@classytic/labs 0.2.0 → 0.4.0

package/dist/physics/alternating-current/preset.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,1257 @@
+'use client';
+
+import { Tex } from "../../core/tex.mjs";
+import { ActionButton, Segmented, Slider } from "../../kit/controls.mjs";
+import { Activity } from "../../kit/activity.mjs";
+import { Field, Readout, Stat, StatList } from "../../kit/frame.mjs";
+import { AuthoredActivityRuntime, AuthoredMetricGate } from "../../kit/authored-activity-runtime.mjs";
+import { Figure, HUE, STROKE, figUrl, useFigureId } from "../../kit/figure/figure.mjs";
+import { FigText } from "../../kit/figure/text.mjs";
+import { Ball, Block } from "../../kit/figure/body.mjs";
+import { Arrow } from "../../kit/figure/beam.mjs";
+import { Area, Curve, Guide, Marker } from "../../kit/figure/plot.mjs";
+import { AcSourceGlyph } from "../../kit/electronics/basics.mjs";
+import { DiodeGlyph } from "../../kit/electronics/semiconductor.mjs";
+import { Wire as Wire$1 } from "../../kit/electronics/wire.mjs";
+import { useState } from "react";
+import { Fragment as Fragment$1, jsx, jsxs } from "react/jsx-runtime";
+import { acPeriodS, acRectifiedTrace, acState, acWaveTrace, meanRectifiedVoltage } from "@classytic/stage/physics/ac";
+
+//#region src/physics/alternating-current/preset.tsx
+/**
+* AlternatingCurrentLab, Cambridge A Level Physics 9702 chapter 21 (alternating currents).
+*
+* Professional dual-trace oscilloscope and signal analyzer with three dedicated views:
+*
+*   waveform       Sinusoidal voltage v(t) = V0 sin(2π f t) and in-phase current i(t) = v/R,
+*                  marking period T = 1/f and peak values V0 and I0 with oscilloscope cursors.
+*   r.m.s.         The heart of the Cambridge 9702 syllabus: Upper trace shows v(t) swinging ±V0
+*                  with mean = 0, while lower trace shows instantaneous power / squared wave v²(t).
+*                  The mean of v² sits exactly at V0²/2. Taking the square root gives V_rms = V0/√2,
+*                  the exact steady d.c. voltage that delivers the same mean heating power.
+*   rectification  Bench schematic with diode(s) and smoothing capacitor above a clean DC output trace.
+*                  Shows ripple reduction as the time constant τ = RC increases.
+*
+* All physics calculations live in `core.ts` outside React and free of side effects.
+*/
+const W = 540;
+const H = 270;
+const V0_MIN = 5;
+const V0_MAX = 400;
+const F_MIN = 5;
+const F_MAX = 200;
+const R_MIN = 10;
+const R_MAX = 500;
+const C_MAX_UF = 5e3;
+/** Four significant figures, without trailing zeros. */
+const num = (value, digits = 4) => Number(value.toPrecision(digits)).toString();
+/** A large V² value, grouped in threes so 52813 reads as 52 813. */
+const grouped = (value) => {
+	const settled = Number(value.toPrecision(10));
+	const rounded = Math.abs(settled) >= 100 ? Math.round(settled) : Number(settled.toFixed(1));
+	return String(rounded).replace(/\B(?=(\d{3})+(?!\d))/g, " ");
+};
+function Wire({ x1, y1, x2, y2 }) {
+	return /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Wire$1, { points: [[x1, y1], [x2, y2]] });
+}
+/** The a.c. source symbol, at the vocabulary's standard body size. */
+function AcSource({ cx, cy, r }) {
+	return /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(AcSourceGlyph, {
+		cx,
+		cy,
+		half: r
+	});
+}
+/** Diode symbol with forward triangle and blocking bar. */
+function Diode({ x, y, w, h }) {
+	return /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(DiodeGlyph, {
+		cx: x + w / 2,
+		cy: y,
+		half: Math.max(w, 22),
+		conducting: true,
+		live: true
+	});
+}
+const AC_ACTIVITY = {
+	pattern: "investigation",
+	title: "Alternating current: the value that does the heating",
+	objectives: [
+		"Read the period T and the peak value V0 from a sinusoidal supply",
+		"Explain V_rms as the steady d.c. voltage that delivers the same mean power",
+		"Calculate mean power as V_rms squared over R, which is V0 squared over 2R",
+		"Describe how a diode and a smoothing capacitor turn a.c. into a nearly steady d.c."
