@code3d/core 0.0.1-alpha.0 → 0.0.1-alpha.11

package/docs/api.md

@@ -0,0 +1,764 @@
+---
+title: Modeling API
+description: A curated map of the public core modeling operations.
+sidebar:
+  order: 1
+---
+
+Import these functions from `@code3d/core`. The editor's TypeScript signatures
+provide exact overloads and inferred model interfaces.
+
+Types used by the authoring API are also exported, including generic constraints,
+named-element result types, and capability interfaces. Use `import type` from
+`@code3d/core` for types such as `ElementKind`, `ModelKind`, `ModelForKind`, `TopologyKind`,
+`NamedElements`, `ExposedElements`, `Bound`, and `TopologyId`. Replicad builder types such as `Shape3D`
+are available from `@code3d/core/replicad` alongside `definePrimitive`.
+
+## Solid primitives
+
+| Function                                     | Meaning                           |
+| -------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- |
+| `box(x, y, z)`                               | Box dimensions along X, Y, and Z  |
+| `cylinder(radius, y)`                        | Cylinder with its axis along Y    |
+| `sphere(radius)`                             | Sphere of the given radius        |
+| `frustum(bottomRadius, topRadius, y)`        | Truncated cone                    |
+| `regularPrism(radius, y, sides, rotation?)`  | Regular polygonal prism           |
+| `tube(outerRadius, innerRadius, y)`          | Straight tube with a through bore |
+| `coil(coilRadius, wireRadius, pitch, turns)` | Circular-wire coil along Y        |
+
+Tubes are centered on Y; the inner radius must be smaller than the outer
+radius. For coils, `coilRadius` is measured to the wire centerline and
+`pitch` is the advance per turn. Fractional turns are supported; the wire
+must fit inside the coil radius and neighboring turns must remain separated.
+Use [`@code3d/screws`](../../screws/docs/assembly.mdx) for standard fasteners and matching hole tools.
+
+To build a solid beyond these primitives, import `definePrimitive` and
+`replicad` from `@code3d/core/replicad`. See
+[custom primitives](custom-primitives.mdx) for a complete example.
+
+## Profiles and curves
+
+Planar profiles lie in the local XZ plane with a +Y normal.
+
+| Function                                   | Meaning                                      |
+| ------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------- |
+| `circle(radius)`                           | Circular face                                |
+| `ellipse(xRadius, zRadius)`                | Elliptical face                              |
+| `rectangle(x, z)`                          | Rectangular face                             |
+| `regularPolygon(radius, sides, rotation?)` | Regular polygonal face                       |
+| `point()` or `point([x, y, z])`            | Vertex model                                 |
+| `line([x, y, z])` or `line(start, end)`    | Straight edge                                |
+| `arc(start, middle, end)`                  | Arc through three points                     |
+| `bezier(points)`                           | Bézier curve                                 |
+| `spline(points)`                           | Interpolating spline                         |
+| `loft(sections, options?)`                 | Solid through sections; optional curve spine |
+| `extrude(faceOrFaces, distance)`           | Solid extruded along one face's local normal |
+
+See [local coordinates and placement](local-coordinates.md) for
+the coordinate frame of a model, reference, or composition.
+
+Position coordinates use arrays; dimensions, offsets and angles use scalar
+arguments. `point([x, y, z])` equals `point().originOffset(-x, -y, -z)`.
+`line([x, y, z])` starts at zero; the two-array form uses both supplied local
+endpoints. Curve tangents do not redefine the model's XYZ axes.
+
+Profiles and curves are model values that can be inspected and related to
+other models.
+
+Face models also support `face.extrude(distance)`. Both forms accept a finite,
+non-zero signed distance and preserve the starting face's coordinates. For an
+unrotated profile, positive distance extends along +Y; negative distance extends
+along −Y. Rotating the face rotates its extrusion direction; changing its origin
+does not recenter the result. The returned solid supports Boolean operations,
+fillets, chamfers, and shells. `extrude(faces, distance)` accepts a readonly array
+of profiles and returns a readonly array of solids in the same order, preserving
+each face's placement. An empty input returns `[]`; a single face still returns
+a single solid. Both overloads retain required TypeScript distances and use the
+same runtime default of 10 while editing.
+
+```ts
+import {circle, extrude, rectangle} from '@code3d/core';
+
+export const plate = rectangle(30, 20).extrude(3).fillet(0.5);
+export const pin = extrude(circle(2), -10);
+```
+
+## Measurements
+
+`distance(a, b, axis?)` returns a non-negative `number` from the models and
+relations available at the call. It accepts vertex, edge, face and solid models,
+non-empty groups, finite topology references, directional bounds, and point
+anchors such as `center`, `start` and exposed mounting points.
