@cloudflare/sandbox 0.0.0-444d2da → 0.0.0-4572082

package/src/sandbox.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,916 @@
+import type { DurableObject } from 'cloudflare:workers';
+import { Container, getContainer } from "@cloudflare/containers";
+import type {
+  CodeContext,
+  CreateContextOptions,
+  ExecEvent,
+  ExecOptions,
+  ExecResult,
+  ExecutionResult,
+  ExecutionSession,
+  ISandbox,
+  Process,
+  ProcessOptions,
+  ProcessStatus,
+  RunCodeOptions,
+  SessionOptions,
+  StreamOptions
+} from "@repo/shared";
+import { createLogger, runWithLogger, TraceContext } from "@repo/shared";
+import { type ExecuteResponse, SandboxClient } from "./clients";
+import type { ErrorResponse } from './errors';
+import { CustomDomainRequiredError, ErrorCode } from './errors';
+import { CodeInterpreter } from "./interpreter";
+import { isLocalhostPattern } from "./request-handler";
+import {
+  SecurityError,
+  sanitizeSandboxId,
+  validatePort
+} from "./security";
+import { parseSSEStream } from "./sse-parser";
+
+export function getSandbox(ns: DurableObjectNamespace<Sandbox>, id: string, options?: {
+  baseUrl: string
+}) {
+  const stub = getContainer(ns, id);
+
+  // Store the name on first access
+  stub.setSandboxName?.(id);
+
+  if(options?.baseUrl) {
+    stub.setBaseUrl(options.baseUrl);
+  }
+
+  return stub;
+}
+
+export class Sandbox<Env = unknown> extends Container<Env> implements ISandbox {
+  defaultPort = 3000; // Default port for the container's Bun server
+  sleepAfter = "3m"; // Sleep the sandbox if no requests are made in this timeframe
+
+  client: SandboxClient;
+  private codeInterpreter: CodeInterpreter;
+  private sandboxName: string | null = null;
+  private baseUrl: string | null = null;
+  private portTokens: Map<number, string> = new Map();
+  private defaultSession: string | null = null;
+  envVars: Record<string, string> = {};
+  private logger: ReturnType<typeof createLogger>;
+
+  constructor(ctx: DurableObject['ctx'], env: Env) {
+    super(ctx, env);
+
+    const envObj = env as any;
+    // Set sandbox environment variables from env object
+    const sandboxEnvKeys = ['SANDBOX_LOG_LEVEL', 'SANDBOX_LOG_FORMAT'] as const;
+    sandboxEnvKeys.forEach(key => {
+      if (envObj?.[key]) {
+        this.envVars[key] = envObj[key];
+      }
+    });
+
+    this.logger = createLogger({
+      component: 'sandbox-do',
+      sandboxId: this.ctx.id.toString()
+    });
+
+    this.client = new SandboxClient({
+      logger: this.logger,
+      port: 3000, // Control plane port
+      stub: this,
+    });
+
+    // Initialize code interpreter - pass 'this' after client is ready
+    // The CodeInterpreter extracts client.interpreter from the sandbox
+    this.codeInterpreter = new CodeInterpreter(this);
+
+    // Load the sandbox name and port tokens from storage on initialization
+    this.ctx.blockConcurrencyWhile(async () => {
+      this.sandboxName = await this.ctx.storage.get<string>('sandboxName') || null;
+      const storedTokens = await this.ctx.storage.get<Record<string, string>>('portTokens') || {};
+
+      // Convert stored tokens back to Map
+      this.portTokens = new Map();
+      for (const [portStr, token] of Object.entries(storedTokens)) {
+        this.portTokens.set(parseInt(portStr, 10), token);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  // RPC method to set the sandbox name
+  async setSandboxName(name: string): Promise<void> {
+    if (!this.sandboxName) {
+      this.sandboxName = name;
+      await this.ctx.storage.put('sandboxName', name);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // RPC method to set the base URL
+  async setBaseUrl(baseUrl: string): Promise<void> {
+    if (!this.baseUrl) {
+      this.baseUrl = baseUrl;
+      await this.ctx.storage.put('baseUrl', baseUrl);
+    } else {
+      if(this.baseUrl !== baseUrl) {
+        throw new Error('Base URL already set and different from one previously provided');
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // RPC method to set environment variables
+  async setEnvVars(envVars: Record<string, string>): Promise<void> {
+    // Update local state for new sessions
+    this.envVars = { ...this.envVars, ...envVars };
+
+    // If default session already exists, update it directly
+    if (this.defaultSession) {
+      // Set environment variables by executing export commands in the existing session
+      for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(envVars)) {
+        const escapedValue = value.replace(/'/g, "'\\''");
+        const exportCommand = `export ${key}='${escapedValue}'`;
+
+        const result = await this.client.commands.execute(exportCommand, this.defaultSession);
+
