@cap-js/db-service 1.18.0 → 1.19.0

package/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -4,6 +4,20 @@
 - The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](http://keepachangelog.com/).
 - This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 
+## [1.19.0](https://github.com/cap-js/cds-dbs/compare/db-service-v1.18.0...db-service-v1.19.0) (2025-03-31)
+
+
+### Added
+
+* **forUpdate:** ignore locked ([#1074](https://github.com/cap-js/cds-dbs/issues/1074)) ([163480b](https://github.com/cap-js/cds-dbs/commit/163480b245b18a2829cd871c2f053c82bcc1abef))
+* support recursive cqn queries ([#1089](https://github.com/cap-js/cds-dbs/issues/1089)) ([f09b0f8](https://github.com/cap-js/cds-dbs/commit/f09b0f815c3788349f3d39419990cd1c00963b7d))
+
+
+### Fixed
+
+* assign more technical, implicit table aliases ([#1082](https://github.com/cap-js/cds-dbs/issues/1082)) ([1f8925a](https://github.com/cap-js/cds-dbs/commit/1f8925a5d4bcc0123f3abbee2c65ed77877da591))
+* consider `nulls first | last` on `orderBy` ([#1064](https://github.com/cap-js/cds-dbs/issues/1064)) ([c6bed60](https://github.com/cap-js/cds-dbs/commit/c6bed60f0d93b9f4a73c976727f30172707c60d9)), closes [#1062](https://github.com/cap-js/cds-dbs/issues/1062)
+
 ## [1.18.0](https://github.com/cap-js/cds-dbs/compare/db-service-v1.17.2...db-service-v1.18.0) (2025-03-04)
 
 

package/lib/InsertResults.js

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ module.exports = class InsertResult {
       })
     }
 
-    const { target } = this.query
+    const target = this.query._target
     if (!target?.keys) return (super[iterator] = this.results[iterator])
     const keys = Object.keys(target.keys),
       [k1] = keys

package/lib/SQLService.js

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class SQLService extends DatabaseService {
     this.on(['INSERT', 'UPSERT', 'UPDATE'], require('./deep-queries').onDeep)
     if (cds.env.features.db_strict) {
       this.before(['INSERT', 'UPSERT', 'UPDATE'], ({ query }) => {
-        const elements = query.target?.elements
+        const elements = query._target?.elements
         if (!elements) return
         const kind = query.kind || Object.keys(query)[0]
         const operation = query[kind]
@@ -120,10 +120,10 @@ class SQLService extends DatabaseService {
   async onSELECT({ query, data }) {
     // REVISIT: for custom joins, infer is called twice, which is bad
     //          --> make cds.infer properly work with custom joins and remove this
-    if (!query.target) {
+    if (!(query._target instanceof cds.entity)) {
       try { this.infer(query) } catch { /**/ }
     }
-    if (query.target && !query.target._unresolved) {
+    if (!query._target?._unresolved) { // REVISIT: use query._target instead
       // Will return multiple rows with objects inside
       query.SELECT.expand = 'root'
     }
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ class SQLService extends DatabaseService {
               )
             // Prepare and run deep query, à la CQL`DELETE from Foo[pred]:comp1.comp2...`
             const query = DELETE.from({ ref: [...from.ref, c.name] })
-            query.target = c._target
+            query._target = c._target
             return this.onDELETE({ query, depth, visited: [...visited], target: c._target })
           }),
         )
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ class SQLService extends DatabaseService {
     if (kind in { INSERT: 1, DELETE: 1, UPSERT: 1, UPDATE: 1 }) {
       q = resolveView(q, this.model, this) // REVISIT: before resolveView was called on flat cqn obtained from cqn4sql -> is it correct to call on original q instead?
       let target = q[kind]._transitions?.[0].target
-      if (target) q.target = target // REVISIT: Why isn't that done in resolveView?
+      if (target) q._target = target // REVISIT: Why isn't that done in resolveView?
     }
     let cqn2sql = new this.class.CQN2SQL(this)
     return cqn2sql.render(q, values)

package/lib/common/session-context.js

@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ class TemporalSessionContext extends SessionContext {
   get '$valid.to'() {
     return (super['$valid.to'] =
       this.ctx._?.['VALID-TO'] ??
-      this.ctx._?.['VALID-AT']?.replace(/(\dZ?)$/, d => parseInt(d[0]) + 1 + d[1] || '') ??
-      new Date().toISOString().replace(/(\dZ?)$/, d => parseInt(d[0]) + 1 + d[1] || ''))
+      this.ctx._?.['VALID-AT']?.replace(/\.(\d*)(Z?)$/, (_, d, z) => `.${parseInt(d) + 1}${z}`) ??
+      (new Date(Date.now() + 1)).toISOString())
   }
 }
 