+	],
+	steps: [
+		{
+			id: "predict",
+			phase: "predict",
+			title: "Predict the steady voltage that matches",
+			lead: "Answer before you touch a slider.",
+			success: "predict-answer"
+		},
+		{
+			id: "act",
+			phase: "act",
+			title: "Open the r.m.s. view",
+			lead: "Switch the view to r.m.s. The wave is squared, and the mean of that square is drawn as a line.",
+			controls: true,
+			reveal: ["model"],
+			success: "rms-opened"
+		},
+		{
+			id: "observe",
+			phase: "observe",
+			title: "Change the supply and watch the power",
+			lead: "Move the peak voltage or the resistance. Watch the mean power, and watch how V_rms keeps the same ratio to V0.",
+			controls: true,
+			reveal: ["model", "evidence"],
+			success: "supply-changed"
+		},
+		{
+			id: "explain",
+			phase: "explain",
+			title: "Say why the root of the mean square",
+			lead: "Choose the statement that matches what the two graphs show.",
+			success: "explain-answer"
+		},
+		{
+			id: "transfer",
+			phase: "transfer",
+			title: "Rectify and smooth it",
+			lead: "Switch to rectifying, then raise the capacitance until the ripple is small.",
+			controls: true,
+			reveal: ["model", "evidence"],
+			success: "smoothing-added"
+		}
+	],
+	questions: [{
+		id: "equal-heating",
+		prompt: "A mains supply has a peak voltage of 325 V. A heater is plugged into it. Which steady d.c. voltage would make the same heater just as hot?",
+		choices: [
+			{
+				value: "325",
+				label: "325 V, the peak value"
+			},
+			{
+				value: "230",
+				label: "about 230 V"
+			},
+			{
+				value: "0",
+				label: "0 V, because the mean of the wave is zero"
+			},
+			{
+				value: "163",
+				label: "163 V, half of the peak"
+			}
+		],
+		answer: "230",
+		explain: "The supply spends most of the cycle below its peak, so 325 V of steady d.c. would be too hot. It is never at 0 V for long either. The matching steady value is 325 / sqrt(2) = 230 V, and that is what r.m.s. means."
+	}, {
+		id: "why-root-two",
+		prompt: "Why is the r.m.s. voltage V0 / sqrt(2) rather than the average height of the wave?",
+		choices: [
+			{
+				value: "heating",
+				label: "The mean of v is zero, so we square v first. V_rms is the root of the mean square, and it matches the heating."
+			},
+			{
+				value: "average",
+				label: "It is the average height of the sine curve over one cycle."
+			},
+			{
+				value: "half",
+				label: "It is half the peak, because the wave is negative for half the cycle."
+			}
+		],
+		answer: "heating",
+		explain: "Power is v squared divided by R, so heating follows the square of the voltage. Square the wave, take the mean of that (it is V0 squared over 2), then take the root: V0 / sqrt(2)."
+	}],
+	success: [
+		{
+			id: "predict-answer",
+			source: "answer",
+			key: "equal-heating",
+			operator: "eq",
+			value: "230",
+			pendingLabel: "Choose the steady d.c. voltage that heats the same."
+		},
+		{
+			id: "rms-opened",
+			source: "metric",
+			key: "rmsOpened",
+			operator: "eq",
+			value: true,
+			pendingLabel: "Switch the view to r.m.s."
+		},
+		{
+			id: "supply-changed",
+			source: "metric",
+			key: "supplyChanged",
+			operator: "eq",
+			value: true,
+			pendingLabel: "Change the peak voltage or the resistance."
+		},
+		{
+			id: "explain-answer",
+			source: "answer",
+			key: "why-root-two",
+			operator: "eq",
+			value: "heating",
+			pendingLabel: "Say why we square the wave first."
+		},
+		{
+			id: "smoothing-added",
+			source: "metric",
+			key: "smoothingAdded",
+			operator: "eq",
+			value: true,
+			pendingLabel: "Switch to rectifying and add some capacitance."
+		}
+	]
+};
+function AlternatingCurrentLab({ peakVoltageV: peak0 = 325, frequencyHz: freq0 = 50, resistanceOhm: res0 = 50, capacitanceUf: cap0 = 1e3, rectifier: rectifier0 = "full", view: view0 = "waveform", title = "Alternating current: peak, r.m.s. and rectifying", prompt = "A sinusoidal supply drives a resistor. The wave swings between +V0 and -V0, so its mean is zero, yet the resistor still gets hot. The r.m.s. view shows which value does the heating.", objectives, activity, initialStepId } = {}) {
+	const [peakVoltage, setPeakVoltage] = useState(peak0);
+	const [frequency, setFrequency] = useState(freq0);
+	const [resistance, setResistance] = useState(res0);
+	const [capacitanceUf, setCapacitanceUf] = useState(cap0);
+	const [rectifier, setRectifier] = useState(rectifier0);
+	const [view, setView] = useState(view0);
+	const [drawerOpen, setDrawerOpen] = useState(false);
+	const supply = {
+		peakVoltageV: peakVoltage,
+		frequencyHz: frequency,
+		resistanceOhm: resistance
+	};
+	const state = acState(supply);
+	const periodMs = acPeriodS(frequency) * 1e3;
+	const spanMs = 2 * periodMs;
+	const peakCurrent = state.peakCurrentA;
+	const wave = acWaveTrace(supply, 2, 160);
+	const scW_x = (tMs) => 38 + tMs / spanMs * 464;
+	const scW_yV = (v) => 134 - v / (1.25 * peakVoltage) * 74;
+	const scW_yI = (i) => 134 - i / (1.25 * peakCurrent) * 46;
+	const vPoints = wave.map((p) => [scW_x(p.t * 1e3), scW_yV(p.v)]);
+	const iPoints = wave.map((p) => [scW_x(p.t * 1e3), scW_yI(p.i)]);
+	const figId = useFigureId();
+	const squareMax = peakVoltage * peakVoltage;
+	const scRms_yV = (v) => 66 - v / (1.25 * peakVoltage) * 38;
+	const scRms_ySq = (sq) => 240 - sq / (1.18 * squareMax) * 74;
+	const vPointsRms = wave.map((p) => [scW_x(p.t * 1e3), scRms_yV(p.v)]);
+	const squarePoints = wave.map((p) => [scW_x(p.t * 1e3), scRms_ySq(p.v * p.v)]);
+	const meanSquareY = scRms_ySq(state.meanSquareVoltageV2);
