@cloudflare/sandbox 0.2.4 → 0.3.0

package/container_src/isolation.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1039 @@
+/**
+ * Process Isolation
+ * 
+ * Implements PID namespace isolation to secure the sandbox environment.
+ * Executed commands run in isolated namespaces, preventing them from:
+ * - Seeing or killing control plane processes (Jupyter, Bun)
+ * - Accessing platform secrets in /proc
+ * - Hijacking control plane ports
+ * 
+ * ## Two-Process Architecture
+ * 
+ * Parent Process (Node.js) → Control Process (Node.js) → Isolated Shell (Bash)
+ * 
+ * The control process manages the isolated shell and handles all I/O through
+ * temp files instead of stdout/stderr parsing. This approach handles:
+ * - Binary data without corruption
+ * - Large outputs without buffer issues
+ * - Command output that might contain markers
+ * - Clean recovery when shell dies
+ * 
+ * ## Why file-based IPC?
+ * Initial marker-based parsing (UUID markers in stdout) had too many edge cases.
+ * File-based IPC reliably handles any output type.
+ * 
+ * Requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability (available in production).
+ * Falls back to regular execution in development.
+ */
+
+import { type ChildProcess, spawn } from 'node:child_process';
+import { randomBytes, randomUUID } from 'node:crypto';
+import * as path from 'node:path';
+import type { ExecEvent, ExecResult } from '../src/types';
+import type { ProcessRecord, ProcessStatus } from './types';
+
+// Configuration constants
+const CONFIG = {
+  // Timeouts (in milliseconds)
+  COMMAND_TIMEOUT_MS: 30000,        // 30 seconds for command execution
+  READY_TIMEOUT_MS: 5000,           // 5 seconds for control process to initialize
+  CLEANUP_INTERVAL_MS: 30000,       // Run cleanup every 30 seconds
+  TEMP_FILE_MAX_AGE_MS: 60000,      // Delete temp files older than 60 seconds
+  SHUTDOWN_GRACE_PERIOD_MS: 500,    // Grace period for cleanup on shutdown
+  
+  // Default paths
+  DEFAULT_CWD: '/workspace',
+  TEMP_DIR: '/tmp'
+} as const;
+
+// Types
+// Internal execution result from the isolated process
+export interface RawExecResult {
+  stdout: string;
+  stderr: string;
+  exitCode: number;
+}
+
+export interface SessionOptions {
+  id: string;
+  env?: Record<string, string>;
+  cwd?: string;
+  isolation?: boolean;
+}
+
+interface ControlMessage {
+  type: 'exec' | 'exec_stream' | 'exit';
+  id: string;
+  command?: string;
+  cwd?: string;
+}
+
+interface ControlResponse {
+  type: 'result' | 'error' | 'ready' | 'stream_event';
+  id: string;
+  stdout?: string;
+  stderr?: string;
+  exitCode?: number;
+  error?: string;
+  event?: ExecEvent;
+}
+
+// Cache the namespace support check
+let namespaceSupport: boolean | null = null;
+
+/**
+ * Check if PID namespace isolation is available (requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN).
+ * Returns true in production, false in typical development environments.
+ */
+export function hasNamespaceSupport(): boolean {
+  if (namespaceSupport !== null) {
+    return namespaceSupport;
+  }
+  
+  try {
+    // Actually test if unshare works
+    const { execSync } = require('node:child_process');
+    execSync('unshare --pid --fork --mount-proc true', { 
+      stdio: 'ignore',
+      timeout: 1000
+    });
+    console.log('[Isolation] Namespace support detected (CAP_SYS_ADMIN available)');
+    namespaceSupport = true;
+    return true;
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.log('[Isolation] No namespace support (CAP_SYS_ADMIN not available)');
+    namespaceSupport = false;
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Session with isolated command execution.
+ * Maintains state across commands within the session.