package/lib/cqn2sql.js

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class CQN2SQLRenderer {
     if (cds.env.sql.names === 'quoted') {
       this.class.prototype.name = (name, query) => {
         const e = name.id || name
-        return (query?.target || this.model?.definitions[e])?.['@cds.persistence.name'] || e
+        return (query?._target || this.model?.definitions[e])?.['@cds.persistence.name'] || e
       }
       this.class.prototype.quote = (s) => `"${String(s).replace(/"/g, '""')}"`
     }
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class CQN2SQLRenderer {
    * @returns {import('./infer/cqn').Query}
    */
   infer(q) {
-    return q.target ? q : cds_infer(q)
+    return q._target instanceof cds.entity ? q : cds_infer(q)
   }
 
   cqn4sql(q) {
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ class CQN2SQLRenderer {
    * @param {import('./infer/cqn').SELECT} q
    */
   SELECT(q) {
-    let { from, expand, where, groupBy, having, orderBy, limit, one, distinct, localized, forUpdate, forShareLock } =
+    let { from, expand, where, groupBy, having, orderBy, limit, one, distinct, localized, forUpdate, forShareLock, recurse } =
       q.SELECT
 
     if (from?.join && !q.SELECT.columns) {
@@ -239,12 +239,13 @@ class CQN2SQLRenderer {
     let sql = `SELECT`
     if (distinct) sql += ` DISTINCT`
     if (!_empty(columns)) sql += ` ${columns}`
-    if (!_empty(from)) sql += ` FROM ${this.from(from, q)}`
+    if (recurse) sql += ` FROM ${this.SELECT_recurse(q)}`
+    else if (!_empty(from)) sql += ` FROM ${this.from(from, q)}`
     else sql += this.from_dummy()
-    if (!_empty(where)) sql += ` WHERE ${this.where(where)}`
-    if (!_empty(groupBy)) sql += ` GROUP BY ${this.groupBy(groupBy)}`
-    if (!_empty(having)) sql += ` HAVING ${this.having(having)}`
-    if (!_empty(orderBy)) sql += ` ORDER BY ${this.orderBy(orderBy, localized)}`
+    if (!recurse && !_empty(where)) sql += ` WHERE ${this.where(where)}`
+    if (!recurse && !_empty(groupBy)) sql += ` GROUP BY ${this.groupBy(groupBy)}`
+    if (!recurse && !_empty(having)) sql += ` HAVING ${this.having(having)}`
+    if (!recurse && !_empty(orderBy)) sql += ` ORDER BY ${this.orderBy(orderBy, localized)}`
     if (one) limit = Object.assign({}, limit, { rows: { val: 1 } })
     if (limit) sql += ` LIMIT ${this.limit(limit)}`
     if (forUpdate) sql += ` ${this.forUpdate(forUpdate)}`
@@ -257,6 +258,10 @@ class CQN2SQLRenderer {
     return (this.sql = sql)
   }
 
+  SELECT_recurse() {
+    cds.error`Feature "recurse" queries not supported.`
+  }
+
   /**
    * Renders a column clause into generic SQL
    * @param {import('./infer/cqn').SELECT} param0
@@ -421,14 +426,15 @@ class CQN2SQLRenderer {
    * @returns {string[] | string} SQL
    */
   orderBy(orderBy, localized) {
-    return orderBy.map(
-      localized
-        ? c =>
-          this.expr(c) +
+    return orderBy.map(c => {
+      const o = localized
+        ? this.expr(c) +
           (c.element?.[this.class._localized] ? ' COLLATE NOCASE' : '') +
           (c.sort?.toLowerCase() === 'desc' || c.sort === -1 ? ' DESC' : ' ASC')
-        : c => this.expr(c) + (c.sort?.toLowerCase() === 'desc' || c.sort === -1 ? ' DESC' : ' ASC'),
-    )
+        : this.expr(c) + (c.sort?.toLowerCase() === 'desc' || c.sort === -1 ? ' DESC' : ' ASC')
+      if (c.nulls) return o + ' NULLS ' + (c.nulls.toLowerCase() === 'first' ? 'FIRST' : 'LAST')
+      return o
+    })
   }
 
   /**
@@ -448,9 +454,10 @@ class CQN2SQLRenderer {
    * @returns {string} SQL
    */
   forUpdate(update) {
-    const { wait, of } = update
+    const { wait, of, ignoreLocked } = update
     let sql = 'FOR UPDATE'
     if (!_empty(of)) sql += ` OF ${of.map(x => this.expr(x)).join(', ')}`
+    if (ignoreLocked) sql += ' IGNORE LOCKED'
     if (typeof wait === 'number') sql += ` WAIT ${wait}`
     return sql
   }
@@ -495,7 +502,7 @@ class CQN2SQLRenderer {
    */
   INSERT_entries(q) {
     const { INSERT } = q
-    const elements = q.elements || q.target?.elements
+    const elements = q.elements || q._target?.elements
     if (!elements && !INSERT.entries?.length) {
       return // REVISIT: mtx sends an insert statement without entries and no reference entity
     }
@@ -507,7 +514,7 @@ class CQN2SQLRenderer {
     this.columns = columns
 
