@cesium/engine 23.0.1 → 24.0.0

package/Source/Scene/ClippingPolygonCollection.js

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import TextureWrap from "../Renderer/TextureWrap.js";
 import ClippingPolygon from "./ClippingPolygon.js";
 import ComputeCommand from "../Renderer/ComputeCommand.js";
 import PolygonSignedDistanceFS from "../Shaders/PolygonSignedDistanceFS.js";
+import Pass from "../Renderer/Pass.js";
 
 /**
  * Specifies a set of clipping polygons. Clipping polygons selectively disable rendering in a region
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ import PolygonSignedDistanceFS from "../Shaders/PolygonSignedDistanceFS.js";
  * @param {ClippingPolygon[]} [options.polygons=[]] An array of {@link ClippingPolygon} objects used to selectively disable rendering on the inside of each polygon.
  * @param {boolean} [options.enabled=true] Determines whether the clipping polygons are active.
  * @param {boolean} [options.inverse=false] If true, a region will be clipped if it is outside of every polygon in the collection. Otherwise, a region will only be clipped if it is on the inside of any polygon.
+ * @param {number} [options.quality=1.0] A scalar that controls the resolution of the signed distance texture used for clipping. Values greater than 1.0 increase quality, values less than 1.0 decrease it. Must be greater than 0.0.
  *
  * @example
  * const positions = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromRadiansArray([
@@ -63,6 +65,8 @@ function ClippingPolygonCollection(options) {
   this._polygons = [];
   this._totalPositions = 0;
 
+  this.debugShowDistanceTexture = options.debugShowDistanceTexture ?? false;
+
   /**
    * If true, clipping will be enabled.
    *
@@ -81,6 +85,15 @@ function ClippingPolygonCollection(options) {
    */
   this.inverse = options.inverse ?? false;
 
+  /**
+   * A scalar that controls the resolution of the signed distance texture used for clipping.
+   * Values greater than 1.0 increase quality, values less than 1.0 decrease it. Must be greater than 0.0.
+   *
+   * @type {number}
+   * @default 1.0
+   */
+  this.quality = options.quality ?? 1.0;
+
   /**
    * An event triggered when a new clipping polygon is added to the collection.  Event handlers
    * are passed the new polygon and the index at which it was added.
@@ -204,8 +217,8 @@ Object.defineProperties(ClippingPolygonCollection.prototype, {
   pixelsNeededForPolygonPositions: {
     get: function () {
       // In an RG FLOAT texture, each polygon position is 2 floats packed to a RG.
-      // Each polygon is the number of positions of that polygon, followed by the list of positions
-      return this.totalPositions + this.length;
+      // Each polygon has a 1-pixel header + 2 pixels for individual extents + the list of positions
+      return this.totalPositions + 3 * this.length;
     },
   },
 
@@ -362,91 +375,160 @@ ClippingPolygonCollection.prototype.remove = function (polygon) {
   return true;
 };
 