+	const squareTopY = scRms_ySq(squareMax);
+	const rmsY = scRms_yV(state.rmsVoltageV);
+	const rmsYNeg = scRms_yV(-state.rmsVoltageV);
+	const capacitanceF = capacitanceUf / 1e6;
+	const rectified = acRectifiedTrace({
+		supply,
+		capacitanceF,
+		rectifier,
+		cycles: 2,
+		samplesPerCycle: 180
+	});
+	const smoothing = capacitanceUf > 0;
+	const barePeak = meanRectifiedVoltage(peakVoltage, rectifier);
+	const scRect_y = (v) => 236 - v / (1.22 * peakVoltage) * 126;
+	const rectInputPoints = rectified.points.map((p) => [scW_x(p.t * 1e3), scRect_y(p.input)]);
+	const rectBasePoints = rectified.points.map((p) => [scW_x(p.t * 1e3), scRect_y(p.rectified)]);
+	const rectOutputPoints = rectified.points.map((p) => [scW_x(p.t * 1e3), scRect_y(p.output)]);
+	const rippleReadable = rectified.rippleV > .04 * peakVoltage;
+	const rippleX = scW_x(.75 * periodMs);
+	const isRect = view === "rectification";
+	const label = view === "waveform" ? `A supply of peak ${num(peakVoltage)} volts at ${num(frequency)} hertz across ${num(resistance)} ohms. Voltage and current are plotted against time; the period is ${num(periodMs)} milliseconds and the peak current is ${num(peakCurrent)} amperes.` : view === "rms" ? `The same supply, with the voltage above and the square of the voltage below. The mean of the square is ${grouped(state.meanSquareVoltageV2)} volts squared, and its square root, ${num(state.rmsVoltageV)} volts, is drawn on the voltage graph as the r.m.s. value.` : `The same supply through ${rectifier === "half" ? "one diode" : "a bridge of four diodes"} with ${smoothing ? `a ${num(capacitanceUf)} microfarad smoothing capacitor` : "no smoothing capacitor"}. The mean output is ${num(rectified.meanV)} volts with a ripple of ${num(rectified.rippleV)} volts.`;
+	const waveformVisual = /* @__PURE__ */ jsxs("g", { children: [
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("rect", {
+			x: "18",
+			y: "10",
+			width: "504",
+			height: "250",
+			rx: "8",
+			fill: "var(--fig-surface)",
+			stroke: "var(--fig-card-border)",
+			strokeWidth: "1.5"
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("rect", {
+			x: "28",
+			y: "38",
+			width: "484",
+			height: "192",
+			rx: "6",
+			fill: "color-mix(in oklab, var(--fig-surface) 88%, black)",
+			stroke: "var(--fig-axis)",
+			strokeWidth: "1"
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(FigText, {
+			x: 36,
+			y: 26,
+			size: "note",
+			tone: "hue-1",
+			children: [
+				"CH1 [V]: ",
+				num(peakVoltage / 3, 2),
+				" V/div"
+			]
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(FigText, {
+			x: 270,
+			y: 26,
+			anchor: "middle",
+			size: "note",
+			tone: "soft",
+			children: [
+				"TIME: ",
+				num(periodMs / 4, 2),
+				" ms/div · f = ",
+				num(frequency),
+				" Hz"
+			]
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(FigText, {
+			x: 504,
+			y: 26,
+			anchor: "end",
+			size: "note",
+			tone: "hue-2",
+			children: [
+				"CH2 [I]: ",
+				num(peakCurrent / 3, 2),
+				" A/div"
+			]
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("line", {
+			x1: 28,
+			y1: 134,
+			x2: 512,
+			y2: 134,
+			stroke: "var(--fig-axis)",
+			strokeWidth: "1",
+			strokeDasharray: "3 3",
+			opacity: .6
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("line", {
+			x1: 270,
+			y1: 38,
+			x2: 270,
+			y2: 230,
+			stroke: "var(--fig-axis)",
+			strokeWidth: "1",
+			strokeDasharray: "3 3",
+			opacity: .6
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Curve, {
+			points: vPoints,
+			color: HUE[1],
+			weight: "line"
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Curve, {
+			points: iPoints,
+			color: HUE[2],
+			weight: "line"
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Marker, {
+			x: scW_x(.25 * periodMs),
+			y: scW_yV(peakVoltage),
+			r: 4,
+			color: HUE[1],
+			label: `V₀ = ${num(peakVoltage)} V`
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Marker, {
+			x: scW_x(1.25 * periodMs),
+			y: scW_yI(peakCurrent),
+			r: 4,
+			color: HUE[2],
+			label: `I₀ = ${num(peakCurrent)} A`
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Arrow, {
+			x1: scW_x(0),
+			y1: 216,
+			x2: scW_x(periodMs),
+			y2: 216,
+			color: HUE.hot,
+			weight: "line",
+			head: 5,
+			double: true,
+			label: `Period T = ${num(periodMs)} ms`
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(FigText, {
+			x: 270,
+			y: 248,
+			anchor: "middle",
+			size: "note",
+			tone: "soft",
+			children: [
+				"Pure Resistive Load R = ",
+				num(resistance),
+				" Ω · Current and Voltage are in phase (φ = 0°)"
+			]
+		})
+	] });
+	const rmsVisual = /* @__PURE__ */ jsxs("g", { children: [
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("rect", {
+			x: "18",
+			y: "8",
+			width: "504",
+			height: "254",
+			rx: "8",
+			fill: "var(--fig-surface)",
+			stroke: "var(--fig-card-border)",
+			strokeWidth: "1.5"
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("rect", {
+			x: "28",
+			y: "16",
+			width: "484",
+			height: "100",
+			rx: "6",
+			fill: "color-mix(in oklab, var(--fig-surface) 88%, black)",
+			stroke: "var(--fig-axis)",
+			strokeWidth: "1"
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("line", {
+			x1: 28,
+			y1: 66,
+			x2: 512,
+			y2: 66,
+			stroke: "var(--fig-axis)",
+			strokeWidth: "1",
+			strokeDasharray: "4 4",
+			opacity: .6
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Curve, {
+			points: vPointsRms,
+			color: HUE[1],
+			opacity: .45,
+			weight: "line"
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Guide, {
+			x1: 28,
+			y1: rmsY,