+
+| Axis                            | Result                                                                                      |
+| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| Omitted                         | Shortest distance between the actual finite geometries                                      |
+| `'x'`, `'y'`, `'z'`             | Gap between the geometries' projection intervals along a fixed solve-frame axis             |
+| `[x, y, z]`                     | The same projection gap along a finite, non-zero direction vector, normalized automatically |
+| Straight edge or axis reference | Projection gap along that reference's solved direction                                      |
+
+Intersecting or touching geometries have zero shortest distance, including a
+point inside a solid. A face measures its trimmed surface, including holes;
+it does not represent the volume enclosed by its parent solid. Projected intervals
+that overlap have zero gap, even if the geometries do not touch in space.
+Groups measure their actual members; their projected interval spans the full
+group, including spaces between disconnected members. Exchanging operands or
+reversing an axis does not change the non-negative result. An axis's position
+does not affect the measurement.
+
+Queries solve the inputs' existing relationship closure without requiring
+`group()`. Unrelated models use coincident origins and matching axes. String
+and vector axes belong to that common solve frame, not the camera or implicitly
+the first operand's local frame. A referenced axis carries its owning model's
+solved orientation. For a specific assembled occurrence, expose its geometry
+through the containing group and measure those references.
+
+```ts
+import {box, distance, group, offset} from '@code3d/core';
+
+const left = box(8, 30, 32);
+const right = box(8, 30, 32).relate(self => [
+  self.on(left.right),
+  offset(60, 0, 0),
+]);
+const length = distance(left.right, right.left, 'x');
+const beam = box(length, 10, 24).relate(self => self.on(left.right));
+export default group([left, right, beam]);
+```
+
+The result is an ordinary number. Later relations and derived model values do
+not update an earlier measurement, and no reverse dependency is solved. Arrange
+measurement and construction in source order; re-running the source computes
+fresh values. Relations returned by a `relate` callback are attached only after
+that callback returns. The query does not see constraints still being built in it.
+
+Infinite reference planes and axes cannot be distance operands: select a finite
+face or edge instead. A straight infinite axis is supported as the third argument.
+An empty group, zero direction or curved axis reports an error. Geometric query
+results reuse the shared computation cache; point-to-point measurements use
+ordinary arithmetic.
+
+Try the [fitted beam example](/examples/distance/) and
+[measurement workflow](relations.mdx#measure-before-building-a-part).
+
+## Independent placement transformations
+
+`relate` callbacks return a `Constraint`, a `Transformation`, or a readonly array of both.
+Independent constructors are `offset(x, y, z)`, `rotate(x, y, z)`,
+`pivot([x, y, z]).rotate(x, y, z)`, `pivotVertex(id).rotate(x, y, z)`,
+`pivotPoint(pointRef).rotate(x, y, z)`, `axisEdge(id).rotate(angle)`, and
+`axisLine(lineRef).rotate(angle)`. Values can be built in helper functions and reused.
+
+| Selector               | Reference                               |
+| ---------------------- | --------------------------------------- |
+| `pivot([x, y, z])`     | Coordinates in self                     |
+| `pivotVertex(id)`      | A vertex of self                        |
+| `pivotPoint(pointRef)` | A local or external point reference     |
+| `axisEdge(id)`         | A straight edge of self                 |
+| `axisLine(lineRef)`    | A local or external line/axis reference |
+
+Point references change the rotation center while retaining self's XYZ axes.
+External references use their owning model's solved placement in the composition.
+Curved edges do not define a rotation axis.
+
+Each independent transformation is one completed operation, with no further
+chaining methods. Use an array to combine steps: `[offset(0, 8, 0), rotate(0, 25, 0)]`.
+These five reference selectors return an unfinished selection with a
+`rotate` method; its result is again a completed transformation.
+Point selectors additionally accept one `pivotOffset(dx, dy, dz)`; axis selectors
+accept one `axisOffset(dx, dy, dz)`. The resulting selector only exposes `rotate`.
+Point offsets use self local axes. Axis offsets use the selected axis reference
+frame, retaining its direction. Both retain the original point/axis reference.
+
+Consecutive constraints form a joint solve segment. Transformations act after
+its result; a subsequent constraint starts another segment and inherits the
+previous pose in its free directions. Independent offset uses fixed composition
+axes; rotation defaults to the current self origin and local XYZ axes. See
+[the complete placement rules](relations.mdx#transform-a-joint-result).
+
+## Runtime defaults while editing
+
+The dimension-based primitives and numeric methods below keep their required TypeScript parameters,
+but their implementations supply defaults for omitted or `undefined` arguments.
+For example, `box()` previews a 10 × 10 × 10 box, while the editor still reports
+the missing arguments; `box(20)` previews 20 × 10 × 10. Finish the arguments to
+make the source type-correct. These defaults also apply in ordinary JavaScript
+execution and do not depend on the App.
