@cesium/engine 22.2.0 → 23.0.0

package/Source/Core/Cartesian4.js

@@ -1,708 +1,694 @@
+// @ts-check
+
 import Check from "./Check.js";
 import defined from "./defined.js";
 import DeveloperError from "./DeveloperError.js";
 import CesiumMath from "./Math.js";
 
+/** @import {TypedArray} from "./globalTypes.js"; */
+/** @import Color from "./Color.js"; */
+
 /**
  * A 4D Cartesian point.
- * @alias Cartesian4
- * @constructor
- *
- * @param {number} [x=0.0] The X component.
- * @param {number} [y=0.0] The Y component.
- * @param {number} [z=0.0] The Z component.
- * @param {number} [w=0.0] The W component.
  *
  * @see Cartesian2
  * @see Cartesian3
  * @see Packable
  */
-function Cartesian4(x, y, z, w) {
+class Cartesian4 {
   /**
-   * The X component.
-   * @type {number}
-   * @default 0.0
+   * @param {number} [x=0.0] The X component.
+   * @param {number} [y=0.0] The Y component.
+   * @param {number} [z=0.0] The Z component.
+   * @param {number} [w=0.0] The W component.
    */
-  this.x = x ?? 0.0;
+  constructor(x, y, z, w) {
+    /**
+     * The X component.
+     * @type {number}
+     * @default 0.0
+     */
+    this.x = x ?? 0.0;
+
+    /**
+     * The Y component.
+     * @type {number}
+     * @default 0.0
+     */
+    this.y = y ?? 0.0;
+
+    /**
+     * The Z component.
+     * @type {number}
+     * @default 0.0
+     */
+    this.z = z ?? 0.0;
+
+    /**
+     * The W component.
+     * @type {number}
+     * @default 0.0
+     */
+    this.w = w ?? 0.0;
+  }
 
   /**
-   * The Y component.
-   * @type {number}
-   * @default 0.0
+   * Creates a Cartesian4 instance from x, y, z and w coordinates.
+   *
+   * @param {number} x The x coordinate.
+   * @param {number} y The y coordinate.
+   * @param {number} z The z coordinate.
+   * @param {number} w The w coordinate.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} [result] The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter or a new Cartesian4 instance if one was not provided.
    */
-  this.y = y ?? 0.0;
+  static fromElements(x, y, z, w, result) {
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      return new Cartesian4(x, y, z, w);
+    }
 
-  /**
-   * The Z component.
-   * @type {number}
-   * @default 0.0
-   */
-  this.z = z ?? 0.0;
+    result.x = x;
+    result.y = y;
+    result.z = z;
+    result.w = w;
+    return result;
+  }
 
   /**
-   * The W component.
-   * @type {number}
-   * @default 0.0
+   * Creates a Cartesian4 instance from a {@link Color}. <code>red</code>, <code>green</code>, <code>blue</code>,
+   * and <code>alpha</code> map to <code>x</code>, <code>y</code>, <code>z</code>, and <code>w</code>, respectively.
+   *
+   * @param {Color} color The source color.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} [result] The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter or a new Cartesian4 instance if one was not provided.
    */
-  this.w = w ?? 0.0;
-}
+  static fromColor(color, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("color", color);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      return new Cartesian4(color.red, color.green, color.blue, color.alpha);
+    }
 
-/**
- * Creates a Cartesian4 instance from x, y, z and w coordinates.
- *
- * @param {number} x The x coordinate.
- * @param {number} y The y coordinate.
- * @param {number} z The z coordinate.
- * @param {number} w The w coordinate.
- * @param {Cartesian4} [result] The object onto which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter or a new Cartesian4 instance if one was not provided.
- */
-Cartesian4.fromElements = function (x, y, z, w, result) {
-  if (!defined(result)) {
-    return new Cartesian4(x, y, z, w);
+    result.x = color.red;
+    result.y = color.green;
+    result.z = color.blue;
+    result.w = color.alpha;
+    return result;
   }
 
-  result.x = x;
-  result.y = y;
-  result.z = z;
-  result.w = w;
-  return result;
-};
+  /**
+   * Duplicates a Cartesian4 instance.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian to duplicate.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} [result] The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter or a new Cartesian4 instance if one was not provided. (Returns undefined if cartesian is undefined)
+   */
+  static clone(cartesian, result) {
+    if (!defined(cartesian)) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      return new Cartesian4(cartesian.x, cartesian.y, cartesian.z, cartesian.w);
+    }
 
-/**
- * Creates a Cartesian4 instance from a {@link Color}. <code>red</code>, <code>green</code>, <code>blue</code>,
- * and <code>alpha</code> map to <code>x</code>, <code>y</code>, <code>z</code>, and <code>w</code>, respectively.
- *
- * @param {Color} color The source color.
- * @param {Cartesian4} [result] The object onto which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter or a new Cartesian4 instance if one was not provided.
- */
-Cartesian4.fromColor = function (color, result) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("color", color);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
-  if (!defined(result)) {
-    return new Cartesian4(color.red, color.green, color.blue, color.alpha);
+    result.x = cartesian.x;
+    result.y = cartesian.y;
+    result.z = cartesian.z;
+    result.w = cartesian.w;
+    return result;
   }
 
-  result.x = color.red;
-  result.y = color.green;
-  result.z = color.blue;
-  result.w = color.alpha;
-  return result;
-};
+  /**
+   * Stores the provided instance into the provided array.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} value The value to pack.
+   * @param {number[]|TypedArray} array The array to pack into.
+   * @param {number} [startingIndex=0] The index into the array at which to start packing the elements.
+   *
+   * @returns {number[]|TypedArray} The array that was packed into
+   */
+  static pack(value, array, startingIndex) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("value", value);
+    Check.defined("array", array);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-/**
- * Duplicates a Cartesian4 instance.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian to duplicate.
- * @param {Cartesian4} [result] The object onto which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter or a new Cartesian4 instance if one was not provided. (Returns undefined if cartesian is undefined)
- */
-Cartesian4.clone = function (cartesian, result) {
-  if (!defined(cartesian)) {
-    return undefined;
-  }
+    startingIndex = startingIndex ?? 0;
 
