@buckeyestudio/omptype 18.4.13

package/src/type.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,4037 @@
+/**
+ * The public `type()` parser and `Type` schema surface — an ArkType-compatible
+ * validator with a lazy JIT:
+ *
+ * - calls 1-2 run the tree-walking interpreter (near-zero setup cost, so
+ *   schemas built per-request or validated once stay cheap)
+ * - the third call compiles a specialized validator via `new Function` and
+ *   swaps it in; hot schemas validate in tens of nanoseconds
+ *
+ * A schema is a callable: `schema(data)` returns the (possibly morphed)
+ * output, or an `OmpErrors` on failure (`result instanceof type.errors`).
+ */
+import { compile, compileAllows } from "./compile";
+import { type ErrorConfig, OmpErrors, OmpTypeError, TraversalError } from "./errors";
+import type { InferDef, InferDefIn, InferObjectLiteral, InferObjectLiteralIn, InferString } from "./infer";
+import { walk } from "./interp";
+import {
+	type AliasResolver,
+	type Constructor,
+	type Def,
+	distributeFilter,
+	type EmbeddableSchema,
+	embed,
+	expectedOf,
+	hasMorph,
+	type IR,
+	IR_BRAND,
+	isSimpleIR,
+	keyOf,
+	markThisOnlyResolver,
+	type PropIR,
+	parseDef,
+	type TupleIR,
+	useAssignability,
+} from "./ir";
+import { irToJsonSchema, type JsonSchemaOptions } from "./json-schema";
+import { keywordIR, patternIR } from "./keywords";
+
+// `Extract`/`Exclude` in the string DSL need assignability, which is defined here.
+useAssignability(isSubtype);
+
+export interface NarrowErrorInput {
+	readonly expected: string;
+	readonly actual?: unknown;
+	readonly path?: readonly PropertyKey[];
+	readonly relativePath?: readonly PropertyKey[];
+}
+
+/** Context passed to `.narrow()` / `.pipe()` callbacks. */
+export interface NarrowContext {
+	readonly path: readonly PropertyKey[];
+	error(error: string | NarrowErrorInput): OmpErrors;
+	mustBe(expectation: string): false;
+	reject(problem: string | NarrowErrorInput): OmpErrors | false;
+}
+
+/** Schema metadata and validation-message overrides accepted by `.configure()`. */
+export interface SchemaConfig extends ErrorConfig {
+	readonly description?: string;
+}
+
+/** Options accepted by `Type.toJsonSchema`. */
+export interface ToJsonSchemaOptions extends JsonSchemaOptions {}
+
+declare const brand: unique symbol;
+
+/** Inference-only nominal brand attached by `.brand(name)`. */
+export type Brand<t, name extends string> = t & { readonly [brand]: name };
+
+interface SchemaInference<out t, i = t> {
+	readonly [IR_BRAND]: true;
+	readonly infer: t;
+	readonly inferIn: i;
+}
+
+/** Property descriptor exposed by object schemas and consumed by `.map()`. */
+export interface TypeProperty {
+	readonly kind: "required" | "optional";
+	readonly key: PropertyKey;
+	readonly value: FluentType<unknown>;
+	readonly default?: unknown;
+	readonly meta: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>;
+}
+
+/** Structural node returned by `.select()`. */
+export interface SelectedNode {
+	readonly kind: string;
+	readonly node: IR;
+	readonly unit?: unknown;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Standard Schema V1 (https://standardschema.dev) — the cross-library
+ * validation interface consumed by tools like @t3-oss/env, tRPC, and
+ * Hono validators. Inlined per the spec's recommendation; no dependency.
