@cavelang/solver 0.35.0 → 0.36.1

package/src/explain.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,16 @@
+import { ExplanationBudget } from './explanation-budget.ts'
+import { expressionKey } from './expression-key.ts'
+import { constantSign, type Sign } from './constant-sign.ts'
+import { captureResult } from './result.ts'
+import { balancedReduce } from './balanced-reduce.ts'
+import { sum } from './fraction-sum.ts'
+import { product } from './fraction-product.ts'
+import { gcd } from './integer-gcd.ts'
+import { clone } from './clone.ts'
+import { stringifyInput, validateContext } from './context.ts'
+import { mergeLimits } from './validate.ts'
 import type { Backend, Diagnostic, Limits, ObjectiveValue, Result, UnknownReason } from './adapter.ts'
-import * as Canonical from './canonical.ts'
+import { digestOwned } from './canonical-owned.ts'
 import * as Exact from './exact.ts'
 import type {
   Assignment,
@@ -79,10 +90,14 @@ export type AssignmentValue = Element & {
 
 export type Constraint = Element & {
   readonly evaluation: 'satisfied' | 'violated' | 'indeterminate'
+  /** Human-readable local evaluation failure; absent for determinate evaluations. */
+  readonly evaluationReason?: string
 }
 
 export type SoftConstraintResult = Element & {
   readonly evaluation: 'accepted' | 'violated' | 'indeterminate'
+  /** Human-readable local evaluation failure; absent for determinate evaluations. */
+  readonly evaluationReason?: string
   readonly weight: ReturnType<typeof Exact.rational>
 }
 
@@ -133,13 +148,30 @@ type Evaluated =
   | NumberValue
   | { readonly kind: 'enum', readonly domain: string, readonly value: string }
 
+type EvaluationContext = {
+  readonly expressionResults: WeakMap<Expression, Evaluation>
+  readonly evaluations: Map<string, Evaluation>
+  readonly expressionStrings: Map<string, number>
+  readonly assignment: Assignment
+  readonly budget: ExplanationBudget
+  readonly signs: WeakMap<Expression, Sign>
+  readonly assigned: Map<string, { readonly value: Evaluated } | { readonly error: unknown }>
+  readonly variables: ReadonlyMap<string, Variable>
+  readonly enumDomains: ReadonlyMap<string, ReadonlySet<string>>
+}
+
 const normalize = (numerator: bigint, denominator: bigint): NumberValue => {
   if (denominator === 0n) throw new TypeError('cannot explain division by zero')
-  const exact = Exact.rational({ numerator: String(numerator), denominator: String(denominator) })
-  return { kind: 'number', numerator: BigInt(exact.numerator), denominator: BigInt(exact.denominator) }
+  if (denominator < 0n) {
+    numerator = -numerator
+    denominator = -denominator
+  }
+  const divisor = gcd(numerator, denominator)
+  return { kind: 'number', numerator: numerator / divisor, denominator: denominator / divisor }
 }
 
-const number = (value: Rational): NumberValue => {
+const number = (value: Rational, budget: ExplanationBudget): NumberValue => {
+  budget.input(value)
   const exact = Exact.rational(value)
   return { kind: 'number', numerator: BigInt(exact.numerator), denominator: BigInt(exact.denominator) }
 }
@@ -154,78 +186,214 @@ const bool = (value: Evaluated): boolean => {
   return value.value
 }
 
-const add = (left: NumberValue, right: NumberValue): NumberValue => normalize(
-  left.numerator * right.denominator + right.numerator * left.denominator,
-  left.denominator * right.denominator
-)
+const add = (left: NumberValue, right: NumberValue, budget: ExplanationBudget): NumberValue => {
+  if (left.numerator === 0n) return right
+  if (right.numerator === 0n) return left
+  if (left.denominator === right.denominator) {
+    budget.check(budget.sum(left.numerator, right.numerator), budget.bits(left.denominator))
+  } else {
+    budget.check(Math.max(budget.product(left.numerator, right.denominator),
+      budget.product(right.numerator, left.denominator)) + 1,
+    budget.product(left.denominator, right.denominator))
+  }
+  // Adding an integer preserves gcd(numerator, denominator) = 1.
+  if (left.denominator === 1n) return { kind: 'number',
+    numerator: left.numerator * right.denominator + right.numerator, denominator: right.denominator }
+  if (right.denominator === 1n) return { kind: 'number',
+    numerator: left.numerator + right.numerator * left.denominator, denominator: left.denominator }
+  return normalize(...sum(left.numerator, left.denominator, right.numerator, right.denominator))
+}
 