     const alias = INSERT.into.as
-    const entity = this.name(q.target?.name || INSERT.into.ref[0], q)
+    const entity = this.name(q._target?.name || INSERT.into.ref[0], q)
     if (!elements) {
       this.entries = INSERT.entries.map(e => columns.map(c => e[c]))
       const param = this.param.bind(this, { ref: ['?'] })
@@ -533,7 +540,7 @@ class CQN2SQLRenderer {
   }
 
   async *INSERT_entries_stream(entries, binaryEncoding = 'base64') {
-    const elements = this.cqn.target?.elements || {}
+    const elements = this.cqn._target?.elements || {}
     const bufferLimit = 65536 // 1 << 16
     let buffer = '['
 
@@ -582,7 +589,7 @@ class CQN2SQLRenderer {
   }
 
   async *INSERT_rows_stream(entries, binaryEncoding = 'base64') {
-    const elements = this.cqn.target?.elements || {}
+    const elements = this.cqn._target?.elements || {}
     const bufferLimit = 65536 // 1 << 16
     let buffer = '['
 
@@ -635,9 +642,9 @@ class CQN2SQLRenderer {
    */
   INSERT_rows(q) {
     const { INSERT } = q
-    const entity = this.name(q.target?.name || INSERT.into.ref[0], q)
+    const entity = this.name(q._target?.name || INSERT.into.ref[0], q)
     const alias = INSERT.into.as
-    const elements = q.elements || q.target?.elements
+    const elements = q.elements || q._target?.elements
     const columns = this.columns = INSERT.columns || cds.error`Cannot insert rows without columns or elements`
 
     if (!elements) {
@@ -681,9 +688,9 @@ class CQN2SQLRenderer {
    */
   INSERT_select(q) {
     const { INSERT } = q
-    const entity = this.name(q.target.name, q)
+    const entity = this.name(q._target.name, q)
     const alias = INSERT.into.as
-    const elements = q.elements || q.target?.elements || {}
+    const elements = q.elements || q._target?.elements || {}
     const columns = (this.columns = (INSERT.columns || ObjectKeys(elements)).filter(
       c => c in elements && !elements[c].virtual && !elements[c].isAssociation,
     ))
@@ -724,15 +731,15 @@ class CQN2SQLRenderer {
     const { UPSERT } = q
 
     let sql = this.INSERT({ __proto__: q, INSERT: UPSERT })
-    if (!q.target?.keys) return sql
+    if (!q._target?.keys) return sql
     const keys = []
-    for (const k of ObjectKeys(q.target?.keys)) {
-      const element = q.target.keys[k]
+    for (const k of ObjectKeys(q._target?.keys)) {
+      const element = q._target.keys[k]
       if (element.isAssociation || element.virtual) continue
       keys.push(k)
     }
 
-    const elements = q.target?.elements || {}
+    const elements = q._target?.elements || {}
     // temporal data
     for (const k of ObjectKeys(elements)) {
       if (elements[k]['@cds.valid.from']) keys.push(k)
@@ -749,7 +756,7 @@ class CQN2SQLRenderer {
       .filter(c => keys.includes(c.name))
       .map(c => `${c.onInsert || c.sql} as ${this.quote(c.name)}`)
 
-    const entity = this.name(q.target?.name || UPSERT.into.ref[0], q)
+    const entity = this.name(q._target?.name || UPSERT.into.ref[0], q)
     sql = `SELECT ${managed.map(c => c.upsert
       .replace(/value->/g, '"$$$$value$$$$"->')
       .replace(/json_type\(value,/g, 'json_type("$$$$value$$$$",'))
@@ -778,7 +785,7 @@ class CQN2SQLRenderer {
    */
   UPDATE(q) {
     const { entity, with: _with, data, where } = q.UPDATE
-    const elements = q.target?.elements
+    const elements = q._target?.elements
     let sql = `UPDATE ${this.quote(this.name(entity.ref?.[0] || entity, q))}`
     if (entity.as) sql += ` AS ${this.quote(entity.as)}`
 

package/lib/cqn4sql.js

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 'use strict'
 
 const cds = require('@sap/cds')
+cds.infer.target ??= q => q._target || q.target // instanceof cds.entity ? q._target : q.target
 
 const infer = require('./infer')
 const { computeColumnsToBeSearched } = require('./search')
-const { prettyPrintRef, isCalculatedOnRead, isCalculatedElement } = require('./utils')
+const { prettyPrintRef, isCalculatedOnRead, isCalculatedElement, getImplicitAlias } = require('./utils')
 
