@caddis/cli 0.3.0 → 0.4.0

package/bundles/codex/.codex/skills/coding/python/SKILL.md

@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+---
+name: python-development
+description: Modern Python development with Python 3.12+, Django, FastAPI, async patterns, and production best practices. Use for Python projects, APIs, data processing, or automation scripts.
+source: wshobson/agents
+license: MIT
+---
+
+# Python Development
+
+## Project Setup
+
+### Modern Python Project Structure
+```
+my-project/
+├── src/
+│   └── my_project/
+│       ├── __init__.py
+│       ├── main.py
+│       └── utils.py
+├── tests/
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   └── test_main.py
+├── pyproject.toml
+├── README.md
+└── .gitignore
+```
+
+### pyproject.toml
+```toml
+[project]
+name = "my-project"
+version = "0.1.0"
+requires-python = ">=3.12"
+dependencies = [
+    "fastapi>=0.100.0",
+    "pydantic>=2.0",
+]
+
+[project.optional-dependencies]
+dev = [
+    "pytest>=7.0",
+    "ruff>=0.1.0",
+    "mypy>=1.0",
+]
+
+[tool.ruff]
+line-length = 88
+select = ["E", "F", "I", "N", "W"]
+
+[tool.mypy]
+strict = true
+```
+
+## Type Hints
+
+```python
+from typing import TypeVar, Generic
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+T = TypeVar('T')
+
+def process_items(items: Sequence[str]) -> list[str]:
+    return [item.upper() for item in items]
+
+class Repository(Generic[T]):
+    def get(self, id: int) -> T | None: ...
+    def save(self, item: T) -> T: ...
+```
+
+## Async Patterns
+
+```python
+import asyncio
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
+
+async def fetch_all(urls: list[str]) -> list[dict]:
+    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
+        tasks = [fetch_one(session, url) for url in urls]
+        return await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+
+async def stream_data() -> AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+    async with aiofiles.open('large_file.txt', 'rb') as f:
+        async for chunk in f:
+            yield chunk
+```
+
+## FastAPI Patterns
+
+```python
+from fastapi import FastAPI, Depends, HTTPException
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+class UserCreate(BaseModel):
+    email: str
+    name: str
+
+class UserResponse(BaseModel):
+    id: int
+    email: str
+    name: str
+
+@app.post("/users", response_model=UserResponse)
+async def create_user(
+    user: UserCreate,
+    db: Database = Depends(get_db)
+) -> UserResponse:
+    result = await db.users.create(user.model_dump())
+    return UserResponse(**result)
+```
+
+## Testing
+
+```python
+import pytest
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, patch
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def mock_db():
+    db = AsyncMock()
+    db.users.get.return_value = {"id": 1, "name": "Test"}
+    return db
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_get_user(mock_db):
+    result = await get_user(1, db=mock_db)
+    assert result["name"] == "Test"
+    mock_db.users.get.assert_called_once_with(1)
+```
+
+## Core Principles
+
+### Readability First
+Python prioritizes readability. Code should be obvious and easy to understand.
+
+```python
+# Good: Clear and readable
+def get_active_users(users: list[User]) -> list[User]:
+    """Return only active users from the provided list."""
+    return [user for user in users if user.is_active]
+
+# Bad: Clever but confusing
+def get_active_users(u):
+    return [x for x in u if x.a]
+```
+
+### EAFP Over LBYL
+Python prefers exception handling over checking conditions upfront.
+
+```python
+# Good: EAFP style (Easier to Ask Forgiveness than Permission)
+def get_value(dictionary: dict, key: str, default=None):
+    try:
+        return dictionary[key]
+    except KeyError:
+        return default
+
+# Bad: LBYL (Look Before You Leap) style
+def get_value(dictionary: dict, key: str, default=None):
+    if key in dictionary:
+        return dictionary[key]
+    return default
+```
+
+## Error Handling Patterns
+
+### Specific Exception Handling
+```python
+# Good: Catch specific exceptions with chaining
+def load_config(path: str) -> Config:
+    try:
+        with open(path) as f:
+            return Config.from_json(f.read())
+    except FileNotFoundError as e:
+        raise ConfigError(f"Config file not found: {path}") from e
+    except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
+        raise ConfigError(f"Invalid JSON in config: {path}") from e
+
+# Bad: Bare except with silent failure
+def load_config(path: str) -> Config:
+    try:
+        with open(path) as f:
+            return Config.from_json(f.read())
+    except:
+        return None
+```
+
+### Custom Exception Hierarchy
+```python
+class AppError(Exception):
+    """Base exception for all application errors."""
+
+class ValidationError(AppError):
+    """Raised when input validation fails."""