+        if (result.exitCode !== 0) {
+          throw new Error(`Failed to set ${key}: ${result.stderr || 'Unknown error'}`);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Cleanup and destroy the sandbox container
+   */
+  override async destroy(): Promise<void> {
+    this.logger.info('Destroying sandbox container');
+    await super.destroy();
+  }
+
+  override onStart() {
+    this.logger.debug('Sandbox started');
+  }
+
+  override onStop() {
+    this.logger.debug('Sandbox stopped');
+  }
+
+  override onError(error: unknown) {
+    this.logger.error('Sandbox error', error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)));
+  }
+
+  // Override fetch to route internal container requests to appropriate ports
+  override async fetch(request: Request): Promise<Response> {
+    // Extract or generate trace ID from request
+    const traceId = TraceContext.fromHeaders(request.headers) || TraceContext.generate();
+
+    // Create request-specific logger with trace ID
+    const requestLogger = this.logger.child({ traceId, operation: 'fetch' });
+
+    return await runWithLogger(requestLogger, async () => {
+      const url = new URL(request.url);
+
+      // Capture and store the sandbox name from the header if present
+      if (!this.sandboxName && request.headers.has('X-Sandbox-Name')) {
+        const name = request.headers.get('X-Sandbox-Name')!;
+        this.sandboxName = name;
+        await this.ctx.storage.put('sandboxName', name);
+      }
+
+      // Determine which port to route to
+      const port = this.determinePort(url);
+
+      // Route to the appropriate port
+      return await this.containerFetch(request, port);
+    });
+  }
+
+  private determinePort(url: URL): number {
+    // Extract port from proxy requests (e.g., /proxy/8080/*)
+    const proxyMatch = url.pathname.match(/^\/proxy\/(\d+)/);
+    if (proxyMatch) {
+      return parseInt(proxyMatch[1], 10);
+    }
+
+    // All other requests go to control plane on port 3000
+    // This includes /api/* endpoints and any other control requests
+    return 3000;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Ensure default session exists - lazy initialization
+   * This is called automatically by all public methods that need a session
+   */
+  private async ensureDefaultSession(): Promise<string> {
+    if (!this.defaultSession) {
+      const sessionId = `sandbox-${this.sandboxName || 'default'}`;
+
+      // Create session in container
+      await this.client.utils.createSession({
+        id: sessionId,
+        env: this.envVars || {},
+        cwd: '/workspace',
+      });
+
+      this.defaultSession = sessionId;
+      this.logger.debug('Default session initialized', { sessionId });
+    }
+    return this.defaultSession;
+  }
+
+  // Enhanced exec method - always returns ExecResult with optional streaming
+  // This replaces the old exec method to match ISandbox interface
+  async exec(command: string, options?: ExecOptions): Promise<ExecResult> {
+    const session = await this.ensureDefaultSession();
+    return this.execWithSession(command, session, options);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Internal session-aware exec implementation
+   * Used by both public exec() and session wrappers
+   */
+  private async execWithSession(
+    command: string,
+    sessionId: string,
+    options?: ExecOptions
+  ): Promise<ExecResult> {
+    const startTime = Date.now();
+    const timestamp = new Date().toISOString();
+
+    // Handle timeout
+    let timeoutId: NodeJS.Timeout | undefined;
+
+    try {
+      // Handle cancellation
+      if (options?.signal?.aborted) {
+        throw new Error('Operation was aborted');
+      }
+
+      let result: ExecResult;
+
+      if (options?.stream && options?.onOutput) {
+        // Streaming with callbacks - we need to collect the final result
+        result = await this.executeWithStreaming(command, sessionId, options, startTime, timestamp);
+      } else {
+        // Regular execution with session
+        const response = await this.client.commands.execute(command, sessionId);
+
+        const duration = Date.now() - startTime;
+        result = this.mapExecuteResponseToExecResult(response, duration, sessionId);
+      }
+
+      // Call completion callback if provided
+      if (options?.onComplete) {
+        options.onComplete(result);
+      }
+
+      return result;
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (options?.onError && error instanceof Error) {
+        options.onError(error);
+      }
+      throw error;
+    } finally {
+      if (timeoutId) {
+        clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async executeWithStreaming(
+    command: string,