-const scratchRectangle = new Rectangle();
+/**
+ * Computes padded extents for a polygon's bounding rectangle, clamped to valid spherical ranges.
+ *
+ * @param {Rectangle} extents The original spherical extents to pad.
+ * @param {number} padding A multiplier applied to the extents' width and height to determine the padding amount.
+ * @param {Rectangle} [result] An optional rectangle to store the result in.
+ * @returns {Rectangle} The padded and clamped rectangle.
+ *
+ * @private
+ */
+function computePaddedExtents(extents, padding, result) {
+  const height = Math.max(extents.height * padding, 0);
+  const width = Math.max(extents.width * padding, 0);
+  const paddedExtents = Rectangle.clone(extents, result);
+
+  // Pad
+  paddedExtents.south -= height;
+  paddedExtents.west -= width;
+  paddedExtents.north += height;
+  paddedExtents.east += width;
+
+  // Clamp
+  paddedExtents.south = Math.max(paddedExtents.south, -Math.PI);
+  paddedExtents.west = Math.max(paddedExtents.west, -Math.PI);
+  paddedExtents.north = Math.min(paddedExtents.north, Math.PI);
+  paddedExtents.east = Math.min(paddedExtents.east, Math.PI);
+
+  return paddedExtents;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @typedef {object} ExtentsResult
+ * @property {Rectangle[]} extentsList The list of merged padded extents, one per group.
+ * @property {Map<number, number>} extentsIndexByPolygon A map from polygon index to the index of its group in extentsList.
+ * @private
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Groups nearby ClippingPolygons based on their spherical extents. Overlapping extents will be merged
+ * into a single encompassing extent. Each Extent will later map into one region in the SignedDistanceTexture (atlas).
+ *
+ * Definitions:
+ * n = number of polygons
+ * g = number of resulting extents (merged) (g <= n)
+ * absorb = merge two extents into one
+ * restart = redo intersection check with previous groups
+ *
+ * Algorithm:
+ * For each polygon we scan existing groups for a first overlap (O(g)),
+ * then on each subsequent overlap we absorb the group and restart the
+ * inner scan. Each group can be absorbed at most once per polygon, and
+ * each restart reduces the group count by one, so the absorb-loop does
+ * at most O(g) restarts per polygon. Overall: O(n * g) where g ≤ n,
+ * giving O(n²) worst case when all polygons overlap transitively, but
+ * typically much better when groups are few and disjoint.
+ *
+ * Note: Restarts are required because the new merged bounding box might
+ * be larger than the two individual that were merged and introduce new
+ * collisions. Example:
+ *
+ *   Before merging A and B:
+ *
+ *        ┌─────────┐
+ *        │    A     │
+ *        │         ┌┼────────┐
+ *        └─────────┘│   B    │
+ *        ┌────┐     │        │
+ *        │ C  │     └────────┘
+ *        └────┘
+ *
+ *     A overlaps B  ✓
+ *     A overlaps C  ✗
+ *     B overlaps C  ✗
+ *
+ *   After merging A ∪ B into one extent:
+ *
+ *        ┌───────────────────┐
+ *        │                   │
+ *        │    A ∪ B          │
+ *        ├────┐              │
+ *        │ C  │              │
+ *        └────┘──────────────┘
+ *
+ *     (A ∪ B) overlaps C  ✓  ← new collision!
+ *
+ * @param {ClippingPolygon[]} polygons The array of clipping polygons to compute extents for.
+ * @param {Rectangle[]} polygonExtentsCache An array of pre-computed spherical extents for each polygon, indexed by polygon index.
+ * @returns {ExtentsResult} The merged extents and a mapping from polygon indices to their extent group indices.
+ *
+ * @private
+ */
+function getExtents(polygons, polygonExtentsCache) {
+  // Pad extents to avoid floating point error when fragment culling at edges.
+  const PADDING = 2.5;
 
-// Map the polygons to a list of extents-- Overlapping extents will be merged
-// into a single encompassing extent
-function getExtents(polygons) {
-  const extentsList = [];
-  const polygonIndicesList = [];
+  // Each group: { extent: padded Rectangle, polygonIndices: number[] }
+  const groups = [];
 
