@ccmsg/cli 0.1.0 → 0.2.0

package/src/auth/auth.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,985 @@
+import { createHash, createHmac, randomBytes, randomInt } from "node:crypto";
+import type {
+  AuthAssertArgs,
+  AuthChallenge,
+  AuthChallengeResult,
+  AuthRecord,
+  AuthRefreshArgs,
+  AuthRefreshResult,
+  AuthRegisterArgs,
+  AuthResolveArgs,
+  AuthResolveResult,
+  AuthRotateArgs,
+  AuthRotateResult,
+  AuthSession,
+  Base64Url,
+  CredentialRecord,
+  Endpoint,
+  InstanceId,
+  RegisterClaims,
+  Subject,
+  Timestamp,
+  TokenFamily,
+} from "@ccmsg/protocol";
+import { AUTH_CHALLENGE_TTL_MS, REGISTER_TTL_MS } from "@ccmsg/protocol";
+import { type HandlerInput, OpError, type Requester } from "../dispatch/index.ts";
+import { AuthRecords, credentialKey, familyKey } from "./records.ts";
+import {
+  base64UrlDecode,
+  base64UrlEncode,
+  checkPublicKey,
+  equalBytes,
+  equalStrings,
+  verifyAssertion,
+  verifyRegistration,
+  WebAuthnError,
+} from "./webauthn.ts";
+import { CborError } from "./cbor.ts";
+
+/** How long an access token is accepted, and how long a refresh token is.
+ *
+ * Chosen rather than derived, within the DR's "hours" and "days" (§2.4). The
+ * access token's life is also a connection's: a client renews on the
+ * connection it already holds, so the period is what bounds a stolen token
+ * rather than how often a person is interrupted. The refresh token's life is
+ * how long a browser that was closed can come back without the authenticator. */
+export const ACCESS_TTL_MS = 4 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+export const REFRESH_TTL_MS = 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+
+/** How long the generation before the standing one is still answered.
+ *
+ * It exists for one case: the rotation happened, the reply was lost, the client
+ * retries with the value it still holds. That is a round trip, not a session,
+ * so the window is short — long enough for a retry over a slow link and far too
+ * short to be a second usable token. */
+export const PREVIOUS_GRACE_MS = 60_000;
+
+/** How many times a six-digit code may be got wrong before the registration URL
+ * is spent.
+ *
+ * Five, because the code is what stands between a leaked URL and a
+ * registration: a million codes and five tries is a chance no one plays for,
+ * while a person mistyping twice still gets in. */
+export const CODE_ATTEMPTS = 5;
+
+/** How many `/auth/*` requests are answered per second, over all callers.
+ *
+ * The routes are reached before anything is proven, like the mesh's key
+ * endpoint (§6), and the work behind them is a signature verification. The cap
+ * is far above what a person at a keyboard produces and far below what would
+ * cost this instance anything. */
+export const AUTH_RATE_LIMIT = 30;
+export const AUTH_RATE_WINDOW_MS = 1_000;
+
+/** One registration URL that has been issued and not yet spent.
+ *
+ * Everything here dies with the process. The secret signs one URL and nothing
+ * else, so there is no key to keep, rotate or protect — a restart loses it and
+ * the remedy is to issue another URL (DR-0001 §2.2). */
+interface Pending {
+  readonly claims: RegisterClaims;
+  readonly secret: Buffer;
+  readonly code: string;
+  attempts: number;
+}
+
+/** One challenge this instance issued, good once (§2.6). */
+interface Issued {
+  readonly expiresAt: Timestamp;
+}
+
+/** What a person's connection carries once an access token opened it. */
+export interface AuthorizedConn {
+  readonly sub: Subject;
+  expiresAt: Timestamp;
+  /** The close scheduled for the deadline, cleared when the connection goes so
+   * a departed connection leaves no timer behind. */
+  timer?: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>;
+}
+
+export interface AuthDeps {
+  readonly self: InstanceId;
+  readonly records: AuthRecords;
+  /** The pages allowed to run these exchanges: `clientDataJSON.origin` is
+   * compared against this, and so is the CORS answer (§2.3). */
+  readonly origins: () => readonly string[];
+  /** Where this instance is dialed, which a registration URL is issued against
+   * when the operator names none. */
+  readonly endpoint: () => Endpoint | undefined;
+  /** The instance's name as a person operates it, carried in the URL for
+   * display. */
+  readonly unit: string;
+  /** Ask another instance one of the two ops only its issuer can answer.
+   * Absent on an instance with no mesh, where an issuer that is not us is an
+   * issuer that cannot be reached. */
+  readonly ask?: (to: InstanceId, op: string, args: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<unknown>;
+  readonly now?: () => Timestamp;
+  readonly log?: (msg: string, fields?: Record<string, unknown>) => void;
+}
+
+/** A person's session as this instance just minted it: what the caller is told,
+ * and the refresh token whoever ran the op has to put in a cookie.