+    sessionId: string,
+    options: ExecOptions,
+    startTime: number,
+    timestamp: string
+  ): Promise<ExecResult> {
+    let stdout = '';
+    let stderr = '';
+
+    try {
+      const stream = await this.client.commands.executeStream(command, sessionId);
+
+      for await (const event of parseSSEStream<ExecEvent>(stream)) {
+        // Check for cancellation
+        if (options.signal?.aborted) {
+          throw new Error('Operation was aborted');
+        }
+
+        switch (event.type) {
+          case 'stdout':
+          case 'stderr':
+            if (event.data) {
+              // Update accumulated output
+              if (event.type === 'stdout') stdout += event.data;
+              if (event.type === 'stderr') stderr += event.data;
+
+              // Call user's callback
+              if (options.onOutput) {
+                options.onOutput(event.type, event.data);
+              }
+            }
+            break;
+
+          case 'complete': {
+            // Use result from complete event if available
+            const duration = Date.now() - startTime;
+            return {
+              success: (event.exitCode ?? 0) === 0,
+              exitCode: event.exitCode ?? 0,
+              stdout,
+              stderr,
+              command,
+              duration,
+              timestamp,
+              sessionId
+            };
+          }
+
+          case 'error':
+            throw new Error(event.data || 'Command execution failed');
+        }
+      }
+
+      // If we get here without a complete event, something went wrong
+      throw new Error('Stream ended without completion event');
+
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (options.signal?.aborted) {
+        throw new Error('Operation was aborted');
+      }
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private mapExecuteResponseToExecResult(
+    response: ExecuteResponse,
+    duration: number,
+    sessionId?: string
+  ): ExecResult {
+    return {
+      success: response.success,
+      exitCode: response.exitCode,
+      stdout: response.stdout,
+      stderr: response.stderr,
+      command: response.command,
+      duration,
+      timestamp: response.timestamp,
+      sessionId
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a Process domain object from HTTP client DTO
+   * Centralizes process object creation with bound methods
+   * This eliminates duplication across startProcess, listProcesses, getProcess, and session wrappers
+   */
+  private createProcessFromDTO(
+    data: {
+      id: string;
+      pid?: number;
+      command: string;
+      status: ProcessStatus;
+      startTime: string | Date;
+      endTime?: string | Date;
+      exitCode?: number;
+    },
+    sessionId: string
+  ): Process {
+    return {
+      id: data.id,
+      pid: data.pid,
+      command: data.command,
+      status: data.status,
+      startTime: typeof data.startTime === 'string' ? new Date(data.startTime) : data.startTime,
+      endTime: data.endTime ? (typeof data.endTime === 'string' ? new Date(data.endTime) : data.endTime) : undefined,
+      exitCode: data.exitCode,
+      sessionId,
+
+      kill: async (signal?: string) => {
+        await this.killProcess(data.id, signal);
+      },
+
+      getStatus: async () => {
+        const current = await this.getProcess(data.id);
+        return current?.status || 'error';
+      },
+
+      getLogs: async () => {
+        const logs = await this.getProcessLogs(data.id);
+        return { stdout: logs.stdout, stderr: logs.stderr };
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+
+  // Background process management
+  async startProcess(command: string, options?: ProcessOptions, sessionId?: string): Promise<Process> {
+    // Use the new HttpClient method to start the process
+    try {
+      const session = sessionId ?? await this.ensureDefaultSession();
+      const response = await this.client.processes.startProcess(command, session, {
+        processId: options?.processId
+      });
+
+      const processObj = this.createProcessFromDTO({
+        id: response.processId,
+        pid: response.pid,
+        command: response.command,
+        status: 'running' as ProcessStatus,
+        startTime: new Date(),
+        endTime: undefined,
+        exitCode: undefined
+      }, session);
+
+      // Call onStart callback if provided
+      if (options?.onStart) {
+        options.onStart(processObj);
+      }
+
+      return processObj;
+
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (options?.onError && error instanceof Error) {
+        options.onError(error);
+      }
+
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async listProcesses(sessionId?: string): Promise<Process[]> {