+
+| Function         | Runtime defaults, in parameter order |
+| ---------------- | ------------------------------------ |
+| `box`            | `10, 10, 10`                         |
+| `cylinder`       | `5, 10`                              |
+| `sphere`         | `5`                                  |
+| `frustum`        | `5, 3, 10`                           |
+| `regularPrism`   | `5, 10, 6, 0`                        |
+| `tube`           | `5, 3, 10`                           |
+| `coil`           | `5, 1, 3, 3`                         |
+| `circle`         | `5`                                  |
+| `ellipse`        | `5, 3`                               |
+| `rectangle`      | `10, 10`                             |
+| `regularPolygon` | `5, 6, 0`                            |
+
+| Method or utility parameter                         | Runtime defaults |
+| --------------------------------------------------- | ---------------- |
+| Model/group `rotate` and independent/pivot `rotate` | `0, 0, 0`        |
+| Model/group `originOffset` and relation `offset`    | `0, 0, 0`        |
+| Relation `pivot`                                    | `[0, 0, 0]`      |
+| Selector `pivotOffset` and `axisOffset`             | `0, 0, 0`        |
+| `axisLine(axis).rotate`                             | `0`              |
+| Geometric model `scaled`                            | `1`              |
+| Face `extrude` and the `extrude` utility's distance | `10`             |
+| Solid `fillet`, `chamfer` and `shell`               | `1`              |
+
+For example, `box(20, 30, 40).rotate()` previews the unchanged body, and
+`.rotate(30)` previews a 30-degree X rotation. Their missing-angle diagnostics
+remain until all three arguments are supplied. Relation `offset()` translates
+self from the relation's solution in the target reference axes. Like explicit
+`offset(0, 0, 0)`, omitting its arguments preserves that solution and adds no
+tangential constraints. `pivot()` selects self's local origin. Geometry IDs, reference axes and input
+models still need explicit values.
+
+Explicit arguments remain subject to their normal validation: `box(0)`, for
+example, still reports an error. The parameter panel shows omitted defaults as
+placeholders and only writes arguments when you edit them. See
+[parameter defaults](../../web/src/content/docs/docs/guides/model-tools.mdx#describe-an-omitted-arguments-default).
+
+Spatial controls use the rendered operation's position and frame, so omitted
+arguments do not hide its translation arrows or rotation rings. Committing a
+drag fills all remaining omitted defaults in that call: dragging the X ring of
+`rotate()` writes `rotate(angle, 0, 0)`, and dragging `pivot()` writes all three
+coordinates. This also applies when editing an existing or upstream parameter.
+The parameter change and default completion form one undo step. Merely selecting a
+tool, cancelling a drag or returning to its starting value leaves the source
+unchanged. Existing editable expressions retain their normal editing behavior;
+opaque inputs such as `pivot(coords)` or `rotate(...angles)` are replaced with
+the current evaluated coordinates or angles when you commit the drag. Undo
+restores the original expression.
+
+## Editable sketch regions
+
+Select a `sketch([...])` expression or variable to preview its points and curves
+in 3D. Choose **Edit sketch** to open its 2D editor and **Finish sketch** to return
+to the shared 3D scene.
+Points, lines, circles and arcs use explicit layer-local entity IDs. `face()`
+requires exactly one closed region, including holes; `faces()` returns all regions
+as an ordinary readonly array. Use `map` for independent modeling operations:
+
+```ts
+import {sketch} from '@code3d/core';
+
+const profile = sketch([
+  ['point', 1, [0, 0]],
+  ['circle', 2, [1, 12]],
+  ['circle', 3, [1, 8]],
+]);
+const sleeve = profile.face().extrude(20);
+const parts = profile.faces().map(face => face.extrude(10));
+```
+
+Geometry tuples store current data; the second argument's `constraints` array
+specifies relations that must remain true. Constraints have no IDs and use
+`['kind', target, value?]`. For local lines:
+
+- `['horizontal', line]` and `['vertical', line]` set an axis direction;
+  `['length', line, distance]` sets a positive length.
+- `['angle', line, degrees]` sets Orientation relative to +X.
+- `['parallel', [line1, line2]]` and `['perpendicular', [line1, line2]]`
+  relate two lines without requiring their finite segments to intersect.
+- `['angle', [line1, line2], degrees]` sets Angle between lines: the signed
+  rotation from the first line's authored start-to-end direction to the second,
+  positive counterclockwise and equivalent modulo 360.
+
+In Select, an ordinary click or box selection replaces the selection, Ctrl
+toggles elements, and Shift only adds them. Drag a box left-to-right for fully
+enclosed geometry or right-to-left for intersecting geometry. A multi-selection
+can remove any editable local constraint on its elements, while adding one
+requires the entire selection to satisfy the tool's prerequisites. Parallel
+accepts two or more local lines and creates pairwise relations; Perpendicular
+and Angle between lines require exactly two. Rectangle tools still create
+horizontal and vertical constraints by default.
+
+Drag an arc endpoint to reshape it while preferring to keep its center in place.
+Drag a circle or arc center to move it while preferring to keep its radius
+unchanged. Hard constraints, expression-controlled values and read-only upstream
+geometry take precedence; these preferences can keep the dragged point from
+reaching the pointer. They apply only during the gesture and do not add persistent
+fixed or radius constraints. To change an editable radius, drag the curve itself
+or edit its source or dimension.
