@clickzetta/cz-cli-darwin-arm64 0.3.40 → 0.3.41

package/bin/skills/clickzetta-sql-syntax-guide/references/ddl-reference.md

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+# DDL 完整语法参考
+
+> 基于 ClickZetta Lakehouse 产品文档整理，含与 Snowflake / Spark SQL 的差异标注
+
+---
+
+## SCHEMA 操作
+
+```sql
+-- 创建
+CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS my_schema COMMENT '说明';
+
+-- 修改
+ALTER SCHEMA my_schema RENAME TO new_schema;
+ALTER SCHEMA my_schema SET COMMENT '新注释';
+
+-- 删除（级联删除所有对象）
+DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS my_schema;
+
+-- 查看
+SHOW SCHEMAS;
+SHOW SCHEMAS EXTENDED;                          -- 含 type 列（MANAGED/EXTERNAL）
+SHOW SCHEMAS LIKE 'sales%';
+SHOW SCHEMAS WHERE schema_name = 'public';
+
+-- 切换
+USE SCHEMA my_schema;
+USE my_schema;                                  -- SCHEMA 关键字可省略
+```
+
+**与 Snowflake 差异：**
+- Snowflake 用 `USE DATABASE` + `USE SCHEMA`；ClickZetta 无 DATABASE 层，直接 `USE SCHEMA`
+- Snowflake 支持 `CREATE OR REPLACE SCHEMA`；ClickZetta 不支持，用 `IF NOT EXISTS`
+
+---
+
+## TABLE 操作
+
+### CREATE TABLE
+
+```sql
+-- 基本建表
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS orders (
+    id          BIGINT,
+    customer_id INT,
+    amount      DECIMAL(18, 2)  NOT NULL,
+    status      STRING          DEFAULT 'pending',
+    created_at  TIMESTAMP,
+    tags        ARRAY<STRING>,
+    meta        JSON,
+    COMMENT '订单表'
+);
+
+-- 主键表（ENABLE VALIDATE RELY：SQL写入也去重）
+CREATE TABLE pk_orders (
+    id     BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
+    amount DECIMAL(18, 2)
+);
+
+-- 主键表（DISABLE NOVALIDATE RELY：仅实时写入去重，SQL写入不去重）
+CREATE TABLE cdc_orders (
+    id     BIGINT PRIMARY KEY DISABLE NOVALIDATE RELY,
+    amount DECIMAL(18, 2)
+);
+
+-- 自增列（仅 BIGINT，不保证连续）
+CREATE TABLE auto_id_table (
+    id  BIGINT IDENTITY(1),    -- 从1开始
+    col STRING
+);
+
+-- 生成列（确定性表达式，不可手动插入）
+CREATE TABLE orders_with_year (
+    id         BIGINT,
+    created_at TIMESTAMP,
+    year       INT GENERATED ALWAYS AS (YEAR(created_at))
+);
+
+-- 默认值（支持非确定性函数）
+CREATE TABLE t_default (
+    id         INT,
+    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
+    status     STRING    DEFAULT 'active',
+    score      DOUBLE    DEFAULT random()
+);
+
+-- 分区表（Iceberg 隐藏分区）
+CREATE TABLE orders_partitioned (
+    id         BIGINT,
+    amount     DECIMAL(18, 2),
+    created_at TIMESTAMP
+)
+PARTITIONED BY (days(created_at));             -- 按天分区
+
+-- 分区转换函数
+-- years(col)   months(col)   days(col)   hours(col)
+-- bucket(N, col)   truncate(col, W)
+
+-- 分桶表
+CREATE TABLE orders_bucketed (
+    id         BIGINT,
+    customer_id INT,
+    amount     DECIMAL(18, 2)
+)
+CLUSTERED BY (customer_id)
+SORTED BY (id ASC)
+INTO 16 BUCKETS;
+
+-- 数据保留周期
+CREATE TABLE orders (id BIGINT)
+PROPERTIES ('data_lifecycle' = '30');          -- 保留30天
+