+ *
+ * The two travel together rather than through a slot on this object, because
+ * two exchanges may be in flight at once and a slot would hand one caller the
+ * other's token. The contract keeps the refresh token out of the op's result on
+ * purpose (`AuthSession`), so it is answered here and the carrier is what
+ * decides where it goes. */
+export interface MintedSession {
+  readonly session: AuthSession;
+  readonly refresh: { readonly value: Base64Url; readonly expires_at: Timestamp };
+}
+
+/** What a registration URL is, as the command that made it prints it. */
+export interface IssuedRegistration {
+  readonly sub: Subject;
+  readonly url: string;
+  readonly code: string;
+  /** The WebAuthn user handle this subject is known by, which the page creates
+   * the credential against. It is also inside the URL's claims; it is stated
+   * here so the command that issued the URL can show what it settled. */
+  readonly user_id: Base64Url;
+  readonly expires_at: Timestamp;
+  readonly endpoint: Endpoint;
+  readonly rp_id: string;
+}
+
+/** The person's authentication: the registration URLs this instance issued, the
+ * challenges it holds, and the tokens it minted (DR-0001 §2.2-§2.6).
+ *
+ * What is written down is the records; everything here is memory, and every
+ * one of those is short-lived by design. */
+export class Auth {
+  readonly #pending = new Map<string, Pending>();
+  readonly #challenges = new Map<Base64Url, Issued>();
+  readonly #authorized = new Map<Requester, AuthorizedConn>();
+  #window = 0;
+  #served = 0;
+
+  constructor(private readonly deps: AuthDeps) {}
+
+  get records(): AuthRecords {
+    return this.deps.records;
+  }
+
+  #now(): Timestamp {
+    return (this.deps.now ?? Date.now)();
+  }
+
+  // --- issuing a registration URL (§2.2) ---
+
+  /** Make one registration URL and the code that goes with it.
+   *
+   * The two halves reach the browser by different routes: the URL is carried
+   * there by whoever was given it, and the code is only ever shown on the
+   * terminal this ran on. Somebody holding the URL alone cannot register. */
+  issue(options: {
+    readonly endpoint?: Endpoint;
+    readonly rpId?: string;
+    readonly label?: string;
+    readonly sub?: Subject;
+  }): IssuedRegistration {
+    const endpoint = options.endpoint ?? this.deps.endpoint();
+    if (endpoint === undefined) {
+      throw new OpError(
+        "invalid_args",
+        "この instance には endpoint が無いので、登録先の URL を引数で渡してください",
+      );
+    }
+    const host = hostOf(endpoint);
+    const rpId = options.rpId ?? host;
+    // The relying party is a domain the endpoint's host belongs to, and nothing
+    // wider: a credential made for a suffix this instance does not sit under
+    // would be usable at every other host under it (§2.3).
+    if (!isRegistrableSuffix(rpId, host)) {
+      throw new OpError("invalid_args", `${rpId} は ${host} の登録可能なドメインではありません`);
+    }
+    const sub = options.sub ?? this.#nextSubject();
+    if (this.deps.records.removed(sub)) {
+      throw new OpError("forbidden", `${sub} は削除済みなので、この名前では登録できません`);
+    }
+    const at = this.#now();
+    const claims: RegisterClaims = {
+      iss: this.deps.self,
+      sub,
+      unit: this.deps.unit,
+      endpoint,
+      rp_id: rpId,
+      expires_at: at + REGISTER_TTL_MS,
+      jti: randomBytes(16).toString("base64url"),
+      user_id: this.#userIdFor(sub),
+      ...(options.label === undefined ? {} : { issued_label: options.label }),
+    };
+    const secret = randomBytes(32);
+    const code = String(randomInt(0, 1_000_000)).padStart(6, "0");
+    this.#pending.set(claims.jti, { claims, secret, code, attempts: 0 });
+    return {
+      sub,
+      url: `${webOrigin(endpoint)}/#register=${sign(claims, secret)}`,
+      code,
+      user_id: claims.user_id,
+      expires_at: claims.expires_at,
+      endpoint,
+      rp_id: rpId,
+    };
+  }
+
+  /** The WebAuthn user handle this subject is known by.
+   *
+   * Settled once per subject and reused for every later registration of it: the
+   * authenticator keeps the handle beyond this instance's reach, so a second
+   * value for one person would show up on their device as a second account
+   * (contract, `RegisterClaims.user_id`). A subject that already has a
+   * credential is registered against the handle that credential carries; a
+   * subject in the middle of another registration, against the one that
+   * registration named.
+   *
+   * Sixteen bytes, which is what the specification recommends and what the page
+   * would otherwise have had to choose. */
+  #userIdFor(sub: Subject): Base64Url {
+    for (const record of this.deps.records.credentials()) {
+      if (record.sub === sub) return record.user_handle;
+    }
+    for (const held of this.#pending.values()) {
+      if (held.claims.sub === sub) return held.claims.user_id;
+    }
+    return base64UrlEncode(randomBytes(16));
+  }
+
+  /** The next `<unit>-N` nobody holds.
+   *
+   * Read from the records rather than counted in memory: a counter would start
+   * at one again after a restart and hand the next person a name somebody
+   * already has, which would be a second person under one subject rather than a
+   * new one. A name a removal took is skipped too — the tombstone over it
+   * refuses every later write, so issuing it would produce a URL that cannot
+   * complete.