 /**
  * For operators of <eqOps>, this is replaced by comparing all leaf elements with null, combined with and.
@@ -62,16 +63,16 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
   }
   // query modifiers can also be defined in from ref leaf infix filter
   // > SELECT from bookshop.Books[order by price] {ID}
-  if(inferred.SELECT?.from.ref) {
-    for(const [key, val] of Object.entries(inferred.SELECT.from.ref.at(-1))) {
-      if(key in { orderBy: 1, groupBy: 1 }) {
-        if(inferred.SELECT[key]) inferred.SELECT[key].push(...val)
+  if (inferred.SELECT?.from.ref) {
+    for (const [key, val] of Object.entries(inferred.SELECT.from.ref.at(-1))) {
+      if (key in { orderBy: 1, groupBy: 1 }) {
+        if (inferred.SELECT[key]) inferred.SELECT[key].push(...val)
         else inferred.SELECT[key] = val
-      } else if(key === 'limit') {
+      } else if (key === 'limit') {
         // limit defined on the query has precedence
-        if(!inferred.SELECT.limit) inferred.SELECT.limit = val
-      } else if(key === 'having') {
-        if(!inferred.SELECT.having) inferred.SELECT.having = val
+        if (!inferred.SELECT.limit) inferred.SELECT.limit = val
+      } else if (key === 'having') {
+        if (!inferred.SELECT.having) inferred.SELECT.having = val
         else inferred.SELECT.having.push('and', ...val)
       }
     }
@@ -224,7 +225,8 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
    */
   function transformQueryForInsertUpsert(kind) {
     const { as } = transformedQuery[kind].into
-    transformedQuery[kind].into = { ref: [inferred.target.name] }
+    const target = cds.infer.target (inferred) // REVISIT: we should reliably use inferred._target instead
+    transformedQuery[kind].into = { ref: [target.name] }
     if (as) transformedQuery[kind].into.as = as
     return transformedQuery
   }
@@ -800,7 +802,7 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
     } else {
       outerAlias = transformedQuery.SELECT.from.as
       subqueryFromRef = [
-        ...(transformedQuery.SELECT.from.ref || /* subq in from */ [transformedQuery.SELECT.from.target.name]),
+        ...(transformedQuery.SELECT.from.ref || /* subq in from */ transformedQuery.SELECT.from.SELECT.from.ref),
         ...ref,
       ]
     }
@@ -816,16 +818,18 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
       return _subqueryForGroupBy(column, baseRef, columnAlias)
     }
 
-    // we need to respect the aliases of the outer query, so the columnAlias might not be suitable
-    // as table alias for the correlated subquery
-    const uniqueSubqueryAlias = getNextAvailableTableAlias(columnAlias, inferred.outerQueries)
+    // Alias in expand subquery is derived from but not equal to
+    // the alias of the column because to account for potential ambiguities
+    // the alias cannot be addressed anyways
+    const uniqueSubqueryAlias = getNextAvailableTableAlias(getImplicitAlias(columnAlias), inferred.outerQueries)
 
     // `SELECT from Authors {  books.genre as genreOfBooks { name } } becomes `SELECT from Books:genre as genreOfBooks`
     const from = { ref: subqueryFromRef, as: uniqueSubqueryAlias }
     const subqueryBase = {}
     const queryModifiers = { ...column }
     for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(queryModifiers)) {
-      if (key in { limit: 1, orderBy: 1, groupBy: 1, excluding: 1, where: 1, having: 1, count: 1 }) subqueryBase[key] = value
+      if (key in { limit: 1, orderBy: 1, groupBy: 1, excluding: 1, where: 1, having: 1, count: 1 })
+        subqueryBase[key] = value
     }
 
     const subquery = {
@@ -869,6 +873,7 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
         const existsSubqueryAlias = recent[existsIndex + 1].SELECT.from.as
         if (existsSubqueryAlias === x.ref?.[0]) return { ref: [outer, ...x.ref.slice(1)] }
         if (x.xpr) x.xpr = x.xpr.map(replaceAliasWithSubqueryAlias)
+        if (x.args) x.args = x.args.map(replaceAliasWithSubqueryAlias)
         return x
       }
       return subq
@@ -898,37 +903,39 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
         // expand with wildcard vanishes as expand is part of the group by (OData $apply + $expand)
         return null
       }
-      const expandedColumns = column.expand.flatMap(expand => {
-        if (!expand.ref) return expand
-        const fullRef = [...baseRef, ...expand.ref]
-
-        if (expand.expand) {
-          const nested = _subqueryForGroupBy(expand, fullRef, expand.as || expand.ref.map(idOnly).join('_'))
-          if(nested) {
-            setElementOnColumns(nested, expand.element)
-            elements[expand.as || expand.ref.map(idOnly).join('_')] = nested
+      const expandedColumns = column.expand
+        .flatMap(expand => {
+          if (!expand.ref) return expand
+          const fullRef = [...baseRef, ...expand.ref]
+
+          if (expand.expand) {
+            const nested = _subqueryForGroupBy(expand, fullRef, expand.as || expand.ref.map(idOnly).join('_'))
+            if (nested) {
+              setElementOnColumns(nested, expand.element)
+              elements[expand.as || expand.ref.map(idOnly).join('_')] = nested
+            }
+            return nested
           }
-          return nested
-        }
 