+-- CTAS（从查询建表）
+CREATE TABLE orders_copy AS
+SELECT * FROM orders WHERE status = 'completed';
+
+-- 外部表（映射对象存储）
+CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE ext_orders (
+    id     BIGINT,
+    amount DECIMAL(18, 2)
+)
+LOCATION 'oss://bucket/orders/'
+STORED AS PARQUET;
+```
+
+**与 Snowflake 差异：**
+- Snowflake `CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE` → ClickZetta `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS`
+- Snowflake `CLUSTER BY (col)` → ClickZetta `CLUSTERED BY (col) INTO N BUCKETS`
+- Snowflake `AUTOINCREMENT` → ClickZetta `IDENTITY[(seed)]`
+- Snowflake `TRANSIENT TABLE` → ClickZetta 无对应（用 `data_lifecycle` 控制保留期）
+- Snowflake `TEMPORARY TABLE` → ClickZetta 无临时表概念
+- Snowflake `COPY GRANTS` → ClickZetta 不支持
+
+**与 Spark SQL 差异：**
+- Spark `USING PARQUET` → ClickZetta 不需要（默认 Parquet）
+- Spark `TBLPROPERTIES` → ClickZetta `PROPERTIES`
+- Spark `LOCATION` 外部表语法基本相同
+
+### ALTER TABLE
+
+```sql
+-- 重命名
+ALTER TABLE orders RENAME TO orders_v2;
+
+-- 注释
+ALTER TABLE orders SET COMMENT '新注释';
+
+-- 数据保留周期
+ALTER TABLE orders SET PROPERTIES ('data_retention_days' = '7');
+
+-- 添加列
+ALTER TABLE orders ADD COLUMN region STRING AFTER status;
+ALTER TABLE orders ADD COLUMN region STRING FIRST;
+
+-- 添加复杂类型嵌套字段
+ALTER TABLE t ADD COLUMN address.zip STRING;           -- STRUCT 嵌套
+ALTER TABLE t ADD COLUMN items.ELEMENT.price DOUBLE;   -- ARRAY<STRUCT> 嵌套
+
+-- 修改列类型（有限制）
+ALTER TABLE orders ALTER COLUMN amount TYPE DOUBLE;
+
+-- 重命名列
+ALTER TABLE orders RENAME COLUMN old_col TO new_col;
+
+-- 删除列
+ALTER TABLE orders DROP COLUMN unnecessary_col;
+
+-- 修改列注释
+ALTER TABLE orders ALTER COLUMN amount COMMENT '订单金额';
+
+-- 添加索引（含 ARRAY/JSON 列的表必须单独添加）
+-- ⚠️ 索引语法：BLOOMFILTER（不是 USING BLOOM_FILTER）
+CREATE BLOOMFILTER INDEX IF NOT EXISTS id_bf ON TABLE orders(id);
+CREATE BLOOMFILTER INDEX IF NOT EXISTS name_bf ON TABLE orders(name)
+    PROPERTIES ('analyzer' = 'ngram', 'n' = '3');  -- ngram 分词
+
+-- 倒排索引
+CREATE INVERTED INDEX IF NOT EXISTS content_inv ON TABLE articles(content);
+
+-- 向量索引（建表时内联）
+-- 见 CREATE TABLE 示例
+
+-- 删除索引（⚠️ 不需要 ON table_name）
+DROP INDEX IF EXISTS id_bf;
+DROP INDEX id_bf;
+```
+
+**与 Snowflake 差异：**
+- Snowflake `ALTER TABLE ... ADD COLUMN` 只能加到末尾；ClickZetta 支持 `FIRST/AFTER/BEFORE`
+- Snowflake 不支持 `DROP COLUMN`（需重建表）；ClickZetta 支持
+- Snowflake 无 BLOOM_FILTER/INVERTED/VECTOR 索引
+
+### DROP / TRUNCATE TABLE
+
+```sql
+-- 删除表（可 UNDROP 恢复）
+DROP TABLE IF EXISTS orders;
+DROP TABLE my_schema.orders;
+
+-- 清空表（保留结构）
+TRUNCATE TABLE orders;
+TRUNCATE TABLE IF EXISTS orders;               -- ✅ 支持 IF EXISTS
+
+-- 清空指定分区
+TRUNCATE TABLE orders PARTITION (dt = '2024-01-01');
+TRUNCATE TABLE orders PARTITION (dt > '2024-01-01');
+TRUNCATE TABLE orders PARTITION (dt >= '2024-01-01' AND dt < '2024-02-01');
+```
+
+**与 Snowflake 差异：**
