@chengchenccc/tui 0.1.1-rc.1

package/dist/tui.js

@@ -0,0 +1,1568 @@
+/**
+ * Minimal TUI implementation with differential rendering
+ */
+import * as fs from "node:fs";
+import * as os from "node:os";
+import * as path from "node:path";
+import { performance } from "node:perf_hooks";
+import { isKeyRelease, matchesKey } from "./keys.js";
+import { isOsc11BackgroundColorResponse, parseOsc11BackgroundColor, parseTerminalColorSchemeReport, } from "./terminal-colors.js";
+import { deleteKittyImage, getCapabilities, isImageLine, setCellDimensions, } from "./terminal-image.js";
+import { extractSegments, normalizeTerminalOutput, sliceByColumn, sliceWithWidth, visibleWidth, } from "./utils.js";
+const KITTY_SEQUENCE_PREFIX = "\x1b_G";
+function parseKittyImageHeader(line) {
+    const sequenceStart = line.indexOf(KITTY_SEQUENCE_PREFIX);
+    if (sequenceStart === -1)
+        return undefined;
+    const paramsStart = sequenceStart + KITTY_SEQUENCE_PREFIX.length;
+    const paramsEnd = line.indexOf(";", paramsStart);
+    if (paramsEnd === -1)
+        return undefined;
+    const ids = [];
+    let rows = 1;
+    const params = line.slice(paramsStart, paramsEnd);
+    for (const param of params.split(",")) {
+        const [key, value] = param.split("=", 2);
+        if (value === undefined)
+            continue;
+        const numberValue = Number(value);
+        if (!Number.isInteger(numberValue) || numberValue <= 0 || numberValue > 0xffffffff)
+            continue;
+        if (key === "i") {
+            ids.push(numberValue);
+        }
+        else if (key === "r") {
+            rows = numberValue;
+        }
+    }
+    return { ids, rows };
+}
+function extractKittyImageIds(line) {
+    return parseKittyImageHeader(line)?.ids ?? [];
+}
+function extractKittyImageRows(line) {
+    return parseKittyImageHeader(line)?.rows ?? 1;
+}
+/** Type guard to check if a component implements Focusable */
+export function isFocusable(component) {
+    return component !== null && "focused" in component;
+}
+/**
+ * Cursor position marker - APC (Application Program Command) sequence.
+ * This is a zero-width escape sequence that terminals ignore.
+ * Components emit this at the cursor position when focused.
+ * TUI finds and strips this marker, then positions the hardware cursor there.
+ */
+export const CURSOR_MARKER = "\x1b_pi:c\x07";
+export { visibleWidth };
+/** Parse a SizeValue into absolute value given a reference size */
+function parseSizeValue(value, referenceSize) {
+    if (value === undefined)
+        return undefined;
+    if (typeof value === "number")
+        return value;
+    // Parse percentage string like "50%"
+    const match = value.match(/^(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)%$/);
+    if (match) {
+        return Math.floor((referenceSize * parseFloat(match[1])) / 100);
+    }
+    return undefined;
+}
+function isTermuxSession() {
+    return Boolean(process.env.TERMUX_VERSION);
+}
+/**
+ * Container - a component that contains other components
+ */
+export class Container {
+    children = [];
+    addChild(component) {
+        this.children.push(component);
+    }
+    removeChild(component) {
+        const index = this.children.indexOf(component);
+        if (index !== -1) {
+            this.children.splice(index, 1);
+        }
+    }
+    clear() {
+        this.children = [];
+    }
+    invalidate() {
+        for (const child of this.children) {
+            child.invalidate?.();
+        }
+    }
+    render(width) {
+        const lines = [];
+        for (const child of this.children) {
+            const childLines = child.render(width);
+            for (const line of childLines) {
+                lines.push(line);
+            }
+        }
+        return lines;
+    }
+}
+export function setNativeScrollbackCommittedRows(component, rows) {
+    component.setNativeScrollbackCommittedRows?.(rows);
+}
+export function getNativeScrollbackLiveRegionStart(component) {
+    return component.getNativeScrollbackLiveRegionStart?.();
+}
+export function getRenderStablePrefixRows(component) {
+    return component.getRenderStablePrefixRows?.();
+}
+export function prepareNativeScrollbackReplay(component) {
+    component.prepareNativeScrollbackReplay?.();
+}
+/**
+ * TUI - Main class for managing terminal UI with differential rendering
+ */
+export class TUI extends Container {
+    terminal;
+    previousLines = [];
+    previousKittyImageIds = new Set();
+    previousWidth = 0;
+    previousHeight = 0;
+    focusedComponent = null;
+    inputListeners = new Set();
+    /** Global callback for debug key (Shift+Ctrl+D). Called before input is forwarded to focused component. */
+    onDebug;
+    renderRequested = false;
+    renderTimer;
+    lastRenderAt = 0;
+    static MIN_RENDER_INTERVAL_MS = 16;
+    cursorRow = 0; // Logical cursor row (end of rendered content)
+    hardwareCursorRow = 0; // Actual terminal cursor row (may differ due to IME positioning)
+    showHardwareCursor = process.env.PI_HARDWARE_CURSOR === "1";
+    clearOnShrink = process.env.PI_CLEAR_ON_SHRINK === "1"; // Clear empty rows when content shrinks (default: off)
+    maxLinesRendered = 0; // Track terminal's working area (max lines ever rendered)
+    previousViewportTop = 0; // Track previous viewport top for resize-aware cursor moves
+    committedRows = 0; // Rows already handed to native scrollback (never repainted)
+    frameProvider;
+    providerViewportTop = 0;
+    providerWindow = [];
+    acceptedHistoryBatchId = 0;
+    providerForceRepaint = false;
+    fullRedrawCount = 0;
+    stopped = false;
+    pendingOsc11BackgroundReplies = 0;
+    pendingOsc11BackgroundQueries = [];
+    terminalColorSchemeListeners = new Set();
+    terminalColorSchemeNotificationsEnabled = false;
+    // Overlay stack for modal components rendered on top of base content
+    focusOrderCounter = 0;
+    overlayStack = [];
+    overlayFocusRestore = {
+        status: "inactive",
+    };
+    constructor(terminal, showHardwareCursor) {
+        super();
+        this.terminal = terminal;
+        if (showHardwareCursor !== undefined) {
+            this.showHardwareCursor = showHardwareCursor;
+        }
+    }
+    get fullRedraws() {
+        return this.fullRedrawCount;
+    }
+    getShowHardwareCursor() {
+        return this.showHardwareCursor;
+    }
+    setShowHardwareCursor(enabled) {
+        if (this.showHardwareCursor === enabled)
+            return;
+        this.showHardwareCursor = enabled;
+        if (!enabled) {
+            this.terminal.hideCursor();
+        }
+        this.requestRender();
+    }
+    getClearOnShrink() {
+        return this.clearOnShrink;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Set whether to trigger full re-render when content shrinks.
+     * When true (default), empty rows are cleared when content shrinks.
+     * When false, empty rows remain (reduces redraws on slower terminals).