-const multiply = (left: NumberValue, right: NumberValue): NumberValue =>
-  normalize(left.numerator * right.numerator, left.denominator * right.denominator)
+const multiply = (left: NumberValue, right: NumberValue, budget: ExplanationBudget): NumberValue => {
+  budget.check(budget.product(left.numerator, right.numerator), budget.product(left.denominator, right.denominator))
+  // Evaluation values are reduced with positive denominators. Squaring preserves
+  // coprimality; otherwise cross-cancellation leaves a reduced product directly.
+  const [numerator, denominator] = left.numerator === right.numerator && left.denominator === right.denominator
+    ? [left.numerator * right.numerator, left.denominator * right.denominator]
+    : product(left.numerator, left.denominator, right.numerator, right.denominator)
+  return { kind: 'number', numerator, denominator }
+}
 
-const compare = (left: NumberValue, right: NumberValue): -1 | 0 | 1 => {
-  const difference = left.numerator * right.denominator - right.numerator * left.denominator
-  return difference < 0n ? -1 : difference > 0n ? 1 : 0
+const negate = (value: NumberValue): NumberValue =>
+  ({ kind: 'number', numerator: -value.numerator, denominator: value.denominator })
+
+const compare = (left: NumberValue, right: NumberValue, budget: ExplanationBudget): -1 | 0 | 1 => {
+  // Evaluation values are normalized, so both denominators are positive.
+  if (left.denominator === right.denominator || left.numerator === 0n || right.numerator === 0n ||
+      (left.numerator < 0n) !== (right.numerator < 0n)) {
+    return left.numerator < right.numerator ? -1 : left.numerator > right.numerator ? 1 : 0
+  }
+  if (left.numerator === right.numerator) {
+    return (left.denominator < right.denominator) === (left.numerator > 0n) ? 1 : -1
+  }
+  if ((left.numerator < right.numerator) ===
+      (left.numerator > 0n ? left.denominator > right.denominator : left.denominator < right.denominator)) {
+    return left.numerator < right.numerator ? -1 : 1
+  }
+  budget.check(budget.product(left.numerator, right.denominator), budget.product(right.numerator, left.denominator))
+  const a = left.numerator * right.denominator
+  const b = right.numerator * left.denominator
+  return a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0
 }
 
 const equal = (left: Evaluated, right: Evaluated): boolean => {
-  if (left.kind === 'number' && right.kind === 'number') return compare(left, right) === 0
+  if (left.kind === 'number' && right.kind === 'number') {
+    // Every evaluated number is reduced with a positive denominator.
+    return left.numerator === right.numerator && left.denominator === right.denominator
+  }
   if (left.kind !== right.kind) return false
   if (left.kind === 'bool' && right.kind === 'bool') return left.value === right.value
   if (left.kind === 'enum' && right.kind === 'enum') return left.domain === right.domain && left.value === right.value
   return false
 }
 
-const assigned = (value: Value): Evaluated => {
+const assigned = (value: Value, budget: ExplanationBudget): Evaluated => {
   switch (value.sort) {
-    case 'bool': return { kind: 'bool', value: value.value }
-    case 'int': return number({ numerator: value.value, denominator: '1' })
-    case 'real': return number({ numerator: value.numerator, denominator: value.denominator })
-    case 'enum': return { kind: 'enum', domain: value.domain, value: value.value }
+    case 'bool':
+      if (typeof value.value !== 'boolean') throw new TypeError('boolean assignment value must be a boolean')
+      return { kind: 'bool', value: value.value }
+    case 'int': return number({ numerator: value.value, denominator: '1' }, budget)
+    case 'real': return number({ numerator: value.numerator, denominator: value.denominator }, budget)
+    case 'enum':
+      if (typeof value.domain !== 'string' || typeof value.value !== 'string') throw new TypeError('enum assignment domain and value must be strings')
+      return { kind: 'enum', domain: value.domain, value: value.value }
   }
 }
 