-  if (!defined(result)) {
-    return new Cartesian4(cartesian.x, cartesian.y, cartesian.z, cartesian.w);
+    array[startingIndex++] = value.x;
+    array[startingIndex++] = value.y;
+    array[startingIndex++] = value.z;
+    array[startingIndex] = value.w;
+
+    return array;
   }
 
-  result.x = cartesian.x;
-  result.y = cartesian.y;
-  result.z = cartesian.z;
-  result.w = cartesian.w;
-  return result;
-};
+  /**
+   * Retrieves an instance from a packed array.
+   *
+   * @param {number[]|TypedArray} array The packed array.
+   * @param {number} [startingIndex=0] The starting index of the element to be unpacked.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} [result] The object into which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4}  The modified result parameter or a new Cartesian4 instance if one was not provided.
+   */
+  static unpack(array, startingIndex, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.defined("array", array);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-/**
- * The number of elements used to pack the object into an array.
- * @type {number}
- */
-Cartesian4.packedLength = 4;
+    startingIndex = startingIndex ?? 0;
 
-/**
- * Stores the provided instance into the provided array.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} value The value to pack.
- * @param {number[]} array The array to pack into.
- * @param {number} [startingIndex=0] The index into the array at which to start packing the elements.
- *
- * @returns {number[]} The array that was packed into
- */
-Cartesian4.pack = function (value, array, startingIndex) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("value", value);
-  Check.defined("array", array);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      result = new Cartesian4();
+    }
+    result.x = array[startingIndex++];
+    result.y = array[startingIndex++];
+    result.z = array[startingIndex++];
+    result.w = array[startingIndex];
+    return result;
+  }
 
-  startingIndex = startingIndex ?? 0;
+  /**
+   * Flattens an array of Cartesian4s into an array of components.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4[]} array The array of cartesians to pack.
+   * @param {number[]|TypedArray} [result] The array onto which to store the result. If this is a typed array, it must have array.length * 4 components, else a {@link DeveloperError} will be thrown. If it is a regular array, it will be resized to have (array.length * 4) elements.
+   * @returns {number[]|TypedArray} The packed array.
+   */
+  static packArray(array, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.defined("array", array);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-  array[startingIndex++] = value.x;
-  array[startingIndex++] = value.y;
-  array[startingIndex++] = value.z;
-  array[startingIndex] = value.w;
+    const length = array.length;
+    const resultLength = length * 4;
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      result = new Array(resultLength);
+    } else if (!Array.isArray(result) && result.length !== resultLength) {
+      //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+      throw new DeveloperError(
+        "If result is a typed array, it must have exactly array.length * 4 elements",
+      );
+      //>>includeEnd('debug');
+    } else if (result.length !== resultLength) {
+      /** @type {number[]} */ (result).length = resultLength;
+    }
 
-  return array;
-};
+    for (let i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
+      Cartesian4.pack(array[i], result, i * 4);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
 
-/**
- * Retrieves an instance from a packed array.
- *
- * @param {number[]} array The packed array.
- * @param {number} [startingIndex=0] The starting index of the element to be unpacked.
- * @param {Cartesian4} [result] The object into which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4}  The modified result parameter or a new Cartesian4 instance if one was not provided.
- */
-Cartesian4.unpack = function (array, startingIndex, result) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.defined("array", array);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
+  /**
+   * Unpacks an array of cartesian components into an array of Cartesian4s.
+   *
+   * @param {number[]|TypedArray} array The array of components to unpack.
+   * @param {Cartesian4[]} [result] The array onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4[]} The unpacked array.
+   */
+  static unpackArray(array, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.defined("array", array);
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThanOrEquals("array.length", array.length, 4);
+    if (array.length % 4 !== 0) {
+      throw new DeveloperError("array length must be a multiple of 4.");
+    }
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-  startingIndex = startingIndex ?? 0;
+    const length = array.length;
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      result = new Array(length / 4);
+    } else {
+      result.length = length / 4;
+    }
 
-  if (!defined(result)) {
-    result = new Cartesian4();
+    for (let i = 0; i < length; i += 4) {
+      const index = i / 4;
+      result[index] = Cartesian4.unpack(array, i, result[index]);
+    }
+    return result;
   }
-  result.x = array[startingIndex++];
-  result.y = array[startingIndex++];
-  result.z = array[startingIndex++];
-  result.w = array[startingIndex];
-  return result;
-};
 
-/**
- * Flattens an array of Cartesian4s into an array of components.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4[]} array The array of cartesians to pack.
- * @param {number[]} [result] The array onto which to store the result. If this is a typed array, it must have array.length * 4 components, else a {@link DeveloperError} will be thrown. If it is a regular array, it will be resized to have (array.length * 4) elements.
- * @returns {number[]} The packed array.
- */
-Cartesian4.packArray = function (array, result) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.defined("array", array);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
-
-  const length = array.length;
-  const resultLength = length * 4;
-  if (!defined(result)) {
-    result = new Array(resultLength);
-  } else if (!Array.isArray(result) && result.length !== resultLength) {
+  /**
+   * Computes the value of the maximum component for the supplied Cartesian.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The cartesian to use.
+   * @returns {number} The value of the maximum component.
+   */
+  static maximumComponent(cartesian) {
     //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-    throw new DeveloperError(
-      "If result is a typed array, it must have exactly array.length * 4 elements",
-    );
+    Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
     //>>includeEnd('debug');
-  } else if (result.length !== resultLength) {
-    result.length = resultLength;
-  }
 
-  for (let i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
-    Cartesian4.pack(array[i], result, i * 4);
+    return Math.max(cartesian.x, cartesian.y, cartesian.z, cartesian.w);
   }
-  return result;
-};
 