+ */
+export class Session {
+  private control: ChildProcess | null = null;
+  private ready = false;
+  private canIsolate: boolean;
+  private pendingCallbacks = new Map<string, {
+    resolve: (result: RawExecResult) => void;
+    reject: (error: Error) => void;
+    timeout: NodeJS.Timeout;
+  }>();
+  private processes = new Map<string, ProcessRecord>();  // Session-specific processes
+  
+  constructor(private options: SessionOptions) {
+    this.canIsolate = (options.isolation === true) && hasNamespaceSupport();
+    if (options.isolation === true && !this.canIsolate) {
+      console.log(`[Session] Isolation requested for '${options.id}' but not available`);
+    }
+  }
+  
+  async initialize(): Promise<void> {
+    // Use the proper TypeScript control process file
+    const controlProcessPath = path.join(__dirname, 'control-process.js');
+    
+    // Start control process with configuration via environment variables
+    this.control = spawn('node', [controlProcessPath], {
+      stdio: ['pipe', 'pipe', 'pipe'],
+      env: {
+        ...process.env,
+        SESSION_ID: this.options.id,
+        SESSION_CWD: this.options.cwd || CONFIG.DEFAULT_CWD,
+        SESSION_ISOLATED: this.canIsolate ? '1' : '0',
+        COMMAND_TIMEOUT_MS: String(CONFIG.COMMAND_TIMEOUT_MS),
+        CLEANUP_INTERVAL_MS: String(CONFIG.CLEANUP_INTERVAL_MS),
+        TEMP_FILE_MAX_AGE_MS: String(CONFIG.TEMP_FILE_MAX_AGE_MS),
+        TEMP_DIR: CONFIG.TEMP_DIR,
+        ...this.options.env
+      }
+    });
+    
+    // Handle control process output
+    this.control.stdout?.on('data', (data: Buffer) => {
+      const lines = data.toString().split('\n');
+      for (const line of lines) {
+        if (!line.trim()) continue;
+        try {
+          const msg: ControlResponse = JSON.parse(line);
+          this.handleControlMessage(msg);
+        } catch (e) {
+          console.error(`[Session] Failed to parse control message: ${line}`);
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    
+    // Handle control process errors
+    this.control.stderr?.on('data', (data: Buffer) => {
+      console.error(`[Session] Control stderr for '${this.options.id}': ${data.toString()}`);
+    });
+    
+    this.control.on('error', (error) => {
+      console.error(`[Session] Control process error for '${this.options.id}':`, error);
+      this.cleanup(error);
+    });
+    
+    this.control.on('exit', (code) => {
+      console.log(`[Session] Control process exited for '${this.options.id}' with code ${code}`);
+      this.cleanup(new Error(`Control process exited with code ${code}`));
+    });
+    
+    // Wait for ready signal
+    await this.waitForReady();
+    
+    console.log(`[Session] Session '${this.options.id}' initialized successfully`);
+  }
+  
+  
+  private waitForReady(): Promise<void> {
+    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      const timeout = setTimeout(() => {
+        reject(new Error('Control process initialization timeout'));
+      }, CONFIG.READY_TIMEOUT_MS);
+      
+      const checkReady = (msg: ControlResponse) => {
+        if (msg.type === 'ready' && msg.id === 'init') {
+          clearTimeout(timeout);
+          this.ready = true;
+          resolve();
+        }
+      };
+      
+      // Temporarily store the ready handler
+      const originalHandler = this.handleControlMessage;
+      this.handleControlMessage = (msg) => {
+        checkReady(msg);
+        originalHandler.call(this, msg);
+      };
+    });
+  }
+  
+  private handleControlMessage(msg: ControlResponse): void {
+    if (msg.type === 'ready' && msg.id === 'init') {
+      this.ready = true;
+      return;
+    }
+    
+    const callback = this.pendingCallbacks.get(msg.id);
+    if (!callback) return;
+    
+    clearTimeout(callback.timeout);
+    this.pendingCallbacks.delete(msg.id);
+    
+    if (msg.type === 'error') {
+      callback.reject(new Error(msg.error || 'Unknown error'));
+    } else if (msg.type === 'result') {
+      callback.resolve({
+        stdout: msg.stdout || '',
+        stderr: msg.stderr || '',
+        exitCode: msg.exitCode || 0
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  
+  private cleanup(error?: Error): void {
+    // Reject all pending callbacks
+    for (const [id, callback] of this.pendingCallbacks) {
+      clearTimeout(callback.timeout);
+      callback.reject(error || new Error('Session terminated'));
+    }
+    this.pendingCallbacks.clear();
+    
+    // Kill control process if still running
+    if (this.control && !this.control.killed) {
+      this.control.kill('SIGTERM');
+    }
+    
+    this.control = null;
+    this.ready = false;
+  }
+  