+ */
+export interface StandardSchemaV1<Input = unknown, Output = Input> {
+	readonly "~standard": StandardSchemaV1.Props<Input, Output>;
+}
+
+export namespace StandardSchemaV1 {
+	export interface Props<Input = unknown, Output = Input> {
+		readonly version: 1;
+		readonly vendor: string;
+		readonly validate: (value: unknown) => Result<Output> | Promise<Result<Output>>;
+		readonly types?: Types<Input, Output> | undefined;
+		readonly jsonSchema: {
+			readonly input: (options: StandardJsonSchemaOptions) => Record<string, unknown>;
+			readonly output: (options: StandardJsonSchemaOptions) => Record<string, unknown>;
+		};
+	}
+	export type Result<Output> = SuccessResult<Output> | FailureResult;
+	export interface SuccessResult<Output> {
+		readonly value: Output;
+		readonly issues?: undefined;
+	}
+	export interface FailureResult {
+		readonly issues: readonly Issue[];
+	}
+	export interface Issue {
+		readonly message: string;
+		readonly path?: readonly PropertyKey[] | undefined;
+	}
+	export interface Types<Input = unknown, Output = Input> {
+		readonly input: Input;
+		readonly output: Output;
+	}
+}
+
+export interface StandardJsonSchemaOptions {
+	readonly target: "draft-2020-12" | "draft-07" | string;
+	readonly libraryOptions?: {
+		readonly dialect?: string | null;
+		readonly fallback?: JsonSchemaOptions["fallback"];
+	};
+}
+
+/** A compiled schema: callable validator plus composition methods. */
+export interface Type<out t = unknown, i = t> {
+	(data: unknown): t | OmpErrors;
+	readonly [IR_BRAND]: true;
+	/** Structural IR (base type; runtime steps live in `steps`). */
+	readonly ir: IR;
+	/** `.pipe()` / `.narrow()` steps applied after structural validation. */
+	readonly hasSteps: boolean;
+	readonly hasDefault: boolean;
+	readonly defaultValue?: unknown;
+	readonly description?: string;
+	/** Canonical ArkType-compatible expression for diagnostics. */
+	readonly expression: string;
+	/** Canonical structural node representation. */
+	readonly json: unknown;
+	/** Full validate+morph pipeline; identical to calling the schema. */
+	readonly run: (data: unknown) => unknown;
+	/** ArkType-compatible inference alias (type-only; undefined at runtime). */
+	readonly t: t;
+	/** Scope that parsed this schema (or the ambient Ark-compatible scope). */
+	readonly $: TypeScope | { readonly internal: { readonly name: "ark" } };
+
+	/** Inference-only output type (no runtime value). */
+	readonly infer: t;
+	/** Standalone validator for the schema's accepted input. */
+	readonly in: FluentType<i>;
+	/** Standalone validator for its known output, or `unknown` after an opaque morph. */
+	readonly out: FluentType<t>;
+	/** Inference-only input type (no runtime value). */
+	readonly inferIn: i;
+
+	/** Structural + narrow check without running pipes. */
+	allows(data: unknown): data is i;
+	/** Validate and return output, throwing `TraversalError` on failure. */
+	assert(data: unknown): t;
+	/** Validate a statically typed input and return its output. */
+	from(data: i): t;
+	/** JSON Schema for this schema's structural base. */
+	toJsonSchema(options?: ToJsonSchemaOptions): Record<string, unknown>;
+	/** Standard Schema V1 interop (synchronous validation). */
+	readonly "~standard": StandardSchemaV1.Props<i, t>;
+}
+
+type MergeTypes<left, right> = left extends object
+	? right extends object
+		? Omit<left, keyof right> & right
+		: right
+	: right;
+
+type SimplifyNary<t> = t extends object ? { [key in keyof t]: t[key] } : t;
+type UnionToIntersection<union> = (union extends unknown ? (value: union) => void : never) extends (
+	value: infer intersection,
+) => void
+	? intersection
+	: never;
+
+type NaryOrOutput<definitions extends readonly unknown[]> = InferDef<definitions[number]>;
+type NaryOrInput<definitions extends readonly unknown[]> = InferDefIn<definitions[number]>;
+type NaryAndOutput<definitions extends readonly unknown[]> = definitions extends readonly []
+	? unknown
+	: SimplifyNary<UnionToIntersection<InferDef<definitions[number]>>>;
+type NaryAndInput<definitions extends readonly unknown[]> = definitions extends readonly []
+	? unknown
+	: SimplifyNary<UnionToIntersection<InferDefIn<definitions[number]>>>;
+type ReduceNaryMergeOutput<definitions extends readonly unknown[], result = {}> = definitions extends readonly [
+	infer head,
+	...infer tail,
+]
+	? ReduceNaryMergeOutput<tail, SimplifyNary<MergeTypes<result, InferDef<head>>>>
+	: definitions extends readonly []
+		? result
+		: {};
+type ReduceNaryMergeInput<definitions extends readonly unknown[], result = {}> = definitions extends readonly [
+	infer head,
+	...infer tail,
+]