+   *
+   * The pending registrations count as taken as well: two URLs made before
+   * either is spent are two people. */
+  #nextSubject(): Subject {
+    const prefix = `${this.deps.unit}-`;
+    const taken = new Set<string>();
+    for (const record of this.deps.records.credentials()) taken.add(record.sub);
+    for (const held of this.#pending.values()) taken.add(held.claims.sub);
+    let highest = 0;
+    for (const sub of taken) {
+      if (!sub.startsWith(prefix)) continue;
+      const counted = Number(sub.slice(prefix.length));
+      if (Number.isInteger(counted) && counted > highest) highest = counted;
+    }
+    for (let next = highest + 1; ; next += 1) {
+      const sub = `${prefix}${String(next)}`;
+      if (!taken.has(sub) && !this.deps.records.removed(sub)) return sub;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** The credentials a person may read back, newest registration first. */
+  list(): CredentialRecord[] {
+    return this.deps.records
+      .credentials()
+      .sort((left, right) => right.registered_at - left.registered_at);
+  }
+
+  /** Remove one person: the tombstones, and every connection they hold. */
+  remove(sub: Subject): { records: AuthRecord[]; closed: number } {
+    const records = this.deps.records.remove(sub);
+    return { records, closed: this.disconnect(sub) };
+  }
+
+  /** Close every connection one person holds.
+   *
+   * The other half of a removal, and the half that has to run whoever decided
+   * it: a tombstone that arrived from a peer revokes the same person here, and
+   * a connection left open on a revoked credential is the removal not having
+   * happened (DR-0001 §2.6). Failing a family reaches this the same way. */
+  disconnect(sub: Subject): number {
+    let closed = 0;
+    for (const [conn, held] of this.#authorized) {
+      if (held.sub !== sub) continue;
+      clearTimeout(held.timer);
+      this.#authorized.delete(conn);
+      conn.close();
+      closed += 1;
+    }
+    return closed;
+  }
+
+  /** Take what a peer wrote on `auth_records`, and act on the removals in it. */
+  merge(records: readonly AuthRecord[]): void {
+    const { removed } = this.deps.records.merge(records);
+    for (const sub of removed) this.disconnect(sub);
+  }
+
+  // --- challenges (§2.6) ---
+
+  challenge(): AuthChallengeResult {
+    this.#forget();
+    const value = base64UrlEncode(randomBytes(32));
+    const expiresAt = this.#now() + AUTH_CHALLENGE_TTL_MS;
+    this.#challenges.set(value, { expiresAt });
+    return { challenge: value, issuer: this.deps.self, expires_at: expiresAt };
+  }
+
+  /** Spend one challenge this instance issued. Good once: the second call for
+   * the same value finds nothing, which is a refusal. */
+  spend(value: Base64Url): void {
+    this.#forget();
+    const held = this.#challenges.get(value);
+    if (held === undefined) throw new OpError("auth_invalid", "この challenge は使えません");
+    this.#challenges.delete(value);
+  }
+
+  /** Spend a challenge wherever it was issued: here, or at the instance the
+   * caller says issued it (§2.4, behind a load balancer either may be
+   * reached). */
+  async #spendAnywhere(challenge: AuthChallenge): Promise<void> {
+    if (challenge.issuer === this.deps.self) {
+      this.spend(challenge.challenge);
+      return;
+    }
+    await this.#atIssuer(challenge.issuer, "auth_resolve", {
+      kind: "challenge",
+      challenge: challenge.challenge,
+    } satisfies AuthResolveArgs);
+  }
+
+  /** Spend the challenge a registration answered.
+   *
+   * Stated with its issuer, it is spent wherever that is. Left unstated, it can
+   * only be honoured where this instance holds it — a value nobody named an
+   * issuer for is one there is nobody to ask about. */
+  async #spendStated(challenge: Base64Url, stated: AuthChallenge | undefined): Promise<void> {
+    if (stated === undefined) {
+      this.spend(challenge);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (!equalStrings(stated.challenge, challenge)) {
+      throw new OpError("auth_invalid", "答えた challenge と名乗った challenge が違います");
+    }
+    await this.#spendAnywhere(stated);
+  }
+
+  #atIssuer(iss: InstanceId, op: string, args: Record<string, unknown>): Promise<unknown> {
+    const ask = this.deps.ask;
+    if (ask === undefined) {
+      throw new OpError("auth_unknown_issuer", `${iss} には問い合わせられません`);
+    }
+    return ask(iss, op, args);
+  }
+
+  // --- registration (§2.2) ---
+
+  /** Verify a registration and write the credential down.
+   *
+   * The registration URL is checked where its secret is, which may be another
+   * instance; everything else — the WebAuthn verification, the record — is done
+   * here, by whoever the browser reached (§2.6). */
+  async register(
+    args: AuthRegisterArgs,
+    from: { ip?: string; userAgent?: string } = {},
+  ): Promise<MintedSession> {
+    // What the URL says about itself, before anything has vouched for it. It is
+    // read to know which relying party the credential should have been made
+    // under; nothing is decided by it, because the same fields come back
+    // authenticated below and the two are held to each other.