+  async exec(command: string, options?: { cwd?: string }): Promise<ExecResult> {
+    if (!this.ready || !this.control) {
+      throw new Error(`Session '${this.options.id}' not initialized`);
+    }
+    
+    // Validate cwd if provided - must be absolute path
+    if (options?.cwd) {
+      if (!options.cwd.startsWith('/')) {
+        throw new Error(`cwd must be an absolute path starting with '/', got: ${options.cwd}`);
+      }
+    }
+    
+    const id = randomUUID();
+    const startTime = Date.now();
+    
+    return new Promise<RawExecResult>((resolve, reject) => {
+      // Set up timeout
+      const timeout = setTimeout(() => {
+        this.pendingCallbacks.delete(id);
+        reject(new Error(`Command timeout: ${command}`));
+      }, CONFIG.COMMAND_TIMEOUT_MS);
+      
+      // Store callback
+      this.pendingCallbacks.set(id, { resolve, reject, timeout });
+      
+      // Send command to control process with cwd override
+      const msg: ControlMessage = { 
+        type: 'exec', 
+        id, 
+        command,
+        cwd: options?.cwd // Pass through cwd override if provided
+      };
+      this.control!.stdin?.write(`${JSON.stringify(msg)}\n`);
+    }).then(raw => ({
+      ...raw,
+      success: raw.exitCode === 0,
+      command,
+      duration: Date.now() - startTime,
+      timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
+    }));
+  }
+
+  async *execStream(command: string, options?: { cwd?: string }): AsyncGenerator<ExecEvent> {
+    if (!this.ready || !this.control) {
+      throw new Error(`Session '${this.options.id}' not initialized`);
+    }
+    
+    // Validate cwd if provided - must be absolute path
+    if (options?.cwd) {
+      if (!options.cwd.startsWith('/')) {
+        throw new Error(`cwd must be an absolute path starting with '/', got: ${options.cwd}`);
+      }
+    }
+    
+    const id = randomUUID();
+    const timestamp = new Date().toISOString();
+    
+    // Yield start event
+    yield {
+      type: 'start',
+      timestamp,
+      command,
+    };
+    
+    // Set up streaming callback handling
+    const streamingCallbacks = new Map<string, {
+      resolve: () => void;
+      reject: (error: Error) => void;
+      events: ExecEvent[];
+      complete: boolean;
+    }>();
+    
+    // Temporarily override message handling to capture streaming events
+    const originalHandler = this.control!.stdout?.listeners('data')[0];
+    
+    const streamHandler = (data: Buffer) => {
+      const lines = data.toString().split('\n');
+      for (const line of lines) {
+        if (!line.trim()) continue;
+        try {
+          const msg: any = JSON.parse(line);
+          if (msg.type === 'stream_event' && msg.id === id) {
+            const callback = streamingCallbacks.get(id);
+            if (callback) {
+              callback.events.push(msg.event);
+              if (msg.event.type === 'complete' || msg.event.type === 'error') {
+                callback.complete = true;
+                callback.resolve();
+              }
+            }
+          } else {
+            // Pass through other messages to original handler
+            originalHandler?.(data);
+          }
+        } catch (e) {
+          console.error(`[Session] Failed to parse stream message: ${line}`);
+        }
+      }
+    };
+    
+    try {
+      // Set up promise for completion
+      const streamPromise = new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+        streamingCallbacks.set(id, {
+          resolve,
+          reject,
+          events: [],
+          complete: false
+        });
+        
+        // Set up timeout
+        setTimeout(() => {
+          const callback = streamingCallbacks.get(id);
+          if (callback && !callback.complete) {
+            streamingCallbacks.delete(id);
+            reject(new Error(`Stream timeout: ${command}`));
+          }
+        }, CONFIG.COMMAND_TIMEOUT_MS);
+      });
+      
+      // Replace stdout handler temporarily
+      this.control!.stdout?.off('data', originalHandler as any);
+      this.control!.stdout?.on('data', streamHandler);
+      
+      // Send streaming exec command to control process
+      const msg: ControlMessage = { 
+        type: 'exec_stream', 
+        id, 
+        command,
+        cwd: options?.cwd // Pass through cwd override if provided
+      };
+      this.control!.stdin?.write(`${JSON.stringify(msg)}\n`);
+      
+      // Yield events as they come in
+      const callback = streamingCallbacks.get(id)!;
+      let lastEventIndex = 0;
+      
+      while (!callback.complete) {
+        // Yield any new events
+        while (lastEventIndex < callback.events.length) {
+          yield callback.events[lastEventIndex];