+	? ReduceNaryMergeInput<tail, SimplifyNary<MergeTypes<result, InferDefIn<head>>>>
+	: definitions extends readonly []
+		? result
+		: {};
+type NaryMergeOutput<definitions extends readonly unknown[]> = definitions extends readonly []
+	? object
+	: ReduceNaryMergeOutput<definitions>;
+type NaryMergeInput<definitions extends readonly unknown[]> = definitions extends readonly []
+	? object
+	: ReduceNaryMergeInput<definitions>;
+
+type PipeItemOutput<item> =
+	item extends SchemaInference<infer output, unknown>
+		? output
+		: item extends (data: never, ...arguments_: never[]) => infer output
+			? Exclude<output, OmpErrors>
+			: InferDef<item>;
+type NaryPipeOutput<items extends readonly unknown[]> = items extends readonly [...(readonly unknown[]), infer last]
+	? PipeItemOutput<last>
+	: unknown;
+type NaryPipeInput<items extends readonly unknown[]> = items extends readonly [infer first, ...(readonly unknown[])]
+	? first extends SchemaInference<unknown, infer input>
+		? input
+		: first extends (data: infer input, ...arguments_: never[]) => unknown
+			? input
+			: InferDefIn<first>
+	: unknown;
+
+interface FluentMethods<t, i> {
+	describe(description: string): FluentType<t, i>;
+	configure(config: SchemaConfig, selector?: "self" | ConfigureSelector): FluentType<t, i>;
+
+	default(value: i | (() => i)): FluentType<t, i | undefined>;
+	optional(): readonly [SchemaInference<t, i>, "?"];
+	or<r, ri>(def: SchemaInference<r, ri>): FluentType<t | r, i | ri>;
+	or<const def extends string>(def: def): FluentType<t | InferString<def>, i | InferString<def>>;
+	or<const def extends Record<string, unknown>>(
+		def: def,
+	): FluentType<t | InferObjectLiteral<def>, i | InferObjectLiteralIn<def>>;
+	or(def: Def): FluentType<unknown>;
+	and<r, ri>(def: SchemaInference<r, ri>): FluentType<t & r, i & ri>;
+	and<const def extends Record<string, unknown>>(
+		def: def,
+	): FluentType<t & InferObjectLiteral<def>, i & InferObjectLiteralIn<def>>;
+	and(def: Def): FluentType<unknown>;
+	equals(def: Def): boolean;
+	ifEquals(def: Def): FluentType<t, i> | undefined;
+	ifExtends(def: Def): FluentType<t, i> | undefined;
+	extends(def: Def): boolean;
+	overlaps(def: Def): boolean;
+	distribute<r>(
+		mapper: (branch: FluentType<unknown>) => SchemaInference<r>,
+		reducer?: (branches: readonly SchemaInference<r>[]) => SchemaInference<unknown>,
+	): FluentType<r>;
+	select(kind: string): readonly SelectedNode[];
+	array(): FluentType<t[], i[]>;
+	atLeastLength(bound: number): FluentType<t, i>;
+	atMostLength(bound: number): FluentType<t, i>;
+	moreThanLength(bound: number): FluentType<t, i>;
+	lessThanLength(bound: number): FluentType<t, i>;
+	exactlyLength(bound: number): FluentType<t, i>;
+	atLeast(bound: number): FluentType<t, i>;
+	atMost(bound: number): FluentType<t, i>;
+	moreThan(bound: number): FluentType<t, i>;
+	lessThan(bound: number): FluentType<t, i>;
+	divisibleBy(divisor: number): FluentType<t, i>;
+	positive(): FluentType<t, i>;
+	negative(): FluentType<t, i>;
+	nonNegative(): FluentType<t, i>;
+	nonPositive(): FluentType<t, i>;
+	matching(pattern: RegExp): FluentType<t, i>;
+	atOrAfter(bound: Date | number): FluentType<t, i>;
+	atOrBefore(bound: Date | number): FluentType<t, i>;
+	laterThan(bound: Date | number): FluentType<t, i>;
+	earlierThan(bound: Date | number): FluentType<t, i>;
+	readonly pipe: PipeMethod<t, i>;
+	to<const def>(def: def): FluentType<InferDef<def>, i>;
+	filter<narrowed extends i>(fn: (data: i, ctx: NarrowContext) => data is narrowed): FluentType<t, narrowed>;
+	filter(fn: (data: i, ctx: NarrowContext) => boolean | OmpErrors): FluentType<t, i>;
+	narrow<narrowed extends t>(fn: (data: t, ctx: NarrowContext) => data is narrowed): FluentType<narrowed, i>;
+	narrow(fn: (data: t, ctx: NarrowContext) => boolean | OmpErrors): FluentType<t, i>;
+	brand<const name extends string>(name: name): FluentType<Brand<t, name>, i>;
+	as<castTo>(): FluentType<castTo, i>;
+	readonly(): FluentType<Readonly<t>, i>;
+	extract<r, ri>(def: SchemaInference<r, ri>): FluentType<Extract<t, r>, Extract<i, ri>>;
+	extract<const def extends string>(def: def): FluentType<Extract<t, InferString<def>>, Extract<i, InferString<def>>>;
+	extract(def: Def): FluentType<unknown>;
+	exclude<r, ri>(def: SchemaInference<r, ri>): FluentType<Exclude<t, r>, Exclude<i, ri>>;
+	exclude<const def extends string>(def: def): FluentType<Exclude<t, InferString<def>>, Exclude<i, InferString<def>>>;
+	exclude(def: Def): FluentType<unknown>;
+	onUndeclaredKey(behavior: "ignore" | "reject" | "delete"): FluentType<t, i>;
+	onDeepUndeclaredKey(behavior: "ignore" | "reject" | "delete"): FluentType<t, i>;
+}