+			x2: 506,
+			y2: rmsY,
+			color: HUE.hot,
+			label: "+V_rms",
+			labelAnchor: "end"
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Guide, {
+			x1: 28,
+			y1: rmsYNeg,
+			x2: 506,
+			y2: rmsYNeg,
+			color: HUE.hot
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(FigText, {
+			x: 36,
+			y: 30,
+			size: "note",
+			tone: "soft",
+			children: "v(t), mean zero"
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("rect", {
+			x: "28",
+			y: "148",
+			width: "484",
+			height: "104",
+			rx: "6",
+			fill: "color-mix(in oklab, var(--fig-surface) 88%, black)",
+			stroke: "var(--fig-axis)",
+			strokeWidth: "1"
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Guide, {
+			x1: 28,
+			y1: squareTopY,
+			x2: 506,
+			y2: squareTopY,
+			color: HUE.soft
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs("defs", { children: [/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("clipPath", {
+			id: `${figId}-sq-above`,
+			children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsx("rect", {
+				x: 28,
+				y: 148,
+				width: 484,
+				height: Math.max(0, meanSquareY - 148)
+			})
+		}), /* @__PURE__ */ jsx("clipPath", {
+			id: `${figId}-sq-below`,
+			children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsx("rect", {
+				x: 28,
+				y: meanSquareY,
+				width: 484,
+				height: Math.max(0, 240 - meanSquareY)
+			})
+		})] }),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("g", {
+			clipPath: figUrl(figId, "sq-above"),
+			children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Area, {
+				points: squarePoints,
+				baseY: meanSquareY,
+				color: HUE.hot,
+				opacity: 30
+			})
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("g", {
+			clipPath: figUrl(figId, "sq-below"),
+			children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Area, {
+				points: squarePoints,
+				baseY: meanSquareY,
+				color: HUE.cold,
+				opacity: 34
+			})
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Curve, {
+			points: squarePoints,
+			color: HUE[2],
+			weight: "line"
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Guide, {
+			x1: 28,
+			y1: meanSquareY,
+			x2: 506,
+			y2: meanSquareY,
+			color: HUE.hot
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(FigText, {
+			x: 34,
+			y: squareTopY - 4,
+			size: "note",
+			tone: "soft",
+			children: "V₀²"
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(FigText, {
+			x: 34,
+			y: meanSquareY - 4,
+			size: "note",
+			tone: "hot",
+			children: "V₀²/2"
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(FigText, {
+			x: 34,
+			y: 236,
+			size: "note",
+			tone: "soft",
+			children: "0"
+		}),
+		[
+			0,
+			1,
+			2
+		].map((n) => /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Guide, {
+			x1: scW_x(n * periodMs),
+			y1: 240,
+			x2: scW_x(n * periodMs),
+			y2: 244,
+			color: HUE.soft
+		}, n)),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(FigText, {
+			x: scW_x(periodMs),
+			y: 262,
+			anchor: "middle",
+			size: "note",
+			tone: "soft",
+			children: "the red humps above V₀²/2 exactly fill the blue dips below it"
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(FigText, {
+			x: 506,
+			y: 159,
+			anchor: "end",
+			size: "note",
+			tone: "soft",
+			children: "v² never goes negative, so it heats on both halves"
+		})
+	] });
+	const rectificationVisual = /* @__PURE__ */ jsxs("g", { children: [
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("rect", {
+			x: "18",
+			y: "10",
+			width: "504",
+			height: "70",
+			rx: "6",
+			fill: "var(--fig-surface)",
+			stroke: "var(--fig-axis)",
+			strokeWidth: "1"
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(AcSource, {
+			cx: 52,
+			cy: 45,
+			r: 13
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(FigText, {
+			x: 52,
+			y: 24,
+			anchor: "middle",
+			size: "note",
+			tone: "soft",
+			children: [
+				"V₀ = ",
+				num(peakVoltage),
+				" V"
+			]
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Wire, {
+			x1: 65,
+			y1: 33,
+			x2: rectifier === "half" ? 140 : 130,
+			y2: 33
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Wire, {
+			x1: 65,
+			y1: 57,
+			x2: rectifier === "half" ? 260 : 130,
+			y2: 57
+		}),
+		rectifier === "half" ? /* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(Fragment$1, { children: [
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Diode, {
+				x: 140,
+				y: 33,
+				w: 24,
+				h: 18
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(FigText, {
+				x: 152,
+				y: 20,
+				anchor: "middle",
+				size: "note",
+				tone: "soft",
+				children: "1 diode"
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Wire, {
+				x1: 164,
+				y1: 33,
+				x2: 260,
+				y2: 33
+			})
+		] }) : /* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(Fragment$1, { children: [
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Block, {
+				x: 126,
+				y: 22,
+				w: 62,
+				h: 44,
+				color: HUE[1],
+				label: "Bridge (4×)",
+				radius: 4
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Wire, {
+				x1: 188,
+				y1: 33,
+				x2: 260,
+				y2: 33
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Wire, {
+				x1: 188,
+				y1: 57,
+				x2: 260,
+				y2: 57
+			})
+		] }),
+		smoothing ? /* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(Fragment$1, { children: [
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Wire, {
+				x1: 260,
+				y1: 33,
+				x2: 260,
+				y2: 41
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Curve, {
+				points: [[252, 41], [268, 41]],