-/**
- * Unpacks an array of cartesian components into an array of Cartesian4s.
- *
- * @param {number[]} array The array of components to unpack.
- * @param {Cartesian4[]} [result] The array onto which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4[]} The unpacked array.
- */
-Cartesian4.unpackArray = function (array, result) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.defined("array", array);
-  Check.typeOf.number.greaterThanOrEquals("array.length", array.length, 4);
-  if (array.length % 4 !== 0) {
-    throw new DeveloperError("array length must be a multiple of 4.");
+  /**
+   * Computes the value of the minimum component for the supplied Cartesian.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The cartesian to use.
+   * @returns {number} The value of the minimum component.
+   */
+  static minimumComponent(cartesian) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    return Math.min(cartesian.x, cartesian.y, cartesian.z, cartesian.w);
   }
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-  const length = array.length;
-  if (!defined(result)) {
-    result = new Array(length / 4);
-  } else {
-    result.length = length / 4;
+  /**
+   * Compares two Cartesians and computes a Cartesian which contains the minimum components of the supplied Cartesians.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} first A cartesian to compare.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} second A cartesian to compare.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} result The object into which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} A cartesian with the minimum components.
+   */
+  static minimumByComponent(first, second, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("first", first);
+    Check.typeOf.object("second", second);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    result.x = Math.min(first.x, second.x);
+    result.y = Math.min(first.y, second.y);
+    result.z = Math.min(first.z, second.z);
+    result.w = Math.min(first.w, second.w);
+
+    return result;
   }
 
-  for (let i = 0; i < length; i += 4) {
-    const index = i / 4;
-    result[index] = Cartesian4.unpack(array, i, result[index]);
+  /**
+   * Compares two Cartesians and computes a Cartesian which contains the maximum components of the supplied Cartesians.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} first A cartesian to compare.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} second A cartesian to compare.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} result The object into which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} A cartesian with the maximum components.
+   */
+  static maximumByComponent(first, second, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("first", first);
+    Check.typeOf.object("second", second);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    result.x = Math.max(first.x, second.x);
+    result.y = Math.max(first.y, second.y);
+    result.z = Math.max(first.z, second.z);
+    result.w = Math.max(first.w, second.w);
+
+    return result;
   }
-  return result;
-};
 
-/**
- * Creates a Cartesian4 from four consecutive elements in an array.
- * @function
- *
- * @param {number[]} array The array whose four consecutive elements correspond to the x, y, z, and w components, respectively.
- * @param {number} [startingIndex=0] The offset into the array of the first element, which corresponds to the x component.
- * @param {Cartesian4} [result] The object onto which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4}  The modified result parameter or a new Cartesian4 instance if one was not provided.
- *
- * @example
- * // Create a Cartesian4 with (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0)
- * const v = [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0];
- * const p = Cesium.Cartesian4.fromArray(v);
- *
- * // Create a Cartesian4 with (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0) using an offset into an array
- * const v2 = [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0];
- * const p2 = Cesium.Cartesian4.fromArray(v2, 2);
- */
-Cartesian4.fromArray = Cartesian4.unpack;
+  /**
+   * Constrain a value to lie between two values.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} value The value to clamp.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} min The minimum bound.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} max The maximum bound.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} result The object into which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} The clamped value such that min <= result <= max.
+   */
+  static clamp(value, min, max, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("value", value);
+    Check.typeOf.object("min", min);
+    Check.typeOf.object("max", max);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-/**
- * Computes the value of the maximum component for the supplied Cartesian.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The cartesian to use.
- * @returns {number} The value of the maximum component.
- */
-Cartesian4.maximumComponent = function (cartesian) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
+    const x = CesiumMath.clamp(value.x, min.x, max.x);
+    const y = CesiumMath.clamp(value.y, min.y, max.y);
+    const z = CesiumMath.clamp(value.z, min.z, max.z);
+    const w = CesiumMath.clamp(value.w, min.w, max.w);
 
-  return Math.max(cartesian.x, cartesian.y, cartesian.z, cartesian.w);
-};
+    result.x = x;
+    result.y = y;
+    result.z = z;
+    result.w = w;
 
-/**
- * Computes the value of the minimum component for the supplied Cartesian.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The cartesian to use.
- * @returns {number} The value of the minimum component.
- */
-Cartesian4.minimumComponent = function (cartesian) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
+    return result;
+  }
 
-  return Math.min(cartesian.x, cartesian.y, cartesian.z, cartesian.w);
-};
+  /**
+   * Computes the provided Cartesian's squared magnitude.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian instance whose squared magnitude is to be computed.
+   * @returns {number} The squared magnitude.
+   */
+  static magnitudeSquared(cartesian) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-/**
- * Compares two Cartesians and computes a Cartesian which contains the minimum components of the supplied Cartesians.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} first A cartesian to compare.
- * @param {Cartesian4} second A cartesian to compare.
- * @param {Cartesian4} result The object into which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4} A cartesian with the minimum components.
- */
-Cartesian4.minimumByComponent = function (first, second, result) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("first", first);
-  Check.typeOf.object("second", second);
-  Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
+    return (
+      cartesian.x * cartesian.x +
+      cartesian.y * cartesian.y +
+      cartesian.z * cartesian.z +
+      cartesian.w * cartesian.w
+    );
+  }
 
-  result.x = Math.min(first.x, second.x);
-  result.y = Math.min(first.y, second.y);
-  result.z = Math.min(first.z, second.z);
-  result.w = Math.min(first.w, second.w);
+  /**
+   * Computes the Cartesian's magnitude (length).
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian instance whose magnitude is to be computed.
+   * @returns {number} The magnitude.
+   */
+  static magnitude(cartesian) {
+    return Math.sqrt(Cartesian4.magnitudeSquared(cartesian));
+  }
 
-  return result;
-};
+  /**
+   * Computes the 4-space distance between two points.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} left The first point to compute the distance from.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} right The second point to compute the distance to.
+   * @returns {number} The distance between two points.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * // Returns 1.0
+   * const d = Cesium.Cartesian4.distance(
+   *   new Cesium.Cartesian4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+   *   new Cesium.Cartesian4(2.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+   */
+  static distance(left, right) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("left", left);
+    Check.typeOf.object("right", right);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-/**
- * Compares two Cartesians and computes a Cartesian which contains the maximum components of the supplied Cartesians.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} first A cartesian to compare.
- * @param {Cartesian4} second A cartesian to compare.
- * @param {Cartesian4} result The object into which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4} A cartesian with the maximum components.
- */
-Cartesian4.maximumByComponent = function (first, second, result) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("first", first);
-  Check.typeOf.object("second", second);
-  Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
+    Cartesian4.subtract(left, right, distanceScratch);
+    return Cartesian4.magnitude(distanceScratch);
+  }
 