+
+interface PipeMethod<t, i> {
+	<r>(fn: (data: t, ctx: NarrowContext) => r): FluentType<Exclude<r, OmpErrors>, i>;
+	<r, ri>(schema: SchemaInference<r, ri>): FluentType<r, i>;
+	(...steps: readonly unknown[]): FluentType<unknown, i>;
+	readonly try: {
+		<r>(fn: (data: t, ctx: NarrowContext) => r): FluentType<Exclude<r, OmpErrors>, i>;
+		(...steps: readonly unknown[]): FluentType<unknown, i>;
+	};
+}
+
+type InputObject<i> = i extends object ? i : object;
+
+interface ObjectMethods<t extends object, i> {
+	readonly props: readonly TypeProperty[];
+	map(
+		mapper: (property: TypeProperty) => TypeProperty | readonly TypeProperty[],
+	): FluentType<Record<PropertyKey, unknown>>;
+	keyof(): FluentType<Extract<keyof t, PropertyKey>, Extract<keyof InputObject<i>, PropertyKey>>;
+	get<const path extends readonly PropertyKey[]>(...path: path): FluentType<unknown>;
+	pick<const keys extends readonly (keyof t)[]>(
+		...keys: keys
+	): FluentType<Pick<t, keys[number]>, Pick<InputObject<i>, Extract<keys[number], keyof InputObject<i>>>>;
+	omit<const keys extends readonly (keyof t)[]>(
+		...keys: keys
+	): FluentType<Omit<t, keys[number]>, Omit<InputObject<i>, Extract<keys[number], keyof InputObject<i>>>>;
+	partial(): FluentType<Partial<t>, Partial<InputObject<i>>>;
+	required(): FluentType<Required<t>, Required<InputObject<i>>>;
+	merge<r, ri>(def: SchemaInference<r, ri>): FluentType<MergeTypes<t, r>, MergeTypes<i, ri>>;
+	merge<const def extends Record<string, unknown>>(
+		def: def,
+	): FluentType<MergeTypes<t, InferObjectLiteral<def>>, MergeTypes<i, InferObjectLiteralIn<def>>>;
+	merge(def: Def): FluentType<unknown>;
+}
+
+type ObjectMethodsFor<t, i> = [t] extends [never]
+	? unknown
+	: [t] extends [readonly unknown[]]
+		? unknown
+		: [t] extends [object]
+			? ObjectMethods<t & object, i>
+			: unknown;
+/** Callable schema with fluent methods specialized to its output and input. */
+export type FluentType<t = unknown, i = t> = Type<t, i> & FluentMethods<t, i> & ObjectMethodsFor<t, i>;
+
+type FnDefinition = Def | SchemaInference<unknown, unknown>;
+
+/** Function returned by `type.fn`: arguments and an optional return are validated at every call. */
+export type TypedFunction<
+	parameters extends readonly unknown[] = readonly unknown[],
+	returns = unknown,
+	declaredReturns = returns,
+> = ((...arguments_: parameters) => returns) & {
+	readonly params: FluentType<parameters>;
+	readonly returns: FluentType<declaredReturns>;
+	readonly expression: string;
+	readonly raw: (...arguments_: parameters) => returns;
+};
+
+type InferFnDefinition<definition> =
+	definition extends SchemaInference<infer output, unknown> ? output : InferDef<definition>;
+
+type InferFnParameters<
+	definitions extends readonly unknown[],
+	accumulator extends readonly unknown[] = [],
+> = definitions extends readonly [infer head, ...infer tail]
+	? head extends ":"
+		? accumulator
+		: InferFnParameters<tail, readonly [...accumulator, InferFnDefinition<head>]>
+	: accumulator;
+
+type InferFnReturn<definitions extends readonly unknown[], inferred> = definitions extends readonly [
+	...(readonly unknown[]),
+	":",
+	infer returns,
+]
+	? InferFnDefinition<returns>
+	: inferred;
+
+type DeclaredFnReturn<definitions extends readonly unknown[]> = definitions extends readonly [
+	...(readonly unknown[]),
+	":",
+	infer returns,
+]
+	? InferFnDefinition<returns>
+	: unknown;
+
+type FnFactory<definitions extends readonly FnDefinition[]> = <result>(
+	implementation: (...arguments_: InferFnParameters<definitions>) => InferFnReturn<definitions, result>,
+) => TypedFunction<InferFnParameters<definitions>, InferFnReturn<definitions, result>, DeclaredFnReturn<definitions>>;
+
+/** Parses function parameter schemas and validates calls and declared returns. */
+export interface FnParser {
+	<const definitions extends readonly FnDefinition[]>(...definitions: definitions): FnFactory<definitions>;
+	raw<const definitions extends readonly FnDefinition[]>(...definitions: definitions): FnFactory<definitions>;
+}
+interface Step {
+	kind: "pipe" | "narrow" | "filter";
+	fn: (data: unknown, ctx: NarrowContext) => unknown;
+	/** Convert thrown callback exceptions into validation errors. */
+	try?: boolean;
+	/** Output IR when the step validates its output; drives public `.out`. */
+	out?: IR;
+}
+/** Runtime constructor-like value used by ArkType-compatible `instanceof Type` checks. */
+export const Type = Object.defineProperty(function Type(): void {}, Symbol.hasInstance, {
+	value: (value: unknown): boolean =>
+		(typeof value === "function" || (typeof value === "object" && value !== null)) && IR_BRAND in value,