+				color: HUE[2],
+				weight: "edge"
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Curve, {
+				points: [[252, 49], [268, 49]],
+				color: HUE[2],
+				weight: "edge"
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Wire, {
+				x1: 260,
+				y1: 49,
+				x2: 260,
+				y2: 57
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Ball, {
+				cx: 260,
+				cy: 33,
+				r: 2.5,
+				color: HUE.metal
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Ball, {
+				cx: 260,
+				cy: 57,
+				r: 2.5,
+				color: HUE.metal
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(FigText, {
+				x: 260,
+				y: 20,
+				anchor: "middle",
+				size: "note",
+				tone: "hue-2",
+				children: [
+					"C = ",
+					num(capacitanceUf),
+					" µF"
+				]
+			})
+		] }) : /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(FigText, {
+			x: 260,
+			y: 45,
+			anchor: "middle",
+			size: "note",
+			tone: "soft",
+			children: "no capacitor"
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Wire, {
+			x1: 260,
+			y1: 33,
+			x2: 410,
+			y2: 33
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Wire, {
+			x1: 260,
+			y1: 57,
+			x2: 410,
+			y2: 57
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Wire, {
+			x1: 410,
+			y1: 33,
+			x2: 410,
+			y2: 37
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Block, {
+			x: 402,
+			y: 37,
+			w: 16,
+			h: 20,
+			color: HUE[3],
+			label: "R",
+			radius: 2
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Wire, {
+			x1: 410,
+			y1: 57,
+			x2: 410,
+			y2: 57
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(FigText, {
+			x: 430,
+			y: 45,
+			anchor: "start",
+			baseline: "middle",
+			size: "note",
+			tone: "soft",
+			children: [
+				"R = ",
+				num(resistance),
+				" Ω"
+			]
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Arrow, {
+			x1: 305,
+			y1: 57,
+			x2: 365,
+			y2: 57,
+			color: HUE.hot,
+			weight: "line",
+			head: 4,
+			label: "one way"
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("rect", {
+			x: "18",
+			y: "88",
+			width: "504",
+			height: "172",
+			rx: "6",
+			fill: "color-mix(in oklab, var(--fig-surface) 88%, black)",
+			stroke: "var(--fig-axis)",
+			strokeWidth: "1"
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("line", {
+			x1: 18,
+			y1: 236,
+			x2: 522,
+			y2: 236,
+			stroke: "var(--fig-axis)",
+			strokeWidth: "1",
+			strokeDasharray: "3 3",
+			opacity: .6
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Curve, {
+			points: rectInputPoints,
+			color: HUE.soft,
+			weight: "line",
+			dashed: true,
+			opacity: .4
+		}),
+		smoothing && /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Curve, {
+			points: rectBasePoints,
+			color: HUE[1],
+			weight: "line",
+			opacity: .35
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Curve, {
+			points: rectOutputPoints,
+			color: HUE[2],
+			weight: "line"
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Guide, {
+			x1: 18,
+			y1: scRect_y(rectified.meanV),
+			x2: 506,
+			y2: scRect_y(rectified.meanV),
+			color: HUE.warn,
+			label: `Mean = ${num(rectified.meanV)} V`,
+			labelAnchor: "end"
+		}),
+		rippleReadable && /* @__PURE__ */ jsxs("g", { children: [
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Arrow, {
+				x1: rippleX,
+				y1: scRect_y(rectified.maxV),
+				x2: rippleX,
+				y2: scRect_y(rectified.minV),
+				color: HUE.hot,
+				weight: "line",
+				head: 5,
+				double: true
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("rect", {
+				x: rippleX - 44,
+				y: scRect_y(rectified.maxV) - 18,
+				width: 88,
+				height: 16,
+				rx: 4,
+				fill: "color-mix(in oklab, var(--fig-surface) 90%, black)",
+				stroke: "var(--fig-hot)",
+				strokeWidth: STROKE.hair
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(FigText, {
+				x: rippleX,
+				y: scRect_y(rectified.maxV) - 10,
+				anchor: "middle",
+				baseline: "middle",
+				size: "note",
+				tone: "hot",
+				children: [
+					"ripple ",
+					num(rectified.rippleV),
+					" V"
+				]
+			})
+		] }),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(FigText, {
+			x: 28,
+			y: 104,
+			size: "note",
+			tone: "soft",
+			children: [
+				"τ = RC = ",
+				num(rectified.timeConstantS * 1e3),
+				" ms · Ripple freq: ",
+				num(rectified.rippleFrequencyHz),
+				" Hz"
+			]
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(FigText, {
+			x: 506,
+			y: 104,
+			anchor: "end",
+			size: "note",
+			tone: "soft",
+			children: "supply before diodes (faint)"
+		})
+	] });
+	const figure = /* @__PURE__ */ jsxs("div", {
+		className: "physics-visual-stack",
+		children: [/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(Figure, {
+			viewBox: [W, H],
+			domain: "physics",
+			label,
+			children: [
+				view === "waveform" && waveformVisual,
+				view === "rms" && rmsVisual,
+				view === "rectification" && rectificationVisual
+			]
+		}), view === "rms" && /* @__PURE__ */ jsx("div", {
+			className: "physics-equation-result",
+			children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Tex, { tex: `\\overline{v^2}=\\tfrac12 V_0^2 \\quad\\Rightarrow\\quad V_{rms}=\\sqrt{\\overline{v^2}}=\\frac{V_0}{\\sqrt2}=${num(state.rmsVoltageV)}\\,\\mathrm{V}` })
+		})]
+	});
+	const evidence = view === "waveform" ? /* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(Fragment$1, { children: [
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Readout, {
+			label: "one whole cycle",
+			value: `T = ${num(periodMs)} ms`,
+			sub: "T = 1/f. The supply repeats this pattern f times every second."