-const evaluate = (expression: Expression, assignment: Assignment): Evaluated => {
-  const run = (value: Expression): Evaluated => evaluate(value, assignment)
+/** A captured assignment has one validation result for the whole report. */
+const evaluateAssignment = (id: string, context: EvaluationContext): Evaluated => {
+  const cached = context.assigned.get(id)
+  if (cached !== undefined) {
+    if ('error' in cached) throw cached.error
+    return cached.value
+  }
+  try {
+    const value = context.assignment[id]
+    if (value === undefined) throw new TypeError(`assignment omits ${JSON.stringify(id)}`)
+    const evaluated = assigned(value, context.budget)
+    const variable = context.variables.get(id)!
+    const kind = variable.sort === 'int' || variable.sort === 'real' ? 'number' : variable.sort
+    if (evaluated.kind !== kind) throw new TypeError('assignment kind must match the declared variable')
+    if (variable.sort === 'int' && evaluated.kind === 'number' && evaluated.denominator !== 1n) {
+      throw new TypeError('integer variable assignment must be integral')
+    }
+    if (evaluated.kind === 'number' && (variable.sort === 'int' || variable.sort === 'real')) {
+      const min = variable.min === undefined ? undefined : variable.sort === 'int'
+        ? number({ numerator: variable.min, denominator: '1' }, context.budget) : number(variable.min, context.budget)
+      const max = variable.max === undefined ? undefined : variable.sort === 'int'
+        ? number({ numerator: variable.max, denominator: '1' }, context.budget) : number(variable.max, context.budget)
+      if ((min !== undefined && compare(evaluated, min, context.budget) < 0) || (max !== undefined && compare(evaluated, max, context.budget) > 0)) {
+        throw new TypeError('numeric assignment must lie within the declared bounds')
+      }
+    }
+    if (variable.sort === 'enum' && (evaluated.kind !== 'enum' || evaluated.domain !== variable.domain || !context.enumDomains.get(variable.domain)!.has(evaluated.value))) {
+      throw new TypeError('enum assignment must belong to the declared domain')
+    }
+    context.assigned.set(id, { value: evaluated })
+    return evaluated
+  } catch (error) {
+    context.assigned.set(id, { error })
+    throw error
+  }
+}
+
+function* evaluateNode(expression: Expression, context: EvaluationContext): Generator<Expression, Evaluated, Evaluated> {
+  const signOf = (value: Expression): Sign => constantSign(value, context.signs, literal => {
+    if (literal.kind !== 'literal' || (literal.sort !== 'int' && literal.sort !== 'real')) throw new TypeError('expected a numeric literal')
+    const input = literal.sort === 'int' ? { numerator: literal.value, denominator: '1' } : literal.value
+    context.budget.input(input)
+    return Exact.rational(input)
+  })
+  if (expression.kind === 'eq' || expression.kind === 'neq' || expression.kind === 'lt' ||
+      expression.kind === 'lte' || expression.kind === 'gt' || expression.kind === 'gte') {
+    const zero = (value: Expression): boolean => value.kind === 'literal' &&
+      (value.sort === 'int' || value.sort === 'real') && signOf(value) === 0
+    // A proof reads only captured constants. Unknown signs (including undefined
+    // arithmetic or any variable) retain ordinary assignment/error evaluation.
+    const sign = zero(expression.right) ? signOf(expression.left)
+      : zero(expression.left) ? signOf(expression.right) : undefined
+    if (sign !== undefined) {
+      const order = zero(expression.right) ? sign : -sign
+      return { kind: 'bool', value: expression.kind === 'eq' ? order === 0
+        : expression.kind === 'neq' ? order !== 0 : expression.kind === 'lt' ? order < 0
+          : expression.kind === 'lte' ? order <= 0 : expression.kind === 'gt' ? order > 0 : order >= 0 }
+    }
+  }
   switch (expression.kind) {
     case 'literal':
       switch (expression.sort) {
         case 'bool': return { kind: 'bool', value: expression.value }
-        case 'int': return number({ numerator: String(Exact.integer(expression.value)), denominator: '1' })
-        case 'real': return number(expression.value)
+        case 'int': return number({ numerator: expression.value, denominator: '1' }, context.budget)
+        case 'real': return number(expression.value, context.budget)
         case 'enum': return { kind: 'enum', domain: expression.domain, value: expression.value }
       }
-    case 'variable': {
-      const value = assignment[expression.id]
-      if (value === undefined) throw new TypeError(`assignment omits ${JSON.stringify(expression.id)}`)
-      return assigned(value)
+    case 'variable': return evaluateAssignment(expression.id, context)
+    case 'not': return { kind: 'bool', value: !bool((yield expression.value)) }
+    case 'and':
+      for (const value of expression.operands) if (!bool(yield value)) return { kind: 'bool', value: false }
+      return { kind: 'bool', value: true }
+    case 'or':
+      for (const value of expression.operands) if (bool(yield value)) return { kind: 'bool', value: true }