+          lastEventIndex++;
+        }
+        
+        // Wait a bit before checking again
+        await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 10));
+      }
+      
+      // Yield any remaining events
+      while (lastEventIndex < callback.events.length) {
+        yield callback.events[lastEventIndex];
+        lastEventIndex++;
+      }
+      
+      await streamPromise;
+      
+    } catch (error) {
+      yield {
+        type: 'error',
+        timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
+        command,
+        error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+      };
+    } finally {
+      // Restore original handler
+      this.control!.stdout?.off('data', streamHandler);
+      if (originalHandler) {
+        this.control!.stdout?.on('data', originalHandler as any);
+      }
+      streamingCallbacks.delete(id);
+    }
+  }
+  
+  // File Operations - Execute as shell commands to inherit session context
+  async writeFileOperation(path: string, content: string, encoding: string = 'utf-8'): Promise<{ success: boolean; exitCode: number; path: string }> {
+    // Escape content for safe heredoc usage
+    const safeContent = content.replace(/'/g, "'\\''");
+    
+    // Create parent directory if needed, then write file using heredoc
+    const command = `mkdir -p "$(dirname "${path}")" && cat > "${path}" << 'SANDBOX_EOF'
+${safeContent}
+SANDBOX_EOF`;
+    
+    const result = await this.exec(command);
+    
+    return {
+      success: result.exitCode === 0,
+      exitCode: result.exitCode,
+      path
+    };
+  }
+
+  async readFileOperation(path: string, encoding: string = 'utf-8'): Promise<{ success: boolean; exitCode: number; content: string; path: string }> {
+    const command = `cat "${path}"`;
+    const result = await this.exec(command);
+    
+    return {
+      success: result.exitCode === 0,
+      exitCode: result.exitCode,
+      content: result.stdout,
+      path
+    };
+  }
+
+  async mkdirOperation(path: string, recursive: boolean = false): Promise<{ success: boolean; exitCode: number; path: string; recursive: boolean }> {
+    const command = recursive ? `mkdir -p "${path}"` : `mkdir "${path}"`;
+    const result = await this.exec(command);
+    
+    return {
+      success: result.exitCode === 0,
+      exitCode: result.exitCode,
+      path,
+      recursive
+    };
+  }
+
+  async deleteFileOperation(path: string): Promise<{ success: boolean; exitCode: number; path: string }> {
+    const command = `rm "${path}"`;
+    const result = await this.exec(command);
+    
+    return {
+      success: result.exitCode === 0,
+      exitCode: result.exitCode,
+      path
+    };
+  }
+
+  async renameFileOperation(oldPath: string, newPath: string): Promise<{ success: boolean; exitCode: number; oldPath: string; newPath: string }> {
+    const command = `mv "${oldPath}" "${newPath}"`;
+    const result = await this.exec(command);
+    
+    return {
+      success: result.exitCode === 0,
+      exitCode: result.exitCode,
+      oldPath,
+      newPath
+    };
+  }
+
+  async moveFileOperation(sourcePath: string, destinationPath: string): Promise<{ success: boolean; exitCode: number; sourcePath: string; destinationPath: string }> {
+    const command = `mv "${sourcePath}" "${destinationPath}"`;
+    const result = await this.exec(command);
+    
+    return {
+      success: result.exitCode === 0,
+      exitCode: result.exitCode,
+      sourcePath,
+      destinationPath
+    };
+  }
+
+  async listFilesOperation(path: string, options?: { recursive?: boolean; includeHidden?: boolean }): Promise<{ success: boolean; exitCode: number; files: any[]; path: string }> {
+    // Build ls command with appropriate flags
+    let lsFlags = '-la'; // Long format with all files (including hidden)
+    if (!options?.includeHidden) {
+      lsFlags = '-l'; // Long format without hidden files  
+    }
+    if (options?.recursive) {
+      lsFlags += 'R'; // Recursive
+    }
+    
+    const command = `ls ${lsFlags} "${path}" 2>/dev/null || echo "DIRECTORY_NOT_FOUND"`;
+    const result = await this.exec(command);
+    
+    if (result.stdout.includes('DIRECTORY_NOT_FOUND')) {
+      return {
+        success: false,
+        exitCode: 1,
+        files: [],
+        path
+      };
+    }
+    
+    // Parse ls output into structured file data
+    const files = this.parseLsOutput(result.stdout, path);
+    
+    return {
+      success: result.exitCode === 0,
+      exitCode: result.exitCode,
+      files,
+      path
+    };
+  }
+
+  private parseLsOutput(lsOutput: string, basePath: string): any[] {
+    const lines = lsOutput.split('\n').filter(line => line.trim());
+    const files: any[] = [];