   const length = polygons.length;
   for (let polygonIndex = 0; polygonIndex < length; ++polygonIndex) {
-    const polygon = polygons[polygonIndex];
-    const extents = polygon.computeSphericalExtents();
-
-    let height = Math.max(extents.height * 2.5, 0.001);
-    let width = Math.max(extents.width * 2.5, 0.001);
-
-    // Pad extents to avoid floating point error when fragment culling at edges.
-    let paddedExtents = Rectangle.clone(extents);
-    paddedExtents.south -= height;
-    paddedExtents.west -= width;
-    paddedExtents.north += height;
-    paddedExtents.east += width;
-
-    paddedExtents.south = Math.max(paddedExtents.south, -Math.PI);
-    paddedExtents.west = Math.max(paddedExtents.west, -Math.PI);
-    paddedExtents.north = Math.min(paddedExtents.north, Math.PI);
-    paddedExtents.east = Math.min(paddedExtents.east, Math.PI);
-
-    const polygonIndices = [polygonIndex];
-    for (let i = 0; i < extentsList.length; ++i) {
-      const e = extentsList[i];
+    const paddedExtent = computePaddedExtents(
+      polygonExtentsCache[polygonIndex],
+      PADDING,
+    );
+
+    // Pass 1: Find the first overlapping group
+    let targetIdx = -1;
+    for (let g = 0; g < groups.length; ++g) {
       if (
-        defined(e) &&
-        defined(Rectangle.simpleIntersection(e, paddedExtents)) &&
-        !Rectangle.equals(e, paddedExtents)
+        defined(Rectangle.simpleIntersection(groups[g].extent, paddedExtent))
       ) {
-        const intersectingPolygons = polygonIndicesList[i];
-        polygonIndices.push(...intersectingPolygons);
-        intersectingPolygons.reduce(
-          (extents, p) =>
-            Rectangle.union(
-              polygons[p].computeSphericalExtents(scratchRectangle),
-              extents,
-              extents,
-            ),
-          extents,
-        );
-
-        extentsList[i] = undefined;
-        polygonIndicesList[i] = undefined;
-
-        height = Math.max(extents.height * 2.5, 0.001);
-        width = Math.max(extents.width * 2.5, 0.001);
-
-        paddedExtents = Rectangle.clone(extents, paddedExtents);
-        paddedExtents.south -= height;
-        paddedExtents.west -= width;
-        paddedExtents.north += height;
-        paddedExtents.east += width;
-
-        paddedExtents.south = Math.max(paddedExtents.south, -Math.PI);
-        paddedExtents.west = Math.max(paddedExtents.west, -Math.PI);
-        paddedExtents.north = Math.min(paddedExtents.north, Math.PI);
-        paddedExtents.east = Math.min(paddedExtents.east, Math.PI);
-
-        // Reiterate through the extents list until there are no more intersections
-        i = -1;
+        targetIdx = g;
+        break;
       }
     }
 
-    extentsList.push(paddedExtents);
-    polygonIndicesList.push(polygonIndices);
+    if (targetIdx === -1) {
+      // No overlap — start a new group
+      groups.push({ extent: paddedExtent, polygonIndices: [polygonIndex] });
+    } else {
+      // Overlap - Merge the polygon into the target group
+      const target = groups[targetIdx];
+      target.polygonIndices.push(polygonIndex);
+      Rectangle.union(target.extent, paddedExtent, target.extent);
+
+      // Pass 2: Absorb all other groups that overlap the (growing) target
+      // extent. After each absorption the target grows, so restart the scan
+      // to catch groups that now transitively overlap.
+      for (let g = 0; g < groups.length; ++g) {
+        if (g === targetIdx) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (
+          defined(Rectangle.simpleIntersection(groups[g].extent, target.extent))
+        ) {
+          target.polygonIndices.push(...groups[g].polygonIndices);
+          Rectangle.union(target.extent, groups[g].extent, target.extent);
+          groups.splice(g, 1);
+          if (g < targetIdx) {
+            targetIdx--;
+          }
+          g = -1; // restart (loop increment brings it to 0)
+        }
+      }
+    }
   }
 
+  const extentsList = groups.map((g) => g.extent);
   const extentsIndexByPolygon = new Map();
-  polygonIndicesList
-    .filter(defined)
-    .forEach((polygonIndices, e) =>
-      polygonIndices.forEach((p) => extentsIndexByPolygon.set(p, e)),
-    );
+  groups.forEach((g, extentIndex) =>
+    g.polygonIndices.forEach((p) => extentsIndexByPolygon.set(p, extentIndex)),
+  );
 
-  return {
-    extentsList: extentsList.filter(defined),
-    extentsIndexByPolygon: extentsIndexByPolygon,
-  };
+  return { extentsList, extentsIndexByPolygon };
 }
 
 /**
@@ -471,15 +553,52 @@ function packPolygonsAsFloats(clippingPolygonCollection) {
   const extentsFloat32View = clippingPolygonCollection._extentsFloat32View;
   const polygons = clippingPolygonCollection._polygons;
 