+    const session = sessionId ?? await this.ensureDefaultSession();
+    const response = await this.client.processes.listProcesses();
+
+    return response.processes.map(processData =>
+      this.createProcessFromDTO({
+        id: processData.id,
+        pid: processData.pid,
+        command: processData.command,
+        status: processData.status,
+        startTime: processData.startTime,
+        endTime: processData.endTime,
+        exitCode: processData.exitCode
+      }, session)
+    );
+  }
+
+  async getProcess(id: string, sessionId?: string): Promise<Process | null> {
+    const session = sessionId ?? await this.ensureDefaultSession();
+    const response = await this.client.processes.getProcess(id);
+    if (!response.process) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    const processData = response.process;
+    return this.createProcessFromDTO({
+      id: processData.id,
+      pid: processData.pid,
+      command: processData.command,
+      status: processData.status,
+      startTime: processData.startTime,
+      endTime: processData.endTime,
+      exitCode: processData.exitCode
+    }, session);
+  }
+
+  async killProcess(id: string, signal?: string, sessionId?: string): Promise<void> {
+    // Note: signal parameter is not currently supported by the HttpClient implementation
+    // The HTTP client already throws properly typed errors, so we just let them propagate
+    await this.client.processes.killProcess(id);
+  }
+
+  async killAllProcesses(sessionId?: string): Promise<number> {
+    const response = await this.client.processes.killAllProcesses();
+    return response.cleanedCount;
+  }
+
+  async cleanupCompletedProcesses(sessionId?: string): Promise<number> {
+    // For now, this would need to be implemented as a container endpoint
+    // as we no longer maintain local process storage
+    // We'll return 0 as a placeholder until the container endpoint is added
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  async getProcessLogs(id: string, sessionId?: string): Promise<{ stdout: string; stderr: string; processId: string }> {
+    // The HTTP client already throws properly typed errors, so we just let them propagate
+    const response = await this.client.processes.getProcessLogs(id);
+    return {
+      stdout: response.stdout,
+      stderr: response.stderr,
+      processId: response.processId
+    };
+  }
+
+
+  // Streaming methods - return ReadableStream for RPC compatibility
+  async execStream(command: string, options?: StreamOptions): Promise<ReadableStream<Uint8Array>> {
+    // Check for cancellation
+    if (options?.signal?.aborted) {
+      throw new Error('Operation was aborted');
+    }
+
+    const session = await this.ensureDefaultSession();
+    // Get the stream from CommandClient
+    return this.client.commands.executeStream(command, session);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Internal session-aware execStream implementation
+   */
+  private async execStreamWithSession(command: string, sessionId: string, options?: StreamOptions): Promise<ReadableStream<Uint8Array>> {
+    // Check for cancellation
+    if (options?.signal?.aborted) {
+      throw new Error('Operation was aborted');
+    }
+
+    return this.client.commands.executeStream(command, sessionId);
+  }
+
+  async streamProcessLogs(processId: string, options?: { signal?: AbortSignal }): Promise<ReadableStream<Uint8Array>> {
+    // Check for cancellation
+    if (options?.signal?.aborted) {
+      throw new Error('Operation was aborted');
+    }
+
+    return this.client.processes.streamProcessLogs(processId);
+  }
+
+  async gitCheckout(
+    repoUrl: string,
+    options: { branch?: string; targetDir?: string; sessionId?: string }
+  ) {
+    const session = options.sessionId ?? await this.ensureDefaultSession();
+    return this.client.git.checkout(repoUrl, session, {
+      branch: options.branch,
+      targetDir: options.targetDir
+    });
+  }
+
+  async mkdir(
+    path: string,
+    options: { recursive?: boolean; sessionId?: string } = {}
+  ) {
+    const session = options.sessionId ?? await this.ensureDefaultSession();
+    return this.client.files.mkdir(path, session, { recursive: options.recursive });
+  }
+
+  async writeFile(
+    path: string,
+    content: string,
+    options: { encoding?: string; sessionId?: string } = {}
+  ) {
+    const session = options.sessionId ?? await this.ensureDefaultSession();
+    return this.client.files.writeFile(path, content, session, { encoding: options.encoding });
+  }
+
+  async deleteFile(path: string, sessionId?: string) {
+    const session = sessionId ?? await this.ensureDefaultSession();