+     */
+    setClearOnShrink(enabled) {
+        this.clearOnShrink = enabled;
+    }
+    /** Provide a frame provider (omp TerminalFrameProvider pipeline). */
+    setFrameProvider(provider) {
+        this.frameProvider = provider;
+    }
+    setFocus(component) {
+        this.setFocusInternal({ component, overlayFocusRestore: "clear" });
+    }
+    setFocusInternal({ component, overlayFocusRestore, }) {
+        const previousFocus = this.focusedComponent;
+        let nextFocus = component;
+        const previousFocusedOverlay = previousFocus
+            ? this.overlayStack.find((entry) => entry.component === previousFocus && this.isOverlayVisible(entry))
+            : undefined;
+        const nextFocusIsOverlay = nextFocus
+            ? this.overlayStack.some((entry) => entry.component === nextFocus)
+            : false;
+        const restoreState = this.getVisibleOverlayFocusRestore();
+        if (nextFocus && !nextFocusIsOverlay) {
+            if (restoreState.status === "blocked" && restoreState.blockedBy === previousFocus) {
+                if (restoreState.resume.status === "focus-target" ||
+                    !this.isComponentMounted(restoreState.blockedBy)) {
+                    nextFocus = this.resolveBlockedOverlayFocusResume(restoreState);
+                }
+                else {
+                    this.overlayFocusRestore = {
+                        status: "blocked",
+                        overlay: restoreState.overlay,
+                        blockedBy: nextFocus,
+                        resume: restoreState.resume,
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+            else if (previousFocusedOverlay &&
+                restoreState.status !== "inactive" &&
+                restoreState.overlay === previousFocusedOverlay &&
+                !this.isOverlayFocusAncestor(previousFocusedOverlay, nextFocus)) {
+                this.overlayFocusRestore = {
+                    status: "blocked",
+                    overlay: previousFocusedOverlay,
+                    blockedBy: nextFocus,
+                    resume: { status: "restore-overlay" },
+                };
+            }
+        }
+        else if (nextFocus === null) {
+            if (restoreState.status === "blocked" && restoreState.blockedBy === previousFocus) {
+                nextFocus = this.resolveBlockedOverlayFocusResume(restoreState);
+            }
+            else if (overlayFocusRestore === "clear") {
+                this.clearOverlayFocusRestore();
+            }
+        }
+        if (isFocusable(this.focusedComponent)) {
+            this.focusedComponent.focused = false;
+        }
+        this.focusedComponent = nextFocus;
+        if (isFocusable(nextFocus)) {
+            nextFocus.focused = true;
+        }
+        const focusedOverlay = nextFocus
+            ? this.overlayStack.find((entry) => entry.component === nextFocus && this.isOverlayVisible(entry))
+            : undefined;
+        if (focusedOverlay) {
+            this.overlayFocusRestore = {
+                status: "eligible",
+                overlay: focusedOverlay,
+            };
+        }
+    }
+    clearOverlayFocusRestore() {
+        this.overlayFocusRestore = { status: "inactive" };
+    }
+    clearOverlayFocusRestoreFor(overlay) {
+        if (this.overlayFocusRestore.status !== "inactive" &&
+            this.overlayFocusRestore.overlay === overlay) {
+            this.clearOverlayFocusRestore();
+        }
+    }
+    resolveBlockedOverlayFocusResume(restoreState) {
+        if (restoreState.resume.status === "restore-overlay")
+            return restoreState.overlay.component;
+        this.clearOverlayFocusRestore();
+        return restoreState.resume.target;
+    }
+    getVisibleOverlayFocusRestore() {
+        const restoreState = this.overlayFocusRestore;
+        if (restoreState.status === "inactive")
+            return restoreState;
+        if (!this.overlayStack.includes(restoreState.overlay) ||
+            !this.isOverlayVisible(restoreState.overlay)) {
+            return { status: "inactive" };
+        }
+        return restoreState;
+    }
+    isOverlayFocusAncestor(entry, component) {
+        const visited = new Set();
+        let current = entry.preFocus;
+        while (current && !visited.has(current)) {
+            visited.add(current);
+            if (current === component)
+                return true;
+            current =
+                this.overlayStack.find((overlay) => overlay.component === current)?.preFocus ?? null;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    retargetOverlayPreFocus(removed) {
+        for (const overlay of this.overlayStack) {
+            if (overlay !== removed && overlay.preFocus === removed.component) {
+                overlay.preFocus = removed.preFocus;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    isComponentMounted(component) {
+        return this.children.some((child) => this.containsComponent(child, component));
+    }
+    containsComponent(root, target) {
+        if (root === target)
+            return true;
+        if (!(root instanceof Container))
+            return false;
+        return root.children.some((child) => this.containsComponent(child, target));
+    }
+    /**
+     * Show an overlay component with configurable positioning and sizing.
+     * Returns a handle to control the overlay's visibility.
+     */
+    showOverlay(component, options) {
+        const entry = {
+            component,
+            ...(options === undefined ? {} : { options }),
+            preFocus: this.focusedComponent,
+            hidden: false,
+            focusOrder: ++this.focusOrderCounter,
+        };
+        this.overlayStack.push(entry);
+        // Only focus if overlay is actually visible
+        if (!options?.nonCapturing && this.isOverlayVisible(entry)) {
+            this.setFocus(component);
+        }
+        this.terminal.hideCursor();
+        this.requestRender();
+        // Return handle for controlling this overlay
+        return {
+            hide: () => {
+                const index = this.overlayStack.indexOf(entry);
+                if (index !== -1) {
+                    this.clearOverlayFocusRestoreFor(entry);
+                    this.retargetOverlayPreFocus(entry);
+                    this.overlayStack.splice(index, 1);
+                    // Restore focus if this overlay had focus
+                    if (this.focusedComponent === component) {
+                        const topVisible = this.getTopmostVisibleOverlay();
+                        this.setFocus(topVisible?.component ?? entry.preFocus);
+                    }
+                    if (this.overlayStack.length === 0)
+                        this.terminal.hideCursor();
+                    this.requestRender();
+                }
+            },
+            setHidden: (hidden) => {
+                if (entry.hidden === hidden)
+                    return;
+                entry.hidden = hidden;
+                // Update focus when hiding/showing
+                if (hidden) {
+                    this.clearOverlayFocusRestoreFor(entry);
+                    // If this overlay had focus, move focus to next visible or preFocus
+                    if (this.focusedComponent === component) {
+                        const topVisible = this.getTopmostVisibleOverlay();
+                        this.setFocus(topVisible?.component ?? entry.preFocus);
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    // Restore focus to this overlay when showing (if it's actually visible)
+                    if (!options?.nonCapturing && this.isOverlayVisible(entry)) {
+                        entry.focusOrder = ++this.focusOrderCounter;
+                        this.setFocus(component);
+                    }
+                }
+                this.requestRender();
+            },
+            isHidden: () => entry.hidden,
+            focus: () => {
+                if (!this.overlayStack.includes(entry) || !this.isOverlayVisible(entry))
+                    return;
+                entry.focusOrder = ++this.focusOrderCounter;
+                this.setFocus(component);
+                this.requestRender();
+            },
+            unfocus: (unfocusOptions) => {
+                const isFocused = this.focusedComponent === component;
+                const restoreState = this.overlayFocusRestore;
+                const hasPendingRestore = restoreState.status !== "inactive" && restoreState.overlay === entry;