+After the gesture-specific preferences, all other points prefer staying near
+their gesture-start positions. This lowest-priority step only resolves remaining
+freedom: it does not pull back a translated shape, weaken hard constraints or
+add fixed-point constraints to the source.
+
+Derived sketches include their read-only upstream boundaries. Separate contours
+produce separate faces; nested contours alternate material, holes and islands.
+Open, crossing, touching, overlapping and branched boundaries must be trimmed into
+valid closed contours before creating faces. The editor leaves unfinished sketches
+editable and previews valid regions without changing entity IDs.
+
+Sketch `[x, y]` maps to model `[x, 0, -y]`, without recentering. `.extrude(distance)`
+and `extrude(face, distance)` are equivalent single-face operations. Distance must
+be finite and nonzero; positive follows the plane normal, negative reverses it.
+Rotating the face rotates its extrusion direction too.
+
+`loft` takes one face per section and preserves a single corresponding hole, with
+or without a spine. Different hole counts or multiple unpaired holes report an
+error rather than silently filling holes. Persistent region IDs and general
+multi-hole correspondence are not available yet. Try `examples/sketches/regions.ts`
+in the App for a plate, multiple cutting tools and a hollow loft.
+
+### Sketch placement and model context
+
+`sketch.relate(self => self.plane.align(target))` creates an immutable spatial
+copy of the same local 2D definition. Empty and open sketches can relate before
+`face()` is available. Targets include named model planes and planar
+`model.surface(id)` references.
+
+```ts
+const host = box(40, 20, 30).rotate(0, 0, 25);
+const profile = sketch([
+  ['point', 1, [0, 0]],
+  ['circle', 2, [1, 4]],
+]);
+const opening = profile.relate(s => s.plane.align(host.surface(4)));
+const result = host.cut([opening.face().extrude(-20)]);
+```
+
+Derived layers, faces and extrusion inherit these relations. Plane alignment does
+not center on a trimmed face or rewrite sketch coordinates. The relation binds
+the referenced immutable host value; later creating another transformed host does
+not redirect it. Use `align()`, not finite-bound `on()`, for the sketch's unbounded
+reference plane.
+
+Select `opening` and choose **Edit sketch** to edit with read-only model outlines in the sketch's
+local plane, or `profile` for the original local view. Both write the same geometry
+array. The outlines do not become snapping targets or external geometry constraints.
+See `examples/sketches/mounting-plate.ts` for a slotted plate. Create the relation
+in code; selecting a face does not automatically generate a related sketch.
+
+## Composition and boolean operations
+
+| Function               | Result                                        |
+| ---------------------- | --------------------------------------------- |
+| `group(models, name?)` | Composition that preserves its separate parts |
+| `union(solids)`        | Fused solid                                   |
+| `cut(stock, tools)`    | Stock with the tool volumes removed           |
+| `intersect(solids)`    | Shared solid volume                           |
+
+`group()` accepts a `readonly Model[]`, including ordinary groups, empty groups,
+and any depth of nested groups mixed with solids, faces, curves, or points. Each
+nested group keeps its hierarchy. No type assertion or `expose()` call is needed
+to compose it; use `expose()` when callers need named member references. Generic
+helpers can use `ModelCapabilities<Elements, Kind>` and `ModelForKind<Elements, Kind>`
+to preserve the concrete model kind and exposed members through chained calls.
+
+Relations are resolved at composition and geometry evaluation boundaries.
+`stock.cut(tools)` is equivalent to `cut(stock, tools)`. Arrays in booleans and
+loft describe the inputs of one operation; they do not automatically map it.
+`intersect()` requires a common solid volume across all inputs. Disjoint inputs
+or inputs that only touch produce a diagnostic rather than an empty solid.
+
+## Model operations
+
+Available operations depend on the kind of geometry. TypeScript completion
+shows which operations are supported by the value you hold.
+
+- `.fillet(radius, edgeIds?)`: round selected edges, or all edges.
+- `.chamfer(distance, edgeIds?)`: bevel selected edges, or all edges.
+- `.shell(thickness, removedSurfaceIds?)`: hollow one connected solid. Positive
+  thickness offsets inward; negative thickness offsets outward. Selected surfaces
+  become openings; omission or `[]` creates an enclosed cavity. See
+  [making hollow parts](shells.mdx).
+- `.scaled(factor)`: uniformly scale a geometric model about local coordinate zero.
+- `.material(value)`: replace the complete material with a native Three.js material
+  or a CSS color shorthand; a group overrides every descendant's material.
+- `.relate(self => constraint)` or `.relate(self => [first, second])`: attach
+  one or more relations for placement in a composition.
+- `.expose({name: element})`: publish a typed named-element interface.
+
+## Materials
+
+Use [`@code3d/materials`](../../materials/docs/presets.md) for common plastic, metal, glass,
+ceramic and paint presets, such as `.material(aluminum({finish: 'polished'}))`.
+Each preset returns a native Three.js material and follows the same rules below.