-  result.x = Math.max(first.x, second.x);
-  result.y = Math.max(first.y, second.y);
-  result.z = Math.max(first.z, second.z);
-  result.w = Math.max(first.w, second.w);
+  /**
+   * Computes the squared distance between two points.  Comparing squared distances
+   * using this function is more efficient than comparing distances using {@link Cartesian4#distance}.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} left The first point to compute the distance from.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} right The second point to compute the distance to.
+   * @returns {number} The distance between two points.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * // Returns 4.0, not 2.0
+   * const d = Cesium.Cartesian4.distance(
+   *   new Cesium.Cartesian4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+   *   new Cesium.Cartesian4(3.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+   */
+  static distanceSquared(left, right) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("left", left);
+    Check.typeOf.object("right", right);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-  return result;
-};
+    Cartesian4.subtract(left, right, distanceScratch);
+    return Cartesian4.magnitudeSquared(distanceScratch);
+  }
 
-/**
- * Constrain a value to lie between two values.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} value The value to clamp.
- * @param {Cartesian4} min The minimum bound.
- * @param {Cartesian4} max The maximum bound.
- * @param {Cartesian4} result The object into which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4} The clamped value such that min <= result <= max.
- */
-Cartesian4.clamp = function (value, min, max, result) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("value", value);
-  Check.typeOf.object("min", min);
-  Check.typeOf.object("max", max);
-  Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
-
-  const x = CesiumMath.clamp(value.x, min.x, max.x);
-  const y = CesiumMath.clamp(value.y, min.y, max.y);
-  const z = CesiumMath.clamp(value.z, min.z, max.z);
-  const w = CesiumMath.clamp(value.w, min.w, max.w);
-
-  result.x = x;
-  result.y = y;
-  result.z = z;
-  result.w = w;
-
-  return result;
-};
+  /**
+   * Computes the normalized form of the supplied Cartesian.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian to be normalized.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static normalize(cartesian, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-/**
- * Computes the provided Cartesian's squared magnitude.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian instance whose squared magnitude is to be computed.
- * @returns {number} The squared magnitude.
- */
-Cartesian4.magnitudeSquared = function (cartesian) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
-
-  return (
-    cartesian.x * cartesian.x +
-    cartesian.y * cartesian.y +
-    cartesian.z * cartesian.z +
-    cartesian.w * cartesian.w
-  );
-};
+    const magnitude = Cartesian4.magnitude(cartesian);
 
-/**
- * Computes the Cartesian's magnitude (length).
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian instance whose magnitude is to be computed.
- * @returns {number} The magnitude.
- */
-Cartesian4.magnitude = function (cartesian) {
-  return Math.sqrt(Cartesian4.magnitudeSquared(cartesian));
-};
+    result.x = cartesian.x / magnitude;
+    result.y = cartesian.y / magnitude;
+    result.z = cartesian.z / magnitude;
+    result.w = cartesian.w / magnitude;
 
-const distanceScratch = new Cartesian4();
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    if (
+      isNaN(result.x) ||
+      isNaN(result.y) ||
+      isNaN(result.z) ||
+      isNaN(result.w)
+    ) {
+      throw new DeveloperError("normalized result is not a number");
+    }
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-/**
- * Computes the 4-space distance between two points.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} left The first point to compute the distance from.
- * @param {Cartesian4} right The second point to compute the distance to.
- * @returns {number} The distance between two points.
- *
- * @example
- * // Returns 1.0
- * const d = Cesium.Cartesian4.distance(
- *   new Cesium.Cartesian4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
- *   new Cesium.Cartesian4(2.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0));
- */
-Cartesian4.distance = function (left, right) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("left", left);
-  Check.typeOf.object("right", right);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
+    return result;
+  }
 
-  Cartesian4.subtract(left, right, distanceScratch);
-  return Cartesian4.magnitude(distanceScratch);
-};
+  /**
+   * Computes the dot (scalar) product of two Cartesians.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} left The first Cartesian.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} right The second Cartesian.
+   * @returns {number} The dot product.
+   */
+  static dot(left, right) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("left", left);
+    Check.typeOf.object("right", right);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-/**
- * Computes the squared distance between two points.  Comparing squared distances
- * using this function is more efficient than comparing distances using {@link Cartesian4#distance}.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} left The first point to compute the distance from.
- * @param {Cartesian4} right The second point to compute the distance to.
- * @returns {number} The distance between two points.
- *
- * @example
- * // Returns 4.0, not 2.0
- * const d = Cesium.Cartesian4.distance(
- *   new Cesium.Cartesian4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
- *   new Cesium.Cartesian4(3.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0));
- */
-Cartesian4.distanceSquared = function (left, right) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("left", left);
-  Check.typeOf.object("right", right);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
+    return (
+      left.x * right.x + left.y * right.y + left.z * right.z + left.w * right.w
+    );
+  }
 
-  Cartesian4.subtract(left, right, distanceScratch);
-  return Cartesian4.magnitudeSquared(distanceScratch);
-};
+  /**
+   * Computes the componentwise product of two Cartesians.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} left The first Cartesian.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} right The second Cartesian.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static multiplyComponents(left, right, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("left", left);
+    Check.typeOf.object("right", right);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-/**
- * Computes the normalized form of the supplied Cartesian.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian to be normalized.
- * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
- */
-Cartesian4.normalize = function (cartesian, result) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
-  Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
+    result.x = left.x * right.x;
+    result.y = left.y * right.y;
+    result.z = left.z * right.z;
+    result.w = left.w * right.w;
+    return result;
+  }
 
-  const magnitude = Cartesian4.magnitude(cartesian);
+  /**
+   * Computes the componentwise quotient of two Cartesians.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} left The first Cartesian.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} right The second Cartesian.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static divideComponents(left, right, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("left", left);
+    Check.typeOf.object("right", right);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    result.x = left.x / right.x;
+    result.y = left.y / right.y;
+    result.z = left.z / right.z;
+    result.w = left.w / right.w;
+    return result;
+  }
 