+    const stated = claimsOf(args.token);
+    // What the page answered, verified before anything is spent: a challenge is
+    // good once, so consuming it for a message that then fails to verify would
+    // let a caller burn challenges without ever holding a credential (m9).
+    const challenge = challengeIn(args.credential.client_data_json);
+    const verified = refusable(() =>
+      verifyRegistration(args.credential, {
+        challenge,
+        origins: this.deps.origins(),
+        rpId: stated.rp_id,
+      }),
+    );
+    // A key nothing can verify with is a credential that can never be used, and
+    // finding that out at the person's next sign-in leaves a record nobody can
+    // explain (M8).
+    await refusableAsync(() => checkPublicKey(base64UrlDecode(verified.publicKey)));
+    // Only now is the URL spent. It is good once, like the challenge, so
+    // consuming it for a message that then failed to verify would let a caller
+    // burn registrations without ever holding a credential (m9). What comes
+    // back is the authenticated form of what was read above, and the relying
+    // party the credential was actually checked against has to be the one the
+    // issuer authorized.
+    const claims = await this.#claimsOf(args);
+    if (claims.rp_id !== stated.rp_id) {
+      throw new OpError("auth_invalid", "登録 URL が名乗る relying party が一致しません");
+    }
+    if (this.deps.records.removed(claims.sub)) {
+      throw new OpError("forbidden", `${claims.sub} は削除済みです`);
+    }
+    // The challenge is stated beside the credential when the page knows who
+    // issued it. Where it is not, this instance is the only one that can spend
+    // it — and one it does not hold is a challenge from somewhere it cannot
+    // ask about (contract, `AuthRegisterArgs.challenge`).
+    await this.#spendStated(challenge, args.challenge);
+    if (this.deps.records.credential(verified.credentialId) !== undefined) {
+      throw new OpError("auth_invalid", "この credential は既に登録されています");
+    }
+    const at = this.#now();
+    const record: CredentialRecord = {
+      kind: "credential",
+      sub: claims.sub,
+      credential_id: verified.credentialId,
+      public_key: verified.publicKey,
+      user_handle: claims.user_id,
+      rp_id: claims.rp_id,
+      sign_count: verified.signCount,
+      ...(claims.issued_label === undefined ? {} : { issued_label: claims.issued_label }),
+      ...(args.device_label === undefined ? {} : { device_label: args.device_label }),
+      registered_at: at,
+      ...(from.ip === undefined ? {} : { registered_ip: from.ip }),
+      ...(from.userAgent === undefined ? {} : { registered_user_agent: from.userAgent }),
+    };
+    this.deps.records.write(credentialKey(claims.sub, verified.credentialId), record, at);
+    return this.mint(claims.sub);
+  }
+
+  /** What a registration URL authorized.
+   *
+   * Only its issuer can say, because only the issuer holds the secret that
+   * signed it — and the six digits are held beside that secret. So the digits
+   * travel there unjudged: an instance that decided them itself would let
+   * somebody spread guesses across the cluster without any of them counting
+   * against the URL (contract, `AuthResolveArgs`). Nothing is spent here.
+   *
+   * The claims come back from the issuer having been checked and consumed, and
+   * everything after this — the WebAuthn verification, the record — is done by
+   * whichever instance the browser actually reached (§2.6). */
+  async #claimsOf(args: AuthRegisterArgs): Promise<RegisterClaims> {
+    const stated = claimsOf(args.token);
+    if (stated.iss === this.deps.self) return this.resolveRegistration(args.token, args.code);
+    const answer = (await this.#atIssuer(stated.iss, "auth_resolve", {
+      kind: "register",
+      token: args.token,
+      code: args.code,
+    } satisfies AuthResolveArgs)) as AuthResolveResult;
+    if (answer.kind !== "register") {
+      throw new OpError("auth_invalid", "登録 URL の発行者が別のものを答えました");
+    }
+    return answer.claims;
+  }
+
+  /** Check a registration URL against the secret that signed it, and spend it.
+   *
+   * Only the issuer can run this, which is what `auth_resolve` is for. The code
+   * is checked here too: it was issued with the secret and is held beside it,
+   * and letting another instance check it would be putting the one defence
+   * against a leaked URL somewhere the URL's holder could reach. */
+  resolveRegistration(token: string, code?: string): RegisterClaims {
+    const stated = claimsOf(token);
+    const held = this.#pending.get(stated.jti);
+    if (held === undefined) {
+      throw new OpError("auth_expired", "この登録 URL は使えません。再発行してください");
+    }
+    if (held.claims.expires_at <= this.#now()) {
+      this.#pending.delete(stated.jti);
+      throw new OpError("auth_expired", "この登録 URL は期限切れです。再発行してください");
+    }
+    if (!equalStrings(token, sign(held.claims, held.secret))) {
+      throw new OpError("auth_invalid", "この登録 URL の署名が合いません");
+    }
+    if (code === undefined || !equalStrings(code, held.code)) {
+      held.attempts += 1;
+      // The URL itself is spent once the tries are gone, so guessing the code
+      // costs the whole registration rather than one attempt (§2.2).
