compRelationId);
+      expect(compRelationResult.type).toBe("component-relation");
+      expect(compRelationResult.componentId).toBe(createComponentId(10));
+      expect(compRelationResult.targetId).toBe(createComponentId(20));
+
+      // Wildcard relation
+      const wildcardRelationId = relation(createComponentId(15), "*");
+      const wildcardRelationResult = getDetailedIdType(wildcardRelationId);
+      expect(wildcardRelationResult.type).toBe("wildcard-relation");
+      expect(wildcardRelationResult.componentId).toBe(createComponentId(15));
+      expect(wildcardRelationResult.targetId).toBe(0 as EntityId);
+
+      // Invalid IDs
+      const invalidResult = getDetailedIdType(INVALID_COMPONENT_ID as EntityId);
+      expect(invalidResult.type).toBe("invalid");
+      expect(invalidResult.componentId).toBeUndefined();
+      expect(invalidResult.targetId).toBeUndefined();
+
+      const invalidRelationResult = getDetailedIdType(-999999 as EntityId);
+      expect(invalidRelationResult.type).toBe("invalid");
+      expect(invalidRelationResult.componentId).toBeUndefined();
+      expect(invalidRelationResult.targetId).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("ID Inspection", () => {
+    it("should inspect invalid component ID", () => {
+      expect(inspectEntityId(INVALID_COMPONENT_ID as EntityId)).toBe("Invalid Component ID (0)");
+    });
+
+    it("should inspect component IDs", () => {
+      expect(inspectEntityId(createComponentId(1))).toBe("Component ID (1)");
+      expect(inspectEntityId(createComponentId(42))).toBe("Component ID (42)");
+      expect(inspectEntityId(createComponentId(COMPONENT_ID_MAX))).toBe(`Component ID (${COMPONENT_ID_MAX})`);
+    });
+
+    it("should inspect entity IDs", () => {
+      expect(inspectEntityId(createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START))).toBe(`Entity ID (${ENTITY_ID_START})`);
+      expect(inspectEntityId(createEntityId(10000))).toBe("Entity ID (10000)");
+    });
+
+    it("should inspect relation IDs with entities", () => {
+      const compId = createComponentId(5);
+      const entId = createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START + 10);
+      const relationId = relation(compId, entId);
+
+      expect(inspectEntityId(relationId)).toBe("Relation ID: Component ID (5) -> Entity ID (1034)");
+    });
+
+    it("should inspect relation IDs with components", () => {
+      const compId1 = createComponentId(10);
+      const compId2 = createComponentId(20);
+      const relationId = relation(compId1, compId2);
+
+      expect(inspectEntityId(relationId)).toBe("Relation ID: Component ID (10) -> Component ID (20)");
+    });
+
+    it("should handle invalid relation IDs gracefully", () => {
+      // Create an invalid relation ID that looks like a relation but has invalid components
+      const invalidRelationId = -999999 as EntityId;
+      expect(inspectEntityId(invalidRelationId)).toBe("Invalid Relation ID (-999999)");
+    });
+
+    it("should inspect wildcard relation IDs", () => {
+      const compId = createComponentId(15);
+      const relationId = relation(compId, "*");
+
+      expect(inspectEntityId(relationId)).toBe("Relation ID: Component ID (15) -> Wildcard (*)");
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("Bit Operations Safety", () => {
+    it("should handle large entity IDs within safe integer range", () => {
+      // 2^42 - 1 is within safe integer (2^53 - 1)
+      const largeEntityId = (1 << 42) - 1 + ENTITY_ID_START;
+      expect(Number.isSafeInteger(largeEntityId)).toBe(true);
+
+      const compId = createComponentId(1023);
+      const relationId = relation(compId, largeEntityId as EntityId);
+      expect(Number.isSafeInteger(relationId)).toBe(true);
+
+      const decoded = decodeRelationId(relationId);
+      expect(decoded.componentId).toBe(compId);
+      expect(decoded.targetId).toBe(largeEntityId as EntityId);
+      expect(decoded.type).toBe("entity");
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+describe("EntityIdManager", () => {
+  describe("Allocation", () => {
+    it("should allocate sequential entity IDs starting from ENTITY_ID_START", () => {
+      const manager = new EntityIdManager();
+      expect(manager.allocate()).toBe(createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START));
+      expect(manager.allocate()).toBe(createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START + 1));
+      expect(manager.allocate()).toBe(createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START + 2));
+    });
+
+    it("should reuse IDs from freelist before allocating new ones", () => {