-        const groupByRef = groupByLookup.get(fullRef.map(refWithConditions).join('.'))
-        if (!groupByRef) {
-          throw new Error(
-            `The expanded column "${fullRef.map(refWithConditions).join('.')}" must be part of the group by clause`,
-          )
-        }
+          const groupByRef = groupByLookup.get(fullRef.map(refWithConditions).join('.'))
+          if (!groupByRef) {
+            throw new Error(
+              `The expanded column "${fullRef.map(refWithConditions).join('.')}" must be part of the group by clause`,
+            )
+          }
 
-        const copy = Object.create(groupByRef)
-        // always alias for this special case, so that they nested element names match the expected result structure
-        // otherwise we'd get `author { <outer>.author_ID }`, but we need `author { <outer>.author_ID as ID }`
-        copy.as = expand.as || expand.ref.at(-1)
-        const tableAlias = getTableAlias(copy)
-        const res = getFlatColumnsFor(copy, { tableAlias })
-        res.forEach(c => {
-          elements[c.as || c.ref.at(-1)] = c.element
+          const copy = Object.create(groupByRef)
+          // always alias for this special case, so that they nested element names match the expected result structure
+          // otherwise we'd get `author { <outer>.author_ID }`, but we need `author { <outer>.author_ID as ID }`
+          copy.as = expand.as || expand.ref.at(-1)
+          const tableAlias = getTableAlias(copy)
+          const res = getFlatColumnsFor(copy, { tableAlias })
+          res.forEach(c => {
+            elements[c.as || c.ref.at(-1)] = c.element
+          })
+          return res
         })
-        return res
-      }).filter(c => c)
+        .filter(c => c)
 
       if (expandedColumns.length === 0) {
         return null
@@ -1063,7 +1070,8 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
       outerQueries.push(inferred)
       Object.defineProperty(q, 'outerQueries', { value: outerQueries })
     }
-    if (isLocalized(inferred.target)) q.SELECT.localized = true
+    const target = cds.infer.target (inferred) // REVISIT: we should reliably use inferred._target instead
+    if (isLocalized(target)) q.SELECT.localized = true
     if (q.SELECT.from.ref && !q.SELECT.from.as) assignUniqueSubqueryAlias()
     return cqn4sql(q, model)
 
@@ -1071,7 +1079,7 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
       if (q.SELECT.from.uniqueSubqueryAlias) return
       const last = q.SELECT.from.ref.at(-1)
       const uniqueSubqueryAlias = inferred.joinTree.addNextAvailableTableAlias(
-        getLastStringSegment(last.id || last),
+        getImplicitAlias(last.id || last),
         inferred.outerQueries,
       )
       Object.defineProperty(q.SELECT.from, 'uniqueSubqueryAlias', { value: uniqueSubqueryAlias })
@@ -1400,7 +1408,7 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
             j = nextAssocIndex
           }
 