-  result.x = cartesian.x / magnitude;
-  result.y = cartesian.y / magnitude;
-  result.z = cartesian.z / magnitude;
-  result.w = cartesian.w / magnitude;
+  /**
+   * Computes the componentwise sum of two Cartesians.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} left The first Cartesian.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} right The second Cartesian.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static add(left, right, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("left", left);
+    Check.typeOf.object("right", right);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  if (
-    isNaN(result.x) ||
-    isNaN(result.y) ||
-    isNaN(result.z) ||
-    isNaN(result.w)
-  ) {
-    throw new DeveloperError("normalized result is not a number");
+    result.x = left.x + right.x;
+    result.y = left.y + right.y;
+    result.z = left.z + right.z;
+    result.w = left.w + right.w;
+    return result;
   }
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-  return result;
-};
+  /**
+   * Computes the componentwise difference of two Cartesians.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} left The first Cartesian.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} right The second Cartesian.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static subtract(left, right, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("left", left);
+    Check.typeOf.object("right", right);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-/**
- * Computes the dot (scalar) product of two Cartesians.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} left The first Cartesian.
- * @param {Cartesian4} right The second Cartesian.
- * @returns {number} The dot product.
- */
-Cartesian4.dot = function (left, right) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("left", left);
-  Check.typeOf.object("right", right);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
+    result.x = left.x - right.x;
+    result.y = left.y - right.y;
+    result.z = left.z - right.z;
+    result.w = left.w - right.w;
+    return result;
+  }
 
-  return (
-    left.x * right.x + left.y * right.y + left.z * right.z + left.w * right.w
-  );
-};
+  /**
+   * Multiplies the provided Cartesian componentwise by the provided scalar.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian to be scaled.
+   * @param {number} scalar The scalar to multiply with.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static multiplyByScalar(cartesian, scalar, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
+    Check.typeOf.number("scalar", scalar);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-/**
- * Computes the componentwise product of two Cartesians.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} left The first Cartesian.
- * @param {Cartesian4} right The second Cartesian.
- * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
- */
-Cartesian4.multiplyComponents = function (left, right, result) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("left", left);
-  Check.typeOf.object("right", right);
-  Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
-
-  result.x = left.x * right.x;
-  result.y = left.y * right.y;
-  result.z = left.z * right.z;
-  result.w = left.w * right.w;
-  return result;
-};
+    result.x = cartesian.x * scalar;
+    result.y = cartesian.y * scalar;
+    result.z = cartesian.z * scalar;
+    result.w = cartesian.w * scalar;
+    return result;
+  }
 
-/**
- * Computes the componentwise quotient of two Cartesians.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} left The first Cartesian.
- * @param {Cartesian4} right The second Cartesian.
- * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
- */
-Cartesian4.divideComponents = function (left, right, result) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("left", left);
-  Check.typeOf.object("right", right);
-  Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
-
-  result.x = left.x / right.x;
-  result.y = left.y / right.y;
-  result.z = left.z / right.z;
-  result.w = left.w / right.w;
-  return result;
-};
+  /**
+   * Divides the provided Cartesian componentwise by the provided scalar.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian to be divided.
+   * @param {number} scalar The scalar to divide by.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static divideByScalar(cartesian, scalar, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
+    Check.typeOf.number("scalar", scalar);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-/**
- * Computes the componentwise sum of two Cartesians.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} left The first Cartesian.
- * @param {Cartesian4} right The second Cartesian.
- * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
- */
-Cartesian4.add = function (left, right, result) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("left", left);
-  Check.typeOf.object("right", right);
-  Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
-
-  result.x = left.x + right.x;
-  result.y = left.y + right.y;
-  result.z = left.z + right.z;
-  result.w = left.w + right.w;
-  return result;
-};
+    result.x = cartesian.x / scalar;
+    result.y = cartesian.y / scalar;
+    result.z = cartesian.z / scalar;
+    result.w = cartesian.w / scalar;
+    return result;
+  }
 
-/**
- * Computes the componentwise difference of two Cartesians.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} left The first Cartesian.
- * @param {Cartesian4} right The second Cartesian.
- * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
- */
-Cartesian4.subtract = function (left, right, result) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("left", left);
-  Check.typeOf.object("right", right);
-  Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
-
-  result.x = left.x - right.x;
-  result.y = left.y - right.y;
-  result.z = left.z - right.z;
-  result.w = left.w - right.w;
-  return result;
-};
+  /**
+   * Negates the provided Cartesian.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian to be negated.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static negate(cartesian, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-/**
- * Multiplies the provided Cartesian componentwise by the provided scalar.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian to be scaled.
- * @param {number} scalar The scalar to multiply with.
- * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
- */
-Cartesian4.multiplyByScalar = function (cartesian, scalar, result) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
-  Check.typeOf.number("scalar", scalar);
-  Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
-
-  result.x = cartesian.x * scalar;
-  result.y = cartesian.y * scalar;
-  result.z = cartesian.z * scalar;
-  result.w = cartesian.w * scalar;
-  return result;
-};
+    result.x = -cartesian.x;
+    result.y = -cartesian.y;
+    result.z = -cartesian.z;
+    result.w = -cartesian.w;
+    return result;
+  }
 
-/**
- * Divides the provided Cartesian componentwise by the provided scalar.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian to be divided.
- * @param {number} scalar The scalar to divide by.
- * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
- */
-Cartesian4.divideByScalar = function (cartesian, scalar, result) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
-  Check.typeOf.number("scalar", scalar);
-  Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
-
-  result.x = cartesian.x / scalar;
-  result.y = cartesian.y / scalar;
-  result.z = cartesian.z / scalar;
-  result.w = cartesian.w / scalar;
-  return result;
-};
+  /**
+   * Computes the absolute value of the provided Cartesian.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian whose absolute value is to be computed.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static abs(cartesian, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-/**
- * Negates the provided Cartesian.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian to be negated.
- * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
- */
-Cartesian4.negate = function (cartesian, result) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
-  Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
-
-  result.x = -cartesian.x;
-  result.y = -cartesian.y;
-  result.z = -cartesian.z;
-  result.w = -cartesian.w;
-  return result;
-};
+    result.x = Math.abs(cartesian.x);
+    result.y = Math.abs(cartesian.y);
+    result.z = Math.abs(cartesian.z);
+    result.w = Math.abs(cartesian.w);
+    return result;
+  }
 