+      const manager = new EntityIdManager();
+      manager.allocate(); // 1024
+      const id2 = manager.allocate(); // 1025
+      manager.allocate(); // 1026
+
+      manager.deallocate(id2);
+      expect(manager.allocate()).toBe(id2); // Should reuse 1025
+      expect(manager.allocate()).toBe(createEntityId(ENTITY_ID_START + 3)); // Then 1027
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("Deallocation", () => {
+    it("should add deallocated IDs to freelist", () => {
+      const manager = new EntityIdManager();
+      const id = manager.allocate();
+      expect(manager.getFreelistSize()).toBe(0);
+
+      manager.deallocate(id);
+      expect(manager.getFreelistSize()).toBe(1);
+    });
+
+    it("should reject deallocation of invalid entity IDs", () => {
+      const manager = new EntityIdManager();
+      expect(() => manager.deallocate(1000 as EntityId)).toThrow(); // Below ENTITY_ID_START
+      expect(() => manager.deallocate(createComponentId(5))).toThrow(); // Component ID
+      expect(() => manager.deallocate(relation(createComponentId(1), createEntityId(1025)))).toThrow(); // Relation ID
+    });
+
+    it("should reject deallocation of unallocated IDs", () => {
+      const manager = new EntityIdManager();
+      expect(() => manager.deallocate((ENTITY_ID_START + 100) as EntityId)).toThrow();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("Freelist Management", () => {
+    it("should maintain correct freelist size", () => {
+      const manager = new EntityIdManager();
+      const ids: EntityId[] = [];
+
+      // Allocate 5 IDs
+      for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+        ids.push(manager.allocate());
+      }
+      expect(manager.getFreelistSize()).toBe(0);
+
+      // Deallocate 3 IDs
+      manager.deallocate(ids[1]!);
+      manager.deallocate(ids[3]!);
+      manager.deallocate(ids[4]!);
+      expect(manager.getFreelistSize()).toBe(3);
+
+      // Allocate 2 more (should reuse)
+      manager.allocate(); // Reuse ids[1]
+      manager.allocate(); // Reuse ids[3]
+      expect(manager.getFreelistSize()).toBe(1); // ids[4] still in freelist
+    });
+
+    it("should handle multiple deallocate/allocate cycles", () => {
+      const manager = new EntityIdManager();
+      const allocated: EntityId[] = [];
+
+      // Allocate 10, deallocate all, allocate 10 again
+      for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+        allocated.push(manager.allocate());
+      }
+      allocated.forEach((id) => manager.deallocate(id));
+      expect(manager.getFreelistSize()).toBe(10);
+
+      const newAllocated: EntityId[] = [];
+      for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+        newAllocated.push(manager.allocate());
+      }
+      expect(manager.getFreelistSize()).toBe(0);
+      // Should have reused all previous IDs
+      expect(new Set(newAllocated)).toEqual(new Set(allocated));
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("Overflow Protection", () => {
+    it("should throw error on ID overflow", () => {
+      const manager = new EntityIdManager();
+      // Mock nextId to near max
+      (manager as any).nextId = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER - 1;
+      (manager as any).freelist.length = 0;
+
+      expect(() => manager.allocate()).toThrow("Entity ID overflow");
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+describe("ComponentIdManager", () => {
+  describe("Allocation", () => {
+    it("should allocate sequential component IDs starting from 1", () => {
+      const manager = new ComponentIdAllocator();
+      expect(manager.allocate()).toBe(createComponentId(1));
+      expect(manager.allocate()).toBe(createComponentId(2));
+      expect(manager.allocate()).toBe(createComponentId(3));
+    });
+
+    it("should allocate up to COMPONENT_ID_MAX", () => {
+      const manager = new ComponentIdAllocator();
+      for (let i = 1; i <= COMPONENT_ID_MAX; i++) {
+        expect(manager.allocate()).toBe(createComponentId(i));
+      }
+      expect(manager.hasAvailableIds()).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it("should throw error when exceeding maximum component IDs", () => {
+      const manager = new ComponentIdAllocator();
+      // Allocate all available IDs
+      for (let i = 1; i <= COMPONENT_ID_MAX; i++) {
+        manager.allocate();
+      }
+      expect(() => manager.allocate()).toThrow("Component ID overflow");
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("State Queries", () => {
+    it("should report correct next ID", () => {