+
+```ts
+import {box} from '@code3d/core';
+import {MeshPhysicalMaterial} from '@code3d/core/three';
+
+const part = box(20, 10, 12).material(
+  new MeshPhysicalMaterial({
+    color: '#eb633e',
+    roughness: 0.25,
+    clearcoat: 1,
+  }),
+);
+```
+
+`@code3d/core/three` directly re-exports Core's native Three.js classes and types.
+Use this entry in the model and its reusable packages to share the same instance.
+Named imports and `import * as THREE from "@code3d/core/three"` both work in the
+App and Node. Each `.material(value)` call captures a
+complete material and its loaded texture pixels. It returns a new model;
+subsequent changes to the original Three.js instance do not change that model.
+Calling it again replaces everything, without merging fields. An outer group
+replaces the material throughout its subtree; original parts used elsewhere
+remain unchanged.
+
+Use mesh materials for solids and surfaces, line materials for curves, and
+`PointsMaterial` for vertices. Modeling emphasis uses preview copies; Render
+mode and PNG images use the authored material. Loaded image, canvas, ImageBitmap,
+data and cube textures are supported. Load images with `ImageBitmapLoader` in
+the worker before assignment. Native face UVs are normalized to 0–1 per face;
+texture `repeat`, `offset` and `rotation` control mapping. See
+`/examples/materials.ts` in the App.
+
+The transferable value follows Three.js's `toJSON()` / `MaterialLoader`
+representation. Custom classes, callbacks such as `onBeforeCompile`, live
+video/render-target textures, compressed/layered textures and manual mipmaps
+are rejected. Material-local clipping, shadow-side and precision overrides are
+not serialized by Three.js and are also rejected. Shader uniforms must be supported by Three.js JSON.
+
+A CSS string replaces the whole material with the geometry's default material.
+It accepts names, `#RGB`, `#RGBA`, `#RRGGBB`, `#RRGGBBAA`, `rgb(...)` and
+`rgba(...)`. `.material('#f008')` equals `.material('#ff000088')`;
+`.material('rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5)')` and `.material('rgb(100% 0% 0% / 50%)')`
+produce half-opaque red. Native materials use Three.js's `opacity` and
+`transparent` settings. STEP and 3MF preserve base color and opacity, while
+shaders and textures are rendered in PNG; STL contains geometry only.
+
+## Scaling
+
+Solids, faces, curves, and points support `.scaled(factor)`. The factor must be
+positive and finite. For example, `box(20, 8, 12).scaled(0.5)` returns a new box
+with dimensions 10, 4, and 6, leaving the original model unchanged.
+
+Scaling uses local coordinate zero even after an origin edit. Geometry, named
+anchors and the `center` anchor scale together; the model origin stays zero;
+topology IDs are preserved. Groups do not provide `.scaled()`; scale their
+geometric parts before composing them. To change only an exported file's unit
+conversion, use the [export scale](../../web/src/content/docs/docs/guides/exporting.md#scale-and-orientation).
+
+## Origins and rotation
+
+Every model, including groups, has a `frame: FrameAnchor` coordinate reference.
+`frame.origin: PointAnchor` references its zero point; `model.origin` returns
+that same reference. These references have no geometry and cannot be added as
+models to a group. A point model's geometry may be away from its own origin.
+
+`self.origin.align(other.origin)` constrains only position.
+`self.frame.align(other.frame)` constrains position and all three axis directions.
+Use `.frame` explicitly: aligning curves or surfaces still refers to their
+underlying geometry. Frames support `expose`, including `.origin` on the exposed
+frame, and retain their occurrence and transform through composition.
+
+All models provide `originPoint()`, `originOffset()` and `rotate()`. Solids, faces,
+curves and points additionally provide vertex/center selection:
+
+| Method                      | Behavior                                                      |
+| --------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `.originPoint(pointRef)`    | Set the origin to a point reference, including a group member |
+| `.originVertex(id)`         | Set the origin to an input-model vertex                       |
+| `.originCenter()`           | Set the origin to the model's center anchor                   |
+| `.originOffset(dx, dy, dz)` | Add a local-coordinate offset to the current origin           |
+| `.rotate(x, y, z)`          | Rotate about the origin, in degrees, fixed X then Y then Z    |
+
+The origin is always zero in model coordinates. `originOffset(dx, dy, dz)`
+re-expresses every local point as `p - [dx, dy, dz]`; offsets accumulate and can
+cancel. `originVertex` and `originCenter` make the selected point local zero.
+Geometry, named anchors and topology positions use the resulting coordinates;
+directions and topology IDs are preserved. Old model values remain unchanged.
+Rotation and scaling act about current local zero.
+
+Every geometric model exposes `center`: its initial local bounding-box center,
+carried along by subsequent transforms. Rotation does not recalculate it from
+the rotated shape's axis-aligned bounds. Origin edits change its coordinates;
+`.originCenter().originOffset(1, 0, 0)` leaves it at `[-1, 0, 0]`.