+});
+
+interface TypeMeta {
+	description?: string;
+	defaultValue?: unknown;
+	hasDefault?: boolean;
+	defaultOutput?: unknown;
+	hasDefaultOutput?: boolean;
+	errorConfig?: ErrorConfig;
+	clone?: false | ((input: unknown) => unknown);
+}
+function descriptionOf(ir: IR, seen: Set<IR> = new Set()): string {
+	if (ir.desc !== undefined) return ir.desc;
+	if (seen.has(ir)) return ir.k === "alias" ? ir.name : expectedOf(ir);
+	seen.add(ir);
+	if (ir.k === "alias") return descriptionOf(ir.resolve(), seen);
+	if (ir.k === "object") {
+		return `{ ${ir.props.map(prop => `${String(prop.key)}${prop.opt ? "?" : ""}: ${descriptionOf(prop.val, seen)}`).join(", ")} }`;
+	}
+	return expectedOf(ir);
+}
+
+export interface ConfigureSelector {
+	readonly kind?: string;
+	readonly where?: (node: { readonly domain?: string; readonly kind: string }) => boolean;
+}
+
+function errorConfigOf(config: SchemaConfig): ErrorConfig {
+	return {
+		...(config.description === undefined || config.expected !== undefined ? {} : { expected: config.description }),
+		...(config.expected === undefined ? {} : { expected: config.expected }),
+		...(config.actual === undefined ? {} : { actual: config.actual }),
+		...(config.problem === undefined ? {} : { problem: config.problem }),
+		...(config.message === undefined ? {} : { message: config.message }),
+	};
+}
+
+function configureNode(ir: IR, config: SchemaConfig): IR {
+	return {
+		...ir,
+		cfg: { ...ir.cfg, ...errorConfigOf(config) },
+		...(config.description === undefined ? {} : { desc: config.description }),
+	};
+}
+
+function configureSelected(ir: IR, config: SchemaConfig, selector: ConfigureSelector): IR {
+	const domain =
+		ir.k === "string" || ir.k === "number" || ir.k === "boolean" || ir.k === "bigint" || ir.k === "symbol"
+			? ir.k
+			: ir.k === "object" || ir.k === "array" || ir.k === "tuple" || ir.k === "instance" || ir.k === "anyobject"
+				? "object"
+				: undefined;
+	const kind = ir.k === "number" && ir.divisor !== undefined ? "divisor" : "domain";
+	if (
+		(selector.kind === undefined || selector.kind === kind) &&
+		(selector.where === undefined || selector.where({ kind, domain }))
+	) {
+		return configureNode(ir, config);
+	}
+	switch (ir.k) {
+		case "array":
+			return { ...ir, el: configureSelected(ir.el, config, selector) };
+		case "tuple":
+			return {
+				...ir,
+				prefix: ir.prefix.map(item => ({ ...item, val: configureSelected(item.val, config, selector) })),
+				...(ir.variadic === undefined ? {} : { variadic: configureSelected(ir.variadic, config, selector) }),
+				postfix: ir.postfix.map(item => configureSelected(item, config, selector)),
+			};
+		case "object":
+			return {
+				...ir,
+				props: ir.props.map(prop => ({ ...prop, val: configureSelected(prop.val, config, selector) })),
+				...(ir.index === undefined ? {} : { index: configureSelected(ir.index, config, selector) }),
+				symbolIndex: ir.symbolIndex === undefined ? undefined : configureSelected(ir.symbolIndex, config, selector),
+				patternIndexes: ir.patternIndexes?.map(index => ({
+					key: configureSelected(index.key, config, selector),
+					val: configureSelected(index.val, config, selector),
+				})),
+			};
+		case "union":
+		case "intersection":
+			return { ...ir, members: ir.members.map(member => configureSelected(member, config, selector)) };
+		case "refine":
+			return { ...ir, base: configureSelected(ir.base, config, selector) };
+		case "morph":
+			return {
+				...ir,
+				input: configureSelected(ir.input, config, selector),
+				...(ir.out === undefined ? {} : { out: configureSelected(ir.out, config, selector) }),
+			};
+		default:
+			return ir;
+	}
+}
+
+class Ctx implements NarrowContext {
+	expectation: string | undefined;
+	errors: OmpErrors | undefined;
+	readonly path: readonly PropertyKey[];
+	#data: unknown;
+
+	constructor(data: unknown, path: readonly PropertyKey[] = []) {
+		this.#data = data;
+		this.path = path.map(key => (typeof key === "symbol" ? String(key) : key));
+	}
+
+	error(input: string | NarrowErrorInput): OmpErrors {
+		const detail = typeof input === "string" ? { expected: input } : input;
+		const error = OmpErrors.single([...(detail.path ?? detail.relativePath ?? [])], detail.expected, this.#data, {
+			preserveActual: true,
+			...(Object.hasOwn(detail, "actual") ? { actual: String(detail.actual) } : {}),
+		});
+		if (this.errors) this.errors.append(error);
+		else this.errors = error;
+		return error;
+	}
+
+	mustBe(expectation: string): false {
+		this.expectation = expectation;
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	reject(input: string | NarrowErrorInput): OmpErrors | false {