-  const { extentsList, extentsIndexByPolygon } = getExtents(polygons);
+  /**
+   * Pre-calculate all polygon spherical extents as it an expensive operation
+   * @type {ReadonlyArray<Rectangle>}
+   * */
+  const polygonExtentsCache = polygons.map((polygon) =>
+    polygon.computeSphericalExtents(),
+  );
+
+  const { extentsList, extentsIndexByPolygon } = getExtents(
+    polygons,
+    polygonExtentsCache,
+  );
+
+  // Polygons are packed sequentially (ordered by extentsIndex) into polygonsFloat32View as follows:
+  // For each polygon:
+  //   [0] vertexCount - the number of vertices in the polygon
+  //   [1] extentsIndex - index into the extents texture for this polygon's bounding rectangle
+  //   [2] south - southern boundary of the individual polygon extent (radians)
+  //   [3] west - western boundary of the individual polygon extent (radians)
+  //   [4] latitudeRange - (north - south) for the individual polygon extent
+  //   [5] longitudeRange - (east - west) for the individual polygon extent
+  //   [6..6+2*vertexCount-1] pairs of (latitude, longitude) for each vertex,
+  //       computed as fastApproximateAtan2 values to match the shader
+
+  // Sort polygon indices by extentsIndex so polygons sharing the same extent are packed together
+  // Can enable optimizations in the shader
+  const sortedPolygonIndices = Array.from(polygons.keys()).sort(
+    (a, b) => extentsIndexByPolygon.get(a) - extentsIndexByPolygon.get(b),
+  );
 
   let floatIndex = 0;
-  for (const [polygonIndex, polygon] of polygons.entries()) {
+  for (const polygonIndex of sortedPolygonIndices) {
+    const polygon = polygons[polygonIndex];
     // Pack the length of the polygon into the polygon texture array buffer
     const length = polygon.length;
     polygonsFloat32View[floatIndex++] = length;
     polygonsFloat32View[floatIndex++] = extentsIndexByPolygon.get(polygonIndex);
 
+    // Pack the individual polygon extent
+    const polygonExtent = polygonExtentsCache[polygonIndex];
+    polygonsFloat32View[floatIndex++] = polygonExtent.south;
+    polygonsFloat32View[floatIndex++] = polygonExtent.west;
+    polygonsFloat32View[floatIndex++] =
+      polygonExtent.north - polygonExtent.south;
+    polygonsFloat32View[floatIndex++] = polygonExtent.east - polygonExtent.west;
+
     // Pack the polygon positions into the polygon texture array buffer
     for (let i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
       const spherePoint = polygon.positions[i];
@@ -502,7 +621,12 @@ function packPolygonsAsFloats(clippingPolygonCollection) {
     }
   }
 
-  // Pack extents
+  // Extents are packed sequentially into extentsFloat32View as follows:
+  // For each extent (maps to one RGBA pixel in the extents texture):
+  //   [0] south - the southern boundary of the bounding rectangle (radians)
+  //   [1] west - the western boundary of the bounding rectangle (radians)
+  //   [2] latitudeRangeInverse - 1.0 / (north - south)
+  //   [3] longitudeRangeInverse - 1.0 / (east - west)
   let extentsFloatIndex = 0;
   for (const extents of extentsList) {
     const longitudeRangeInverse = 1.0 / (extents.east - extents.west);
@@ -536,6 +660,16 @@ ClippingPolygonCollection.prototype.update = function (frameState) {
     );
   }
 
+  if (this.debugShowDistanceTexture && defined(this._signedDistanceTexture)) {
+    if (!defined(this.debugCommand)) {
+      this.debugCommand = createDebugCommand(
+        this._signedDistanceTexture,
+        frameState.context,
+      );
+    }
+    frameState.commandList.push(this.debugCommand);
+  }
+
   // It'd be expensive to validate any individual position has changed. Instead verify if the list of polygon positions has had elements added or removed, which should be good enough for most cases.
   const totalPositions = this._polygons.reduce(
     (totalPositions, polygon) => totalPositions + polygon.length,
@@ -685,6 +819,35 @@ ClippingPolygonCollection.prototype.update = function (frameState) {
   this._signedDistanceComputeCommand = createSignedDistanceTextureCommand(this);
 };
 