-/**
- * Computes the absolute value of the provided Cartesian.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian whose absolute value is to be computed.
- * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
- */
-Cartesian4.abs = function (cartesian, result) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
-  Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
-
-  result.x = Math.abs(cartesian.x);
-  result.y = Math.abs(cartesian.y);
-  result.z = Math.abs(cartesian.z);
-  result.w = Math.abs(cartesian.w);
-  return result;
-};
+  /**
+   * Computes the linear interpolation or extrapolation at t using the provided cartesians.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} start The value corresponding to t at 0.0.
+   * @param {Cartesian4}end The value corresponding to t at 1.0.
+   * @param {number} t The point along t at which to interpolate.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static lerp(start, end, t, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("start", start);
+    Check.typeOf.object("end", end);
+    Check.typeOf.number("t", t);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-const lerpScratch = new Cartesian4();
-/**
- * Computes the linear interpolation or extrapolation at t using the provided cartesians.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} start The value corresponding to t at 0.0.
- * @param {Cartesian4}end The value corresponding to t at 1.0.
- * @param {number} t The point along t at which to interpolate.
- * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
- */
-Cartesian4.lerp = function (start, end, t, result) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("start", start);
-  Check.typeOf.object("end", end);
-  Check.typeOf.number("t", t);
-  Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
-
-  Cartesian4.multiplyByScalar(end, t, lerpScratch);
-  result = Cartesian4.multiplyByScalar(start, 1.0 - t, result);
-  return Cartesian4.add(lerpScratch, result, result);
-};
+    Cartesian4.multiplyByScalar(end, t, lerpScratch);
+    result = Cartesian4.multiplyByScalar(start, 1.0 - t, result);
+    return Cartesian4.add(lerpScratch, result, result);
+  }
 
-const mostOrthogonalAxisScratch = new Cartesian4();
-/**
- * Returns the axis that is most orthogonal to the provided Cartesian.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian on which to find the most orthogonal axis.
- * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4} The most orthogonal axis.
- */
-Cartesian4.mostOrthogonalAxis = function (cartesian, result) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
-  Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
-
-  const f = Cartesian4.normalize(cartesian, mostOrthogonalAxisScratch);
-  Cartesian4.abs(f, f);
-
-  if (f.x <= f.y) {
-    if (f.x <= f.z) {
-      if (f.x <= f.w) {
-        result = Cartesian4.clone(Cartesian4.UNIT_X, result);
+  /**
+   * Returns the axis that is most orthogonal to the provided Cartesian.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian on which to find the most orthogonal axis.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} The most orthogonal axis.
+   */
+  static mostOrthogonalAxis(cartesian, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const f = Cartesian4.normalize(cartesian, mostOrthogonalAxisScratch);
+    Cartesian4.abs(f, f);
+
+    if (f.x <= f.y) {
+      if (f.x <= f.z) {
+        if (f.x <= f.w) {
+          result = Cartesian4.clone(Cartesian4.UNIT_X, result);
+        } else {
+          result = Cartesian4.clone(Cartesian4.UNIT_W, result);
+        }
+      } else if (f.z <= f.w) {
+        result = Cartesian4.clone(Cartesian4.UNIT_Z, result);
+      } else {
+        result = Cartesian4.clone(Cartesian4.UNIT_W, result);
+      }
+    } else if (f.y <= f.z) {
+      if (f.y <= f.w) {
+        result = Cartesian4.clone(Cartesian4.UNIT_Y, result);
       } else {
         result = Cartesian4.clone(Cartesian4.UNIT_W, result);
       }
@@ -711,100 +697,231 @@ Cartesian4.mostOrthogonalAxis = function (cartesian, result) {
     } else {
       result = Cartesian4.clone(Cartesian4.UNIT_W, result);
     }
-  } else if (f.y <= f.z) {
-    if (f.y <= f.w) {
-      result = Cartesian4.clone(Cartesian4.UNIT_Y, result);
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Compares the provided Cartesians componentwise and returns
+   * <code>true</code> if they are equal, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} [left] The first Cartesian.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} [right] The second Cartesian.
+   * @returns {boolean} <code>true</code> if left and right are equal, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   */
+  static equals(left, right) {
+    return (
+      left === right ||
+      (defined(left) &&
+        defined(right) &&
+        left.x === right.x &&
+        left.y === right.y &&
+        left.z === right.z &&
+        left.w === right.w)
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian
+   * @param {number[]} array
+   * @param {number} offset
+   * @private
+   */
+  static equalsArray(cartesian, array, offset) {
+    return (
+      cartesian.x === array[offset] &&
+      cartesian.y === array[offset + 1] &&
+      cartesian.z === array[offset + 2] &&
+      cartesian.w === array[offset + 3]
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Compares the provided Cartesians componentwise and returns
+   * <code>true</code> if they pass an absolute or relative tolerance test,
+   * <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} [left] The first Cartesian.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} [right] The second Cartesian.
+   * @param {number} [relativeEpsilon=0] The relative epsilon tolerance to use for equality testing.
+   * @param {number} [absoluteEpsilon=relativeEpsilon] The absolute epsilon tolerance to use for equality testing.
+   * @returns {boolean} <code>true</code> if left and right are within the provided epsilon, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   */
+  static equalsEpsilon(left, right, relativeEpsilon, absoluteEpsilon) {
+    return (
+      left === right ||
+      (defined(left) &&
+        defined(right) &&
+        CesiumMath.equalsEpsilon(
+          left.x,
+          right.x,
+          relativeEpsilon,
+          absoluteEpsilon,
+        ) &&
+        CesiumMath.equalsEpsilon(
+          left.y,
+          right.y,
+          relativeEpsilon,
+          absoluteEpsilon,
+        ) &&
+        CesiumMath.equalsEpsilon(
+          left.z,
+          right.z,
+          relativeEpsilon,
+          absoluteEpsilon,
+        ) &&
+        CesiumMath.equalsEpsilon(
+          left.w,
+          right.w,
+          relativeEpsilon,
+          absoluteEpsilon,
+        ))
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Duplicates this Cartesian4 instance.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} [result] The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter or a new Cartesian4 instance if one was not provided.
+   */
+  clone(result) {
+    return Cartesian4.clone(this, result);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Compares this Cartesian against the provided Cartesian componentwise and returns
+   * <code>true</code> if they are equal, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} [right] The right hand side Cartesian.
+   * @returns {boolean} <code>true</code> if they are equal, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   */
+  equals(right) {
+    return Cartesian4.equals(this, right);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Compares this Cartesian against the provided Cartesian componentwise and returns
+   * <code>true</code> if they pass an absolute or relative tolerance test,
+   * <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} [right] The right hand side Cartesian.
+   * @param {number} [relativeEpsilon=0] The relative epsilon tolerance to use for equality testing.
+   * @param {number} [absoluteEpsilon=relativeEpsilon] The absolute epsilon tolerance to use for equality testing.
+   * @returns {boolean} <code>true</code> if they are within the provided epsilon, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   */
+  equalsEpsilon(right, relativeEpsilon, absoluteEpsilon) {
+    return Cartesian4.equalsEpsilon(
+      this,
+      right,
+      relativeEpsilon,
+      absoluteEpsilon,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a string representing this Cartesian in the format '(x, y, z, w)'.
+   *
+   * @returns {string} A string representing the provided Cartesian in the format '(x, y, z, w)'.
+   */
+  toString() {
+    return `(${this.x}, ${this.y}, ${this.z}, ${this.w})`;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Packs an arbitrary floating point value to 4 values representable using uint8.
+   *
+   * @param {number} value A floating point number.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} [result] The Cartesian4 that will contain the packed float.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} A Cartesian4 representing the float packed to values in x, y, z, and w.
+   */
+  static packFloat(value, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.number("value", value);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      result = new Cartesian4();
+    }
+
+    // scratchU8Array and scratchF32Array are views into the same buffer
+    scratchF32Array[0] = value;
+
+    if (littleEndian) {
+      result.x = scratchU8Array[0];
+      result.y = scratchU8Array[1];
+      result.z = scratchU8Array[2];
+      result.w = scratchU8Array[3];
     } else {
-      result = Cartesian4.clone(Cartesian4.UNIT_W, result);
+      // convert from big-endian to little-endian
+      result.x = scratchU8Array[3];
+      result.y = scratchU8Array[2];
+      result.z = scratchU8Array[1];
+      result.w = scratchU8Array[0];
     }
-  } else if (f.z <= f.w) {
-    result = Cartesian4.clone(Cartesian4.UNIT_Z, result);
-  } else {
-    result = Cartesian4.clone(Cartesian4.UNIT_W, result);
+    return result;
   }
 