+      if (held.attempts >= CODE_ATTEMPTS) {
+        this.#pending.delete(stated.jti);
+        throw new OpError(
+          "auth_expired",
+          "コードの入力を間違えすぎました。URL を再発行してください",
+        );
+      }
+      throw new OpError("auth_invalid", "コードが違います");
+    }
+    this.#pending.delete(stated.jti);
+    return held.claims;
+  }
+
+  // --- assertion (§2.5) ---
+
+  async assert(
+    args: AuthAssertArgs,
+    from: { ip?: string; userAgent?: string } = {},
+  ): Promise<MintedSession> {
+    const record = this.deps.records.credential(args.credential.raw_id);
+    if (record === undefined) {
+      throw new OpError("auth_invalid", "この credential は登録されていません");
+    }
+    // A resident credential answers with the handle it was created against,
+    // which is how a person is found without having named an account. It is
+    // held to what the registration settled: a handle naming somebody else is
+    // an authenticator answering for a credential that is not the one this
+    // record describes (contract, `RegisterClaims.user_id`).
+    const handle = args.credential.user_handle;
+    if (
+      handle !== undefined &&
+      !equalBytes(base64UrlDecode(handle), base64UrlDecode(record.user_handle))
+    ) {
+      throw new OpError("auth_invalid", "この assertion は別の利用者の handle を名乗っています");
+    }
+    // Verified before the challenge is spent, for the reason a registration is
+    // (m9): a good-once value burnt by a message that never verified is a value
+    // a caller can burn at will.
+    const { signCount } = await refusableAsync(() =>
+      verifyAssertion(
+        args.credential,
+        {
+          publicKey: record.public_key,
+          ...(record.sign_count === undefined ? {} : { signCount: record.sign_count }),
+        },
+        {
+          challenge: args.challenge.challenge,
+          origins: this.deps.origins(),
+          rpIds: this.#rpIdFor(record),
+        },
+      ),
+    );
+    await this.#spendAnywhere(args.challenge);
+    const at = this.#now();
+    this.deps.records.write(
+      credentialKey(record.sub, record.credential_id),
+      {
+        ...record,
+        sign_count: signCount,
+        last_used_at: at,
+        ...(from.ip === undefined ? {} : { last_used_ip: from.ip }),
+        ...(from.userAgent === undefined ? {} : { last_used_user_agent: from.userAgent }),
+      },
+      at,
+    );
+    return this.mint(record.sub);
+  }
+
+  /** The relying party an assertion is checked against.
+   *
+   * The one the credential was registered under, which the record carries: a
+   * passkey only ever answers for the domain it was made under, and the
+   * endpoint being reached says nothing about that (§2.3). Only a record
+   * written before the field existed falls back to the names this instance was
+   * configured to be, and nothing is widened to a suffix. */
+  #rpIdFor(record: CredentialRecord): string[] {
+    if (record.rp_id !== undefined) return [record.rp_id];
+    return this.#configuredNames();
+  }
+
+  #configuredNames(): string[] {
+    const names = new Set<string>();
+    for (const origin of this.deps.origins()) {
+      try {
+        names.add(new URL(origin).hostname);
+      } catch {
+        // A configured value that is not a URL names no host.
+      }
+    }
+    const endpoint = this.deps.endpoint();
+    if (endpoint !== undefined) names.add(hostOf(endpoint));
+    if (names.size === 0) {
+      throw new OpError("auth_invalid", "この instance には relying party がありません");
+    }
+    return [...names];
+  }
+
+  // --- tokens (§2.4) ---
+
+  /** Make a family for this person, minted by this instance. */
+  mint(sub: Subject): MintedSession {
+    const at = this.#now();
+    const family: TokenFamily = {
+      kind: "token_family",
+      sub,
+      iss: this.deps.self,
+      access: { value: token(), expires_at: at + ACCESS_TTL_MS },
+      refresh: { value: token(), expires_at: at + REFRESH_TTL_MS },
+    };
+    const id = randomBytes(8).toString("hex");
+    this.deps.records.write(familyKey(sub, id), family, at);
+    return { session: { sub, access: family.access }, refresh: family.refresh };
+  }
+
+  /** Rotate a family from a refresh token, wherever it was minted.
+   *
+   * A family is written by its `iss` alone, so a rotation that landed here for
+   * a family minted elsewhere is carried there rather than done here — two
+   * instances rotating one family in parallel would merge by last write and
+   * read exactly like a stolen token being replayed (§2.4). */
+  async refreshToken(value: Base64Url): Promise<MintedSession> {
+    const held = this.deps.records.byRefresh(value);
+    if (held === undefined) {
+      // Not the standing generation, nor the one before it. Either it never was
+      // one, or it is a value that has already been rotated away — which is a
+      // token being reused, and fails the family it belongs to.