+      return { kind: 'bool', value: false }
+    case 'implies': return { kind: 'bool', value: !bool((yield expression.left)) || bool((yield expression.right)) }
+    case 'eq': return { kind: 'bool', value: equal((yield expression.left), (yield expression.right)) }
+    case 'neq': return { kind: 'bool', value: !equal((yield expression.left), (yield expression.right)) }
+    case 'lt': return { kind: 'bool', value: compare(numeric((yield expression.left)), numeric((yield expression.right)), context.budget) < 0 }
+    case 'lte': return { kind: 'bool', value: compare(numeric((yield expression.left)), numeric((yield expression.right)), context.budget) <= 0 }
+    case 'gt': return { kind: 'bool', value: compare(numeric((yield expression.left)), numeric((yield expression.right)), context.budget) > 0 }
+    case 'gte': return { kind: 'bool', value: compare(numeric((yield expression.left)), numeric((yield expression.right)), context.budget) >= 0 }
+    case 'add':
+    case 'multiply': {
+      const values: Evaluated[] = []
+      for (const value of expression.operands) values.push(yield value)
+      const numbers = values.map(numeric)
+      // Evaluate and type-check every operand before applying the zero identity:
+      // zero must not hide undefined arithmetic in another operand.
+      if (expression.kind === 'multiply' && numbers.some(value => value.numerator === 0n)) {
+        return normalize(0n, 1n)
+      }
+      return balancedReduce(numbers, (left, right) => expression.kind === 'add'
+        ? add(left, right, context.budget) : multiply(left, right, context.budget))
     }
-    case 'not': return { kind: 'bool', value: !bool(run(expression.value)) }
-    case 'and': return { kind: 'bool', value: expression.operands.every(value => bool(run(value))) }
-    case 'or': return { kind: 'bool', value: expression.operands.some(value => bool(run(value))) }
-    case 'implies': return { kind: 'bool', value: !bool(run(expression.left)) || bool(run(expression.right)) }
-    case 'eq': return { kind: 'bool', value: equal(run(expression.left), run(expression.right)) }
-    case 'neq': return { kind: 'bool', value: !equal(run(expression.left), run(expression.right)) }
-    case 'lt': return { kind: 'bool', value: compare(numeric(run(expression.left)), numeric(run(expression.right))) < 0 }
-    case 'lte': return { kind: 'bool', value: compare(numeric(run(expression.left)), numeric(run(expression.right))) <= 0 }
-    case 'gt': return { kind: 'bool', value: compare(numeric(run(expression.left)), numeric(run(expression.right))) > 0 }
-    case 'gte': return { kind: 'bool', value: compare(numeric(run(expression.left)), numeric(run(expression.right))) >= 0 }
-    case 'add': return expression.operands.map(run).map(numeric).reduce(add)
-    case 'multiply': return expression.operands.map(run).map(numeric).reduce(multiply)
     case 'subtract': {
-      const left = numeric(run(expression.left))
-      const right = numeric(run(expression.right))
-      return add(left, normalize(-right.numerator, right.denominator))
+      const left = numeric((yield expression.left))
+      const right = numeric((yield expression.right))
+      return add(left, negate(right), context.budget)
     }
     case 'divide': {
-      const left = numeric(run(expression.left))
-      const right = numeric(run(expression.right))
-      return normalize(left.numerator * right.denominator, left.denominator * right.numerator)
+      const left = numeric((yield expression.left))
+      const right = numeric((yield expression.right))
+      if (right.numerator === 0n) throw new TypeError('cannot explain division by zero')
+      context.budget.check(context.budget.product(left.numerator, right.denominator),
+        context.budget.product(left.denominator, right.numerator))
+      // Cross-cancellation preserves reduction; only denominator sign can change.
+      const [numerator, denominator] = product(left.numerator, left.denominator, right.denominator, right.numerator)
+      return denominator < 0n
+        ? { kind: 'number', numerator: -numerator, denominator: -denominator }
+        : { kind: 'number', numerator, denominator }
     }
     case 'negate': {
-      const value = numeric(run(expression.value))
-      return normalize(-value.numerator, value.denominator)
+      const value = numeric((yield expression.value))
+      return negate(value)
+    }
+    case 'if': return bool((yield expression.condition)) ? (yield expression.then) : (yield expression.else)
+  }
+}
+
+
+const evaluate = (expression: Expression, context: EvaluationContext): Evaluated => {
+  const stack = [evaluateNode(expression, context)]
+  let step = stack[0]!.next()
+  while (true) {
+    if (step.done) {
+      stack.pop()
+      if (stack.length === 0) return step.value
+      step = stack[stack.length - 1]!.next(step.value)
+    } else {
+      const child = evaluateNode(step.value, context)
+      stack.push(child)
+      step = child.next()
     }
-    case 'if': return bool(run(expression.condition)) ? run(expression.then) : run(expression.else)
   }
 }
 