+A group inherits the first member's solved local coordinate frame, including
+its origin and axes, while preserving relative member placement. Nested groups
+keep their own frames; an empty group uses the default origin and axes. Member
+order can change the group's frame. Group origin
+edits move the entire assembly's local coordinates together; they preserve its
+internal relations. `rotate(x, y, z)` turns the solved assembly about its current
+origin, including nested instances. `originPoint(part.center)` resolves the member's actual
+placement; repeated sources need a specific instance reference. Groups do not
+have aggregate vertex IDs, a geometric center or scaling.
+See [group coordinates](local-coordinates.md#group-origins).
+
+For a runnable example and
+the vertex picker, origin arrows, and rotation rings, see
+[choosing an origin and rotating a part](origins-and-rotation.mdx).
+
+## Anchors and relations
+
+Solid primitives expose `center` and `axis`; every model provides directional
+bounds: `up` (+Y), `down` (−Y), `right` (+X), `left` (−X), `front` (+Z),
+and `back` (−Z), in that model's local frame.
+
+`geometry.on(target.up)` only translates. The source may be a model, point,
+edge, or surface; its own finite extent is measured along the target direction.
+Tangential position and orientation are preserved. Targets must be directional
+bounds. Infinite reference lines and planes cannot supply a finite source extent.
+
+Return an array from `relate()` to combine positional conditions. Inconsistent
+positions report a conflict. `offset(x, y, z)` translates self from the original
+solution in the target reference frame. Explicit zero changes nothing; use
+point or axis alignment for centering. `bound.flip()` reverses contact
+facing without changing geometry or reference axes.
+
+`relate` returns a new model, represented by its callback parameter `self`.
+Every returned constraint must involve that value, as in `self.on(base.up)`
+or `base.on(self.up)`. External variables keep their original identity, including
+the receiver of `relate`: `part.relate(self => self.on(part.right))` places a
+new part against the original. Select the new part's topology and rotation
+references through `self`; references selected from `part` belong to the original.
+
+`pointOrCurveOrSurface.align(target)` solves geometric position and orientation.
+Same-dimensional references coincide; a lower-dimensional reference lies on the
+whole supporting geometry of the other. Edges use their underlying curves and
+faces their underlying surfaces, ignoring trims and parameter origins. Supported
+types are points, straight lines, circles, ellipses, planes, cylinders, and
+spheres. Select a solid's center, axis, vertex, edge, or surface first.
+
+Curve–curve alignment is directed; `lineReference.reverse()` selects the opposite
+direction. Surface–surface alignment matches normal sense; `faceReference.flip()`
+selects the opposite facing. Neither changes the reference axes or geometry.
+Point membership ignores direction. Constraints expose no transformation methods.
+Place independent transformations after the constraints in the `relate` array:
+
+- `offset(x, y, z)`: move self along fixed composition axes.
+- `rotate(x, y, z)`: rotate around self's origin and local XYZ axes.
+- `pivot([x, y, z]).rotate(x, y, z)`: a pivot in self's local frame.
+- `pivotVertex(id).rotate(x, y, z)`: a vertex belonging to self.
+- `pivotPoint(pointRef).rotate(x, y, z)`: a local or external point.
+- `axisEdge(id).rotate(angle)`: a straight edge belonging to self.
+- `axisLine(lineRef).rotate(angle)`: a positioned local or external axis.
+
+Angles are degrees; XYZ rotations apply X, then Y, then Z. Pivot/axis selections
+must be completed with `rotate`. Consecutive constraints solve jointly, followed
+by transformations in array order. A later constraint starts a new segment from
+the preceding pose. Groups move their assembled children as rigid bodies.
+Standalone geometry is unchanged.
+
+## Topology
+
+- `.vertex(id)`, `.edge(id)`, `.surface(id)`: one point, line, or face anchor.
+- `.vertices(ids?)`, `.edges(ids?)`, `.surfaces(ids?)`: arrays of anchors.
+
+These topology references expose readonly `kind` (`vertex`, `edge`, or
+`surface`) and `id` properties. Use `model.edges().map(edge => edge.id)` to
+collect edge IDs for an operation on that model. Plain named anchors such as
+`model.up` do not have these topology properties.
+
+IDs are model-local. See [topology selection](topology.md) for
+selection behavior and derived-model identity.
+
+`TopologyId` (also used by `VertexId`, `EdgeId`, and `SurfaceId`) is a
+positive integer or a flat numeric source path. A loft cap can be selected with
+`body.surface([1, 1])`; a mixed selection uses an outer list, such as
+`body.surfaces([1, [1, 1], [2, 1]])`. Loft, extrusion and Boolean operations prefix
+one-to-one inherited IDs with the one-based input index. Local edits (`fillet`,
+`chamfer`, `shell`) preserve inherited IDs, including existing paths; their new
+or ambiguous elements receive fresh numbers without reusing retired IDs.
+Transforms preserve complete IDs.
+
+A surface can query its edges and vertices; an edge can query its vertices.
+These queries retain the source model's IDs and validate membership.