+function createDebugCommand(texture, context) {
+  const fs =
+    "uniform highp sampler2D billboard_texture; \n" +
+    "in vec2 v_textureCoordinates; \n" +
+    "float getSignedDistance(vec2 uv, highp sampler2D clippingDistance) { \n" +
+    "    float signedDistance = texture(clippingDistance, uv).r; \n" +
+    "    return (signedDistance - 0.5) * 2.0; \n" +
+    "} \n" +
+    "void main() \n" +
+    "{ \n" +
+    "    float dist = texture(billboard_texture, v_textureCoordinates).r; \n" +
+    "    if (dist > 0.5)  { \n" +
+    "     out_FragColor = vec4(dist, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); \n" + // outside
+    "    } else {\n" +
+    "     out_FragColor = vec4(0.0, dist, 0.0, 1.0); \n" + // inside
+    "    } \n" +
+    "} \n";
+
+  const drawCommand = context.createViewportQuadCommand(fs, {
+    uniformMap: {
+      billboard_texture: function () {
+        return texture;
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  drawCommand.pass = Pass.OVERLAY;
+  return drawCommand;
+}
+
 /**
  * Called when {@link Viewer} or {@link CesiumWidget} render the scene to
  * build the resources for clipping polygons.
@@ -731,6 +894,7 @@ function createSignedDistanceTextureCommand(collection) {
 
 const scratchRectangleTile = new Rectangle();
 const scratchRectangleIntersection = new Rectangle();
+const scratchRectanglePolygon = new Rectangle();
 /**
  * Determines the type intersection with the polygons of this ClippingPolygonCollection instance and the specified {@link TileBoundingVolume}.
  * @private
@@ -750,30 +914,33 @@ ClippingPolygonCollection.prototype.computeIntersectionWithBoundingVolume =
       intersection = Intersect.INSIDE;
     }
 
+    let tileBoundingRectangle = tileBoundingVolume.rectangle;
+    if (
+      !defined(tileBoundingRectangle) &&
+      defined(tileBoundingVolume.boundingVolume?.computeCorners)
+    ) {
+      const points = tileBoundingVolume.boundingVolume.computeCorners();
+      tileBoundingRectangle = Rectangle.fromCartesianArray(
+        points,
+        ellipsoid,
+        scratchRectangleTile,
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (!defined(tileBoundingRectangle)) {
+      tileBoundingRectangle = Rectangle.fromBoundingSphere(
+        tileBoundingVolume.boundingSphere,
+        ellipsoid,
+        scratchRectangleTile,
+      );
+    }
+
     for (let i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
       const polygon = polygons[i];
 
-      const polygonBoundingRectangle = polygon.computeRectangle();
-      let tileBoundingRectangle = tileBoundingVolume.rectangle;
-      if (
-        !defined(tileBoundingRectangle) &&
-        defined(tileBoundingVolume.boundingVolume?.computeCorners)
-      ) {
-        const points = tileBoundingVolume.boundingVolume.computeCorners();
-        tileBoundingRectangle = Rectangle.fromCartesianArray(
-          points,
-          ellipsoid,
-          scratchRectangleTile,
-        );
-      }
-
-      if (!defined(tileBoundingRectangle)) {
-        tileBoundingRectangle = Rectangle.fromBoundingSphere(
-          tileBoundingVolume.boundingSphere,
-          ellipsoid,
-          scratchRectangleTile,
-        );
-      }
+      const polygonBoundingRectangle = polygon.computeRectangle(
+        scratchRectanglePolygon,
+      );
 
       const result = Rectangle.simpleIntersection(
         tileBoundingRectangle,
@@ -782,7 +949,7 @@ ClippingPolygonCollection.prototype.computeIntersectionWithBoundingVolume =
       );
 
       if (defined(result)) {
-        intersection = Intersect.INTERSECTING;
+        return Intersect.INTERSECTING;
       }
     }
 
@@ -885,8 +1052,10 @@ ClippingPolygonCollection.getClippingDistanceTextureResolution = function (
     return result;
   }
 