-  return result;
-};
+  /**
+   * Unpacks a float packed using Cartesian4.packFloat.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian4} packedFloat A Cartesian4 containing a float packed to 4 values representable using uint8.
+   * @returns {number} The unpacked float.
+   * @private
+   */
+  static unpackFloat(packedFloat) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("packedFloat", packedFloat);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
 
-/**
- * Compares the provided Cartesians componentwise and returns
- * <code>true</code> if they are equal, <code>false</code> otherwise.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} [left] The first Cartesian.
- * @param {Cartesian4} [right] The second Cartesian.
- * @returns {boolean} <code>true</code> if left and right are equal, <code>false</code> otherwise.
- */
-Cartesian4.equals = function (left, right) {
-  return (
-    left === right ||
-    (defined(left) &&
-      defined(right) &&
-      left.x === right.x &&
-      left.y === right.y &&
-      left.z === right.z &&
-      left.w === right.w)
-  );
-};
+    // scratchU8Array and scratchF32Array are views into the same buffer
+    if (littleEndian) {
+      scratchU8Array[0] = packedFloat.x;
+      scratchU8Array[1] = packedFloat.y;
+      scratchU8Array[2] = packedFloat.z;
+      scratchU8Array[3] = packedFloat.w;
+    } else {
+      // convert from little-endian to big-endian
+      scratchU8Array[0] = packedFloat.w;
+      scratchU8Array[1] = packedFloat.z;
+      scratchU8Array[2] = packedFloat.y;
+      scratchU8Array[3] = packedFloat.x;
+    }
+    return scratchF32Array[0];
+  }
+}
 
 /**
- * @private
+ * The number of elements used to pack the object into an array.
+ * @type {number}
  */
-Cartesian4.equalsArray = function (cartesian, array, offset) {
-  return (
-    cartesian.x === array[offset] &&
-    cartesian.y === array[offset + 1] &&
-    cartesian.z === array[offset + 2] &&
-    cartesian.w === array[offset + 3]
-  );
-};
+Cartesian4.packedLength = 4;
 