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(StatList, { children: [
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Stat, {
+				label: "frequency f",
+				value: `${num(frequency)} Hz`
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Stat, {
+				label: "peak voltage V₀",
+				value: `${num(peakVoltage)} V`
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Stat, {
+				label: "peak current I₀ = V₀/R",
+				value: `${num(peakCurrent)} A`
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Stat, {
+				label: "resistance R",
+				value: `${num(resistance)} Ω`
+			})
+		] }),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs("div", {
+			className: "physics-probe",
+			children: [/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("strong", {
+				className: "physics-equation-result",
+				children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Tex, { tex: `i(t)=\\frac{v(t)}{R}=\\frac{${num(peakVoltage)}\\sin(2\\pi\\times ${num(frequency)}\\,t)}{${num(resistance)}}` })
+			}), /* @__PURE__ */ jsx("small", { children: "R does not change during the cycle, so i is just v scaled down. The two curves cross zero together and peak together." })]
+		})
+	] }) : view === "rms" ? /* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(Fragment$1, { children: [
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Readout, {
+			label: "the value that does the heating",
+			value: `V_rms = ${num(state.rmsVoltageV)} V`,
+			sub: `A steady ${num(state.rmsVoltageV)} V d.c. across the same ${num(resistance)} Ω would deliver exactly the same mean power.`
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(StatList, { children: [
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Stat, {
+				label: "mean of v², added up",
+				value: `${grouped(state.meanSquareVoltageV2)} V²`
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Stat, {
+				label: "V₀²/2, from the algebra",
+				value: `${grouped(state.meanSquareExactV2)} V²`
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Stat, {
+				label: "I_rms = V_rms/R",
+				value: `${num(state.rmsCurrentA)} A`
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Stat, {
+				label: "mean power P",
+				value: `${num(state.meanPowerW)} W`,
+				tone: "good"
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Stat, {
+				label: "peak power (twice the mean)",
+				value: `${num(state.peakPowerW)} W`
+			})
+		] }),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs("div", {
+			className: "physics-probe",
+			children: [/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("strong", {
+				className: "physics-equation-result",
+				children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Tex, { tex: `V_{rms}=\\sqrt{\\overline{v^2}}=\\frac{V_0}{\\sqrt2}=${num(state.rmsVoltageV)}\\,\\mathrm{V}\\qquad P=\\frac{V_{rms}^2}{R}=\\frac{V_0^2}{2R}=${num(state.meanPowerW)}\\,\\mathrm{W}` })
+			}), /* @__PURE__ */ jsx("small", { children: "Both stats above are the same number: one is counted off the graph, the other comes from the algebra. That agreement is the whole proof." })]
+		})
+	] }) : /* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(Fragment$1, { children: [
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Readout, {
+			label: "output across R",
+			value: `mean ${num(rectified.meanV)} V, ripple ${num(rectified.rippleV)} V`,
+			sub: smoothing ? `The capacitor holds the voltage up between peaks. R C = ${num(rectified.timeConstantS * 1e3)} ms against a gap of ${num(1e3 / rectified.rippleFrequencyHz)} ms.` : "With no capacitor the output falls to zero after every peak, so the ripple is the full peak value."