+                if (!isFocused && !hasPendingRestore)
+                    return;
+                if (restoreState.status === "blocked" &&
+                    restoreState.overlay === entry &&
+                    this.focusedComponent === restoreState.blockedBy) {
+                    if (unfocusOptions) {
+                        this.overlayFocusRestore = {
+                            status: "blocked",
+                            overlay: entry,
+                            blockedBy: restoreState.blockedBy,
+                            resume: { status: "focus-target", target: unfocusOptions.target },
+                        };
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        this.clearOverlayFocusRestore();
+                    }
+                    this.requestRender();
+                    return;
+                }
+                this.clearOverlayFocusRestoreFor(entry);
+                if (isFocused || unfocusOptions) {
+                    const topVisible = this.getTopmostVisibleOverlay();
+                    const fallbackTarget = topVisible && topVisible !== entry ? topVisible.component : entry.preFocus;
+                    this.setFocus(unfocusOptions ? unfocusOptions.target : fallbackTarget);
+                }
+                this.requestRender();
+            },
+            isFocused: () => this.focusedComponent === component,
+        };
+    }
+    /** Hide the topmost overlay and restore previous focus. */
+    hideOverlay() {
+        const overlay = this.overlayStack[this.overlayStack.length - 1];
+        if (!overlay)
+            return;
+        this.clearOverlayFocusRestoreFor(overlay);
+        this.retargetOverlayPreFocus(overlay);
+        this.overlayStack.pop();
+        if (this.focusedComponent === overlay.component) {
+            // Find topmost visible overlay, or fall back to preFocus
+            const topVisible = this.getTopmostVisibleOverlay();
+            this.setFocus(topVisible?.component ?? overlay.preFocus);
+        }
+        if (this.overlayStack.length === 0)
+            this.terminal.hideCursor();
+        this.requestRender();
+    }
+    /** Check if there are any visible overlays */
+    hasOverlay() {
+        return this.overlayStack.some((o) => this.isOverlayVisible(o));
+    }
+    /** Check if an overlay entry is currently visible */
+    isOverlayVisible(entry) {
+        if (entry.hidden)
+            return false;
+        if (entry.options?.visible) {
+            return entry.options.visible(this.terminal.columns, this.terminal.rows);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    /** Find the visual-frontmost visible capturing overlay, if any */
+    getTopmostVisibleOverlay() {
+        let topmost;
+        for (const overlay of this.overlayStack) {
+            if (overlay.options?.nonCapturing || !this.isOverlayVisible(overlay))
+                continue;
+            if (!topmost || overlay.focusOrder > topmost.focusOrder) {
+                topmost = overlay;
+            }
+        }
+        return topmost;
+    }
+    invalidate() {
+        super.invalidate();
+        for (const overlay of this.overlayStack)
+            overlay.component.invalidate?.();
+    }
+    start() {
+        this.stopped = false;
+        this.terminal.start((data) => this.handleInput(data), () => this.requestRender());
+        this.terminal.hideCursor();
+        if (this.terminalColorSchemeNotificationsEnabled) {
+            this.terminal.write("\x1b[?2031h");
+        }
+        this.queryCellSize();
+        this.requestRender();
+    }
+    addInputListener(listener) {
+        this.inputListeners.add(listener);
+        return () => {
+            this.inputListeners.delete(listener);
+        };
+    }
+    removeInputListener(listener) {
+        this.inputListeners.delete(listener);
+    }
+    onTerminalColorSchemeChange(listener) {
+        this.terminalColorSchemeListeners.add(listener);
+        return () => {
+            this.terminalColorSchemeListeners.delete(listener);
+        };
+    }
+    setTerminalColorSchemeNotifications(enabled) {
+        if (this.terminalColorSchemeNotificationsEnabled === enabled) {
+            return;
+        }
+        this.terminalColorSchemeNotificationsEnabled = enabled;
+        if (!this.stopped) {
+            this.terminal.write(enabled ? "\x1b[?2031h" : "\x1b[?2031l");
+        }
+    }
+    queryCellSize() {
+        // Only query if terminal supports images (cell size is only used for image rendering)
+        if (!getCapabilities().images) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // Query terminal for cell size in pixels: CSI 16 t
+        // Response format: CSI 6 ; height ; width t
+        this.terminal.write("\x1b[16t");
+    }
+    stop() {
+        this.stopped = true;
+        // Graceful shutdown: let root components flush any pending history.
+        for (const child of this.children) {
+            child.beginHistoryFlush?.();
+        }
+        if (this.renderTimer) {
+            clearTimeout(this.renderTimer);
+            this.renderTimer = undefined;
+        }
+        if (this.terminalColorSchemeNotificationsEnabled) {
+            this.terminal.write("\x1b[?2031l");
+        }
+        // Move cursor to the end of the content to prevent overwriting/artifacts on exit
+        if (this.previousLines.length > 0) {
+            const targetRow = this.previousLines.length; // Line after the last content
+            const lineDiff = targetRow - this.hardwareCursorRow;
+            if (lineDiff > 0) {
+                this.terminal.write(`\x1b[${lineDiff}B`);
+            }
+            else if (lineDiff < 0) {
+                this.terminal.write(`\x1b[${-lineDiff}A`);
+            }
+            this.terminal.write("\r\n");
+        }
+        this.terminal.showCursor();
+        this.terminal.stop();
+    }
+    requestRender(force = false) {
+        if (force) {
+            this.previousLines = [];
+            this.previousWidth = -1; // -1 triggers widthChanged, forcing a full clear
+            this.previousHeight = -1; // -1 triggers heightChanged, forcing a full clear
+            this.cursorRow = 0;
+            this.hardwareCursorRow = 0;
+            this.maxLinesRendered = 0;
+            this.previousViewportTop = 0;
+            if (this.renderTimer) {
+                clearTimeout(this.renderTimer);
+                this.renderTimer = undefined;
+            }
+            this.renderRequested = true;
+            process.nextTick(() => {
+                if (this.stopped || !this.renderRequested) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                this.renderRequested = false;
+                this.lastRenderAt = performance.now();
+                this.doRender();
+            });
+            return;
+        }
+        if (this.renderRequested)
+            return;
+        this.renderRequested = true;
+        process.nextTick(() => this.scheduleRender());
+    }
+    scheduleRender() {
+        if (this.stopped || this.renderTimer || !this.renderRequested) {
+            return;
+        }
+        const elapsed = performance.now() - this.lastRenderAt;
+        const delay = Math.max(0, TUI.MIN_RENDER_INTERVAL_MS - elapsed);
+        this.renderTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+            this.renderTimer = undefined;
+            if (this.stopped || !this.renderRequested) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.renderRequested = false;
+            this.lastRenderAt = performance.now();
+            this.doRender();
+            if (this.renderRequested) {
+                this.scheduleRender();
+            }
+        }, delay);
+    }
+    handleInput(data) {
+        if (this.consumeOsc11BackgroundResponse(data)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (this.consumeTerminalColorSchemeReport(data)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (this.inputListeners.size > 0) {
+            let current = data;
+            for (const listener of this.inputListeners) {
+                const result = listener(current);
+                if (result?.consume) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                if (result?.data !== undefined) {
+                    current = result.data;
+                }
+            }
+            if (current.length === 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+            data = current;
+        }
+        // Consume terminal cell size responses without blocking unrelated input.