+      await this.#refuseReuse(value);
+      throw new OpError("auth_invalid", "この refresh token は使えません");
+    }
+    if (held.body.iss !== this.deps.self) {
+      const answer = (await this.#atIssuer(held.body.iss, "auth_rotate", {
+        refresh_token: value,
+      } satisfies AuthRotateArgs)) as AuthRotateResult;
+      return { session: { sub: answer.sub, access: answer.access }, refresh: answer.refresh };
+    }
+    const rotated = this.rotate(value);
+    return { session: { sub: rotated.sub, access: rotated.access }, refresh: rotated.refresh };
+  }
+
+  /** A value that works nowhere. If it was once some family's, the family is
+   * failed — by its `iss`, which is the only instance that may write it.
+   *
+   * A family this instance minted is failed here. One minted elsewhere is
+   * failed by asking that instance to rotate the value: it will find the same
+   * thing this instance did, and fail its own family. Forwarding rather than
+   * writing is what keeps the single writer single; an issuer that cannot be
+   * reached leaves the refusal as the whole of the answer. */
+  async #refuseReuse(value: Base64Url): Promise<void> {
+    const owner = this.deps.records.owning(value, digestOf(value));
+    if (owner === undefined) return;
+    if (owner.body.iss === this.deps.self) {
+      this.#failReused(value);
+      return;
+    }
+    try {
+      await this.#atIssuer(owner.body.iss, "auth_rotate", {
+        refresh_token: value,
+      } satisfies AuthRotateArgs);
+    } catch {
+      // Whatever the issuer said, or that it said nothing: the caller is
+      // refused either way, and this instance has no standing to fail a family
+      // it does not write.
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Rotate a family this instance minted. The one writer's own operation, and
+   * what `auth_rotate` runs on its behalf. */
+  rotate(value: Base64Url): AuthRotateResult {
+    const held = this.deps.records.byRefresh(value);
+    if (held === undefined) {
+      this.#failReused(value);
+      throw new OpError("auth_invalid", "この refresh token は使えません");
+    }
+    if (held.body.iss !== this.deps.self) {
+      throw new OpError("auth_invalid", `この family を書けるのは ${held.body.iss} だけです`);
+    }
+    // Answering the previous generation with the standing pair rather than
+    // rotating again: the client that retries is asking for the answer it
+    // missed, and rotating on a retry would spend a generation per lost reply.
+    if (held.previous) {
+      return { sub: held.body.sub, access: held.body.access, refresh: held.body.refresh };
+    }
+    const at = this.#now();
+    const rotated: TokenFamily = {
+      kind: "token_family",
+      sub: held.body.sub,
+      iss: this.deps.self,
+      access: { value: token(), expires_at: at + ACCESS_TTL_MS },
+      refresh: { value: token(), expires_at: at + REFRESH_TTL_MS },
+      previous_refresh: { value: held.body.refresh.value, expires_at: at + PREVIOUS_GRACE_MS },
+      // The value going out of service is remembered as a digest for as long as
+      // it would have been accepted, so that presenting it later is recognised
+      // as this family's token rather than as a stranger's. The digest travels
+      // with the family, so the memory survives this instance restarting and
+      // holds wherever the reused value is presented (contract, `TokenFamily`).
+      retired: retire(held.body, at),
+    };
+    this.deps.records.write(held.key, rotated, at);
+    return { sub: rotated.sub, access: rotated.access, refresh: rotated.refresh };
+  }
+
+  /** A value that is nobody's standing token but was somebody's: the family it
+   * belonged to is failed, because a token in use twice is a token that was
+   * taken (§2.4).
+   *
+   * Recognised three ways: the standing refresh token past its expiry, the one
+   * before it past its grace, and any generation this instance rotated away
+   * while it has been running. A value older than what any of those covers
+   * matches nothing and is refused as a stranger. */
+  #failReused(value: Base64Url): void {
+    const digest = digestOf(value);
+    const now = this.#now();
+    for (const held of this.deps.records.families()) {
+      if (held.body.iss !== this.deps.self) continue;
+      const before = held.body.previous_refresh;
+      const stale =
+        equalStrings(held.body.refresh.value, value) ||
+        (before !== undefined && equalStrings(before.value, value)) ||
+        (held.body.retired ?? []).some(
+          (one) => one.expires_at > now && equalStrings(one.hash, digest),
+        );
+      if (!stale) continue;
+      this.deps.log?.("a refresh token was reused after it was rotated away", {
+        sub: held.body.sub,
+      });
+      this.deps.records.fail(held.key);
+      // The tokens are gone, and so is what they were holding open: a
+      // connection that outlived the family it was admitted on would be the
+      // stolen token still working.