+      const manager = new ComponentIdAllocator();
+      expect(manager.getNextId()).toBe(1);
+      manager.allocate();
+      expect(manager.getNextId()).toBe(2);
+      manager.allocate();
+      expect(manager.getNextId()).toBe(3);
+    });
+
+    it("should correctly report available IDs", () => {
+      const manager = new ComponentIdAllocator();
+      expect(manager.hasAvailableIds()).toBe(true);
+
+      // Allocate all but one
+      for (let i = 1; i < COMPONENT_ID_MAX; i++) {
+        manager.allocate();
+      }
+      expect(manager.hasAvailableIds()).toBe(true);
+
+      // Allocate the last one
+      manager.allocate();
+      expect(manager.hasAvailableIds()).toBe(false);
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+describe("Component Options", () => {
+  it("should store and retrieve component options", () => {
+    const exclusiveComp = component({ exclusive: true });
+    const cascadeComp = component({ cascadeDelete: true });
+    const bothComp = component({ exclusive: true, cascadeDelete: true });
+    const normalComp = component();
+
+    const exclusiveOpts = getComponentOptions(exclusiveComp);
+    expect(exclusiveOpts.exclusive).toBe(true);
+    expect(exclusiveOpts.cascadeDelete).toBe(undefined);
+
+    const cascadeOpts = getComponentOptions(cascadeComp);
+    expect(cascadeOpts.exclusive).toBe(undefined);
+    expect(cascadeOpts.cascadeDelete).toBe(true);
+
+    const bothOpts = getComponentOptions(bothComp);
+    expect(bothOpts.exclusive).toBe(true);
+    expect(bothOpts.cascadeDelete).toBe(true);
+
+    const normalOpts = getComponentOptions(normalComp);
+    expect(normalOpts.name).toBe(undefined);
+    expect(normalOpts.exclusive).toBe(undefined);
+    expect(normalOpts.cascadeDelete).toBe(undefined);
+    expect(normalOpts.dontFragment).toBe(undefined);
+  });
+
+  it("should support name in options object", () => {
+    const namedComp = component({ name: "TestComponent", exclusive: true });
+
+    const options = getComponentOptions(namedComp);
+    expect(options?.name).toBe("TestComponent");
+    expect(options?.exclusive).toBe(true);
+
+    expect(getComponentNameById(namedComp)).toBe("TestComponent");
+    expect(getComponentIdByName("TestComponent")).toBe(namedComp);
+  });
+
+  it("should check if component is exclusive", () => {
+    const exclusiveComp = component({ exclusive: true });
+    const normalComp = component();
+
+    expect(isExclusiveComponent(exclusiveComp)).toBe(true);
+    expect(isExclusiveComponent(normalComp)).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("should check if component is cascade delete", () => {
+    const cascadeComp = component({ cascadeDelete: true });
+    const normalComp = component();
+
+    expect(isCascadeDeleteComponent(cascadeComp)).toBe(true);
+    expect(isCascadeDeleteComponent(normalComp)).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("should check if component is dontFragment", () => {
+    const dontFragmentComp = component({ dontFragment: true });
+    const normalComp = component();
+
+    expect(isDontFragmentComponent(dontFragmentComp)).toBe(true);
+    expect(isDontFragmentComponent(normalComp)).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("should support cascadeDelete and dontFragment set simultaneously", () => {
+    const combinedComp = component({ cascadeDelete: true, dontFragment: true });
+
+    const options = getComponentOptions(combinedComp);
+    expect(options.cascadeDelete).toBe(true);
+    expect(options.dontFragment).toBe(true);
+
+    expect(isCascadeDeleteComponent(combinedComp)).toBe(true);
+    expect(isDontFragmentComponent(combinedComp)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it("should store and retrieve component merge callback", () => {
+    const merge = (prev: number[], next: number[]) => [...prev, ...next];
+    const mailboxComp = component<number[]>({ merge });
+
+    const options = getComponentOptions(mailboxComp);
+    expect(options.merge).toBeDefined();
+    expect(options.merge?.([1], [2, 3])).toEqual([1, 2, 3]);
+  });
+
+  it("should throw error for invalid component ID", () => {
+    expect(() => getComponentOptions(0 as ComponentId)).toThrow("Invalid component ID");
+    expect(() => getComponentOptions(1025 as ComponentId)).toThrow("Invalid component ID");
+    expect(() => getComponentOptions(-1 as ComponentId)).toThrow("Invalid component ID");
+  });
+});

package/src/__tests__/entity/id-manager.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from "bun:test";
+import { EntityIdManager } from "../../entity/manager";
+import type { EntityId } from "../../testing";