+    
+    for (const line of lines) {
+      // Skip total line and empty lines
+      if (line.startsWith('total') || !line.trim()) continue;
+      
+      // Parse ls -l format: permissions, links, user, group, size, date, name
+      const match = line.match(/^([-dlrwx]+)\s+\d+\s+\S+\s+\S+\s+(\d+)\s+(\S+\s+\d+\s+[\d:]+)\s+(.+)$/);
+      if (!match) continue;
+      
+      const [, permissions, size, dateStr, name] = match;
+      
+      // Determine file type from first character of permissions
+      let type: 'file' | 'directory' | 'symlink' | 'other' = 'file';
+      if (permissions.startsWith('d')) type = 'directory';
+      else if (permissions.startsWith('l')) type = 'symlink';
+      else if (!permissions.startsWith('-')) type = 'other';
+      
+      // Extract permission booleans for user (first 3 chars after type indicator)
+      const userPerms = permissions.substring(1, 4);
+      
+      files.push({
+        name,
+        absolutePath: `${basePath}/${name}`,
+        relativePath: name,
+        type,
+        size: parseInt(size),
+        modifiedAt: dateStr, // Simplified date parsing
+        mode: permissions,
+        permissions: {
+          readable: userPerms[0] === 'r',
+          writable: userPerms[1] === 'w', 
+          executable: userPerms[2] === 'x'
+        }
+      });
+    }
+    
+    return files;
+  }
+
+  // Process Management Methods
+  
+  async startProcess(command: string, options?: {
+    processId?: string;
+    timeout?: number;
+    env?: Record<string, string>;
+    cwd?: string;
+    encoding?: string;
+    autoCleanup?: boolean;
+  }): Promise<ProcessRecord> {
+    // Validate cwd if provided - must be absolute path
+    if (options?.cwd) {
+      if (!options.cwd.startsWith('/')) {
+        throw new Error(`cwd must be an absolute path starting with '/', got: ${options.cwd}`);
+      }
+    }
+    
+    const processId = options?.processId || `proc_${Date.now()}_${randomBytes(6).toString('hex')}`;
+    
+    // Check if process ID already exists in this session
+    if (this.processes.has(processId)) {
+      throw new Error(`Process already exists in session: ${processId}`);
+    }
+    
+    console.log(`[Session ${this.options.id}] Starting process: ${command} (ID: ${processId})`);
+    
+    // Create separate temp files for stdout and stderr
+    const stdoutFile = `/tmp/proc_${processId}.stdout`;
+    const stderrFile = `/tmp/proc_${processId}.stderr`;
+    
+    // Create process record
+    const processRecord: ProcessRecord = {
+      id: processId,
+      command,
+      status: 'starting',
+      startTime: new Date(),
+      stdout: '',
+      stderr: '',
+      outputListeners: new Set(),
+      statusListeners: new Set()
+    };
+    
+    this.processes.set(processId, processRecord);
+    
+    // Start the process in background with nohup
+    // Keep stdout and stderr separate
+    const backgroundCommand = `nohup ${command} > ${stdoutFile} 2> ${stderrFile} & echo $!`;
+    
+    try {
+      // Execute the background command and get PID directly
+      const result = await this.exec(backgroundCommand, { cwd: options?.cwd });
+      const pid = parseInt(result.stdout.trim(), 10);
+      
+      if (Number.isNaN(pid)) {
+        throw new Error(`Failed to get process PID from output: ${result.stdout}`);
+      }
+      
+      processRecord.pid = pid;
+      processRecord.status = 'running';
+      
+      // Store the output file paths for later retrieval
+      processRecord.stdoutFile = stdoutFile;
+      processRecord.stderrFile = stderrFile;
+      
+      console.log(`[Session ${this.options.id}] Process ${processId} started with PID ${pid}`);
+      
+    } catch (error) {
+      processRecord.status = 'error';
+      processRecord.endTime = new Date();
+      processRecord.stderr = `Failed to start process: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)}`;
+      
+      // Notify status listeners
+      for (const listener of processRecord.statusListeners) {
+        listener('error');
+      }
+      
+      // Clean up temp files
+      this.exec(`rm -f ${stdoutFile} ${stderrFile}`).catch(() => {});
+      
+      throw error;
+    }
+    
+    return processRecord;
+  }
+  
+  // Check and update process status on-demand
+  private async updateProcessStatus(processRecord: ProcessRecord): Promise<void> {
+    if (!processRecord.pid || processRecord.status !== 'running') {
+      return; // Nothing to check
+    }
+    
+    try {
+      // Check if process is still running (kill -0 just checks, doesn't actually kill)
+      const checkResult = await this.exec(`kill -0 ${processRecord.pid} 2>/dev/null && echo "running" || echo "stopped"`);