+		}),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(StatList, { children: [
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Stat, {
+				label: "ripple frequency",
+				value: `${num(rectified.rippleFrequencyHz)} Hz`
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Stat, {
+				label: rectifier === "half" ? "mean with no capacitor, V₀/π" : "mean with no capacitor, 2V₀/π",
+				value: `${num(barePeak)} V`
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Stat, {
+				label: "capacitance C",
+				value: `${num(capacitanceUf)} µF`
+			}),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Stat, {
+				label: "time constant R C",
+				value: `${num(rectified.timeConstantS * 1e3)} ms`
+			})
+		] }),
+		/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs("div", {
+			className: "physics-probe",
+			children: [/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("strong", {
+				className: "physics-equation-result",
+				children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Tex, { tex: rectifier === "half" ? `\\overline{v_{out}}=\\frac{V_0}{\\pi}=${num(barePeak)}\\,\\mathrm{V}` : `\\overline{v_{out}}=\\frac{2V_0}{\\pi}=${num(barePeak)}\\,\\mathrm{V}` })
+			}), /* @__PURE__ */ jsx("small", { children: "That is the mean HEIGHT of the rectified wave, not an r.m.s. value. A capacitor raises the mean towards V₀ by filling in the gaps." })]
+		})
+	] });
+	const controls = /* @__PURE__ */ jsxs("div", {
+		style: {
+			display: "flex",
+			flexDirection: "column",
+			gap: 10,
+			width: "100%"
+		},
+		children: [
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs("div", {
+				className: "lab-hud-toolbar",
+				role: "toolbar",
+				"aria-label": "Alternating current controls",
+				children: [
+					/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs("div", {
+						className: "lab-hud-group",
+						children: [/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("span", {
+							className: "lab-hud-badge",
+							children: "View"
+						}), /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Segmented, {
+							value: view,
+							onChange: (v) => setView(v),
+							options: [
+								{
+									value: "waveform",
+									label: "Waveform"
+								},
+								{
+									value: "rms",
+									label: "R.M.S."
+								},
+								{
+									value: "rectification",
+									label: "Rectifier"
+								}
+							],
+							ariaLabel: "View selection"
+						})]
+					}),
+					isRect && /* @__PURE__ */ jsxs("div", {
+						className: "lab-hud-group",
+						children: [/* @__PURE__ */ jsx("span", {
+							className: "lab-hud-badge",
+							children: "Diode"
+						}), /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Segmented, {
+							value: rectifier,
+							onChange: (r) => setRectifier(r),
+							options: [{
+								value: "half",
+								label: "Half-wave"
+							}, {
+								value: "full",
+								label: "Bridge (Full)"
+							}],
+							ariaLabel: "Diode circuit"
+						})]
+					}),
+					/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(ActionButton, {
+						className: `lab-btn-ghost lab-hud-drawer-toggle ${drawerOpen ? "open" : ""}`,
+						onClick: () => setDrawerOpen((o) => !o),
+						"aria-expanded": drawerOpen,
+						children: ["Parameters ", drawerOpen ? "▲" : "▼"]
+					})
+				]
+			}),
+			isRect ? /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Field, {
+				label: "Smoothing Capacitance C",
+				value: `${num(capacitanceUf)} µF (ripple ${num(rectified.rippleV)} V)`,
+				children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Slider, {
+					value: capacitanceUf,
+					min: 0,
+					max: C_MAX_UF,
+					step: 100,
+					onChange: setCapacitanceUf,
+					ariaLabel: "smoothing capacitance in microfarads"
+				})
+			}) : view === "rms" ? /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Field, {
+				label: "Peak Voltage V₀",
+				value: `${num(peakVoltage)} V (V_rms = ${num(state.rmsVoltageV)} V)`,
+				children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Slider, {
+					value: peakVoltage,
+					min: V0_MIN,
+					max: V0_MAX,
+					step: 5,
+					onChange: setPeakVoltage,
+					ariaLabel: "peak voltage in volts"
+				})
+			}) : /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Field, {
+				label: "Frequency f",
+				value: `${num(frequency)} Hz (T = ${num(periodMs)} ms)`,
+				children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Slider, {
+					value: frequency,
+					min: F_MIN,
+					max: F_MAX,
+					step: 5,
+					onChange: setFrequency,
+					ariaLabel: "frequency in hertz"
+				})
+			}),
+			drawerOpen && /* @__PURE__ */ jsxs("div", {
+				className: "lab-hud-drawer",
+				children: [
+					view !== "rms" && /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Field, {
+						label: "Peak Voltage V₀",
+						value: `${num(peakVoltage)} V`,
+						children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Slider, {
+							value: peakVoltage,
+							min: V0_MIN,
+							max: V0_MAX,
+							step: 5,
+							onChange: setPeakVoltage,
+							ariaLabel: "peak voltage in volts"
+						})
+					}),
+					view !== "waveform" && /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Field, {
+						label: "Frequency f",
+						value: `${num(frequency)} Hz`,
+						children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Slider, {
+							value: frequency,
+							min: F_MIN,
+							max: F_MAX,
+							step: 5,
+							onChange: setFrequency,
+							ariaLabel: "frequency in hertz"
+						})
+					}),
+					/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Field, {
+						label: "Load Resistance R",
+						value: `${num(resistance)} Ω`,
+						children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Slider, {
+							value: resistance,
+							min: R_MIN,
+							max: R_MAX,
+							step: 10,
+							onChange: setResistance,
+							ariaLabel: "resistance in ohms"
+						})
+					})
+				]
+			})
+		]
+	});
+	if (activity) {
+		const activityId = typeof activity === "string" ? activity : "alternating-current";
+		const authoredActivity = typeof activity === "string" ? AC_ACTIVITY : activity;
+		return /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(AuthoredActivityRuntime, {