-  result.x = Math.min(ContextLimits.maximumTextureSize, 4096);
-  result.y = Math.min(ContextLimits.maximumTextureSize, 4096);
+  const quality = clippingPolygonCollection.quality;
+  const baseSize = Math.max(128, Math.ceil(4096 * quality));
+  result.x = Math.min(ContextLimits.maximumTextureSize, baseSize);
+  result.y = Math.min(ContextLimits.maximumTextureSize, baseSize);
 
   return result;
 };

package/Source/Scene/CubeMapPanorama.js

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ import Credit from "../Core/Credit.js";
  * Initialization options for the CubeMapPanorama constructor
  *
  * @property {object} [options.sources] The source URL or <code>Image</code> object for each of the six cube map faces.  See the example below.
- * @property {Matrix4} [options.transform] A 4x4 transformation matrix that defines the panorama’s position and orientation
+ * @property {Matrix3} [options.transform] A 3x3 transformation matrix that defines the panorama’s orientation. If not specified, the default orientation is defined using the True Equator Mean Equinox (TEME) axes.
  * @property {boolean} [options.show=true] Determines if this primitive will be shown.
  * @property {Credit|string} [options.credit] A credit for the panorama, which is displayed on the canvas.
  *
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ function CubeMapPanorama(options) {
   this.sources = options.sources;
   this._sources = undefined;
 
-  this._transform = options.transform ?? undefined;
+  this._transform = options.transform;
 
   /**
    * Determines if the cube map panorama will be shown.
@@ -122,9 +122,9 @@ function CubeMapPanorama(options) {
 
 Object.defineProperties(CubeMapPanorama.prototype, {
   /**
-   * Gets the transform of the panorama.
+   * Gets the transform of the panorama. If undefined, the default orientation uses the True Equator Mean Equinox (TEME) axes.
    * @memberof CubeMapPanorama.prototype
-   * @type {Matrix4}
+   * @type {Matrix3}
    * @readonly
    */
   transform: {

package/Source/Scene/GaussianSplat3DTileContent.js

@@ -31,24 +31,23 @@ function GaussianSplat3DTileContent(loader, tileset, tile, resource) {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Local copy of the position attribute buffer that has been transformed into root tile space. Originals are kept in the gltf loader.
-   * Used for rendering
+   * Local copy of the position attribute buffer transformed into root tile space.
+   * The original glTF attribute data is kept untouched so rebuilds can re-apply
+   * transforms from the source coordinates.
    * @type {undefined|Float32Array}
    * @private
    */
   this._positions = undefined;
 
   /**
-   * Local copy of the rotation attribute buffer that has been transformed into root tile space. Originals are kept in the gltf loader.
-   * Used for rendering
+   * Local copy of the rotation attribute buffer transformed into root tile space.
    * @type {undefined|Float32Array}
    * @private
    */
   this._rotations = undefined;
 
   /**
-   * Local copy of the scale attribute buffer that has been transformed into root tile space. Originals are kept in the gltf loader.
-   * Used for rendering
+   * Local copy of the scale attribute buffer transformed into root tile space.
    * @type {undefined|Float32Array}
    * @private
    */
@@ -112,6 +111,14 @@ function GaussianSplat3DTileContent(loader, tileset, tile, resource) {
    * @private
    */
   this._packedSphericalHarmonicsData = undefined;
+
+  /**
+   * Cached local-space-to-root transform used for the last splat bake.
+   * When unchanged, the transformed buffers can be reused directly.
+   * @type {undefined|Matrix4}
+   * @private
+   */
+  this._lastSplatTransform = undefined;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -199,9 +206,7 @@ Object.defineProperties(GaussianSplat3DTileContent.prototype, {
    */
   geometryByteLength: {
     get: function () {
-      return this.gltfPrimitive.attributes.reduce((totalLength, attribute) => {
-        return totalLength + attribute.byteLength;
-      }, 0);
+      return 0;
     },
   },
   /**
@@ -213,9 +218,12 @@ Object.defineProperties(GaussianSplat3DTileContent.prototype, {
    */
   texturesByteLength: {
     get: function () {
-      const texture = this._tileset.gaussianSplatPrimitive.gaussianSplatTexture;
-      const selectedTileLength =
-        this._tileset.gaussianSplatPrimitive.selectedTileLength;
+      const primitive = this._tileset?.gaussianSplatPrimitive;
+      if (!defined(primitive)) {
+        return 0;
+      }
+      const texture = primitive.gaussianSplatTexture;
+      const selectedTileLength = primitive.selectedTileLength;
       if (!defined(texture) || selectedTileLength === 0) {
         return 0;
       }
@@ -363,7 +371,7 @@ Object.defineProperties(GaussianSplat3DTileContent.prototype, {
    * not part of the public Cesium API.
    * </p>
    *
-   * @type {Cesium3DTileContentGroup|undefined}
+   * @type {Cesium3DContentGroup|undefined}
    *
    * @private
    * @experimental This feature is using part of the 3D Tiles spec that is not final and is subject to change without Cesium's standard deprecation policy.
@@ -650,11 +658,6 @@ GaussianSplat3DTileContent.prototype.update = function (primitive, frameState) {
   const loader = this._loader;
 