+		if (typeof input === "string") {
+			this.expectation = input;
+			return false;
+		}
+		this.error(input);
+		return false;
+	}
+}
+
+type Validator = (data: unknown, path?: readonly PropertyKey[]) => unknown;
+type Allows = (data: unknown) => data is unknown;
+
+const kBase = Symbol("omptype.base");
+const kSteps = Symbol("omptype.steps");
+
+const EMPTY_STEPS: Step[] = [];
+const EMPTY_META: TypeMeta = {};
+const ARK_COMPAT_SCOPE = Object.freeze({ internal: Object.freeze({ name: "ark" as const }) });
+
+interface InternalType
+	extends
+		Type<unknown, unknown>,
+		FluentMethods<unknown, unknown>,
+		ObjectMethods<Record<PropertyKey, unknown>, unknown> {
+	(data: unknown): unknown;
+	[IR_BRAND]: true;
+	[kBase]: Validator;
+	[kSteps]: Step[];
+	clone?: false | ((input: unknown) => unknown);
+	allows: Allows;
+	ir: IR;
+	hasSteps: boolean;
+	hasDefault: boolean;
+	/** Output IR of the last `.to(target)` step, when any. */
+	stepOut?: IR;
+	/** True when the last pipe step is bare — output shape statically unknown. */
+	opaqueOutput?: boolean;
+	defaultValue?: unknown;
+	defaultOutput?: unknown;
+	hasDefaultOutput?: boolean;
+	description?: string;
+	errorConfig?: ErrorConfig;
+	$: typeof ARK_COMPAT_SCOPE;
+	resolver?: AliasResolver;
+	run: Validator;
+}
+
+/** Calls before the JIT compiles a schema (first two run the interpreter). */
+const JIT_THRESHOLD = 3;
+
+function metaOf(schema: InternalType): TypeMeta {
+	return {
+		description: schema.description,
+		defaultValue: schema.defaultValue,
+		hasDefault: schema.hasDefault,
+		defaultOutput: schema.defaultOutput,
+		hasDefaultOutput: schema.hasDefaultOutput,
+		errorConfig: schema.errorConfig,
+		clone: schema.clone,
+	};
+}
+function inheritScope(source: InternalType, target: InternalType): InternalType {
+	if (source.resolver === undefined) return target;
+	target.resolver = source.resolver;
+	Reflect.set(target, "$", source.$);
+	return target;
+}
+function invalidDefault(label: string, errors: OmpErrors): never {
+	const error = errors[0];
+	let heading = label;
+	for (let index = 0; index < error.path.length; index++) {
+		const segment = error.path[index];
+		if (typeof segment === "number") {
+			if (label === "Default" && index === 0) heading = "Default value";
+			heading += ` at [${segment}]`;
+		} else if (label === "Default" && index === 0) {
+			heading += ` ${String(segment)}`;
+		} else {
+			heading += `.${String(segment)}`;
+		}
+	}
+	throw new OmpTypeError(`ParseError: ${heading} ${error.problem}`);
+}
+
+function rejectMutableStaticDefault(value: unknown): void {
+	if (value !== null && typeof value === "object" && !(value instanceof Date)) {
+		throw new OmpTypeError("ParseError: A mutable default value must be specified as a factory");
+	}
+}
+
+function normalizeDefaults(ir: IR, seen = new WeakSet<object>()): void {
+	if (seen.has(ir)) return;
+	seen.add(ir);
+	switch (ir.k) {
+		case "object":
+			for (const prop of ir.props) {
+				normalizeDefaults(prop.val, seen);
+				if (!prop.hasDefault || prop.defValidated) continue;
+				let candidate: unknown;
+				let factory = false;
+				if (prop.defFactory && typeof prop.def === "function") {
+					candidate = prop.def();
+					factory = true;
+				} else {
+					rejectMutableStaticDefault(prop.def);
+					candidate = prop.def;
+				}
+				const output = walk(prop.val, candidate);
+				if (output instanceof OmpErrors) invalidDefault(`Default for ${String(prop.key)}`, output);
+				if (!factory) prop.def = output;
+				prop.defValidated = true;
+			}
+			if (ir.index) normalizeDefaults(ir.index, seen);
+			if (ir.symbolIndex) normalizeDefaults(ir.symbolIndex, seen);
+			if (ir.patternIndexes) {
+				for (const index of ir.patternIndexes) {
+					normalizeDefaults(index.key, seen);
+					normalizeDefaults(index.val, seen);
+				}
+			}
+			return;
+		case "tuple":
+			for (let index = 0; index < ir.prefix.length; index++) {
+				const item = ir.prefix[index];
+				normalizeDefaults(item.val, seen);
+				if (!item.hasDefault || item.defValidated) continue;
+				let candidate: unknown;
+				let factory = false;
+				if (item.defFactory && typeof item.def === "function") {
+					candidate = item.def();
+					factory = true;
+				} else {
+					rejectMutableStaticDefault(item.def);
+					candidate = item.def;
+				}
+				const output = walk(item.val, candidate);
+				if (output instanceof OmpErrors) invalidDefault(`Default for [${index}]`, output);
+				if (!factory) item.def = output;
+				item.defValidated = true;
+			}
+			if (ir.variadic) normalizeDefaults(ir.variadic, seen);