+
+class NotFoundError(AppError):
+    """Raised when a requested resource is not found."""
+
+def get_user(user_id: str) -> User:
+    user = db.find_user(user_id)
+    if not user:
+        raise NotFoundError(f"User not found: {user_id}")
+    return user
+```
+
+## Context Managers
+
+```python
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+# Custom context manager for timing
+@contextmanager
+def timer(name: str):
+    start = time.perf_counter()
+    yield
+    elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
+    print(f"{name} took {elapsed:.4f} seconds")
+
+# Class-based context manager for transactions
+class DatabaseTransaction:
+    def __init__(self, connection):
+        self.connection = connection
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self.connection.begin_transaction()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        if exc_type is None:
+            self.connection.commit()
+        else:
+            self.connection.rollback()
+        return False  # Don't suppress exceptions
+```
+
+## Data Classes and Validation
+
+```python
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from datetime import datetime
+
+@dataclass
+class User:
+    id: str
+    name: str
+    email: str
+    created_at: datetime = field(default_factory=datetime.now)
+    is_active: bool = True
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        if "@" not in self.email:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid email: {self.email}")
+```
+
+## Decorators
+
+```python
+import functools
+
+# Function decorator with wraps
+def timer(func):
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        start = time.perf_counter()
+        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+        elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
+        print(f"{func.__name__} took {elapsed:.4f}s")
+        return result
+    return wrapper
+
+# Parameterized decorator
+def retry(max_attempts: int = 3, delay: float = 1.0):
+    def decorator(func):
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            for attempt in range(max_attempts):
+                try:
+                    return func(*args, **kwargs)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    if attempt == max_attempts - 1:
+                        raise
+                    time.sleep(delay * (2 ** attempt))
+        return wrapper
+    return decorator
+```
+
+## Comprehensions and Generators
+
+```python
+# List comprehensions for simple transforms
+names = [user.name for user in users if user.is_active]
+
+# Generator expressions for lazy evaluation (memory efficient)
+total = sum(x * x for x in range(1_000_000))
+
+# Generator functions for large data
+def read_large_file(path: str) -> Iterator[str]:
+    with open(path) as f:
+        for line in f:
+            yield line.strip()
+```
+
+## Concurrency Patterns
+
+```python
+import concurrent.futures
+
+# Threading for I/O-bound tasks
+def fetch_all_urls(urls: list[str]) -> dict[str, str]:
+    with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=10) as executor:
+        future_to_url = {executor.submit(fetch_url, url): url for url in urls}
+        results = {}
+        for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(future_to_url):
+            url = future_to_url[future]
+            try:
+                results[url] = future.result()
+            except Exception as e:
+                results[url] = f"Error: {e}"
+    return results
+
+# Multiprocessing for CPU-bound tasks
+def process_all(datasets: list[list[int]]) -> list[int]:
+    with concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor() as executor:
+        return list(executor.map(process_data, datasets))
+```
+
+## Memory and Performance
+
+```python
+# Use __slots__ for memory efficiency in many-instance classes
+class Point:
+    __slots__ = ['x', 'y']
+    def __init__(self, x: float, y: float):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+# Use join instead of concatenation in loops
+result = "".join(str(item) for item in items)  # O(n)
+# NOT: result += str(item)  # O(n²)
+```
+
+## Anti-Patterns to Avoid
+
+```python
+# Bad: Mutable default arguments
+def append_to(item, items=[]):  # Shared across calls!
+    items.append(item)
+    return items
+# Good: Use None sentinel
+def append_to(item, items=None):
+    if items is None:
+        items = []
+    items.append(item)
+    return items
+
+# Bad: type(obj) == list  →  Good: isinstance(obj, list)
+# Bad: value == None       →  Good: value is None
+# Bad: from module import * →  Good: from module import specific_name
+# Bad: bare except:         →  Good: except SpecificError as e:
+```
+
+## Python Tooling
+
+```bash
+# Formatting and linting
+ruff check . && ruff format .
+mypy .
+
+# Testing with coverage
+pytest --cov=mypackage --cov-report=term-missing
+
+# Security scanning
+bandit -r .
+pip-audit
+```
+
+## Best Practices
+
+- Use `ruff` for linting and formatting
+- Use `mypy` with strict mode
+- Prefer `pathlib.Path` over `os.path`
+- Use dataclasses or Pydantic for data structures
+- Use `asyncio` for I/O-bound operations
+- Use `contextlib.asynccontextmanager` for async resources
+- Use Protocol classes for structural subtyping (duck typing)
+- Prefer generators over lists for large datasets
+- Follow import order: stdlib, third-party, local (use isort)