 /**
- * Compares the provided Cartesians componentwise and returns
- * <code>true</code> if they pass an absolute or relative tolerance test,
- * <code>false</code> otherwise.
+ * Creates a Cartesian4 from four consecutive elements in an array.
+ * @function
+ *
+ * @param {number[]} array The array whose four consecutive elements correspond to the x, y, z, and w components, respectively.
+ * @param {number} [startingIndex=0] The offset into the array of the first element, which corresponds to the x component.
+ * @param {Cartesian4} [result] The object onto which to store the result.
+ * @returns {Cartesian4}  The modified result parameter or a new Cartesian4 instance if one was not provided.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Create a Cartesian4 with (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0)
+ * const v = [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0];
+ * const p = Cesium.Cartesian4.fromArray(v);
  *
- * @param {Cartesian4} [left] The first Cartesian.
- * @param {Cartesian4} [right] The second Cartesian.
- * @param {number} [relativeEpsilon=0] The relative epsilon tolerance to use for equality testing.
- * @param {number} [absoluteEpsilon=relativeEpsilon] The absolute epsilon tolerance to use for equality testing.
- * @returns {boolean} <code>true</code> if left and right are within the provided epsilon, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+ * // Create a Cartesian4 with (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0) using an offset into an array
+ * const v2 = [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0];
+ * const p2 = Cesium.Cartesian4.fromArray(v2, 2);
  */
-Cartesian4.equalsEpsilon = function (
-  left,
-  right,
-  relativeEpsilon,
-  absoluteEpsilon,
-) {
-  return (
-    left === right ||
-    (defined(left) &&
-      defined(right) &&
-      CesiumMath.equalsEpsilon(
-        left.x,
-        right.x,
-        relativeEpsilon,
-        absoluteEpsilon,
-      ) &&
-      CesiumMath.equalsEpsilon(
-        left.y,
-        right.y,
-        relativeEpsilon,
-        absoluteEpsilon,
-      ) &&
-      CesiumMath.equalsEpsilon(
-        left.z,
-        right.z,
-        relativeEpsilon,
-        absoluteEpsilon,
-      ) &&
-      CesiumMath.equalsEpsilon(
-        left.w,
-        right.w,
-        relativeEpsilon,
-        absoluteEpsilon,
-      ))
-  );
-};
+Cartesian4.fromArray = Cartesian4.unpack;
+
+const distanceScratch = new Cartesian4();
+
+const lerpScratch = new Cartesian4();
+
+const mostOrthogonalAxisScratch = new Cartesian4();
 
 /**
  * An immutable Cartesian4 instance initialized to (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0).
@@ -854,59 +971,6 @@ Cartesian4.UNIT_Z = Object.freeze(new Cartesian4(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0));
  */
 Cartesian4.UNIT_W = Object.freeze(new Cartesian4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0));
 
-/**
- * Duplicates this Cartesian4 instance.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} [result] The object onto which to store the result.
- * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter or a new Cartesian4 instance if one was not provided.
- */
-Cartesian4.prototype.clone = function (result) {
-  return Cartesian4.clone(this, result);
-};
-
-/**
- * Compares this Cartesian against the provided Cartesian componentwise and returns
- * <code>true</code> if they are equal, <code>false</code> otherwise.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} [right] The right hand side Cartesian.
- * @returns {boolean} <code>true</code> if they are equal, <code>false</code> otherwise.
- */
-Cartesian4.prototype.equals = function (right) {
-  return Cartesian4.equals(this, right);
-};
-
-/**
- * Compares this Cartesian against the provided Cartesian componentwise and returns
- * <code>true</code> if they pass an absolute or relative tolerance test,
- * <code>false</code> otherwise.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} [right] The right hand side Cartesian.
- * @param {number} [relativeEpsilon=0] The relative epsilon tolerance to use for equality testing.
- * @param {number} [absoluteEpsilon=relativeEpsilon] The absolute epsilon tolerance to use for equality testing.
- * @returns {boolean} <code>true</code> if they are within the provided epsilon, <code>false</code> otherwise.
- */
-Cartesian4.prototype.equalsEpsilon = function (
-  right,
-  relativeEpsilon,
-  absoluteEpsilon,
-) {
-  return Cartesian4.equalsEpsilon(
-    this,
-    right,
-    relativeEpsilon,
-    absoluteEpsilon,
-  );
-};
-
-/**
- * Creates a string representing this Cartesian in the format '(x, y, z, w)'.
- *
- * @returns {string} A string representing the provided Cartesian in the format '(x, y, z, w)'.
- */
-Cartesian4.prototype.toString = function () {
-  return `(${this.x}, ${this.y}, ${this.z}, ${this.w})`;
-};
-
 // scratchU8Array and scratchF32Array are views into the same buffer
 const scratchF32Array = new Float32Array(1);
 const scratchU8Array = new Uint8Array(scratchF32Array.buffer);
@@ -915,65 +979,4 @@ const testU32 = new Uint32Array([0x11223344]);
 const testU8 = new Uint8Array(testU32.buffer);
 const littleEndian = testU8[0] === 0x44;
 
-/**
- * Packs an arbitrary floating point value to 4 values representable using uint8.
- *
- * @param {number} value A floating point number.
- * @param {Cartesian4} [result] The Cartesian4 that will contain the packed float.
- * @returns {Cartesian4} A Cartesian4 representing the float packed to values in x, y, z, and w.
- */
-Cartesian4.packFloat = function (value, result) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.number("value", value);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
-
-  if (!defined(result)) {
-    result = new Cartesian4();
-  }
-
-  // scratchU8Array and scratchF32Array are views into the same buffer
-  scratchF32Array[0] = value;
-
-  if (littleEndian) {
-    result.x = scratchU8Array[0];
-    result.y = scratchU8Array[1];
-    result.z = scratchU8Array[2];
-    result.w = scratchU8Array[3];
-  } else {
-    // convert from big-endian to little-endian
-    result.x = scratchU8Array[3];
-    result.y = scratchU8Array[2];
-    result.z = scratchU8Array[1];
-    result.w = scratchU8Array[0];
-  }
-  return result;
-};
-
-/**
- * Unpacks a float packed using Cartesian4.packFloat.
- *
- * @param {Cartesian4} packedFloat A Cartesian4 containing a float packed to 4 values representable using uint8.
- * @returns {number} The unpacked float.
- * @private
- */
-Cartesian4.unpackFloat = function (packedFloat) {
-  //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
-  Check.typeOf.object("packedFloat", packedFloat);
-  //>>includeEnd('debug');
-
-  // scratchU8Array and scratchF32Array are views into the same buffer
-  if (littleEndian) {
-    scratchU8Array[0] = packedFloat.x;
-    scratchU8Array[1] = packedFloat.y;
-    scratchU8Array[2] = packedFloat.z;
-    scratchU8Array[3] = packedFloat.w;
-  } else {
-    // convert from little-endian to big-endian
-    scratchU8Array[0] = packedFloat.w;
-    scratchU8Array[1] = packedFloat.z;
-    scratchU8Array[2] = packedFloat.y;
-    scratchU8Array[3] = packedFloat.x;
-  }
-  return scratchF32Array[0];
-};
 export default Cartesian4;