+- Snowflake `TRUNCATE TABLE` 不支持分区条件；ClickZetta 支持
+- Snowflake `DROP TABLE ... PURGE` 立即删除；ClickZetta 删除后在保留期内可 UNDROP
+
+---
+
+## VIEW 操作
+
+```sql
+-- 创建视图
+CREATE VIEW IF NOT EXISTS order_summary AS
+SELECT customer_id, COUNT(*) AS cnt, SUM(amount) AS total
+FROM orders GROUP BY customer_id;
+
+-- 替换视图（ClickZetta 支持 OR REPLACE，与 Snowflake 相同）
+CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW order_summary AS
+SELECT customer_id, SUM(amount) AS total FROM orders GROUP BY customer_id;
+
+-- 带列别名和注释
+CREATE VIEW order_summary (cust_id COMMENT '客户ID', total COMMENT '总金额')
+COMMENT '订单汇总视图'
+AS SELECT customer_id, SUM(amount) FROM orders GROUP BY 1;
+
+-- 删除
+DROP VIEW IF EXISTS order_summary;
+
+-- 查看
+SHOW TABLES WHERE is_view = true;
+SHOW TABLES IN my_schema WHERE is_view = true;
+```
+
+**注意：** ClickZetta 的 `CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW` 与 Snowflake 相同，但 `CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE` 不支持。
+
+---
+
+## INDEX 操作
+
+```sql
+-- 查看索引
+SHOW INDEX FROM table_name;
+SHOW INDEX FROM my_schema.table_name;
+
+-- 查看索引详情
+DESC INDEX index_name;
+DESC INDEX EXTENDED index_name;
+
+-- 构建存量数据索引（仅向量索引和倒排索引，不支持 Bloom Filter）
+BUILD INDEX index_name ON table_name;
+BUILD INDEX index_name ON table_name WHERE partition_col = '2024-01-01';
+```
+
+---
+
+## 查看对象信息
+
+```sql
+-- 表结构
+DESC table_name;
+DESC EXTENDED table_name;                      -- 含大小、记录数等扩展信息
+DESCRIBE TABLE table_name;                     -- 同 DESC
+
+-- 列信息
+SHOW COLUMNS IN table_name;
+SHOW COLUMNS FROM table_name IN schema_name;
+
+-- 建表语句
+SHOW CREATE TABLE table_name;
+
+-- 表列表
+SHOW TABLES;
+SHOW TABLES IN my_schema;
+SHOW TABLES LIKE 'order%';
+SHOW TABLES WHERE is_view = false AND is_materialized_view = false;
+SHOW TABLES WHERE is_dynamic = true;
+SHOW TABLES WHERE is_external = true;
+
+-- 分区信息
+SHOW PARTITIONS table_name;
+SHOW PARTITIONS EXTENDED table_name;           -- 含文件数、大小、修改时间
+SHOW PARTITIONS table_name PARTITION (dt = '2024-01-01');
+SHOW PARTITIONS table_name WHERE total_rows > 1000;
+
+-- 历史版本
+DESC HISTORY table_name;
+SHOW TABLES HISTORY;                           -- 含已删除的表
+```
+
+---
+
+## SYNONYM（同义词）操作
+
+```sql
+-- 为表创建同义词（跨 Schema 访问）
+CREATE SYNONYM my_orders FOR TABLE other_schema.orders;
+
+-- 为 Volume 创建同义词
+CREATE SYNONYM my_vol FOR VOLUME other_schema.data_volume;
+
+-- 为函数创建同义词
+CREATE SYNONYM my_func FOR FUNCTION other_schema.udf_name;
+
+-- 查看同义词
+SHOW SYNONYMS;
+SHOW SYNONYMS IN my_schema;
+SHOW SYNONYMS LIKE 'my_%';
+
+-- 删除同义词（需指定对象类型）
+DROP SYNONYM my_orders FOR TABLE;
+DROP SYNONYM my_vol FOR VOLUME;
+DROP SYNONYM my_func FOR FUNCTION;
+```
+
+> 同义词支持的对象类型：TABLE（含普通表、Table Stream、物化视图、动态表）、VOLUME、FUNCTION。
+> 使用场景：跨 Schema 访问、数据一致性维护、应用层解耦。
+
+---
+
+## Time Travel & 数据恢复
+
+```sql
+-- 查询历史版本
+SELECT * FROM orders TIMESTAMP AS OF '2024-01-01 00:00:00';