-          const as = getNextAvailableTableAlias(getLastStringSegment(next.alias))
+          const as = getNextAvailableTableAlias(getImplicitAlias(next.alias))
           next.alias = as
           if (!next.definition.target) {
             let type = next.definition.type
@@ -1696,12 +1704,12 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
     function _transformFrom() {
       if (typeof from === 'string') {
         // normalize to `ref`, i.e. for `UPDATE.entity('bookshop.Books')`
-        return { transformedFrom: { ref: [from], as: getLastStringSegment(from) } }
+        return { transformedFrom: { ref: [from], as: getImplicitAlias(from) } }
       }
       transformedFrom.as =
         from.uniqueSubqueryAlias ||
         from.as ||
-        getLastStringSegment(transformedFrom.$refLinks[transformedFrom.$refLinks.length - 1].definition.name)
+        getImplicitAlias(transformedFrom.$refLinks[transformedFrom.$refLinks.length - 1].definition.name)
       const whereExistsSubSelects = []
       const filterConditions = []
       const refReverse = [...from.ref].reverse()
@@ -1723,14 +1731,17 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
                 .findIndex(rl => rl.definition.isAssociation || rl.definition.kind === 'entity')
             next = $refLinksReverse[nextStepIndex]
           }
-          let as = getLastStringSegment(next.alias)
+          let as = getImplicitAlias(next.alias)
           /**
            * for an `expand` subquery, we do not need to add
            * the table alias of the `expand` host to the join tree
            * --> This is an artificial query, which will later be correlated
            * with the main query alias. see @function expandColumn()
+           * There is one exception:
+           * - if current and next have the same alias, we need to assign a new alias to the next
+           *                          
            */
-          if (!(inferred.SELECT?.expand === true)) {
+          if (!(inferred.SELECT?.expand === true && current.alias.toLowerCase() !== as.toLowerCase())) {
             as = getNextAvailableTableAlias(as)
           }
           next.alias = as
@@ -1917,9 +1928,11 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
             })
             let pseudoPath = false
             ref.reduce((prev, res, i) => {
-              if (res === '$self')
+              if (res === '$self') {
                 // next is resolvable in entity
+                thing.$refLinks.push({ definition: prev, target: prev })
                 return prev
+              }
               if (res in pseudos.elements) {
                 pseudoPath = true
                 thing.$refLinks.push({ definition: pseudos.elements[res], target: pseudos })
@@ -1931,7 +1944,11 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
               const definition =
                 prev?.elements?.[res] || getDefinition(prev?.target)?.elements[res] || pseudos.elements[res]
               const target = getParentEntity(definition)
-              thing.$refLinks[i] = { definition, target, alias: definition.name }
+              thing.$refLinks[i] = {
+                definition,
+                target,
+                alias: definition === assocRefLink.definition ? assocRefLink.alias : definition.name,
+              }
               return prev?.elements?.[res] || getDefinition(prev?.target)?.elements[res] || pseudos.elements[res]
             }, assocHost)
           }
@@ -1956,15 +1973,16 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
               lhs.ref[0] in { $self: true, $projection: true } ? getParentEntity(assocRefLink.definition) : target,
             )
           else {
-            const lhsLeafArt = lhs.ref && lhs.$refLinks.at(-1).definition
-            const rhsLeafArt = rhs.ref && rhs.$refLinks.at(-1).definition
+            const lhsLeafDef = lhs.ref && lhs.$refLinks.at(-1).definition
+            const rhsLeafDef = rhs.ref && rhs.$refLinks.at(-1).definition
+            const lhsFirstDef = lhs.$refLinks.find(r => r.definition.kind === 'element')?.definition
             // compare structures in on-condition
-            if ((lhsLeafArt?.target && rhsLeafArt?.target) || (lhsLeafArt?.elements && rhsLeafArt?.elements)) {
+            if ((lhsLeafDef?.target && rhsLeafDef?.target) || (lhsLeafDef?.elements && rhsLeafDef?.elements)) {
               if (rhs.$refLinks[0].definition !== assocRefLink.definition) {
                 rhs.ref.unshift(targetSideRefLink.alias)
                 rhs.$refLinks.unshift(targetSideRefLink)
               }
-              if (lhs.$refLinks[0].definition !== assocRefLink.definition) {
+              if (lhsFirstDef !== assocRefLink.definition) {
                 lhs.ref.unshift(targetSideRefLink.alias)
                 lhs.$refLinks.unshift(targetSideRefLink)
               }
@@ -1974,16 +1992,15 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
               i += res.length
               continue
             }
-            // naive assumption: if first step is the association itself, all following ref steps must be resolvable
+            // assumption: if first step is the association itself, all following ref steps must be resolvable
             // within target `assoc.assoc.fk` -> `assoc.assoc_fk`
             else if (
-              lhs.$refLinks[0]?.definition ===
-              getParentEntity(assocRefLink.definition).elements[assocRefLink.definition.name]
+              lhsFirstDef === getParentEntity(assocRefLink.definition).elements[assocRefLink.definition.name]
             )
-              result[i].ref = [assocRefLink.alias, lhs.ref.slice(1).join('_')]
+              result[i].ref = [assocRefLink.alias, lhs.ref.slice(lhs.ref[0] === '$self' ? 2 : 1).join('_')]
             // naive assumption: if the path starts with an association which is not the association from
             // which the on-condition originates, it must be a foreign key and hence resolvable in the source
-            else if (lhs.$refLinks[0]?.definition.target) result[i].ref = [result[i].ref.join('_')]
+            else if (lhsFirstDef?.target) result[i].ref = [result[i].ref.join('_')]
           }
         }
         if (backlink) {
@@ -2006,7 +2023,7 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
             // sanity check: error out if we can't produce a join
             if (backlink.keys.length === 0) {
               throw new Error(
-                `Path step “${assocRefLink.alias}” is a self comparison with “${getFullName(backlink)}” that has no foreign keys`,
+                `Path step “${assocRefLink.definition.name}” is a self comparison with “${getFullName(backlink)}” that has no foreign keys`,
               )
             }
             // managed backlink -> calculate fk-pk pairs
@@ -2032,7 +2049,7 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
             if (lhs.ref[0] !== assocRefLink.alias && lhs.ref[0] !== targetSideRefLink.alias) {
               // we need to find correct table alias for the structured access
               const { definition } = lhs.$refLinks[0]
-              if (definition === assocRefLink.definition) {
+              if (definition === getParentEntity(assocRefLink.definition).elements[assocRefLink.definition.name]) {
                 // first step is the association itself -> use it's name as it becomes the table alias
                 result[i].ref.splice(0, 1, assocRefLink.alias)
               } else if (
@@ -2050,6 +2067,7 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
     }
     /**
      * Recursively calculates the containing entity for a given element.
+     * If the query is localized, this function may return the localized entity.
      *
      * @param {CSN.element} element
      * @returns {CSN.definition} the entity containing the given element
@@ -2243,7 +2261,7 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
    * - or null, if no searchable columns are found in neither in `@cds.search` nor in the target entity itself.
    */
   function getSearchTerm(search, query) {
-    const entity = query.SELECT.from.SELECT ? query.SELECT.from : query.target
+    const entity = query.SELECT.from.SELECT ? query.SELECT.from : cds.infer.target(query) // REVISIT: we should reliably use inferred._target instead
     const searchIn = computeColumnsToBeSearched(inferred, entity)
     if (searchIn.length > 0) {
       const xpr = search
@@ -2304,7 +2322,7 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
         if (
           inferred.SELECT?.from.uniqueSubqueryAlias &&
           !inferred.SELECT?.from.as &&
-          firstStep === getLastStringSegment(transformedQuery.SELECT.from.ref[0])
+          getImplicitAlias(firstStep) === getImplicitAlias(transformedQuery.SELECT.from.ref[0])
         ) {
           return inferred.SELECT?.from.uniqueSubqueryAlias
         }
@@ -2313,7 +2331,7 @@ function cqn4sql(originalQuery, model) {
     }
 