+      const isRunning = checkResult.stdout.trim() === 'running';
+      
+      if (!isRunning) {
+        // Process has stopped
+        processRecord.status = 'completed';
+        processRecord.endTime = new Date();
+        
+        // Try to get exit status from wait (may not work if process already reaped)
+        try {
+          const waitResult = await this.exec(`wait ${processRecord.pid} 2>/dev/null; echo $?`);
+          const exitCode = parseInt(waitResult.stdout.trim(), 10);
+          if (!Number.isNaN(exitCode)) {
+            processRecord.exitCode = exitCode;
+            if (exitCode !== 0) {
+              processRecord.status = 'failed';
+            }
+          }
+        } catch {
+          // Can't get exit code, that's okay
+        }
+        
+        // Read final output if not already cached
+        if ((processRecord.stdoutFile || processRecord.stderrFile) && (!processRecord.stdout && !processRecord.stderr)) {
+          await this.updateProcessLogs(processRecord);
+        }
+        
+        // Notify status listeners
+        for (const listener of processRecord.statusListeners) {
+          listener(processRecord.status);
+        }
+        
+        console.log(`[Session ${this.options.id}] Process ${processRecord.id} completed with status: ${processRecord.status}`);
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(`[Session ${this.options.id}] Error checking process ${processRecord.id} status:`, error);
+    }
+  }
+  
+  // Update process logs from output files
+  private async updateProcessLogs(processRecord: ProcessRecord): Promise<void> {
+    if (!processRecord.stdoutFile && !processRecord.stderrFile) {
+      return;
+    }
+    
+    try {
+      // Read stdout
+      if (processRecord.stdoutFile) {
+        const result = await this.exec(`cat ${processRecord.stdoutFile} 2>/dev/null || true`);
+        const newStdout = result.stdout;
+        
+        // Check if there's new stdout
+        if (newStdout.length > processRecord.stdout.length) {
+          const delta = newStdout.substring(processRecord.stdout.length);
+          processRecord.stdout = newStdout;
+          
+          // Notify output listeners if any
+          for (const listener of processRecord.outputListeners) {
+            listener('stdout', delta);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      
+      // Read stderr
+      if (processRecord.stderrFile) {
+        const result = await this.exec(`cat ${processRecord.stderrFile} 2>/dev/null || true`);
+        const newStderr = result.stdout; // Note: reading stderr file content from result.stdout
+        
+        // Check if there's new stderr
+        if (newStderr.length > processRecord.stderr.length) {
+          const delta = newStderr.substring(processRecord.stderr.length);
+          processRecord.stderr = newStderr;
+          
+          // Notify output listeners if any
+          for (const listener of processRecord.outputListeners) {
+            listener('stderr', delta);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(`[Session ${this.options.id}] Error reading process ${processRecord.id} logs:`, error);
+    }
+  }
+  
+  async getProcess(processId: string): Promise<ProcessRecord | undefined> {
+    const process = this.processes.get(processId);
+    if (process) {
+      // Update status before returning
+      await this.updateProcessStatus(process);
+    }
+    return process;
+  }
+  
+  async listProcesses(): Promise<ProcessRecord[]> {
+    const processes = Array.from(this.processes.values());
+    
+    // Update status for all running processes
+    for (const process of processes) {
+      if (process.status === 'running') {
+        await this.updateProcessStatus(process);
+      }
+    }
+    
+    return processes;
+  }
+  
+  async killProcess(processId: string): Promise<boolean> {
+    const process = this.processes.get(processId);
+    if (!process) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    
+    // Stop monitoring first
+    this.stopProcessMonitoring(process);
+    
+    // Only try to kill if process is running
+    if (process.pid && (process.status === 'running' || process.status === 'starting')) {
+      try {
+        // Send SIGTERM to the process
+        await this.exec(`kill ${process.pid} 2>/dev/null || true`);
+        console.log(`[Session ${this.options.id}] Sent SIGTERM to process ${processId} (PID: ${process.pid})`);
+        
+        // Give it a moment to terminate gracefully (500ms), then force kill if needed
+        await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 500));
+        
+        // Check if still running and force kill if needed