+        if (this.consumeCellSizeResponse(data)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // Global debug key handler (Shift+Ctrl+D)
+        if (matchesKey(data, "shift+ctrl+d") && this.onDebug) {
+            this.onDebug();
+            return;
+        }
+        // If focused component is an overlay, verify it's still visible
+        // (visibility can change due to terminal resize or visible() callback)
+        const focusedOverlay = this.overlayStack.find((o) => o.component === this.focusedComponent);
+        if (focusedOverlay && !this.isOverlayVisible(focusedOverlay)) {
+            // Focused overlay is no longer visible, redirect to topmost visible overlay
+            const topVisible = this.getTopmostVisibleOverlay();
+            if (topVisible) {
+                this.setFocus(topVisible.component);
+            }
+            else {
+                this.setFocusInternal({
+                    component: focusedOverlay.preFocus,
+                    overlayFocusRestore: "preserve",
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        const focusIsOverlay = this.overlayStack.some((o) => o.component === this.focusedComponent);
+        if (!focusIsOverlay) {
+            const restoreState = this.getVisibleOverlayFocusRestore();
+            if (restoreState.status === "eligible") {
+                this.setFocus(restoreState.overlay.component);
+            }
+            else if (restoreState.status === "blocked" &&
+                restoreState.blockedBy !== this.focusedComponent) {
+                if (restoreState.resume.status === "restore-overlay") {
+                    this.setFocus(restoreState.overlay.component);
+                }
+                else {
+                    this.clearOverlayFocusRestore();
+                    this.setFocus(restoreState.resume.target);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Pass input to focused component (including Ctrl+C)
+        // The focused component can decide how to handle Ctrl+C
+        if (this.focusedComponent?.handleInput) {
+            // Filter out key release events unless component opts in
+            if (isKeyRelease(data) && !this.focusedComponent.wantsKeyRelease) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.focusedComponent.handleInput(data);
+            this.requestRender();
+        }
+    }
+    consumeOsc11BackgroundResponse(data) {
+        if (this.pendingOsc11BackgroundReplies <= 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!isOsc11BackgroundColorResponse(data)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        const rgb = parseOsc11BackgroundColor(data);
+        this.pendingOsc11BackgroundReplies -= 1;
+        const query = this.pendingOsc11BackgroundQueries.shift();
+        if (query && !query.settled) {
+            query.settled = true;
+            if (query.timer) {
+                clearTimeout(query.timer);
+                query.timer = undefined;
+            }
+            query.resolve?.(rgb);
+            query.resolve = undefined;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    consumeTerminalColorSchemeReport(data) {
+        const scheme = parseTerminalColorSchemeReport(data);
+        if (!scheme) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        for (const listener of this.terminalColorSchemeListeners) {
+            listener(scheme);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    consumeCellSizeResponse(data) {
+        // Response format: ESC [ 6 ; height ; width t
+        const match = data.match(/^\x1b\[6;(\d+);(\d+)t$/);
+        if (!match) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        const heightPx = parseInt(match[1], 10);
+        const widthPx = parseInt(match[2], 10);
+        if (heightPx <= 0 || widthPx <= 0) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        setCellDimensions({ widthPx, heightPx });
+        // Invalidate all components so images re-render with correct dimensions.
+        this.invalidate();
+        this.requestRender();
+        return true;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Resolve overlay layout from options.
+     * Returns { width, row, col, maxHeight } for rendering.
+     */
+    resolveOverlayLayout(options, overlayHeight, termWidth, termHeight) {
+        const opt = options ?? {};
+        // Parse margin (clamp to non-negative)
+        const margin = typeof opt.margin === "number"
+            ? {
+                top: opt.margin,
+                right: opt.margin,
+                bottom: opt.margin,
+                left: opt.margin,
+            }
+            : (opt.margin ?? {});
+        const marginTop = Math.max(0, margin.top ?? 0);
+        const marginRight = Math.max(0, margin.right ?? 0);
+        const marginBottom = Math.max(0, margin.bottom ?? 0);
+        const marginLeft = Math.max(0, margin.left ?? 0);
+        // Available space after margins
+        const availWidth = Math.max(1, termWidth - marginLeft - marginRight);
+        const availHeight = Math.max(1, termHeight - marginTop - marginBottom);
+        // === Resolve width ===
+        let width = parseSizeValue(opt.width, termWidth) ?? Math.min(80, availWidth);
+        // Apply minWidth
+        if (opt.minWidth !== undefined) {
+            width = Math.max(width, opt.minWidth);
+        }
+        // Clamp to available space
+        width = Math.max(1, Math.min(width, availWidth));
+        // === Resolve maxHeight ===
+        let maxHeight = parseSizeValue(opt.maxHeight, termHeight);
+        // Clamp to available space
+        if (maxHeight !== undefined) {
+            maxHeight = Math.max(1, Math.min(maxHeight, availHeight));
+        }
+        // Effective overlay height (may be clamped by maxHeight)
+        const effectiveHeight = maxHeight !== undefined ? Math.min(overlayHeight, maxHeight) : overlayHeight;
+        // === Resolve position ===
+        let row;
+        let col;
+        if (opt.row !== undefined) {
+            if (typeof opt.row === "string") {
+                // Percentage: 0% = top, 100% = bottom (overlay stays within bounds)
+                const match = opt.row.match(/^(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)%$/);
+                if (match) {
+                    const maxRow = Math.max(0, availHeight - effectiveHeight);
+                    const percent = parseFloat(match[1]) / 100;
+                    row = marginTop + Math.floor(maxRow * percent);
+                }
+                else {
+                    // Invalid format, fall back to center
+                    row = this.resolveAnchorRow("center", effectiveHeight, availHeight, marginTop);
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                // Absolute row position
+                row = opt.row;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            // Anchor-based (default: center)
+            const anchor = opt.anchor ?? "center";
+            row = this.resolveAnchorRow(anchor, effectiveHeight, availHeight, marginTop);
+        }
+        if (opt.col !== undefined) {
+            if (typeof opt.col === "string") {
+                // Percentage: 0% = left, 100% = right (overlay stays within bounds)
+                const match = opt.col.match(/^(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)%$/);
+                if (match) {
+                    const maxCol = Math.max(0, availWidth - width);
+                    const percent = parseFloat(match[1]) / 100;
+                    col = marginLeft + Math.floor(maxCol * percent);
+                }
+                else {
+                    // Invalid format, fall back to center
+                    col = this.resolveAnchorCol("center", width, availWidth, marginLeft);
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                // Absolute column position
+                col = opt.col;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            // Anchor-based (default: center)
+            const anchor = opt.anchor ?? "center";
+            col = this.resolveAnchorCol(anchor, width, availWidth, marginLeft);
+        }
+        // Apply offsets
+        if (opt.offsetY !== undefined)
+            row += opt.offsetY;
+        if (opt.offsetX !== undefined)
+            col += opt.offsetX;
+        // Clamp to terminal bounds (respecting margins)
+        row = Math.max(marginTop, Math.min(row, termHeight - marginBottom - effectiveHeight));
+        col = Math.max(marginLeft, Math.min(col, termWidth - marginRight - width));
+        return { width, row, col, maxHeight };
+    }
+    resolveAnchorRow(anchor, height, availHeight, marginTop) {
+        switch (anchor) {
+            case "top-left":
+            case "top-center":
+            case "top-right":
+                return marginTop;
+            case "bottom-left":
+            case "bottom-center":
+            case "bottom-right":
+                return marginTop + availHeight - height;
+            case "left-center":
+            case "center":
+            case "right-center":
+                return marginTop + Math.floor((availHeight - height) / 2);
+        }
+    }
+    resolveAnchorCol(anchor, width, availWidth, marginLeft) {
+        switch (anchor) {
+            case "top-left":
+            case "left-center":
+            case "bottom-left":
+                return marginLeft;
+            case "top-right":
+            case "right-center":
+            case "bottom-right":
+                return marginLeft + availWidth - width;
+            case "top-center":
+            case "center":
+            case "bottom-center":
+                return marginLeft + Math.floor((availWidth - width) / 2);
+        }
+    }
+    /** Composite all overlays into content lines (sorted by focusOrder, higher = on top). */
+    compositeOverlays(lines, termWidth, termHeight) {
+        if (this.overlayStack.length === 0)
+            return lines;
+        const result = [...lines];
+        // Pre-render all visible overlays and calculate positions
+        const rendered = [];
+        let minLinesNeeded = result.length;
+        const visibleEntries = this.overlayStack.filter((e) => this.isOverlayVisible(e));
+        visibleEntries.sort((a, b) => a.focusOrder - b.focusOrder);
+        for (const entry of visibleEntries) {
+            const { component, options } = entry;
+            // Get layout with height=0 first to determine width and maxHeight
+            // (width and maxHeight don't depend on overlay height)
+            const { width, maxHeight } = this.resolveOverlayLayout(options, 0, termWidth, termHeight);
+            // Render component at calculated width
+            let overlayLines = component.render(width);
+            // Apply maxHeight if specified
+            if (maxHeight !== undefined && overlayLines.length > maxHeight) {
+                overlayLines = overlayLines.slice(0, maxHeight);
+            }
+            // Get final row/col with actual overlay height
+            const { row, col } = this.resolveOverlayLayout(options, overlayLines.length, termWidth, termHeight);
+            rendered.push({ overlayLines, row, col, w: width });
+            minLinesNeeded = Math.max(minLinesNeeded, row + overlayLines.length);
+        }
+        // Pad to at least terminal height so overlays have screen-relative positions.