   if (this._ready) {
-    if (!this._transformed && primitive.root.content.ready) {
-      GaussianSplatPrimitive.transformTile(this._tile);
-      this._transformed = true;
-    }
-
     return;
   }
 
@@ -670,26 +673,24 @@ GaussianSplat3DTileContent.prototype.update = function (primitive, frameState) {
     this.worldTransform = loader.components.scene.nodes[0].matrix;
     this._ready = true;
 
-    this._positions = new Float32Array(
-      ModelUtility.getAttributeBySemantic(
-        this.gltfPrimitive,
-        VertexAttributeSemantic.POSITION,
-      ).typedArray,
-    );
-
-    this._rotations = new Float32Array(
-      ModelUtility.getAttributeBySemantic(
-        this.gltfPrimitive,
-        VertexAttributeSemantic.ROTATION,
-      ).typedArray,
-    );
-
-    this._scales = new Float32Array(
-      ModelUtility.getAttributeBySemantic(
-        this.gltfPrimitive,
-        VertexAttributeSemantic.SCALE,
-      ).typedArray,
-    );
+    // SPZ decode produces Float32Array attributes for these semantics, so
+    // typedArray.slice() preserves the expected runtime type for current data.
+    // If future splat encodings use quantized integer attributes here, revisit
+    // this assumption before relying on the copied array type.
+    this._positions = ModelUtility.getAttributeBySemantic(
+      this.gltfPrimitive,
+      VertexAttributeSemantic.POSITION,
+    ).typedArray.slice();
+
+    this._rotations = ModelUtility.getAttributeBySemantic(
+      this.gltfPrimitive,
+      VertexAttributeSemantic.ROTATION,
+    ).typedArray.slice();
+
+    this._scales = ModelUtility.getAttributeBySemantic(
+      this.gltfPrimitive,
+      VertexAttributeSemantic.SCALE,
+    ).typedArray.slice();
 
     const { l, n } = degreeAndCoefFromAttributes(this.gltfPrimitive.attributes);
     this._sphericalHarmonicsDegree = l;
@@ -799,14 +800,6 @@ GaussianSplat3DTileContent.prototype.isDestroyed = function () {
 GaussianSplat3DTileContent.prototype.destroy = function () {
   this.splatPrimitive = undefined;
 
-  if (
-    defined(this._tileset.gaussianSplatPrimitive) &&
-    !this._tileset.gaussianSplatPrimitive.isDestroyed()
-  ) {
-    this._tileset.gaussianSplatPrimitive.destroy();
-  }
-  this._tileset.gaussianSplatPrimitive = undefined;
-
   this._tile = undefined;
   this._tileset = undefined;
   this._resource = undefined;
@@ -814,6 +807,7 @@ GaussianSplat3DTileContent.prototype.destroy = function () {
   this._group = undefined;
   this._metadata = undefined;
   this._resourcesLoaded = false;
+  this._lastSplatTransform = undefined;
 
   if (defined(this._loader)) {
     this._loader.destroy();