+`.center` is a transformed local bounding-box center; edges also provide
+`.start`, `.midpoint`, and `.end` at curve parameters 0, 0.5, and 1.
+Calculated points are anchors, not topology vertices.
+
+Model dimensions use a consistent coordinate scale. When
+[exporting](../../web/src/content/docs/docs/guides/exporting.md#scale-and-orientation), choose how many
+millimeters each model unit represents. This scales the output without changing
+the source model.
+
+## Cached computations
+
+```ts
+import {cache} from '@code3d/core';
+
+function buildProfile(radius: number, sides: number) {
+  return Array.from({length: sides}, (_, index) => {
+    const angle = (index * 2 * Math.PI) / sides;
+    return [radius * Math.cos(angle), radius * Math.sin(angle)];
+  });
+}
+const profile = cache(buildProfile);
+const points = cache(buildProfile, [10, 6]);
+```
+
+`cache(fn)` returns a memoized function; `cache(fn, args)` immediately returns
+its result for the supplied argument tuple. Both forms preserve synchronous
+parameter/result types and use the same definition and argument cache keys.
+In the example, `profile(10, 6)` reuses the same cached result as `points`. An empty tuple `[]` immediately invokes
+a computation with no arguments. The argument tuple is not part of the
+compiler's function fingerprint: changing inputs selects another cache entry.
+
+The API caches
+ordinary data; use `definePrimitive()` for Replicad geometry so Core also owns
+native resources and creates fresh model metadata. Treat cached results as
+immutable. A memory hit returns the retained computed or decoded value directly,
+without decoding, copying or freezing it.
+
+The default persistent codec supports plain objects, arrays, scalar values
+(including `undefined`, nonfinite numbers and bigint), Date, Map, Set, ArrayBuffer,
+standard TypedArrays and DataView. Shared references, cycles, sparse arrays and
+shared buffer views survive restoration. Arguments use the same data encoding;
+changing dynamic state must be supplied as arguments. Functions, native handles
+and application class instances are not ordinary data arguments.
+
+For custom result types, supply both functions as
+`cache(fn, undefined, {encoder: value => bytes, decoder: bytes => value})`.
+For immediate evaluation, use `cache(fn, args, options)` with the same codec options.
+The encoder runs when saving to disk; the decoder runs once when restoring an
+entry into memory. A subsequent memory hit never calls either codec. Async
+computations are excluded: incomplete work is not admitted to the cache.
+
+New results are written to disk only when their computation reaches the configured
+threshold, 1 ms by default. In the App, change **Disk cache threshold (ms)** under
+**Settings → Cache**; fractional values are supported and 0 removes the time
+threshold. Changes apply to new computations from the next model execution;
+existing entries retain their disk eligibility.
+Faster results still use the memory cache, and later memory hits do not promote
+them to disk. The computation timer excludes the surrounding cache lookup,
+argument hashing and persistence encoding. Batched snapshot queries use their
+local or Worker computation time, excluding input restoration and transport.
+Existing disk records remain readable; restoring a record preserves its disk
+eligibility.
+
+The model engine fingerprints static function definitions, their referenced
+local declarations, imported implementation graphs and codec definitions. Aliases
+and re-exports of Core cache factories are supported. Editing an unrelated local
+binding, moving a definition or adding/removing `export` preserves its identity;
+changing a referenced helper or dependency invalidates it. Functions supplied as parameters, dynamic factory results and closures capturing
+enclosing function/loop bindings use memory-only object identity.
+Outside the model engine, ordinary Node calls also use function object identity
+and share the process-wide memory LRU. Authors do not provide cache IDs or versions.
+
+Public cached computations, primitives, Core geometry, font parsing, glyph contours
+and snapshot queries share one cache. The memory budget remains 2 GiB; browser
+persistence shares the OPFS disk budget configured in App settings (2 GiB by default).
+Cancellation and exceptions retain completed entries and editing history.
+
+## Text
+
+```ts
+import {font, text, extrude, group} from '@code3d/core';
+
+const sans = font(new URL('./fonts/DejaVuSans.ttf', import.meta.url));
+const profiles = text('B8i', sans, 10);
+export const lettering = group(extrude(profiles, 1));
+```
+
+`font()` synchronously returns an immutable font resource. The App prepares literal
+`new URL('./font.ttf', import.meta.url)` assets before evaluating model code, including
+assets in imported modules. Changing the font file invalidates the resource; equal
+file contents reuse parsed fonts and geometry. Node reads file URLs directly.
+`font()` also accepts `ArrayBuffer` or `Uint8Array` bytes, captured at the call.
+The engine also prepares static HTTP(S) font URLs before model execution:
+
+```ts
+const remote = font(new URL('https://example.com/fonts/SomeFont.ttf'));
+const label = text('AV', remote, 10, {letterSpacing: 0.5, kerning: true});
+```
+
+Use a direct font-file URL whose server permits CORS access from the App. The URL
+must be a literal in `new URL(...)`, including when declared in an imported module;
+no `await` is needed in model code. The engine decodes remote WOFF2 files to SFNT
+before synchronous font parsing.