+SELECT * FROM orders TIMESTAMP AS OF CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() - INTERVAL 12 HOURS;
+SELECT * FROM orders TIMESTAMP AS OF CAST('2024-01-01' AS TIMESTAMP);
+
+-- 恢复表到历史版本（表未删除）
+RESTORE TABLE orders TO TIMESTAMP AS OF '2024-01-01 00:00:00';
+
+-- 恢复已删除的表
+UNDROP TABLE orders;
+UNDROP TABLE my_schema.orders;
+
+-- 设置保留周期（0-90天，默认1天）
+ALTER TABLE orders SET PROPERTIES ('data_retention_days' = '7');
+```
+
+**与 Snowflake 差异：**
+- Snowflake `AT (TIMESTAMP => ...)` → ClickZetta `TIMESTAMP AS OF ...`
+- Snowflake `BEFORE (STATEMENT => ...)` → ClickZetta 不支持按 statement_id 回溯
+- Snowflake `UNDROP TABLE` → ClickZetta 相同
+- Snowflake 默认保留 1 天（Enterprise 90 天）；ClickZetta 默认 1 天，最长 90 天

package/bin/skills/clickzetta-sql-syntax-guide/references/dml-reference.md

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+# DML 完整语法参考
+
+> 基于 ClickZetta Lakehouse 产品文档整理，含与 Snowflake / Spark SQL 的差异标注
+
+---
+
+## ⚠️ 隐式类型转换规则（INSERT / UPDATE 通用）
+
+**ClickZetta 对写入操作（INSERT/UPDATE）严格禁止隐式类型转换，必须显式 CAST。**
+但 SELECT/WHERE/表达式中允许隐式转换。
+
+### 完整规则表（已验证）
+
+| 目标列类型 | 写入值 | INSERT/UPDATE | WHERE/SELECT |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `DATE` | `'2024-01-15'`（字符串） | ❌ 报错 | ✅ 允许 |
+| `TIMESTAMP` | `'2024-01-15 12:00:00'`（字符串） | ❌ 报错 | ✅ 允许 |
+| `BOOLEAN` | `'true'` / `'false'`（字符串） | ❌ 报错 | ✅ 允许 |
+| `BOOLEAN` | `1` / `0`（整数） | ❌ 报错 | ✅ 允许 |
+| `JSON` | `'{"k":1}'`（字符串） | ❌ 报错 | ✅ 允许 |
+| `INT` / `BIGINT` | `'123'`（字符串） | ❌ 报错 | ✅ 允许 |
+| `BIGINT` | `100`（INT） | ✅ 允许 | ✅ 允许 |
+| `DOUBLE` | `1.5`（FLOAT） | ✅ 允许 | ✅ 允许 |
+| `BIGINT` | `1.5`（FLOAT） | ✅ 允许（截断） | ✅ 允许 |
+
+### 各类型正确写法
+
+```sql
+-- DATE（以下写法等价）
+INSERT INTO t VALUES (CAST('2024-01-15' AS DATE));
+INSERT INTO t VALUES (DATE '2024-01-15');
+INSERT INTO t VALUES (TO_DATE('2024-01-15'));
+INSERT INTO t VALUES (DATE('2024-01-15'));   -- 函数形式，也支持
+
+-- TIMESTAMP（以下写法等价）
+INSERT INTO t VALUES (CAST('2024-01-15 12:00:00' AS TIMESTAMP));
+INSERT INTO t VALUES (TIMESTAMP '2024-01-15 12:00:00');
+INSERT INTO t VALUES (TO_TIMESTAMP('2024-01-15 12:00:00'));
+INSERT INTO t VALUES (TIMESTAMP('2024-01-15 12:00:00'));  -- 函数形式，也支持
+INSERT INTO t VALUES (CURRENT_TIMESTAMP());
+INSERT INTO t VALUES (CURRENT_DATE() - INTERVAL 7 DAY);
+
+-- BOOLEAN（只接受 TRUE/FALSE 字面量或 CAST）
+INSERT INTO t VALUES (TRUE);
+INSERT INTO t VALUES (FALSE);
+INSERT INTO t VALUES (CAST(1 AS BOOLEAN));
+INSERT INTO t VALUES (CAST('true' AS BOOLEAN));
+
+-- JSON（必须用 PARSE_JSON 或 CAST）
+INSERT INTO t VALUES (PARSE_JSON('{"key":"value"}'));
+INSERT INTO t VALUES (CAST('{"key":"value"}' AS JSON));
+
+-- INT/BIGINT（字符串必须 CAST）
+INSERT INTO t VALUES (CAST('123' AS INT));
+INSERT INTO t VALUES (CAST('456' AS BIGINT));
+```
+
+### UPDATE 同样适用
+
+```sql
+-- ❌ UPDATE 也不允许字符串隐式转换
+UPDATE orders SET dt = '2024-06-01' WHERE id = 1;       -- 报错