@@ -240,25 +408,50 @@ const element = (value: { readonly id: string } & Provenance): Element => ({
   scenarioInputIds: sorted(value.scenarioInputIds)
 })
 
-const constraint = (value: HardConstraint, assignment: Assignment): Constraint => {
-  let evaluation: Constraint['evaluation'] = 'indeterminate'
+type Evaluation = {
+  readonly value?: boolean
+  readonly evaluationReason?: string
+}
+
+const evaluation = (expression: Expression, context: EvaluationContext): Evaluation => {
+  const repeated = context.expressionResults.get(expression)
+  if (repeated !== undefined) return repeated
+  const key = expressionKey(expression, context.expressionStrings)
+  const cached = context.evaluations.get(key)
+  if (cached !== undefined) {
+    context.expressionResults.set(expression, cached)
+    return cached
+  }
+  let result: Evaluation
   try {
-    evaluation = bool(evaluate(value.expression, assignment)) ? 'satisfied' : 'violated'
-  } catch { /* Keep the solver result usable when a backend uses totalized arithmetic. */ }
-  return { ...element(value), evaluation }
-}
-
-const softConstraint = (value: SoftConstraint, assignment: Assignment): SoftConstraintResult => ({
-  ...element(value),
-  evaluation: (() => {
-    try {
-      return bool(evaluate(value.expression, assignment)) ? 'accepted' : 'violated'
-    } catch {
-      return 'indeterminate'
-    }
-  })(),
-  weight: Exact.rational(value.weight)
-})
+    result = { value: bool(evaluate(expression, context)) }
+  } catch (error) {
+    // Local arithmetic/assignment failure does not reclassify the backend result.
+    result = { evaluationReason: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'constraint evaluation failed' }
+  }
+  context.evaluations.set(key, result)
+  context.expressionResults.set(expression, result)
+  return result
+}
+
+const constraint = (value: HardConstraint, context: EvaluationContext): Constraint => {
+  const result = evaluation(value.expression, context)
+  return {
+    ...element(value),
+    evaluation: result.value === undefined ? 'indeterminate' : result.value ? 'satisfied' : 'violated',
+    ...(result.evaluationReason === undefined ? {} : { evaluationReason: result.evaluationReason })
+  }
+}
+
+const softConstraint = (value: SoftConstraint, context: EvaluationContext): SoftConstraintResult => {
+  const result = evaluation(value.expression, context)
+  return {
+    ...element(value),
+    evaluation: result.value === undefined ? 'indeterminate' : result.value ? 'accepted' : 'violated',
+    ...(result.evaluationReason === undefined ? {} : { evaluationReason: result.evaluationReason }),
+    weight: Exact.rational(value.weight)
+  }
+}
 
 const assignments = (model: Model, assignment: Assignment): readonly AssignmentValue[] => {
   const variables = new Map(model.variables.map(variable => [variable.id, variable]))
@@ -270,11 +463,19 @@ const assignments = (model: Model, assignment: Assignment): readonly AssignmentV
     })
 }
 
-const feasible = (model: Model, assignment: Assignment): Feasible => ({
-  assignments: assignments(model, assignment),
-  hardConstraints: model.constraints.map(value => constraint(value, assignment)),
-  softConstraints: (model.softConstraints ?? []).map(value => softConstraint(value, assignment))
-})
+const feasible = (model: Model, assignment: Assignment, limits: Limits): Feasible => {
+  // The report owns a captured assignment; normalized values live only for this report.
+  const context: EvaluationContext = {
+    assignment, budget: new ExplanationBudget(limits.maxExplanationBits, limits.maxExplanationWork), assigned: new Map(), signs: new WeakMap(), expressionResults: new WeakMap(), evaluations: new Map(), expressionStrings: new Map(),
+    variables: new Map(model.variables.map(variable => [variable.id, variable])),
+    enumDomains: new Map((model.enums ?? []).map(domain => [domain.id, new Set(domain.values)]))
+  }
+  return {
+    assignments: assignments(model, assignment),
+    hardConstraints: model.constraints.map(value => constraint(value, context)),
+    softConstraints: (model.softConstraints ?? []).map(value => softConstraint(value, context))
+  }
+}
 
 const objective = (declaration: Objective | undefined, result: ObjectiveValue): ObjectiveResult => ({
   ...element(declaration ?? { id: result.objectiveId }),
@@ -284,14 +485,14 @@ const objective = (declaration: Objective | undefined, result: ObjectiveValue):
   ...(result.bound === undefined ? {} : { bound: result.bound })
 })
 