+        // Excludes maxLinesRendered: the historical high-water mark caused self-reinforcing
+        // inflation that pushed content into scrollback on terminal widen.
+        const workingHeight = Math.max(result.length, termHeight, minLinesNeeded);
+        // Extend result with empty lines if content is too short for overlay placement or working area
+        while (result.length < workingHeight) {
+            result.push("");
+        }
+        const viewportStart = Math.max(0, workingHeight - termHeight);
+        // Composite each overlay
+        for (const { overlayLines, row, col, w } of rendered) {
+            for (let i = 0; i < overlayLines.length; i++) {
+                const idx = viewportStart + row + i;
+                if (idx >= 0 && idx < result.length) {
+                    // Defensive: truncate overlay line to declared width before compositing
+                    // (components should already respect width, but this ensures it)
+                    const truncatedOverlayLine = visibleWidth(overlayLines[i]) > w
+                        ? sliceByColumn(overlayLines[i], 0, w, true)
+                        : overlayLines[i];
+                    result[idx] = this.compositeLineAt(result[idx], truncatedOverlayLine, col, w, termWidth);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+    static SEGMENT_RESET = "\x1b[0m\x1b]8;;\x07";
+    applyLineResets(lines) {
+        const reset = TUI.SEGMENT_RESET;
+        for (let i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
+            const line = lines[i];
+            if (!isImageLine(line)) {
+                lines[i] = normalizeTerminalOutput(line) + reset;
+            }
+        }
+        return lines;
+    }
+    collectKittyImageIds(lines) {
+        const ids = new Set();
+        for (const line of lines) {
+            for (const id of extractKittyImageIds(line)) {
+                ids.add(id);
+            }
+        }
+        return ids;
+    }
+    deleteKittyImages(ids) {
+        let buffer = "";
+        for (const id of ids) {
+            buffer += deleteKittyImage(id);
+        }
+        return buffer;
+    }
+    getKittyImageReservedRows(lines, index, maxIndex = lines.length - 1) {
+        const rows = extractKittyImageRows(lines[index] ?? "");
+        if (rows <= 1)
+            return 1;
+        const maxRows = Math.min(rows, maxIndex - index + 1, lines.length - index);
+        let reservedRows = 1;
+        while (reservedRows < maxRows) {
+            const line = lines[index + reservedRows] ?? "";
+            if (isImageLine(line) || visibleWidth(line) > 0)
+                break;
+            reservedRows++;
+        }
+        return reservedRows;
+    }
+    expandChangedRangeForKittyImages(firstChanged, lastChanged, newLines) {
+        let expandedFirstChanged = firstChanged;
+        let expandedLastChanged = lastChanged;
+        const expandForLines = (lines) => {
+            for (let i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
+                if (extractKittyImageIds(lines[i]).length === 0)
+                    continue;
+                const blockEnd = i + this.getKittyImageReservedRows(lines, i) - 1;
+                if (i >= firstChanged || (i <= lastChanged && blockEnd >= firstChanged)) {
+                    expandedFirstChanged = Math.min(expandedFirstChanged, i);
+                    expandedLastChanged = Math.max(expandedLastChanged, blockEnd);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        expandForLines(this.previousLines);
+        expandForLines(newLines);
+        return {
+            firstChanged: expandedFirstChanged,
+            lastChanged: expandedLastChanged,
+        };
+    }
+    deleteChangedKittyImages(firstChanged, lastChanged) {
+        if (firstChanged < 0 || lastChanged < firstChanged)
+            return "";
+        const ids = new Set();
+        const maxLine = Math.min(lastChanged, this.previousLines.length - 1);
+        for (let i = firstChanged; i <= maxLine; i++) {
+            for (const id of extractKittyImageIds(this.previousLines[i] ?? "")) {
+                ids.add(id);
+            }
+        }
+        return this.deleteKittyImages(ids);
+    }
+    /** Splice overlay content into a base line at a specific column. Single-pass optimized. */
+    compositeLineAt(baseLine, overlayLine, startCol, overlayWidth, totalWidth) {
+        if (isImageLine(baseLine))
+            return baseLine;
+        // Single pass through baseLine extracts both before and after segments
+        const afterStart = startCol + overlayWidth;
+        const base = extractSegments(baseLine, startCol, afterStart, totalWidth - afterStart, true);
+        // Extract overlay with width tracking (strict=true to exclude wide chars at boundary)
+        const overlay = sliceWithWidth(overlayLine, 0, overlayWidth, true);
+        // Pad segments to target widths
+        const beforePad = Math.max(0, startCol - base.beforeWidth);
+        const overlayPad = Math.max(0, overlayWidth - overlay.width);
+        const actualBeforeWidth = Math.max(startCol, base.beforeWidth);
+        const actualOverlayWidth = Math.max(overlayWidth, overlay.width);
+        const afterTarget = Math.max(0, totalWidth - actualBeforeWidth - actualOverlayWidth);
+        const afterPad = Math.max(0, afterTarget - base.afterWidth);
+        // Compose result
+        const r = TUI.SEGMENT_RESET;
+        const result = base.before +
+            " ".repeat(beforePad) +
+            r +
+            overlay.text +
+            " ".repeat(overlayPad) +
+            r +
+            base.after +
+            " ".repeat(afterPad);
+        // CRITICAL: Always verify and truncate to terminal width.
+        // This is the final safeguard against width overflow which would crash the TUI.
+        // Width tracking can drift from actual visible width due to:
+        // - Complex ANSI/OSC sequences (hyperlinks, colors)
+        // - Wide characters at segment boundaries
+        // - Edge cases in segment extraction
+        const resultWidth = visibleWidth(result);
+        if (resultWidth <= totalWidth) {
+            return result;
+        }
+        // Truncate with strict=true to ensure we don't exceed totalWidth
+        return sliceByColumn(result, 0, totalWidth, true);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Find and extract cursor position from rendered lines.
+     * Searches for CURSOR_MARKER, calculates its position, and strips it from the output.
+     * Only scans the bottom terminal height lines (visible viewport).
+     * @param lines - Rendered lines to search
+     * @param height - Terminal height (visible viewport size)
+     * @returns Cursor position { row, col } or null if no marker found
+     */
+    extractCursorPosition(lines, height) {
+        // Only scan the bottom `height` lines (visible viewport)
+        const viewportTop = Math.max(0, lines.length - height);
+        for (let row = lines.length - 1; row >= viewportTop; row--) {
+            const line = lines[row];
+            const markerIndex = line.indexOf(CURSOR_MARKER);
+            if (markerIndex !== -1) {
+                // Calculate visual column (width of text before marker)
+                const beforeMarker = line.slice(0, markerIndex);
+                const col = visibleWidth(beforeMarker);
+                // Strip marker from the line
+                lines[row] = line.slice(0, markerIndex) + line.slice(markerIndex + CURSOR_MARKER.length);
+                return { row, col };
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    /** Advance the committed boundary and notify root children. */
+    syncCommittedRows() {
+        this.committedRows = Math.max(this.committedRows, this.previousViewportTop);
+        for (const child of this.children) {
+            setNativeScrollbackCommittedRows(child, this.committedRows);
+        }
+    }
+    /** Provider frame path: append committed history to native scrollback and
+     *  repaint the bounded mutable viewport. When a terminal frame provider is
+     *  installed this replaces the full-frame differential renderer so old rows
+     *  scroll into the terminal's own scrollback instead of being covered. */
+    renderProviderFrame(width, height) {
+        const provider = this.frameProvider;
+        if (!provider || width <= 0 || height <= 0)
+            return;
+        const plan = provider.renderFrame({ columns: width, rows: height });
+        let viewport = [...plan.viewport];
+        if (viewport.length > height)
+            viewport = viewport.slice(0, height);
+        if (this.overlayStack.length > 0) {
+            while (viewport.length < height)
+                viewport.push("");
+            viewport = this.compositeOverlays(viewport, width, height);
+        }
+        const cursorPos = this.extractCursorPosition(viewport, height);
+        viewport = this.applyLineResets(viewport);
+        const rows = viewport.length;
+        // A batch we already accepted is not pending; ack so the provider can drain.