+        const checkResult = await this.exec(`kill -0 ${process.pid} 2>/dev/null && echo "running" || echo "stopped"`);
+        if (checkResult.stdout.trim() === 'running') {
+          await this.exec(`kill -9 ${process.pid} 2>/dev/null || true`);
+          console.log(`[Session ${this.options.id}] Force killed process ${processId} (PID: ${process.pid})`);
+        }
+      } catch (error) {
+        console.error(`[Session ${this.options.id}] Error killing process ${processId}:`, error);
+      }
+      
+      process.status = 'killed';
+      process.endTime = new Date();
+      
+      // Read final output before cleanup
+      if (process.stdoutFile || process.stderrFile) {
+        await this.updateProcessLogs(process);
+      }
+      
+      // Notify status listeners
+      for (const listener of process.statusListeners) {
+        listener('killed');
+      }
+      
+      // Clean up temp files
+      if (process.stdoutFile || process.stderrFile) {
+        this.exec(`rm -f ${process.stdoutFile} ${process.stderrFile}`).catch(() => {});
+      }
+      
+      return true;
+    }
+    
+    // Process not running, just update status
+    if (process.status === 'running' || process.status === 'starting') {
+      process.status = 'killed';
+      process.endTime = new Date();
+      
+      // Notify status listeners
+      for (const listener of process.statusListeners) {
+        listener('killed');
+      }
+    }
+    
+    return true;
+  }
+  
+  async killAllProcesses(): Promise<number> {
+    let killedCount = 0;
+    for (const [id, _] of this.processes) {
+      if (await this.killProcess(id)) {
+        killedCount++;
+      }
+    }
+    return killedCount;
+  }
+  
+  // Get process logs (updates from files if needed)
+  async getProcessLogs(processId: string): Promise<{ stdout: string; stderr: string }> {
+    const process = this.processes.get(processId);
+    if (!process) {
+      throw new Error(`Process not found: ${processId}`);
+    }
+    
+    // Update logs from files
+    if (process.stdoutFile || process.stderrFile) {
+      await this.updateProcessLogs(process);
+    }
+    
+    // Return current logs
+    return {
+      stdout: process.stdout,
+      stderr: process.stderr
+    };
+  }
+  
+  // Start monitoring a process for output changes
+  startProcessMonitoring(processRecord: ProcessRecord): void {
+    // Don't monitor if already monitoring or process not running
+    if (processRecord.monitoringInterval || processRecord.status !== 'running') {
+      return;
+    }
+    
+    console.log(`[Session ${this.options.id}] Starting monitoring for process ${processRecord.id}`);
+    
+    // Poll every 100ms for near real-time updates
+    processRecord.monitoringInterval = setInterval(async () => {
+      // Stop monitoring if no listeners or process not running
+      if (processRecord.outputListeners.size === 0 || processRecord.status !== 'running') {
+        this.stopProcessMonitoring(processRecord);
+        return;
+      }
+      
+      // Update logs from temp files (this will notify listeners if there's new content)
+      await this.updateProcessLogs(processRecord);
+      
+      // Also check if process is still running
+      await this.updateProcessStatus(processRecord);
+    }, 100);
+  }
+  
+  // Stop monitoring a process
+  stopProcessMonitoring(processRecord: ProcessRecord): void {
+    if (processRecord.monitoringInterval) {
+      console.log(`[Session ${this.options.id}] Stopping monitoring for process ${processRecord.id}`);
+      clearInterval(processRecord.monitoringInterval);
+      processRecord.monitoringInterval = undefined;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async destroy(): Promise<void> {
+    // Stop all monitoring intervals first
+    for (const process of this.processes.values()) {
+      this.stopProcessMonitoring(process);
+    }
+    
+    // Kill all processes
+    await this.killAllProcesses();
+    
+    // Clean up all temp files
+    for (const [id, process] of this.processes) {
+      if (process.stdoutFile || process.stderrFile) {
+        await this.exec(`rm -f ${process.stdoutFile} ${process.stderrFile}`).catch(() => {});
+      }
+    }
+    
+    if (this.control) {
+      // Send exit command
+      const msg: ControlMessage = { type: 'exit', id: 'destroy' };
+      this.control.stdin?.write(`${JSON.stringify(msg)}\n`);
+      
+      // Give it a moment to exit cleanly
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        if (this.control && !this.control.killed) {
+          this.control.kill('SIGTERM');
+        }
+      }, 100);
+      
+      this.cleanup();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Manages isolated sessions for command execution.