+      this.disconnect(held.body.sub);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // --- connections (§2.5) ---
+
+  /** Whether an access token opens a connection, and until when. */
+  admits(access: Base64Url): { sub: Subject; expiresAt: Timestamp } | undefined {
+    const family = this.deps.records.byAccess(access);
+    if (family === undefined) return undefined;
+    return { sub: family.sub, expiresAt: family.access.expires_at };
+  }
+
+  /** Take a connection an access token opened, and close it when the token runs
+   * out. The client is expected to have extended it before then; one that did
+   * not is the one this is for. */
+  hold(conn: Requester, admitted: { sub: Subject; expiresAt: Timestamp }): void {
+    const held: AuthorizedConn = { sub: admitted.sub, expiresAt: admitted.expiresAt };
+    this.#authorized.set(conn, held);
+    conn.onClose(() => {
+      // The timer goes with the connection: a close scheduled for a socket that
+      // is already gone is a handle kept for hours over nothing.
+      clearTimeout(held.timer);
+      this.#authorized.delete(conn);
+    });
+    this.#deadline(conn, held);
+  }
+
+  #deadline(conn: Requester, held: AuthorizedConn): void {
+    held.timer = setTimeout(
+      () => {
+        const standing = this.#authorized.get(conn);
+        if (standing === undefined) return;
+        // Extended while this was waiting: the deadline moved, so the close is
+        // scheduled again for where it moved to rather than run now.
+        if (standing.expiresAt > this.#now()) {
+          this.#deadline(conn, standing);
+          return;
+        }
+        this.#authorized.delete(conn);
+        conn.close();
+      },
+      Math.max(0, held.expiresAt - this.#now()),
+    );
+    held.timer.unref?.();
+  }
+
+  /** When this connection's authorization runs out, for `hello` to state. */
+  expiresAt(conn: Requester): Timestamp | undefined {
+    return this.#authorized.get(conn)?.expiresAt;
+  }
+
+  /** Extend a live connection with a token got from `/auth/refresh` (§2.5). */
+  extend(conn: Requester, args: AuthRefreshArgs): AuthRefreshResult {
+    const held = this.#authorized.get(conn);
+    if (held === undefined) {
+      throw new OpError("auth_invalid", "この接続は token で開かれたものではありません");
+    }
+    const admitted = this.admits(args.access_token);
+    if (admitted === undefined) throw new OpError("auth_expired", "この access token は使えません");
+    // A token belonging to somebody else does not extend this connection: the
+    // connection is one person's, and a second person's token would move its
+    // deadline without changing who it speaks as.
+    if (admitted.sub !== held.sub) {
+      throw new OpError("auth_invalid", "この access token は別の利用者のものです");
+    }
+    held.expiresAt = admitted.expiresAt;
+    return { auth_expires_at: admitted.expiresAt };
+  }
+
+  // --- the rate limit the unauthenticated routes share (§2.4) ---
+
+  allowRequest(): boolean {
+    const now = this.#now();
+    if (now - this.#window >= AUTH_RATE_WINDOW_MS) {
+      this.#window = now;
+      this.#served = 0;
+    }
+    this.#served += 1;
+    return this.#served <= AUTH_RATE_LIMIT;
+  }
+
+  /** Drop what has run out. Read rather than swept, like everything else that
+   * expires here (M3). */
+  #forget(): void {
+    const now = this.#now();
+    for (const [value, held] of this.#challenges) {
+      if (held.expiresAt <= now) this.#challenges.delete(value);
+    }
+    for (const [jti, held] of this.#pending) {
+      if (held.claims.expires_at <= now) this.#pending.delete(jti);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** What is held per exchange right now, so a test can state that a finished
+   * registration leaves nothing behind. */
+  get held(): { pending: number; challenges: number; connections: number } {
+    this.#forget();
+    return {
+      pending: this.#pending.size,
+      challenges: this.#challenges.size,
+      connections: this.#authorized.size,
+    };
+  }
+}
+
+/** The three ops an instance answers on a person's behalf, and the two it
+ * answers for another instance. */
+export function authHandlers(auth: Auth) {
+  return {
+    auth_refresh: (input: HandlerInput): AuthRefreshResult =>
+      auth.extend(input.conn, input.args as unknown as AuthRefreshArgs),
+    auth_resolve: (input: HandlerInput): AuthResolveResult => {
+      const args = input.args as unknown as AuthResolveArgs;
+      if (args.kind === "challenge") {
+        auth.spend(args.challenge);
+        return { kind: "challenge" };
+      }
+      // The digits arrive unjudged from wherever the browser landed, and are
+      // checked here — this is the instance holding both the secret that signed
+      // the URL and the count of tries against it (§2.2).
+      return { kind: "register", claims: auth.resolveRegistration(args.token, args.code) };
+    },
+    auth_rotate: (input: HandlerInput): AuthRotateResult =>
+      auth.rotate((input.args as unknown as AuthRotateArgs).refresh_token),
+  };
+}
+
+/** Run a verification, and answer a refusal in the contract's vocabulary.
+ *
+ * Everything these routes are handed is attacker-supplied, and the libraries
+ * they go through say so in their own languages: a `WebAuthnError` from the
+ * checks here, a `CborError` from a malformed structure, a `DOMException` from
+ * WebCrypto refusing a key, a `RangeError` from a length that does not fit.