-const outcome = (model: Model, result: Result): Outcome => {
+const outcome = (model: Model, result: Result, limits: Limits): Outcome => {
   switch (result.status) {
-    case 'satisfied': return { status: result.status, ...feasible(model, result.assignment) }
+    case 'satisfied': return { status: result.status, ...feasible(model, result.assignment, limits) }
     case 'optimal': {
       const declarations = new Map((model.objectives ?? []).map(value => [value.id, value]))
       return {
         status: result.status,
-        ...feasible(model, result.assignment),
+        ...feasible(model, result.assignment, limits),
         objectives: result.objectives.map(value => objective(declarations.get(value.objectiveId), value)),
         optimalityProved: result.optimalityProved
       }
@@ -316,10 +517,22 @@ const outcome = (model: Model, result: Result): Outcome => {
 
 /** Build stable JSON data without mutating the model, scenario, or CAVE store. */
 export const report = (model: Model, result: Result, limits: Limits, context: Context = {}): Report => {
-  const modelDigest = Canonical.digest(model)
+  limits = mergeLimits(limits)
+  model = clone(model)
+  result = captureResult(result)
+  validateContext(context)
+  context = clone({
+    modelDigest: context.modelDigest,
+    scenario: context.scenario,
+    snapshot: context.snapshot,
+    inputs: context.inputs,
+  })
+  validateContext(context)
+  const modelDigest = digestOwned(model, limits)
   if (context.modelDigest !== undefined && context.modelDigest !== modelDigest) {
     throw new TypeError(`scenario model digest ${context.modelDigest} does not match ${modelDigest}`)
   }
+  // All referenced data is owned by the captures above or constructed in this call.
   return {
     schema,
     run: {
@@ -332,69 +545,104 @@ export const report = (model: Model, result: Result, limits: Limits, context: Co
       ...(context.snapshot === undefined ? {} : { snapshot: context.snapshot }),
       inputs: [...(context.inputs ?? [])].sort((left, right) => compareText(left.id, right.id))
     },
-    outcome: outcome(model, result)
+    outcome: outcome(model, result, limits)
+  }
+}
+
+const sourceLocation = (declaration: Declaration): string => {
+  if (declaration.line !== undefined) {
+    return `${inlineText(declaration.uri)}:${declaration.line}${declaration.column === undefined ? '' : `:${declaration.column}`}`
   }
+  return `${inlineText(declaration.uri)}${declaration.column === undefined ? '' : ` (column ${declaration.column})`}`
 }
 
 const evidence = (value: Element): string => {
   const parts = [
-    value.declaration === undefined ? undefined : `${value.declaration.uri}${value.declaration.line === undefined ? '' : `:${value.declaration.line}${value.declaration.column === undefined ? '' : `:${value.declaration.column}`}`}`,
-    value.evidenceRowIds.length === 0 ? undefined : `rows ${value.evidenceRowIds.join(', ')}`,
-    value.scenarioInputIds.length === 0 ? undefined : `inputs ${value.scenarioInputIds.join(', ')}`
+    value.declaration === undefined ? undefined : sourceLocation(value.declaration),
+    value.evidenceRowIds.length === 0 ? undefined : `rows ${value.evidenceRowIds.map(inlineText).join(', ')}`,
+    value.scenarioInputIds.length === 0 ? undefined : `inputs ${value.scenarioInputIds.map(inlineText).join(', ')}`
   ].filter((part): part is string => part !== undefined)
   return parts.length === 0 ? '' : ` — ${parts.join('; ')}`
 }
 
 const valueText = (value: Value): string => {
+  const invalid = '(invalid backend value)'
+  if (value === null || typeof value !== 'object' || Array.isArray(value)) return invalid
   switch (value.sort) {
-    case 'bool': return String(value.value)
-    case 'int': return value.value
-    case 'real': return `${value.numerator}/${value.denominator}`
-    case 'enum': return value.value
+    case 'bool': return typeof value.value === 'boolean' ? String(value.value) : invalid
+    case 'int': return typeof value.value === 'string' ? inlineText(value.value) : invalid
+    case 'real': return typeof value.numerator === 'string' && typeof value.denominator === 'string'
+      ? inlineText(`${value.numerator}/${value.denominator}`) : invalid
+    case 'enum': return typeof value.domain === 'string' && typeof value.value === 'string' ? inlineText(value.value) : invalid
+    default: return invalid
   }
 }
 