+
+describe("EntityIdManager", () => {
+  it("should allocate entity IDs sequentially", () => {
+    const manager = new EntityIdManager();
+
+    const id1 = manager.allocate();
+    const id2 = manager.allocate();
+    const id3 = manager.allocate();
+
+    // Entity IDs start at 1024
+    expect(Number(id1 as unknown as number)).toBe(1024);
+    expect(Number(id2 as unknown as number)).toBe(1025);
+    expect(Number(id3 as unknown as number)).toBe(1026);
+  });
+
+  it("should reuse freed entity IDs (LIFO)", () => {
+    const manager = new EntityIdManager();
+
+    const id1 = manager.allocate();
+    const id2 = manager.allocate();
+    const id3 = manager.allocate();
+
+    // Free in order
+    manager.deallocate(id1);
+    manager.deallocate(id2);
+    manager.deallocate(id3);
+
+    // Should reuse in LIFO order (last freed is first reused)
+    expect(manager.allocate()).toBe(id3);
+    expect(manager.allocate()).toBe(id2);
+    expect(manager.allocate()).toBe(id1);
+  });
+
+  it("should handle large number of allocations", () => {
+    const manager = new EntityIdManager();
+    const ids = new Set<number>();
+
+    // Allocate 10000 IDs
+    for (let i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
+      ids.add(manager.allocate());
+    }
+
+    expect(ids.size).toBe(10000);
+  });
+
+  it("should handle interleaved allocate and free", () => {
+    const manager = new EntityIdManager();
+    const allocated: number[] = [];
+
+    // Allocate some IDs
+    for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+      allocated.push(manager.allocate());
+    }
+
+    expect(manager.getFreelistSize()).toBe(0);
+
+    // Free every third ID
+    const toReuse = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < allocated.length; i += 3) {
+      manager.deallocate(allocated[i]! as EntityId<any>);
+      toReuse.push(allocated[i]!);
+    }
+
+    const freelistSize = manager.getFreelistSize();
+    expect(freelistSize).toBe(Math.ceil(allocated.length / 3));
+
+    // Allocate new IDs - should reuse freed ones
+    for (let i = 0; i < toReuse.length; i++) {
+      const newId = manager.allocate();
+      expect(toReuse).toContain(newId);
+    }
+
+    expect(manager.getFreelistSize()).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it("should maintain freelist as LIFO stack", () => {
+    const manager = new EntityIdManager();
+
+    const id1 = manager.allocate();
+    const id2 = manager.allocate();
+    const id3 = manager.allocate();
+
+    // Free in specific order
+    manager.deallocate(id1);
+    manager.deallocate(id2);
+    manager.deallocate(id3);
+
+    expect(manager.getFreelistSize()).toBe(3);
+
+    // Last freed (id3) should be popped first (LIFO)
+    const reused1 = manager.allocate();
+    expect(reused1).toBe(id3);
+
+    const reused2 = manager.allocate();
+    expect(reused2).toBe(id2);
+
+    const reused3 = manager.allocate();
+    expect(reused3).toBe(id1);
+
+    expect(manager.getFreelistSize()).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it("should throw when deallocating invalid entity ID", () => {
+    const manager = new EntityIdManager();
+    manager.allocate();
+
+    // Deallocating negative ID or ID that was never allocated
+    expect(() => manager.deallocate(0 as unknown as ReturnType<typeof manager.allocate>)).toThrow(
+      /valid entity|deallocate/i,
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("should serialize and deserialize state", () => {
+    const manager = new EntityIdManager();
+
+    const id1 = manager.allocate();
+    manager.allocate();
+
+    manager.deallocate(id1);
+
+    const state = manager.serializeState();
+    expect(state.nextId).toBe(1026);
+    expect(state.freelist).toContain(id1);
+
+    const newManager = new EntityIdManager();
+    newManager.deserializeState(state);
+
+    expect(newManager.getNextId()).toBe(1026);
+    expect(newManager.getFreelistSize()).toBe(1);
+
+    // Should reuse the freed ID
+    const reused = newManager.allocate();
+    expect(reused).toBe(id1);
+  });
+
+  it("should allocate new IDs after reusing freelist", () => {
+    const manager = new EntityIdManager();
+
+    const id1 = manager.allocate();
+    const id2 = manager.allocate();
+    manager.allocate();
+
+    manager.deallocate(id1);
+    manager.deallocate(id2);
+
+    // Reuse freed IDs
+    expect(manager.allocate()).toBe(id2);
+    expect(manager.allocate()).toBe(id1);
+
+    // Next allocation should be a new ID
+    const newId = manager.allocate();
+    expect(Number(newId as unknown as number)).toBe(1027);
+  });
+});