     function getCombinedElementAlias(node) {
-      return getLastStringSegment(inferred.$combinedElements[node.ref[0].id || node.ref[0]]?.[0].index)
+      return inferred.$combinedElements[node.ref[0].id || node.ref[0]]?.[0].index
     }
   }
   function getTransformedFunctionArgs(args, $baseLink = null) {
@@ -2386,17 +2404,6 @@ function hasLogicalOr(tokenStream) {
   return tokenStream.some(t => t in { OR: true, or: true })
 }
 
-/**
- * Returns the last segment of a string after the last dot.
- *
- * @param {string} str - The input string.
- * @returns {string} The last segment of the string after the last dot. If there is no dot in the string, the function returns the original string.
- */
-function getLastStringSegment(str) {
-  const index = str.lastIndexOf('.')
-  return index != -1 ? str.substring(index + 1) : str
-}
-
 function getParentEntity(element) {
   if (element.kind === 'entity') return element
   else return getParentEntity(element.parent)

package/lib/deep-queries.js

@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ async function onDeep(req, next) {
   // const target = query.sources[Object.keys(query.sources)[0]]
   if (!this.model?.definitions[_target_name4(req.query)]) return next()
 
-  const { target } = this.infer(query)
-  if (!hasDeep(query, target)) return next()
+  if (!hasDeep(query)) return next()
 
+  const target = this.infer(query)._target
   const beforeData = query.INSERT ? [] : await this.run(getExpandForDeep(query, target, true))
   if (query.UPDATE && !beforeData.length) return 0
 
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ async function onDeep(req, next) {
   return rootResult ?? beforeData.length
 }
 
-const hasDeep = (q, target) => {
+const hasDeep = (q) => {
   const data = q.INSERT?.entries || (q.UPDATE?.data && [q.UPDATE.data]) || (q.UPDATE?.with && [q.UPDATE.with])
   if (data)
-    for (const c in target.compositions) {
+    for (const c in q._target.compositions) {
       for (const row of data) if (row[c] !== undefined) return true
     }
 }

package/lib/fill-in-keys.js

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ module.exports = async function fill_in_keys(req, next) {
   // REVISIT dummy handler until we have input processing
   if (!req.target || !this.model || req.target._unresolved) return next()
   // only for deep update
-  if (req.event === 'UPDATE' && hasDeep(req.query, req.target)) {
+  if (req.event === 'UPDATE' && hasDeep(req.query)) {
     // REVISIT for deep update we need to inject the keys first
     enrichDataWithKeysFromWhere(req.data, req, this)
   }

package/lib/infer/index.js

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ const cds = require('@sap/cds')
 