+			focusLayout: "immersive",
+			presentation: "investigation",
+			transcriptMode: "sr-only",
+			initialStepId,
+			activity: {
+				...authoredActivity,
+				objectives: objectives ?? authoredActivity.objectives
+			},
+			activityId,
+			eyebrow: "Alternating currents",
+			title,
+			description: prompt,
+			status: ({ sequence }) => sequence.current.id === "predict" ? /* @__PURE__ */ jsxs("span", { children: [
+				"Mains Supply: ",
+				num(peakVoltage),
+				" V peak"
+			] }) : /* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(Fragment$1, { children: [
+				/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs("span", { children: [
+					"V₀ = ",
+					num(peakVoltage),
+					" V"
+				] }),
+				/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs("span", { children: [
+					"V_rms = ",
+					num(state.rmsVoltageV),
+					" V"
+				] }),
+				/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs("span", { children: [
+					"P = ",
+					num(state.meanPowerW),
+					" W"
+				] })
+			] }),
+			evidence: ({ sequence }) => {
+				if (sequence.current.id === "predict") return /* @__PURE__ */ jsx("div", {
+					className: "physics-probe",
+					children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsx("strong", {
+						className: "physics-equation-result",
+						children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Tex, { tex: `V_0 = ${num(peakVoltage)}\\mathrm{V},\\quad f = ${num(frequency)}\\mathrm{Hz},\\quad R = ${num(resistance)}\\Omega` })
+					})
+				});
+				if (sequence.current.id === "explain") return /* @__PURE__ */ jsx("div", {
+					className: "physics-probe",
+					children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsx("strong", {
+						className: "physics-equation-result",
+						children: /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Tex, { tex: `V_{rms}=\\sqrt{\\overline{v^2}}=\\frac{V_0}{\\sqrt2}=${num(state.rmsVoltageV)}\\mathrm{V}\\qquad P=\\frac{V_{rms}^2}{R}=\\frac{V_0^2}{2R}=${num(state.meanPowerW)}\\mathrm{W}` })
+					})
+				});
+				return evidence;
+			},
+			controls: ({ sequence }) => {
+				if (sequence.current.id === "predict" || sequence.current.id === "explain") return null;
+				return controls;
+			},
+			observation: view === "waveform" ? "The supply takes T seconds to complete one cycle, and T = 1/f. The current curve is the voltage curve divided by R, so both reach zero together and both reach their peak together." : view === "rms" ? "The lower graph is the upper one squared, so it never goes below zero. Its mean sits at exactly half of V₀², whatever V₀ is. Take the square root of that mean and you get V_rms, the steady d.c. voltage that would heat this resistor at the same rate." : "The diodes remove the negative halves, so the current in R now flows one way only. The capacitor charges to the peak and then leaks slowly through R, so the output sags a little between peaks instead of falling to zero. More capacitance, or more resistance, means less ripple.",
+			transcript: /* @__PURE__ */ jsxs("p", { children: [
+				"Peak ",
+				num(peakVoltage),
+				" V at ",
+				num(frequency),
+				" Hz across ",
+				num(resistance),
+				" Ω. Period",
+				" ",
+				num(periodMs),
+				" ms, peak current ",
+				num(peakCurrent),
+				" A. Mean of v² is",
+				" ",
+				grouped(state.meanSquareVoltageV2),
+				" V², so V_rms is ",
+				num(state.rmsVoltageV),
+				" V and the mean power is ",
+				num(state.meanPowerW),
+				" W. Rectified by ",
+				rectifier === "half" ? "one diode" : "a bridge",
+				" with",
+				" ",
+				num(capacitanceUf),
+				" µF: mean ",
+				num(rectified.meanV),
+				" V, ripple ",
+				num(rectified.rippleV),
+				" V at",
+				" ",
+				num(rectified.rippleFrequencyHz),
+				" Hz."
+			] }),
+			children: ({ complete }) => /* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(Fragment$1, { children: [
+				/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(AuthoredMetricGate, {
+					conditionId: "rms-opened",
+					met: view === "rms",
+					complete
+				}),
+				/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(AuthoredMetricGate, {
+					conditionId: "supply-changed",
+					met: peakVoltage !== peak0 || resistance !== res0,
+					complete
+				}),
+				/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(AuthoredMetricGate, {
+					conditionId: "smoothing-added",
+					met: isRect && capacitanceUf > 0,
+					complete
+				}),
+				figure
+			] })
+		});
+	}
+	return /* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(Activity.Root, {
+		className: "lab-alternating-current",
+		focusLayout: "immersive",
+		children: [
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(Activity.Header, { children: [/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Activity.Heading, {
+				eyebrow: "Cambridge A-Level Physics 9702 · Chapter 21",
+				title,
+				description: prompt
+			}), /* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Activity.FocusButton, {})] }),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsxs(Activity.Workspace, { children: [
+				/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Activity.Canvas, {
+					label,
+					children: figure
+				}),
+				/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Activity.Dock, { children: controls }),
+				/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Activity.Inspector, {
+					label: "Explore Cambridge Formulas & Proofs",
+					defaultOpen: false,
+					children: evidence
+				})
+			] }),
+			/* @__PURE__ */ jsx(Activity.Feedback, { message: view === "waveform" ? `The current i(t) = v(t)/R is strictly in phase with voltage across a pure resistor. Period T = 1/f = ${num(periodMs)} ms.` : view === "rms" ? `V_rms = V₀ / √2 = ${num(state.rmsVoltageV)} V delivers the same mean heating power (${num(state.meanPowerW)} W) into ${num(resistance)} Ω as an equivalent steady d.c. source.` : smoothing ? `Capacitor C = ${num(capacitanceUf)} µF maintains voltage between peaks (RC = ${num(rectified.timeConstantS * 1e3)} ms), reducing ripple to ${num(rectified.rippleV)} V.` : "Without a smoothing capacitor, output voltage drops to zero each half-cycle with 100% ripple." })
+		]
+	});
+}
+
+//#endregion
+export { AlternatingCurrentLab };