+			for (const item of ir.postfix) normalizeDefaults(item, seen);
+			return;
+		case "array":
+			normalizeDefaults(ir.el, seen);
+			return;
+		case "union":
+		case "intersection":
+			for (const member of ir.members) normalizeDefaults(member, seen);
+			return;
+		case "refine":
+			normalizeDefaults(ir.base, seen);
+			return;
+		case "morph":
+			normalizeDefaults(ir.input, seen);
+			if (ir.out) normalizeDefaults(ir.out, seen);
+			return;
+		default:
+			return;
+	}
+}
+
+/** Emitted for `io: 'output'` when a bare pipe makes the output unknowable. */
+const OPAQUE_OUTPUT_IR: IR = { k: "unknown" };
+const typeMethods = {
+	describe(this: InternalType, description: string): InternalType {
+		const ir = { ...this.ir, desc: description, cfg: { ...this.ir.cfg, expected: description } };
+		return makeType(ir, this[kSteps], { ...metaOf(this), description });
+	},
+
+	configure(this: InternalType, config: SchemaConfig, selector: "self" | ConfigureSelector = "self"): InternalType {
+		const selected =
+			selector === "self" ? configureNode(this.ir, config) : configureSelected(this.ir, config, selector);
+		return makeType(selected, this[kSteps], {
+			...metaOf(this),
+			errorConfig: { ...this.errorConfig, ...errorConfigOf(config) },
+			...(config.description === undefined ? {} : { description: config.description }),
+		});
+	},
+
+	default(this: InternalType, value: unknown): InternalType {
+		const factory = typeof value === "function";
+		if (!factory) rejectMutableStaticDefault(value);
+		const candidate = factory ? value() : value;
+		const output = this.run(candidate);
+		if (output instanceof OmpErrors) invalidDefault("Default", output);
+		return makeType(this.ir, this[kSteps], {
+			...metaOf(this),
+			defaultValue: value,
+			hasDefault: true,
+			...(factory ? {} : { defaultOutput: output, hasDefaultOutput: true }),
+		});
+	},
+
+	optional(this: InternalType): readonly [InternalType, "?"] {
+		return [this, "?"];
+	},
+
+	or(this: InternalType, def: Def): InternalType {
+		const other = parseDef(def, this.resolver);
+		const a = embed(this);
+		const members = [...(a.k === "union" ? a.members : [a]), ...(other.k === "union" ? other.members : [other])];
+		return inheritScope(this, makeType({ k: "union", members }, [], {}));
+	},
+
+	equals(this: InternalType, def: Def): boolean {
+		return irEquals(embed(this), parseDef(def, this.resolver));
+	},
+
+	ifEquals(this: InternalType, def: Def): InternalType | undefined {
+		return irEquals(embed(this), parseDef(def, this.resolver)) ? this : undefined;
+	},
+
+	ifExtends(this: InternalType, def: Def): InternalType | undefined {
+		return isSubtype(embed(this), parseDef(def, this.resolver)) ? this : undefined;
+	},
+
+	extends(this: InternalType, def: Def): boolean {
+		return isSubtype(embed(this), parseDef(def, this.resolver));
+	},
+
+	overlaps(this: InternalType, def: Def): boolean {
+		try {
+			intersect(embed(this), parseDef(def, this.resolver));
+			return true;
+		} catch (error) {
+			if (error instanceof OmpTypeError) return false;
+			throw error;
+		}
+	},
+
+	distribute(
+		this: InternalType,
+		mapper: (branch: BaseType) => InternalType,
+		reducer?: (branches: readonly InternalType[]) => InternalType,
+	): InternalType {
+		const branches = this.ir.k === "union" ? this.ir.members : [embed(this)];
+		const mapped = branches.map(branch => mapper(makeType(branch, [], {}) as unknown as BaseType));
+		if (reducer !== undefined) return reducer(mapped);
+		const members = mapped.map(branch => embed(branch));
+		return makeType(members.length === 1 ? members[0] : { k: "union", members }, [], {});
+	},
+
+	select(this: InternalType, kind: string): readonly SelectedNode[] {
+		return selectNodes(this.ir, kind);
+	},
+
+	and(this: InternalType, def: Def): InternalType {
+		return inheritScope(this, makeType(intersect(embed(this), parseDef(def, this.resolver)), [], {}));
+	},
+
+	array(this: InternalType): InternalType {
+		return inheritScope(this, makeType({ k: "array", el: embed(this) }, [], {}));
+	},
+
+	atLeastLength(this: InternalType, bound: number): InternalType {
+		return makeType(withLengthBound(this.ir, "min", bound), this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+	},
+
+	atMostLength(this: InternalType, bound: number): InternalType {
+		return makeType(withLengthBound(this.ir, "max", bound), this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+	},
+
+	moreThanLength(this: InternalType, bound: number): InternalType {
+		return makeType(withLengthBound(this.ir, "min", bound + 1), this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+	},
+
+	lessThanLength(this: InternalType, bound: number): InternalType {