+UPDATE orders SET flag = 0 WHERE id = 1;                 -- 报错
+
+-- ✅ 必须显式转换
+UPDATE orders SET dt = CAST('2024-06-01' AS DATE) WHERE id = 1;
+UPDATE orders SET flag = CAST(0 AS BOOLEAN) WHERE id = 1;
+```
+
+### WHERE 中字符串可以隐式比较
+
+```sql
+-- ✅ WHERE 中允许字符串与日期/数字比较
+SELECT * FROM orders WHERE dt = '2024-01-15';
+SELECT * FROM orders WHERE dt >= '2024-01-01' AND dt < '2025-01-01';
+SELECT * FROM orders WHERE id = '123';
+```
+
+**与 Snowflake / Spark 差异：**
+- Snowflake / Spark：INSERT/UPDATE 时字符串可隐式转为日期/布尔/数字类型
+- ClickZetta：写入时**必须显式转换**，查询时可隐式比较
+
+> **同样适用于 RESTORE TABLE**：`RESTORE TABLE t TO TIMESTAMP AS OF '2024-01-15'` 会报错，必须用 `CAST('2024-01-15 10:00:00' AS TIMESTAMP)` 或完整毫秒时间戳字符串。
+
+---
+
+## INSERT
+
+```sql
+-- 追加（单行）
+INSERT INTO orders VALUES (1, 101, 100.0, 'pending');
+INSERT INTO orders (id, customer_id, amount) VALUES (1, 101, 100.0);
+
+-- 追加（多行）
+INSERT INTO orders VALUES
+    (1, 101, 100.0, 'pending'),
+    (2, 102, 200.0, 'completed');
+
+-- 从查询追加
+INSERT INTO orders SELECT * FROM staging_orders WHERE status = 'new';
+
+-- 覆盖整表
+INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE orders SELECT * FROM new_orders;
+
+-- 覆盖指定分区（静态分区）
+INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE orders PARTITION (dt = '2024-01-01')
+SELECT id, amount FROM staging WHERE dt = '2024-01-01';
+
+-- 动态分区（自动根据数据值分区）
+INSERT INTO orders PARTITION (dt)
+SELECT id, amount, dt FROM staging;
+
+-- 不推荐大量数据用 VALUES，适合测试
+```
+
+**与 Snowflake 差异：**
+- Snowflake 无 `INSERT OVERWRITE`；用 `TRUNCATE` + `INSERT` 或 `MERGE` 替代
+- Snowflake 无 `PARTITION` 子句（Snowflake 用 CLUSTER BY 自动管理）
+- ClickZetta 支持 Hive 风格动态分区
+
+**与 Spark SQL 差异：**
+- 语法基本相同，ClickZetta 完全兼容 Spark INSERT 语法
+
+---
+
+## UPDATE
+
+```sql
+-- 基本更新
+UPDATE orders SET status = 'cancelled' WHERE id = 123;
+
+-- 多列更新
+UPDATE orders
+SET status = 'completed', updated_at = current_timestamp()
+WHERE id = 123;
+
+-- 子查询更新
+UPDATE orders
+SET amount = amount * 1.1
+WHERE customer_id IN (
+    SELECT id FROM customers WHERE tier = 'VIP'
+);
+
+-- 带 ORDER BY + LIMIT（分批更新）
+UPDATE orders
+SET status = 'archived'
+WHERE created_at < '2020-01-01'
+ORDER BY created_at ASC
+LIMIT 10000;
+```
+
+**与 Snowflake 差异：**
+- Snowflake `UPDATE ... FROM` 语法（JOIN 更新）→ ClickZetta 用子查询替代
+- ClickZetta 额外支持 `ORDER BY + LIMIT`（Snowflake 不支持）
+
+**与 Spark SQL 差异：**
+- Spark SQL 不支持 `UPDATE`（Delta Lake 支持）；ClickZetta 原生支持
+
+---
+
+## DELETE
+
+```sql
+-- 基本删除
+DELETE FROM orders WHERE id = 123;
+
+-- 条件删除
+DELETE FROM orders WHERE created_at < '2020-01-01';
+
+-- 子查询删除
+DELETE FROM orders
+WHERE order_id IN (
+    SELECT order_id FROM order_details WHERE status = 'cancelled'
+);
+
+-- 删除所有行（等价于 TRUNCATE，但会记录版本）
+DELETE FROM orders WHERE 1 = 1;
+```
+
+**与 Snowflake 差异：**
+- 语法基本相同
+
+**与 Spark SQL 差异：**
+- Spark SQL 不支持 `DELETE`（Delta Lake 支持）；ClickZetta 原生支持