+    return this.client.files.deleteFile(path, session);
+  }
+
+  async renameFile(
+    oldPath: string,
+    newPath: string,
+    sessionId?: string
+  ) {
+    const session = sessionId ?? await this.ensureDefaultSession();
+    return this.client.files.renameFile(oldPath, newPath, session);
+  }
+
+  async moveFile(
+    sourcePath: string,
+    destinationPath: string,
+    sessionId?: string
+  ) {
+    const session = sessionId ?? await this.ensureDefaultSession();
+    return this.client.files.moveFile(sourcePath, destinationPath, session);
+  }
+
+  async readFile(
+    path: string,
+    options: { encoding?: string; sessionId?: string } = {}
+  ) {
+    const session = options.sessionId ?? await this.ensureDefaultSession();
+    return this.client.files.readFile(path, session, { encoding: options.encoding });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Stream a file from the sandbox using Server-Sent Events
+   * Returns a ReadableStream that can be consumed with streamFile() or collectFile() utilities
+   * @param path - Path to the file to stream
+   * @param options - Optional session ID
+   */
+  async readFileStream(
+    path: string,
+    options: { sessionId?: string } = {}
+  ): Promise<ReadableStream<Uint8Array>> {
+    const session = options.sessionId ?? await this.ensureDefaultSession();
+    return this.client.files.readFileStream(path, session);
+  }
+
+  async listFiles(
+    path: string,
+    options?: { recursive?: boolean; includeHidden?: boolean }
+  ) {
+    const session = await this.ensureDefaultSession();
+    return this.client.files.listFiles(path, session, options);
+  }
+
+  async exposePort(port: number, options: { name?: string; hostname: string }) {
+    // Check if hostname is workers.dev domain (doesn't support wildcard subdomains)
+    if (options.hostname.endsWith('.workers.dev')) {
+      const errorResponse: ErrorResponse = {
+        code: ErrorCode.CUSTOM_DOMAIN_REQUIRED,
+        message: `Port exposure requires a custom domain. .workers.dev domains do not support wildcard subdomains required for port proxying.`,
+        context: { originalError: options.hostname },
+        httpStatus: 400,
+        timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
+      };
+      throw new CustomDomainRequiredError(errorResponse);
+    }
+
+    const sessionId = await this.ensureDefaultSession();
+    await this.client.ports.exposePort(port, sessionId, options?.name);
+
+    // We need the sandbox name to construct preview URLs
+    if (!this.sandboxName) {
+      throw new Error('Sandbox name not available. Ensure sandbox is accessed through getSandbox()');
+    }
+
+    // Generate and store token for this port
+    const token = this.generatePortToken();
+    this.portTokens.set(port, token);
+    await this.persistPortTokens();
+
+    const url = this.constructPreviewUrl(port, this.sandboxName, options.hostname, token);
+
+    return {
+      url,
+      port,
+      name: options?.name,
+    };
+  }
+
+  async unexposePort(port: number) {
+    if (!validatePort(port)) {
+      throw new SecurityError(`Invalid port number: ${port}. Must be between 1024-65535 and not reserved.`);
+    }
+
+    const sessionId = await this.ensureDefaultSession();
+    await this.client.ports.unexposePort(port, sessionId);
+
+    // Clean up token for this port
+    if (this.portTokens.has(port)) {
+      this.portTokens.delete(port);
+      await this.persistPortTokens();
+    }
+  }
+
+  async getExposedPorts(hostname: string) {
+    const sessionId = await this.ensureDefaultSession();
+    const response = await this.client.ports.getExposedPorts(sessionId);
+
+    // We need the sandbox name to construct preview URLs
+    if (!this.sandboxName) {
+      throw new Error('Sandbox name not available. Ensure sandbox is accessed through getSandbox()');
+    }
+
+    return response.ports.map(port => {
+      // Get token for this port - must exist for all exposed ports
+      const token = this.portTokens.get(port.port);
+      if (!token) {
+        throw new Error(`Port ${port.port} is exposed but has no token. This should not happen.`);
+      }
+
+      return {
+        url: this.constructPreviewUrl(port.port, this.sandboxName!, hostname, token),
+        port: port.port,
+        status: port.status,
+      };
+    });
+  }
+
+
+  async isPortExposed(port: number): Promise<boolean> {
+    try {
+      const sessionId = await this.ensureDefaultSession();
+      const response = await this.client.ports.getExposedPorts(sessionId);
+      return response.ports.some(exposedPort => exposedPort.port === port);
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.logger.error('Error checking if port is exposed', error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)), { port });