 const JoinTree = require('./join-tree')
 const { pseudos } = require('./pseudos')
-const { isCalculatedOnRead } = require('../utils')
+const { isCalculatedOnRead, getImplicitAlias } = require('../utils')
 const cdsTypes = cds.linked({
   definitions: {
     Timestamp: { type: 'cds.Timestamp' },
@@ -47,21 +47,16 @@ function infer(originalQuery, model) {
   const sources = inferTarget(_.from || _.into || _.entity, {})
   const joinTree = new JoinTree(sources)
   const aliases = Object.keys(sources)
+  const target = aliases.length === 1 ? getDefinitionFromSources(sources, aliases[0]) : originalQuery
   Object.defineProperties(inferred, {
     // REVISIT: public, or for local reuse, or in cqn4sql only?
     sources: { value: sources, writable: true },
-    target: {
-      value: aliases.length === 1 ? getDefinitionFromSources(sources, aliases[0]) : originalQuery,
-      writable: true,
-    }, // REVISIT: legacy?
+    _target: { value: target, writable: true, configurable: true }, // REVISIT: legacy?
   })
   // also enrich original query -> writable because it may be inferred again
   Object.defineProperties(originalQuery, {
     sources: { value: sources, writable: true },
-    target: {
-      value: aliases.length === 1 ? getDefinitionFromSources(sources, aliases[0]) : originalQuery,
-      writable: true,
-    },
+    _target: { value: target, writable: true, configurable: true },
   })
   if (originalQuery.SELECT || originalQuery.DELETE || originalQuery.UPDATE) {
     $combinedElements = inferCombinedElements()
@@ -97,7 +92,7 @@ function infer(originalQuery, model) {
    *                              Each key is a query source alias, and its value is the corresponding CSN Definition.
    * @returns {object} The updated `querySources` object with inferred sources from the `from` clause.
    */
-  function inferTarget(from, querySources) {
+  function inferTarget(from, querySources, useTechnicalAlias = true) {
     const { ref } = from
     if (ref) {
       const { id, args } = ref[0]
@@ -119,14 +114,14 @@ function infer(originalQuery, model) {
       from.uniqueSubqueryAlias ||
       from.as ||
       (ref.length === 1
-        ? first.substring(first.lastIndexOf('.') + 1)
-        : (ref.at(-1).id || ref.at(-1)));    
+        ? getImplicitAlias(first, useTechnicalAlias)
+        : getImplicitAlias(ref.at(-1).id || ref.at(-1), useTechnicalAlias));    
       if (alias in querySources) throw new Error(`Duplicate alias "${alias}"`)
       querySources[alias] = { definition: target, args }
       const last = from.$refLinks.at(-1)
       last.alias = alias
     } else if (from.args) {
-      from.args.forEach(a => inferTarget(a, querySources))
+      from.args.forEach(a => inferTarget(a, querySources, false))
     } else if (from.SELECT) {
       const subqueryInFrom = infer(from, model) // we need the .elements in the sources
       // if no explicit alias is provided, we make up one
@@ -136,7 +131,7 @@ function infer(originalQuery, model) {
     } else if (typeof from === 'string') {
       // TODO: Create unique alias, what about duplicates?
       const definition = getDefinition(from) || cds.error`"${from}" not found in the definitions of your model`
-      querySources[from.substring(from.lastIndexOf('.') + 1)] = { definition }
+      querySources[getImplicitAlias(from, useTechnicalAlias)] = { definition }
     } else if (from.SET) {
       infer(from, model)
     }

package/lib/utils.js

@@ -38,9 +38,34 @@ function isCalculatedElement(def) {
   return def?.value
 }
 
+/**
+ * Calculates the implicit table alias for a given string.
+ * 
+ * Based on the last part of the string, the implicit alias is calculated
+ * by taking the first character and prepending it with '$'.
+ * A leading '$' is removed if the last part already starts with '$'.
+ * 
+ * @example
+ * getImplicitAlias('Books') => '$B'
+ * getImplicitAlias('bookshop.Books') => '$B'
+ * getImplicitAlias('bookshop.$B') => '$B'
+ * 
+ * @param {string} str - The input string.
+ * @returns {string} 
+ */
+function getImplicitAlias(str, useTechnicalAlias = true) {
+  const index = str.lastIndexOf('.')
+  if(useTechnicalAlias) {
+    const postfix = (index != -1 ? str.substring(index + 1) : str).replace(/^\$/, '')[0] || /* str === '$' */ '$'
+    return '$' + postfix
+  }
+  return index != -1 ? str.substring(index + 1) : str
+}
+
 // export the function to be used in other modules
 module.exports = {
   prettyPrintRef,
   isCalculatedOnRead,
-  isCalculatedElement
+  isCalculatedElement,
+  getImplicitAlias,
 }

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@cap-js/db-service",
-  "version": "1.18.0",
+  "version": "1.19.0",
   "description": "CDS base database service",
   "homepage": "https://github.com/cap-js/cds-dbs/tree/main/db-service#cds-base-database-service",
   "repository": {
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
   ],
   "author": "SAP SE (https://www.sap.com)",
   "main": "index.js",
-  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
   "files": [
     "lib",
     "CHANGELOG.md"