+
+---
+
+## MERGE INTO（UPSERT）
+
+```sql
+-- 标准 MERGE（⚠️ 多个 WHEN MATCHED 时，UPDATE 必须在 DELETE 之前）
+MERGE INTO target t
+USING source s ON t.id = s.id
+WHEN MATCHED AND s.is_deleted = 0 THEN UPDATE SET   -- UPDATE 在前
+    t.amount = s.amount,
+    t.status = s.status,
+    t.updated_at = current_timestamp()
+WHEN MATCHED AND s.is_deleted = 1 THEN DELETE        -- DELETE 在后
+WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (id, amount, status, created_at)
+    VALUES (s.id, s.amount, s.status, current_timestamp());
+
+-- 多个 WHEN MATCHED（UPDATE 必须在 DELETE 前）
+MERGE INTO target t
+USING source s ON t.id = s.id
+WHEN MATCHED AND s.action = 'update' THEN UPDATE SET t.amount = s.amount
+WHEN MATCHED AND s.action = 'delete' THEN DELETE
+WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES (s.id, s.amount);
+
+-- 从子查询 MERGE
+MERGE INTO orders t
+USING (
+    SELECT id, SUM(amount) AS total FROM line_items GROUP BY id
+) s ON t.id = s.id
+WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET t.total = s.total
+WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (id, total) VALUES (s.id, s.total);
+```
+
+**⚠️ ClickZetta MERGE 限制：**
+1. `WHEN NOT MATCHED` 只能有**一个**（Snowflake 支持多个）
+2. 多个 `WHEN MATCHED` 时，`UPDATE` 必须在 `DELETE` 之前
+3. 一个源行不能匹配多个目标行（否则报错）
+
+**与 Snowflake 差异：**
+- Snowflake 支持多个 `WHEN NOT MATCHED`；ClickZetta 只支持一个
+- Snowflake `MERGE ... WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE THEN DELETE`；ClickZetta 不支持
+- 语法结构基本相同
+
+**与 Spark SQL 差异：**
+- Spark SQL（Delta Lake）支持 `WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE`；ClickZetta 不支持
+- 语法结构基本相同
+
+---
+
+## COPY INTO（批量导入/导出）
+
+```sql
+-- 从 Volume 导入
+COPY INTO orders
+FROM VOLUME my_oss_volume
+USING CSV
+OPTIONS('header' = 'true', 'sep' = ',')
+SUBDIRECTORY 'data/2024/';
+
+-- 从 Volume 导入（Parquet）
+COPY INTO orders
+FROM VOLUME my_oss_volume
+USING PARQUET
+FILES('part-00001.parquet', 'part-00002.parquet');
+
+-- 正则匹配文件
+COPY INTO orders
+FROM VOLUME my_oss_volume
+USING PARQUET
+REGEXP '.*2024-0[1-6].parquet';
+
+-- 覆盖导入
+COPY OVERWRITE INTO orders
+FROM VOLUME my_oss_volume
+USING CSV OPTIONS('header' = 'true');
+
+-- 导出到 Volume
+COPY INTO VOLUME my_oss_volume
+SUBDIRECTORY 'export/orders/'
+FROM orders
+USING PARQUET;
+
+-- 导出查询结果
+COPY INTO VOLUME my_oss_volume
+SUBDIRECTORY 'export/2024/'
+FROM (SELECT * FROM orders WHERE YEAR(created_at) = 2024)
+USING CSV OPTIONS('header' = 'true');
+```
+
+**与 Snowflake 差异：**
+- Snowflake `COPY INTO t FROM @stage/path/file.csv` → ClickZetta `COPY INTO t FROM VOLUME v USING CSV`
+- Snowflake Stage 用 `@` 前缀；ClickZetta Volume 用对象名
+- Snowflake `COPY INTO @stage FROM t` → ClickZetta `COPY INTO VOLUME v FROM t`
+- Snowflake 支持 `PATTERN = '.*\.csv'`；ClickZetta 用 `REGEXP`
+- Snowflake `FILE_FORMAT = (TYPE = CSV)` → ClickZetta `USING CSV OPTIONS(...)`