+        if (plan.history && plan.history.id <= this.acceptedHistoryBatchId) {
+            provider.acknowledgeHistory?.(plan.history.id);
+        }
+        const history = plan.history && plan.history.id > this.acceptedHistoryBatchId ? plan.history : undefined;
+        const historyRows = history?.rows ?? [];
+        const widthChanged = this.previousWidth !== 0 && this.previousWidth !== width;
+        const destructiveReset = widthChanged || this.providerForceRepaint;
+        if (destructiveReset) {
+            this.providerViewportTop = 0;
+            this.providerWindow = [];
+        }
+        const startTop = destructiveReset
+            ? 0
+            : Math.min(this.providerViewportTop, Math.max(0, height - 1));
+        const newTop = Math.max(0, Math.min(startTop + historyRows.length, height - rows));
+        let buffer = "\x1b[?2026h";
+        if (destructiveReset)
+            buffer += "\x1b[H\x1b[3J\x1b[2J";
+        const pushed = Math.max(0, startTop + historyRows.length + rows - height);
+        if (pushed > this.providerViewportTop && this.providerWindow.length > 0) {
+            buffer += `\x1b[${this.providerViewportTop + 1};1H\x1b[J`;
+        }
+        buffer += `\x1b[${startTop + 1};1H`;
+        let screenRow = startTop;
+        for (const line of historyRows) {
+            if (screenRow > startTop)
+                buffer += "\r\n";
+            buffer += `\x1b[2K${line}`;
+            screenRow++;
+        }
+        for (let index = 0; index < rows; index++) {
+            if (index > 0 || screenRow > startTop)
+                buffer += "\r\n";
+            buffer += `\x1b[2K${viewport[index] ?? ""}`;
+            screenRow++;
+        }
+        if (newTop + rows < height)
+            buffer += `\x1b[${newTop + rows + 1};1H\x1b[J`;
+        if (cursorPos !== null && rows > 0) {
+            const targetRow = newTop + Math.min(cursorPos.row, rows - 1);
+            buffer += `\x1b[${targetRow + 1};${cursorPos.col + 1}H`;
+        }
+        else {
+            buffer += `\x1b[${newTop + 1};1H`;
+        }
+        buffer += "\x1b[?2026l";
+        this.terminal.write(buffer);
+        this.providerWindow = viewport;
+        this.providerViewportTop = newTop;
+        this.previousWidth = width;
+        this.previousHeight = height;
+        this.fullRedrawCount += destructiveReset ? 1 : 0;
+        if (history) {
+            this.acceptedHistoryBatchId = history.id;
+            provider.acknowledgeHistory?.(history.id);
+            this.requestRender();
+        }
+        this.providerForceRepaint = false;
+    }
+    doRender() {
+        if (this.stopped)
+            return;
+        const width = this.terminal.columns;
+        const height = this.terminal.rows;
+        if (this.frameProvider) {
+            this.renderProviderFrame(width, height);
+            return;
+        }
+        const widthChanged = this.previousWidth !== 0 && this.previousWidth !== width;
+        const heightChanged = this.previousHeight !== 0 && this.previousHeight !== height;
+        const previousBufferLength = this.previousHeight > 0 ? this.previousViewportTop + this.previousHeight : height;
+        let prevViewportTop = heightChanged
+            ? Math.max(0, previousBufferLength - height)
+            : this.previousViewportTop;
+        let viewportTop = prevViewportTop;
+        let hardwareCursorRow = this.hardwareCursorRow;
+        const computeLineDiff = (targetRow) => {
+            const currentScreenRow = hardwareCursorRow - prevViewportTop;
+            const targetScreenRow = targetRow - viewportTop;
+            return targetScreenRow - currentScreenRow;
+        };
+        // Render all components to get new lines
+        let newLines = this.render(width);
+        // Composite overlays into the rendered lines (before differential compare)
+        if (this.overlayStack.length > 0) {
+            newLines = this.compositeOverlays(newLines, width, height);
+        }
+        // Extract cursor position before applying line resets (marker must be found first)
+        const cursorPos = this.extractCursorPosition(newLines, height);
+        newLines = this.applyLineResets(newLines);
+        // Helper to clear scrollback and viewport and render all new lines
+        const fullRender = (clear, clearScrollback = false) => {
+            this.fullRedrawCount += 1;
+            if (clear) {
+                // Destructive replay: let root components rehydrate their frames.
+                for (const child of this.children)
+                    prepareNativeScrollbackReplay(child);
+            }
+            let buffer = "\x1b[?2026h"; // Begin synchronized output
+            if (clear) {
+                buffer += this.deleteKittyImages(this.previousKittyImageIds);
+                buffer += "\x1b[2J\x1b[H"; // Clear screen, home
+                // Width changes rewrap the whole transcript; stale scrollback rows at
+                // the old width would misalign above the new-width content, so drop
+                // native scrollback too (omp clearScrollback behavior).
+                if (clearScrollback)
+                    buffer += "\x1b[3J";
+            }
+            for (let i = 0; i < newLines.length; i++) {
+                if (i > 0)
+                    buffer += "\r\n";
+                const line = newLines[i];
+                const isImage = isImageLine(line);
+                const imageReservedRows = isImage ? this.getKittyImageReservedRows(newLines, i) : 1;
+                if (imageReservedRows > 1 && imageReservedRows <= height) {
+                    for (let row = 1; row < imageReservedRows; row++) {
+                        buffer += "\r\n";
+                    }
+                    buffer += `\x1b[${imageReservedRows - 1}A`;
+                    buffer += line;
+                    buffer += `\x1b[${imageReservedRows - 1}B`;
+                    i += imageReservedRows - 1;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                buffer += line;
+            }
+            buffer += "\x1b[?2026l"; // End synchronized output
+            this.terminal.write(buffer);
+            this.cursorRow = Math.max(0, newLines.length - 1);
+            this.hardwareCursorRow = this.cursorRow;
+            // Reset max lines when clearing, otherwise track growth
+            if (clear) {
+                this.maxLinesRendered = newLines.length;
+            }
+            else {
+                this.maxLinesRendered = Math.max(this.maxLinesRendered, newLines.length);
+            }
+            const bufferLength = Math.max(height, newLines.length);
+            this.previousViewportTop = Math.max(0, bufferLength - height);
+            this.syncCommittedRows();
+            this.positionHardwareCursor(cursorPos, newLines.length);
+            this.previousLines = newLines;
+            this.previousKittyImageIds = this.collectKittyImageIds(newLines);
+            this.previousWidth = width;
+            this.previousHeight = height;
+        };
+        const debugRedraw = process.env.PI_DEBUG_REDRAW === "1";
+        const logRedraw = (reason) => {
+            if (!debugRedraw)
+                return;
+            const logPath = path.join(os.homedir(), ".pi", "agent", "pi-debug.log");
+            const msg = `[${new Date().toISOString()}] fullRender: ${reason} (prev=${this.previousLines.length}, new=${newLines.length}, height=${height})\n`;
+            fs.appendFileSync(logPath, msg);
+        };
+        // First render - just output everything without clearing (assumes clean screen)
+        if (this.previousLines.length === 0 && !widthChanged && !heightChanged) {
+            logRedraw("first render");
+            fullRender(false);
+            return;
+        }
+        // Width changes always need a full re-render because wrapping changes.