+ * They are one answer to the caller — the message was not valid — and letting
+ * any of them out as it is would answer `internal_error` for a bad request
+ * (M6). */
+function refusable<T>(run: () => T): T {
+  try {
+    return run();
+  } catch (cause) {
+    throw asRefusal(cause);
+  }
+}
+
+async function refusableAsync<T>(run: () => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
+  try {
+    return await run();
+  } catch (cause) {
+    throw asRefusal(cause);
+  }
+}
+
+function asRefusal(cause: unknown): unknown {
+  if (cause instanceof OpError) return cause;
+  if (
+    cause instanceof WebAuthnError ||
+    cause instanceof CborError ||
+    cause instanceof RangeError ||
+    (typeof DOMException !== "undefined" && cause instanceof DOMException)
+  ) {
+    return new OpError("auth_invalid", cause.message);
+  }
+  return cause;
+}
+
+/** What a family remembers of the generations before the one it still names.
+ *
+ * The outgoing refresh token joins the list, and anything whose own expiry has
+ * passed leaves it: past that instant, remembering the value refuses nothing
+ * its expiry would not have refused anyway, so keeping it is only growth. */
+function retire(family: TokenFamily, now: Timestamp): { hash: string; expires_at: Timestamp }[] {
+  return [
+    ...(family.retired ?? []).filter((one) => one.expires_at > now),
+    { hash: digestOf(family.refresh.value), expires_at: family.refresh.expires_at },
+  ];
+}
+
+/** The digest a retired token is remembered by. */
+function digestOf(value: Base64Url): string {
+  return createHash("sha256").update(value).digest("hex");
+}
+
+/** A token: 32 bytes of randomness, spelled the way everything on this wire is. */
+function token(): Base64Url {
+  return base64UrlEncode(randomBytes(32));
+}
+
+/** Sign the claims with the secret made for this one registration.
+ *
+ * A JWS with HS256, because the value travels in a URL fragment and has to
+ * survive being carried there: the shape is the conventional one, and the
+ * verifier is the issuer itself, so nothing about it is a key anyone else
+ * needs (§2.2). */
+function sign(claims: RegisterClaims, secret: Buffer): string {
+  const header = Buffer.from(JSON.stringify({ alg: "HS256", typ: "JWT" })).toString("base64url");
+  const body = Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(claims)).toString("base64url");
+  const signing = `${header}.${body}`;
+  return `${signing}.${createHmac("sha256", secret).update(signing).digest("base64url")}`;
+}
+
+/** What a registration token says about itself, before anything has checked it.
+ *
+ * Read to find the issuer, which is who can check the rest. Nothing here is
+ * believed: an issuer a caller made up names an instance that holds no such
+ * registration, which is a refusal. */
+export function claimsOf(token: string): RegisterClaims {
+  const parts = token.split(".");
+  if (parts.length !== 3) throw new OpError("auth_invalid", "登録 URL の token が壊れています");
+  let claims: unknown;
+  try {
+    claims = JSON.parse(Buffer.from(parts[1] as string, "base64url").toString("utf8"));
+  } catch {
+    throw new OpError("auth_invalid", "登録 URL の token が読めません");
+  }
+  const held = claims as Partial<RegisterClaims>;
+  if (
+    typeof held.iss !== "string" ||
+    typeof held.jti !== "string" ||
+    typeof held.sub !== "string"
+  ) {
+    throw new OpError("auth_invalid", "登録 URL の token に発行者がありません");
+  }
+  return held as RegisterClaims;
+}
+
+/** The challenge a client data object states, read before anything is verified
+ * so the value can be spent at whoever issued it. */
+function challengeIn(clientDataJson: Base64Url): Base64Url {
+  let parsed: unknown;
+  try {
+    parsed = JSON.parse(Buffer.from(clientDataJson, "base64url").toString("utf8"));
+  } catch {
+    throw new OpError("auth_invalid", "client data が読めません");
+  }
+  const challenge = (parsed as { challenge?: unknown }).challenge;
+  if (typeof challenge !== "string") {
+    throw new OpError("auth_invalid", "client data に challenge がありません");
+  }
+  return challenge;
+}
+
+/** The host an endpoint names, which is the relying party by default (§2.3). */
+export function hostOf(endpoint: Endpoint): string {
+  return new URL(endpoint).hostname;
+}
+
+/** Where the page that runs the registration is served from: the endpoint's
+ * origin over HTTP, which is where the web UI sits in the ordinary
+ * configuration (§2.3). */
+export function webOrigin(endpoint: Endpoint): string {
+  const url = new URL(endpoint);
+  url.protocol = url.protocol === "wss:" ? "https:" : "http:";
+  const origin = url.origin;
+  const path = url.pathname.replace(/\/$/, "");
+  return `${origin}${path}`;
+}
+
+/** Whether a relying party id is the host or a domain the host sits under.
+ *
+ * The WebAuthn rule as far as this instance can check it: a credential made
+ * for a suffix the endpoint does not sit under would be usable at hosts this
+ * instance has nothing to do with. Whether the suffix is one a registrar hands
+ * out is the browser's to refuse, and it does. */
+export function isRegistrableSuffix(rpId: string, host: string): boolean {
+  return host === rpId || host.endsWith(`.${rpId}`);
+}