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async validatePortToken(port: number, token: string): Promise<boolean> {
+    // First check if port is exposed
+    const isExposed = await this.isPortExposed(port);
+    if (!isExposed) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // Get stored token for this port - must exist for all exposed ports
+    const storedToken = this.portTokens.get(port);
+    if (!storedToken) {
+      // This should not happen - all exposed ports must have tokens
+      this.logger.error('Port is exposed but has no token - bug detected', undefined, { port });
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // Constant-time comparison to prevent timing attacks
+    return storedToken === token;
+  }
+
+  private generatePortToken(): string {
+    // Generate cryptographically secure 16-character token using Web Crypto API
+    // Available in Cloudflare Workers runtime
+    const array = new Uint8Array(12); // 12 bytes = 16 base64url chars (after padding removal)
+    crypto.getRandomValues(array);
+
+    // Convert to base64url format (URL-safe, no padding, lowercase)
+    const base64 = btoa(String.fromCharCode(...array));
+    return base64.replace(/\+/g, '-').replace(/\//g, '_').replace(/=/g, '').toLowerCase();
+  }
+
+  private async persistPortTokens(): Promise<void> {
+    // Convert Map to plain object for storage
+    const tokensObj: Record<string, string> = {};
+    for (const [port, token] of this.portTokens.entries()) {
+      tokensObj[port.toString()] = token;
+    }
+    await this.ctx.storage.put('portTokens', tokensObj);
+  }
+
+  private constructPreviewUrl(port: number, sandboxId: string, hostname: string, token: string): string {
+    if (!validatePort(port)) {
+      throw new SecurityError(`Invalid port number: ${port}. Must be between 1024-65535 and not reserved.`);
+    }
+
+    // Validate sandbox ID (will throw SecurityError if invalid)
+    const sanitizedSandboxId = sanitizeSandboxId(sandboxId);
+
+    const isLocalhost = isLocalhostPattern(hostname);
+
+    if (isLocalhost) {
+      // Unified subdomain approach for localhost (RFC 6761)
+      const [host, portStr] = hostname.split(':');
+      const mainPort = portStr || '80';
+
+      // Use URL constructor for safe URL building
+      try {
+        const baseUrl = new URL(`http://${host}:${mainPort}`);
+        // Construct subdomain safely with mandatory token
+        const subdomainHost = `${port}-${sanitizedSandboxId}-${token}.${host}`;
+        baseUrl.hostname = subdomainHost;
+
+        return baseUrl.toString();
+      } catch (error) {
+        throw new SecurityError(`Failed to construct preview URL: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'}`);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Production subdomain logic - enforce HTTPS
+    try {
+      // Always use HTTPS for production (non-localhost)
+      const protocol = "https";
+      const baseUrl = new URL(`${protocol}://${hostname}`);
+
+      // Construct subdomain safely with mandatory token
+      const subdomainHost = `${port}-${sanitizedSandboxId}-${token}.${hostname}`;
+      baseUrl.hostname = subdomainHost;
+
+      return baseUrl.toString();
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new SecurityError(`Failed to construct preview URL: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'}`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ============================================================================
+  // Session Management - Advanced Use Cases
+  // ============================================================================
+
+  /**
+   * Create isolated execution session for advanced use cases
+   * Returns ExecutionSession with full sandbox API bound to specific session
+   */
+  async createSession(options?: SessionOptions): Promise<ExecutionSession> {
+    const sessionId = options?.id || `session-${Date.now()}`;
+
+    // Create session in container
+    await this.client.utils.createSession({
+      id: sessionId,
+      env: options?.env,
+      cwd: options?.cwd,
+    });
+
+    // Return wrapper that binds sessionId to all operations
+    return this.getSessionWrapper(sessionId);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get an existing session by ID
+   * Returns ExecutionSession wrapper bound to the specified session
+   *
+   * This is useful for retrieving sessions across different requests/contexts
+   * without storing the ExecutionSession object (which has RPC lifecycle limitations)
+   *
+   * @param sessionId - The ID of an existing session
+   * @returns ExecutionSession wrapper bound to the session