+const jsonControlEscapes = new Map(
+  [...Array.from({ length: 33 }, (_, index) => index + 0x7f), 0x2028, 0x2029]
+    .map(code => [String.fromCharCode(code), `\\u${code.toString(16).padStart(4, '0')}`])
+)
+
+const escapeJsonControls = (text: string): string =>
+  text.replace(/[\u007f-\u009f\u2028\u2029]/g, character => jsonControlEscapes.get(character)!)
+
+const quotedText = (message: string): string => escapeJsonControls(JSON.stringify(message))
+
+const inlineText = (message: string): string =>
+  /[\u0000-\u001f\u007f-\u009f\u2028\u2029]/.test(message) ? quotedText(message) : message
+
 /** Render the same report as concise, deterministic plain text. */
 export const render = (value: Report): string => {
   const lines = [
     `Solver result: ${value.outcome.status}`,
-    `Model: ${value.run.modelDigest}`,
-    `Backend: ${value.run.backend.name} ${value.run.backend.version}`,
+    `Model: ${inlineText(value.run.modelDigest)}`,
+    `Backend: ${inlineText(value.run.backend.name)} ${inlineText(value.run.backend.version)}`,
     `Elapsed: ${value.run.elapsedMs} ms`
   ]
   if (value.run.snapshot !== undefined) {
-    lines.push(`Snapshot: transaction ${value.run.snapshot.transactionTime ?? 'empty'}${value.run.snapshot.validTime === undefined ? '' : `, valid ${value.run.snapshot.validTime}`}`)
+    const snapshot = value.run.snapshot
+    const policies: string[] = []
+    if (snapshot.aliases !== undefined) policies.push(`aliases ${snapshot.aliases}`)
+    if (snapshot.resolution !== undefined) policies.push(`resolution ${snapshot.resolution}`)
+    if (snapshot.minimumConfidence !== undefined) policies.push(`minimum confidence ${snapshot.minimumConfidence}`)
+    lines.push(`Snapshot: transaction ${inlineText(snapshot.transactionTime ?? 'empty')}${snapshot.validTime === undefined ? '' : `, valid ${inlineText(snapshot.validTime)}`}${policies.length === 0 ? '' : `; ${policies.join('; ')}`}`)
   }
-  if (value.run.scenario !== undefined) lines.push(`Scenario: ${value.run.scenario.id} (${value.run.scenario.inputDigest})`)
+  if (value.run.scenario !== undefined) lines.push(`Scenario: ${inlineText(value.run.scenario.id)} (input ${inlineText(value.run.scenario.inputDigest)}; overlay ${inlineText(value.run.scenario.overlayDigest)})`)
   for (const input of value.run.inputs) {
-    lines.push(`Input ${input.id}: ${JSON.stringify(input.value)}${input.query === undefined ? '' : ` via ${input.query}`}`)
+    const values: string[] = []
+    if (input.value !== undefined) values.push(escapeJsonControls(stringifyInput(input.value)))
+    if (input.authoredValue !== undefined) values.push(`authored ${escapeJsonControls(stringifyInput(input.authoredValue))}`)
+    const sources: string[] = []
+    if (input.evidenceRowIds.length > 0) sources.push(`rows ${sorted(input.evidenceRowIds).map(inlineText).join(', ')}`)
+    if (input.scenarioClaimIds.length > 0) sources.push(`scenario claims ${sorted(input.scenarioClaimIds).map(inlineText).join(', ')}`)
+    lines.push(`Input ${inlineText(input.id)}: ${values.length === 0 ? '(no value)' : values.join('; ')}${input.query === undefined ? '' : ` via ${inlineText(input.query)}`}${sources.length === 0 ? '' : ` — ${sources.join('; ')}`}`)
   }
   switch (value.outcome.status) {
     case 'satisfied':
     case 'optimal':
       for (const assignment of value.outcome.assignments) {
-        lines.push(`Assignment ${assignment.id} = ${valueText(assignment.value)}${assignment.declared ? '' : ' (undeclared backend ID)'}${evidence(assignment)}`)
+        lines.push(`Assignment ${inlineText(assignment.id)} = ${valueText(assignment.value)}${assignment.declared ? '' : ' (undeclared backend ID)'}${evidence(assignment)}`)
       }
       for (const constraint of value.outcome.hardConstraints) {
-        lines.push(`Hard constraint ${constraint.id}: ${constraint.evaluation}${evidence(constraint)}`)
+        lines.push(`Hard constraint ${inlineText(constraint.id)}: ${constraint.evaluation}${constraint.evaluationReason === undefined ? '' : ` (${quotedText(constraint.evaluationReason)})`}${evidence(constraint)}`)
       }
       for (const constraint of value.outcome.softConstraints) {
-        lines.push(`Soft constraint ${constraint.id}: ${constraint.evaluation}, weight ${constraint.weight.numerator}/${constraint.weight.denominator}${evidence(constraint)}`)
+        lines.push(`Soft constraint ${inlineText(constraint.id)}: ${constraint.evaluation}${constraint.evaluationReason === undefined ? '' : ` (${quotedText(constraint.evaluationReason)})`}, weight ${constraint.weight.numerator}/${constraint.weight.denominator}${evidence(constraint)}`)
       }
       if (value.outcome.status === 'optimal') {
         for (const objective of value.outcome.objectives) {
-          lines.push(`Objective ${objective.id} (${objective.direction}) = ${valueText(objective.value)}${objective.declared ? '' : ' (undeclared backend ID)'}${evidence(objective)}`)
+          lines.push(`Objective ${inlineText(objective.id)} (${objective.direction}) = ${valueText(objective.value)}${objective.declared ? '' : ' (undeclared backend ID)'}${evidence(objective)}`)
         }
       }
       break
     case 'unsatisfied':
       lines.push('Infeasibility proved. Unsatisfiable cores are not necessarily minimal.')
       for (const constraint of value.outcome.core ?? []) {
-        lines.push(`Core constraint ${constraint.id}${constraint.declared ? '' : ' (undeclared backend ID)'}${evidence(constraint)}`)
+        lines.push(`Core constraint ${inlineText(constraint.id)}${constraint.declared ? '' : ' (undeclared backend ID)'}${evidence(constraint)}`)
       }
       break
     case 'unknown':
-      lines.push(`Unknown: ${value.outcome.reason.kind} — ${value.outcome.reason.message}`)
+      lines.push(`Unknown: ${value.outcome.reason.kind} — ${inlineText(value.outcome.reason.message)}`)
       break
   }
   return `${lines.join('\n')}\n`