+
+Google Fonts can instead be selected by name:
+
+```ts
+import {googleFont, text, extrude, group} from '@code3d/core';
+
+const play = googleFont('Play');
+const medium = googleFont('Roboto', {weight: 450, italic: true});
+export default group(extrude(text('Hello', play, 10), 1));
+```
+
+`googleFont(family, options?)` synchronously returns a `Font`. Both `weight` and
+`italic` are optional. Omitted axes are omitted from the Google request, leaving
+the defaults to Google; explicit weights apply to variable fonts as well as static
+faces. The App prepares the CSS and all of its Unicode subsets before execution,
+then selects the appropriate subset for each character. No stylesheet is installed.
+The family and options must be literals or static `const` values, including imports,
+aliases, object properties and spreads. Computed calls are reported at their source.
+Large families such as Chinese fonts require downloading all returned subsets on
+the first use; changing the text subsequently reuses those font resources.
+
+Network resources use an engine-owned 64 MiB memory LRU and the shared OPFS disk
+journal, then the network. CSS, compressed font bytes and content-addressed decoded
+bytes are retained. The disk budget is the smaller of 1 GiB and 10% of the browser's
+origin quota, including compaction space, shared with geometry. Fresh resources
+need no request across edits or Worker/page restarts. Expired resources revalidate
+through the browser HTTP cache; `no-store` resources are not retained. Concurrent
+requests share one download. Failed or cancelled builds preserve completed resources;
+partial downloads are discarded and can retry. Without OPFS, memory caching remains.
+The active build's resource references are outside the historical memory limit.
+
+Parsed fonts are memory-only entries in the existing 2 GiB kernel cache budget.
+CSS interpretation, normalized glyph contours, B-Rep, bounds and meshes reuse the
+existing memory/disk artifact cache. Font contents and requested variations identify
+these artifacts; changing text position or spacing can reuse unchanged glyphs.
+HTTP resource records remain reusable when the geometry runtime changes.
+
+For computed URLs or Node execution outside the App engine, download TTF/OTF bytes
+first (decode WOFF2 before passing its bytes):
+
+```ts
+const response = await fetch(fontUrl);
+if (!response.ok) throw new Error(`Font download failed: ${response.status}`);
+const remote = font(await response.arrayBuffer());
+```
+
+TTF and OTF fonts are supported, including variable fonts and Chinese characters
+when present in the font. HarfBuzz supplies glyph outlines, advances, kerning and
+ligatures. Quadratic/cubic curves are preserved, and overlapping contours within
+a glyph use the non-zero fill rule. Font collections (TTC), color glyph rendering,
+full bidirectional/multiscript paragraph layout and multiline text are outside this
+API. Missing glyphs report an error. Empty text and spaces create no faces; spaces
+still advance subsequent characters.
+
+`text(content, font, size, options?)` requires the first three arguments and returns connected planar
+regions as ordinary readonly `FaceModel[]`: `B` has one face with two holes; `i` has
+two faces. Size is the font em in model units, not the cap height. Coordinates are
++X right, -Z up, normal +Y, with all faces retaining the same baseline origin.
+Faces are never individually centered,
+so `group(extrude(...))`, origin operations and boolean tools preserve the layout.
+Use positive/negative extrusion and `union`/`cut` for raised or engraved lettering.
+Text is currently code-defined geometry rather than an editable sketch entity.
+
+`options.letterSpacing` defaults to `0` and adds a finite distance in model units
+between laid-out glyphs, including spaces. Negative values tighten the text. The
+distance stays constant when size changes, and disconnected parts of one glyph move
+together. `options.kerning` defaults to `true`; set it to `false` to disable the
+font's pair adjustments. Extra letter spacing is added after kerning. Supported
+ligatures remain single glyphs for spacing purposes.
+
+## Geometry measurements
+
+`model.bounds(relativeTo?)` returns readonly `minimum`, `maximum` and `size`
+XYZ vectors for tight finite geometry bounds. By default it uses the model's
+own local frame. An explicit reference includes solved placement and nested
+member occurrences in that reference's frame. Empty groups have no finite
+bounds; a source occurring more than once in the reference is ambiguous.
+
+`model.position(relativeTo)` returns the model origin in the explicit reference's
+local frame. A model's origin in its own frame is always `[0, 0, 0]`, including
+point models whose geometry may be offset from that origin. Neither query
+changes the model or its placement. These methods are available on every model
+kind, including groups. As model members, `bounds` and `position` are reserved
+names and cannot be used as exposed element names.
+
+```ts
+import {box, group, offset} from '@code3d/core';
+
+const base = box(20, 4, 20);
+const part = box(8, 12, 4).relate(self => [self.on(base.up), offset(20, 0, 0)]);
+const size = part.bounds().size; // [8, 12, 4]
+const origin = part.position(base); // [20, 8, 0]
+const minimum = part.bounds(base).minimum; // [16, 2, -2]
+export default group([base, part]);
+```