+        if (widthChanged) {
+            logRedraw(`terminal width changed (${this.previousWidth} -> ${width})`);
+            fullRender(true, true);
+            return;
+        }
+        // Height changes normally need a full re-render to keep the visible viewport aligned,
+        // but Termux changes height when the software keyboard shows or hides.
+        // In that environment, a full redraw causes the entire history to replay on every toggle.
+        if (heightChanged && !isTermuxSession()) {
+            logRedraw(`terminal height changed (${this.previousHeight} -> ${height})`);
+            fullRender(true);
+            return;
+        }
+        // Content shrunk below the working area and no overlays - re-render to clear empty rows
+        // (overlays need the padding, so only do this when no overlays are active)
+        // Configurable via setClearOnShrink() or PI_CLEAR_ON_SHRINK=0 env var
+        if (this.clearOnShrink &&
+            newLines.length < this.maxLinesRendered &&
+            this.overlayStack.length === 0) {
+            logRedraw(`clearOnShrink (maxLinesRendered=${this.maxLinesRendered})`);
+            fullRender(true);
+            return;
+        }
+        // Find first and last changed lines
+        let firstChanged = -1;
+        let lastChanged = -1;
+        const maxLines = Math.max(newLines.length, this.previousLines.length);
+        for (let i = 0; i < maxLines; i++) {
+            const oldLine = i < this.previousLines.length ? this.previousLines[i] : "";
+            const newLine = i < newLines.length ? newLines[i] : "";
+            if (oldLine !== newLine) {
+                if (firstChanged === -1) {
+                    firstChanged = i;
+                }
+                lastChanged = i;
+            }
+        }
+        const appendedLines = newLines.length > this.previousLines.length;
+        if (appendedLines) {
+            if (firstChanged === -1) {
+                firstChanged = this.previousLines.length;
+            }
+            lastChanged = newLines.length - 1;
+        }
+        if (firstChanged !== -1) {
+            const expandedRange = this.expandChangedRangeForKittyImages(firstChanged, lastChanged, newLines);
+            firstChanged = expandedRange.firstChanged;
+            lastChanged = expandedRange.lastChanged;
+        }
+        const appendStart = appendedLines && firstChanged === this.previousLines.length && firstChanged > 0;
+        // No changes - but still need to update hardware cursor position if it moved
+        if (firstChanged === -1) {
+            this.positionHardwareCursor(cursorPos, newLines.length);
+            this.previousViewportTop = prevViewportTop;
+            this.syncCommittedRows();
+            this.previousHeight = height;
+            return;
+        }
+        // All changes are in deleted lines (nothing to render, just clear)
+        if (firstChanged >= newLines.length) {
+            if (this.previousLines.length > newLines.length) {
+                let buffer = "\x1b[?2026h";
+                buffer += this.deleteChangedKittyImages(firstChanged, lastChanged);
+                // Move to end of new content (clamp to 0 for empty content)
+                const targetRow = Math.max(0, newLines.length - 1);
+                if (targetRow < prevViewportTop) {
+                    logRedraw(`deleted lines moved viewport up (${targetRow} < ${prevViewportTop})`);
+                    fullRender(true);
+                    return;
+                }
+                const lineDiff = computeLineDiff(targetRow);
+                if (lineDiff > 0)
+                    buffer += `\x1b[${lineDiff}B`;
+                else if (lineDiff < 0)
+                    buffer += `\x1b[${-lineDiff}A`;
+                buffer += "\r";
+                // Clear extra lines without scrolling
+                const extraLines = this.previousLines.length - newLines.length;
+                if (extraLines > height) {
+                    logRedraw(`extraLines > height (${extraLines} > ${height})`);
+                    fullRender(true);
+                    return;
+                }
+                const clearStartOffset = newLines.length === 0 ? 0 : 1;
+                if (extraLines > 0 && clearStartOffset > 0) {
+                    buffer += `\x1b[${clearStartOffset}B`;
+                }
+                for (let i = 0; i < extraLines; i++) {
+                    buffer += "\r\x1b[2K";
+                    if (i < extraLines - 1)
+                        buffer += "\x1b[1B";
+                }
+                const moveBack = Math.max(0, extraLines - 1 + clearStartOffset);
+                if (moveBack > 0) {
+                    buffer += `\x1b[${moveBack}A`;
+                }
+                buffer += "\x1b[?2026l";
+                this.terminal.write(buffer);
+                this.cursorRow = targetRow;
+                this.hardwareCursorRow = targetRow;
+            }
+            this.positionHardwareCursor(cursorPos, newLines.length);
+            this.previousLines = newLines;
+            this.previousKittyImageIds = this.collectKittyImageIds(newLines);
+            this.previousWidth = width;
+            this.previousHeight = height;
+            this.previousViewportTop = prevViewportTop;
+            this.syncCommittedRows();
+            return;
+        }
+        // Differential rendering can only touch what was actually visible.
+        // If the first changed line is above the previous viewport, we need a full redraw.
+        if (firstChanged < prevViewportTop) {
+            logRedraw(`firstChanged < viewportTop (${firstChanged} < ${prevViewportTop})`);
+            fullRender(true);
+            return;
+        }
+        // Render from first changed line to end
+        // Build buffer with all updates wrapped in synchronized output
+        let buffer = "\x1b[?2026h"; // Begin synchronized output
+        buffer += this.deleteChangedKittyImages(firstChanged, lastChanged);
+        const prevViewportBottom = prevViewportTop + height - 1;
+        const moveTargetRow = appendStart ? firstChanged - 1 : firstChanged;
+        if (moveTargetRow > prevViewportBottom) {
+            const currentScreenRow = Math.max(0, Math.min(height - 1, hardwareCursorRow - prevViewportTop));
+            const moveToBottom = height - 1 - currentScreenRow;
+            if (moveToBottom > 0) {
+                buffer += `\x1b[${moveToBottom}B`;
+            }
+            const scroll = moveTargetRow - prevViewportBottom;
+            buffer += "\r\n".repeat(scroll);
+            prevViewportTop += scroll;
+            viewportTop += scroll;
+            hardwareCursorRow = moveTargetRow;
+        }
+        // Move cursor to first changed line (use hardwareCursorRow for actual position)
+        const lineDiff = computeLineDiff(moveTargetRow);
+        if (lineDiff > 0) {
+            buffer += `\x1b[${lineDiff}B`; // Move down
+        }
+        else if (lineDiff < 0) {
+            buffer += `\x1b[${-lineDiff}A`; // Move up
+        }
+        buffer += appendStart ? "\r\n" : "\r"; // Move to column 0
+        // Only render changed lines (firstChanged to lastChanged), not all lines to end
+        // This reduces flicker when only a single line changes (e.g., spinner animation)
+        const renderEnd = Math.min(lastChanged, newLines.length - 1);
+        for (let i = firstChanged; i <= renderEnd; i++) {
+            if (i > firstChanged)
+                buffer += "\r\n";
+            const line = newLines[i];
+            const isImage = isImageLine(line);
+            const imageReservedRows = isImage
+                ? this.getKittyImageReservedRows(newLines, i, renderEnd)
+                : 1;
+            if (imageReservedRows > 1) {
+                const imageStartScreenRow = i - viewportTop;
+                if (imageStartScreenRow < 0 || imageStartScreenRow + imageReservedRows > height) {
+                    logRedraw(`kitty image pre-clear would scroll (${imageStartScreenRow} + ${imageReservedRows} > ${height})`);
+                    fullRender(true);
+                    return;
+                }
+                buffer += "\x1b[2K";
+                for (let row = 1; row < imageReservedRows; row++) {
+                    buffer += "\r\n\x1b[2K";
+                }