package/src/explanation-budget.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import type { Rational } from './model.ts'
+import { numericDigits } from './numeric-size.ts'
+
+/** Conservative pre-allocation bounds for local fraction arithmetic, not a time or heap limit. */
+export class ExplanationBudget {
+  readonly maximum: number
+  readonly maximumWork: number
+  private used = 0
+  constructor(maximum: number, maximumWork = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER) {
+    this.maximum = maximum
+    this.maximumWork = maximumWork
+  }
+
+  check(...bounds: number[]): void {
+    const actual = Math.max(0, ...bounds)
+    if (actual > this.maximum) {
+      throw new RangeError(`explanation exceeds maxExplanationBits: estimated ${actual} > ${this.maximum}`)
+    }
+    if (actual > this.maximumWork - this.used) {
+      throw new RangeError(`explanation exceeds maxExplanationWork: estimated ${actual} with ${this.maximumWork - this.used} remaining`)
+    }
+    this.used += actual
+  }
+
+  input(value: Rational): void {
+    // Four bits per decimal digit also bounds either member of an unreduced pair.
+    // Charge text before Exact can allocate powers of ten or parse large BigInts.
+    this.check(numericDigits(value, 'real') * 4)
+  }
+
+  bits(value: bigint): number {
+    return value === 0n ? 0 : (value < 0n ? -value : value).toString(2).length
+  }
+
+  product(left: bigint, right: bigint): number {
+    if (left === 0n || right === 0n) return 0
+    if (left === 1n || left === -1n) return this.bits(right)
+    if (right === 1n || right === -1n) return this.bits(left)
+    return this.bits(left) + this.bits(right)
+  }
+
+  sum(left: bigint, right: bigint): number {
+    if (left === 0n) return this.bits(right)
+    if (right === 0n) return this.bits(left)
+    return Math.max(this.bits(left), this.bits(right)) + 1
+  }
+}