+   */
+  async getSession(sessionId: string): Promise<ExecutionSession> {
+    // No need to verify session exists in container - operations will fail naturally if it doesn't
+    return this.getSessionWrapper(sessionId);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Internal helper to create ExecutionSession wrapper for a given sessionId
+   * Used by both createSession and getSession
+   */
+  private getSessionWrapper(sessionId: string): ExecutionSession {
+    return {
+      id: sessionId,
+
+      // Command execution - delegate to internal session-aware methods
+      exec: (command, options) => this.execWithSession(command, sessionId, options),
+      execStream: (command, options) => this.execStreamWithSession(command, sessionId, options),
+
+      // Process management
+      startProcess: (command, options) => this.startProcess(command, options, sessionId),
+      listProcesses: () => this.listProcesses(sessionId),
+      getProcess: (id) => this.getProcess(id, sessionId),
+      killProcess: (id, signal) => this.killProcess(id, signal),
+      killAllProcesses: () => this.killAllProcesses(),
+      cleanupCompletedProcesses: () => this.cleanupCompletedProcesses(),
+      getProcessLogs: (id) => this.getProcessLogs(id),
+      streamProcessLogs: (processId, options) => this.streamProcessLogs(processId, options),
+
+      // File operations - pass sessionId via options or parameter
+      writeFile: (path, content, options) => this.writeFile(path, content, { ...options, sessionId }),
+      readFile: (path, options) => this.readFile(path, { ...options, sessionId }),
+      readFileStream: (path) => this.readFileStream(path, { sessionId }),
+      mkdir: (path, options) => this.mkdir(path, { ...options, sessionId }),
+      deleteFile: (path) => this.deleteFile(path, sessionId),
+      renameFile: (oldPath, newPath) => this.renameFile(oldPath, newPath, sessionId),
+      moveFile: (sourcePath, destPath) => this.moveFile(sourcePath, destPath, sessionId),
+      listFiles: (path, options) => this.client.files.listFiles(path, sessionId, options),
+
+      // Git operations
+      gitCheckout: (repoUrl, options) => this.gitCheckout(repoUrl, { ...options, sessionId }),
+
+      // Environment management - needs special handling
+      setEnvVars: async (envVars: Record<string, string>) => {
+        try {
+          // Set environment variables by executing export commands
+          for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(envVars)) {
+            const escapedValue = value.replace(/'/g, "'\\''");
+            const exportCommand = `export ${key}='${escapedValue}'`;
+
+            const result = await this.client.commands.execute(exportCommand, sessionId);
+
+            if (result.exitCode !== 0) {
+              throw new Error(`Failed to set ${key}: ${result.stderr || 'Unknown error'}`);
+            }
+          }
+        } catch (error) {
+          this.logger.error('Failed to set environment variables', error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)), { sessionId });
+          throw error;
+        }
+      },
+
+      // Code interpreter methods - delegate to sandbox's code interpreter
+      createCodeContext: (options) => this.codeInterpreter.createCodeContext(options),
+      runCode: async (code, options) => {
+        const execution = await this.codeInterpreter.runCode(code, options);
+        return execution.toJSON();
+      },
+      runCodeStream: (code, options) => this.codeInterpreter.runCodeStream(code, options),
+      listCodeContexts: () => this.codeInterpreter.listCodeContexts(),
+      deleteCodeContext: (contextId) => this.codeInterpreter.deleteCodeContext(contextId),
+    };
+  }
+
+  // ============================================================================
+  // Code interpreter methods - delegate to CodeInterpreter wrapper
+  // ============================================================================
+
+  async createCodeContext(options?: CreateContextOptions): Promise<CodeContext> {
+    return this.codeInterpreter.createCodeContext(options);
+  }
+
+  async runCode(code: string, options?: RunCodeOptions): Promise<ExecutionResult> {
+    const execution = await this.codeInterpreter.runCode(code, options);
+    return execution.toJSON();
+  }
+
+  async runCodeStream(code: string, options?: RunCodeOptions): Promise<ReadableStream> {
+    return this.codeInterpreter.runCodeStream(code, options);
+  }
+
+  async listCodeContexts(): Promise<CodeContext[]> {
+    return this.codeInterpreter.listCodeContexts();
+  }
+
+  async deleteCodeContext(contextId: string): Promise<void> {
+    return this.codeInterpreter.deleteCodeContext(contextId);
+  }
+}