+                buffer += `\x1b[${imageReservedRows - 1}A`;
+                buffer += line;
+                buffer += `\x1b[${imageReservedRows - 1}B`;
+                i += imageReservedRows - 1;
+                continue;
+            }
+            buffer += "\x1b[2K"; // Clear current line
+            if (!isImage && visibleWidth(line) > width) {
+                // Log all lines to crash file for debugging
+                const crashLogPath = path.join(os.homedir(), ".pi", "agent", "pi-crash.log");
+                const crashData = [
+                    `Crash at ${new Date().toISOString()}`,
+                    `Terminal width: ${width}`,
+                    `Line ${i} visible width: ${visibleWidth(line)}`,
+                    "",
+                    "=== All rendered lines ===",
+                    ...newLines.map((l, idx) => `[${idx}] (w=${visibleWidth(l)}) ${l}`),
+                    "",
+                ].join("\n");
+                fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(crashLogPath), { recursive: true });
+                fs.writeFileSync(crashLogPath, crashData);
+                // Clean up terminal state before throwing
+                this.stop();
+                const errorMsg = [
+                    `Rendered line ${i} exceeds terminal width (${visibleWidth(line)} > ${width}).`,
+                    "",
+                    "This is likely caused by a custom TUI component not truncating its output.",
+                    "Use visibleWidth() to measure and truncateToWidth() to truncate lines.",
+                    "",
+                    `Debug log written to: ${crashLogPath}`,
+                ].join("\n");
+                throw new Error(errorMsg);
+            }
+            buffer += line;
+        }
+        // Track where cursor ended up after rendering
+        let finalCursorRow = renderEnd;
+        // If we had more lines before, clear them and move cursor back
+        if (this.previousLines.length > newLines.length) {
+            // Move to end of new content first if we stopped before it
+            if (renderEnd < newLines.length - 1) {
+                const moveDown = newLines.length - 1 - renderEnd;
+                buffer += `\x1b[${moveDown}B`;
+                finalCursorRow = newLines.length - 1;
+            }
+            const extraLines = this.previousLines.length - newLines.length;
+            for (let i = newLines.length; i < this.previousLines.length; i++) {
+                buffer += "\r\n\x1b[2K";
+            }
+            // Move cursor back to end of new content
+            buffer += `\x1b[${extraLines}A`;
+        }
+        buffer += "\x1b[?2026l"; // End synchronized output
+        if (process.env.PI_TUI_DEBUG === "1") {
+            const debugDir = "/tmp/tui";
+            fs.mkdirSync(debugDir, { recursive: true });
+            const debugPath = path.join(debugDir, `render-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}.log`);
+            const debugData = [
+                `firstChanged: ${firstChanged}`,
+                `viewportTop: ${viewportTop}`,
+                `cursorRow: ${this.cursorRow}`,
+                `height: ${height}`,
+                `lineDiff: ${lineDiff}`,
+                `hardwareCursorRow: ${hardwareCursorRow}`,
+                `renderEnd: ${renderEnd}`,
+                `finalCursorRow: ${finalCursorRow}`,
+                `cursorPos: ${JSON.stringify(cursorPos)}`,
+                `newLines.length: ${newLines.length}`,
+                `previousLines.length: ${this.previousLines.length}`,
+                "",
+                "=== newLines ===",
+                JSON.stringify(newLines, null, 2),
+                "",
+                "=== previousLines ===",
+                JSON.stringify(this.previousLines, null, 2),
+                "",
+                "=== buffer ===",
+                JSON.stringify(buffer),
+            ].join("\n");
+            fs.writeFileSync(debugPath, debugData);
+        }
+        // Write entire buffer at once
+        this.terminal.write(buffer);
+        // Track cursor position for next render
+        // cursorRow tracks end of content (for viewport calculation)
+        // hardwareCursorRow tracks actual terminal cursor position (for movement)
+        this.cursorRow = Math.max(0, newLines.length - 1);
+        this.hardwareCursorRow = finalCursorRow;
+        // Track terminal's working area (grows but doesn't shrink unless cleared)
+        this.maxLinesRendered = Math.max(this.maxLinesRendered, newLines.length);
+        this.previousViewportTop = Math.max(prevViewportTop, finalCursorRow - height + 1);
+        this.syncCommittedRows();
+        // Position hardware cursor for IME
+        this.positionHardwareCursor(cursorPos, newLines.length);
+        this.previousLines = newLines;
+        this.previousKittyImageIds = this.collectKittyImageIds(newLines);
+        this.previousWidth = width;
+        this.previousHeight = height;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Position the hardware cursor for IME candidate window.
+     * @param cursorPos The cursor position extracted from rendered output, or null
+     * @param totalLines Total number of rendered lines
+     */
+    positionHardwareCursor(cursorPos, totalLines) {
+        if (!cursorPos || totalLines <= 0) {
+            this.terminal.hideCursor();
+            return;
+        }
+        // Clamp cursor position to valid range
+        const targetRow = Math.max(0, Math.min(cursorPos.row, totalLines - 1));
+        const targetCol = Math.max(0, cursorPos.col);
+        // Move cursor from current position to target
+        const rowDelta = targetRow - this.hardwareCursorRow;
+        let buffer = "";
+        if (rowDelta > 0) {
+            buffer += `\x1b[${rowDelta}B`; // Move down
+        }
+        else if (rowDelta < 0) {
+            buffer += `\x1b[${-rowDelta}A`; // Move up
+        }
+        // Move to absolute column (1-indexed)
+        buffer += `\x1b[${targetCol + 1}G`;
+        if (buffer) {
+            this.terminal.write(buffer);
+        }
+        this.hardwareCursorRow = targetRow;
+        if (this.showHardwareCursor) {
+            this.terminal.showCursor();
+        }
+        else {
+            this.terminal.hideCursor();
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Query the terminal's default background color with OSC 11 (`ESC ] 11 ; ? BEL`).
+     * @param timeoutMs Query timeout in milliseconds.
+     * @returns Promise containing the parsed RGB color, or undefined if it times out or fails to parse.
+     */
+    queryTerminalBackgroundColor({ timeoutMs, }) {
+        return new Promise((resolve) => {
+            const query = {
+                settled: false,
+                resolve,
+                timer: undefined,
+            };
+            query.timer = setTimeout(() => {
+                if (query.settled) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                query.settled = true;
+                query.timer = undefined;
+                query.resolve?.(undefined);
+                query.resolve = undefined;
+            }, timeoutMs);
+            this.pendingOsc11BackgroundQueries.push(query);
+            this.pendingOsc11BackgroundReplies += 1;
+            this.terminal.write("\x1b]11;?\x07");
+        });
+    }
+    /**
+     * Query the terminal's color-scheme preference with DSR (`CSI ? 996 n`).
+     * Terminals that support the color palette notification protocol reply with
+     * `CSI ? 997 ; 1 n` for dark or `CSI ? 997 ; 2 n` for light.
+     */
+    queryTerminalColorScheme({ timeoutMs, }) {
+        return new Promise((resolve) => {
+            let settled = false;
+            let timer;
+            let unsubscribe = () => { };
+            const settle = (scheme) => {
+                if (settled)
+                    return;
+                settled = true;
+                if (timer) {
+                    clearTimeout(timer);
+                    timer = undefined;
+                }
+                unsubscribe();
+                resolve(scheme);
+            };
+            unsubscribe = this.onTerminalColorSchemeChange(settle);
+            timer = setTimeout(() => settle(undefined), timeoutMs);
+            this.terminal.write("\x1b[?996n");
+        });
+    }
+}