+ * Each session maintains its own state (pwd, env vars, processes).
+ */
+export class SessionManager {
+  private sessions = new Map<string, Session>();
+  
+  async createSession(options: SessionOptions): Promise<Session> {
+    // Validate cwd if provided - must be absolute path
+    if (options.cwd) {
+      if (!options.cwd.startsWith('/')) {
+        throw new Error(`cwd must be an absolute path starting with '/', got: ${options.cwd}`);
+      }
+    }
+    
+    // Clean up existing session with same name
+    const existing = this.sessions.get(options.id);
+    if (existing) {
+      existing.destroy();
+    }
+    
+    // Create new session
+    const session = new Session(options);
+    await session.initialize();
+    
+    this.sessions.set(options.id, session);
+    console.log(`[SessionManager] Created session '${options.id}'`);
+    return session;
+  }
+  
+  getSession(id: string): Session | undefined {
+    return this.sessions.get(id);
+  }
+  
+  listSessions(): string[] {
+    return Array.from(this.sessions.keys());
+  }
+
+  // Helper to get or create default session - reduces duplication
+  async getOrCreateDefaultSession(): Promise<Session> {
+    let defaultSession = this.sessions.get('default');
+    if (!defaultSession) {
+      defaultSession = await this.createSession({ 
+        id: 'default',
+        cwd: '/workspace', // Consistent default working directory
+        isolation: true 
+      });
+    }
+    return defaultSession;
+  }
+  
+  async exec(command: string, options?: { cwd?: string }): Promise<ExecResult> {
+    const defaultSession = await this.getOrCreateDefaultSession();
+    return defaultSession.exec(command, options);
+  }
+  
+  async *execStream(command: string, options?: { cwd?: string }): AsyncGenerator<ExecEvent> {
+    const defaultSession = await this.getOrCreateDefaultSession();
+    yield* defaultSession.execStream(command, options);
+  }
+
+  // File Operations - Clean method names following existing pattern
+  async writeFile(path: string, content: string, encoding?: string): Promise<{ success: boolean; exitCode: number; path: string }> {
+    const defaultSession = await this.getOrCreateDefaultSession();
+    return defaultSession.writeFileOperation(path, content, encoding);
+  }
+
+  async readFile(path: string, encoding?: string): Promise<{ success: boolean; exitCode: number; content: string; path: string }> {
+    const defaultSession = await this.getOrCreateDefaultSession();
+    return defaultSession.readFileOperation(path, encoding);
+  }
+
+  async mkdir(path: string, recursive?: boolean): Promise<{ success: boolean; exitCode: number; path: string; recursive: boolean }> {
+    const defaultSession = await this.getOrCreateDefaultSession();
+    return defaultSession.mkdirOperation(path, recursive);
+  }
+
+  async deleteFile(path: string): Promise<{ success: boolean; exitCode: number; path: string }> {
+    const defaultSession = await this.getOrCreateDefaultSession();
+    return defaultSession.deleteFileOperation(path);
+  }
+
+  async renameFile(oldPath: string, newPath: string): Promise<{ success: boolean; exitCode: number; oldPath: string; newPath: string }> {
+    const defaultSession = await this.getOrCreateDefaultSession();
+    return defaultSession.renameFileOperation(oldPath, newPath);
+  }
+
+  async moveFile(sourcePath: string, destinationPath: string): Promise<{ success: boolean; exitCode: number; sourcePath: string; destinationPath: string }> {
+    const defaultSession = await this.getOrCreateDefaultSession();
+    return defaultSession.moveFileOperation(sourcePath, destinationPath);
+  }
+
+  async listFiles(path: string, options?: { recursive?: boolean; includeHidden?: boolean }): Promise<{ success: boolean; exitCode: number; files: any[]; path: string }> {
+    const defaultSession = await this.getOrCreateDefaultSession();
+    return defaultSession.listFilesOperation(path, options);
+  }
+  
+  async destroyAll(): Promise<void> {
+    for (const session of this.sessions.values()) {
+      await session.destroy();
+    }
+    this.sessions.clear();
+  }
+}