+		return makeType(withLengthBound(this.ir, "max", bound - 1), this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+	},
+
+	exactlyLength(this: InternalType, bound: number): InternalType {
+		const bounded = withLengthBound(withLengthBound(this.ir, "min", bound), "max", bound);
+		return makeType(bounded, this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+	},
+
+	atLeast(this: InternalType, bound: number): InternalType {
+		return makeType(withNumericBound(this.ir, "min", bound), this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+	},
+
+	atMost(this: InternalType, bound: number): InternalType {
+		return makeType(withNumericBound(this.ir, "max", bound), this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+	},
+
+	moreThan(this: InternalType, bound: number): InternalType {
+		return makeType(withNumericBound(this.ir, "min", bound, true), this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+	},
+
+	lessThan(this: InternalType, bound: number): InternalType {
+		return makeType(withNumericBound(this.ir, "max", bound, true), this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+	},
+
+	divisibleBy(this: InternalType, divisor: number): InternalType {
+		if (this.ir.k !== "number") throw new OmpTypeError(`cannot apply divisibility to ${this.ir.k}`);
+		if (!Number.isFinite(divisor) || divisor === 0) throw new OmpTypeError("divisor must be non-zero");
+		return makeType({ ...this.ir, divisor }, this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+	},
+
+	positive(this: InternalType): InternalType {
+		return makeType(withNumericBound(this.ir, "min", 0, true), this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+	},
+
+	negative(this: InternalType): InternalType {
+		return makeType(withNumericBound(this.ir, "max", 0, true), this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+	},
+
+	nonNegative(this: InternalType): InternalType {
+		return makeType(withNumericBound(this.ir, "min", 0), this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+	},
+
+	nonPositive(this: InternalType): InternalType {
+		return makeType(withNumericBound(this.ir, "max", 0), this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+	},
+
+	matching(this: InternalType, pattern: RegExp): InternalType {
+		return makeType(intersect(this.ir, patternIR(pattern)), this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+	},
+
+	atOrAfter(this: InternalType, bound: Date | number): InternalType {
+		const timestamp = bound instanceof Date ? bound.valueOf() : bound;
+		return dateRefinement(this, timestamp, "at or after", value => value >= timestamp);
+	},
+
+	atOrBefore(this: InternalType, bound: Date | number): InternalType {
+		const timestamp = bound instanceof Date ? bound.valueOf() : bound;
+		return dateRefinement(this, timestamp, "at or before", value => value <= timestamp);
+	},
+
+	laterThan(this: InternalType, bound: Date | number): InternalType {
+		const timestamp = bound instanceof Date ? bound.valueOf() : bound;
+		return dateRefinement(this, timestamp, "later than", value => value > timestamp);
+	},
+
+	earlierThan(this: InternalType, bound: Date | number): InternalType {
+		const timestamp = bound instanceof Date ? bound.valueOf() : bound;
+		return dateRefinement(this, timestamp, "earlier than", value => value < timestamp);
+	},
+
+	pipe(this: InternalType, ...pipes: readonly unknown[]): InternalType {
+		return appendPipes(this, pipes, false);
+	},
+
+	to(this: InternalType, def: unknown): InternalType {
+		return appendPipes(this, [makeType(parseDef(def, this.resolver), [], {})], false, true);
+	},
+
+	filter(this: InternalType, fn: Step["fn"]): InternalType {
+		return makeType(this.ir, [{ kind: "filter", fn }, ...this[kSteps]], metaOf(this));
+	},
+
+	narrow(this: InternalType, fn: Step["fn"]): InternalType {
+		return makeType(this.ir, [...this[kSteps], { kind: "narrow", fn }], metaOf(this));
+	},
+
+	brand(this: InternalType): InternalType {
+		return this;
+	},
+
+	as(this: InternalType): InternalType {
+		return this;
+	},
+
+	readonly(this: InternalType): InternalType {
+		return this;
+	},
+
+	keyof(this: InternalType): InternalType {
+		return makeType(keyOf(this.ir), [], {});
+	},
+
+	get(this: InternalType, ...path: PropertyKey[]): InternalType {
+		if (path.length === 0) return this;
+		let result = this.ir;
+		for (const key of path) result = getPathIR(result, key);
+		return makeType(result, [], {});
+	},
+
+	pick(this: InternalType, ...keys: PropertyKey[]): InternalType {
+		return makeType(selectObjectProps(this.ir, keys, true, "pick"), [], {});
+	},
+
+	omit(this: InternalType, ...keys: PropertyKey[]): InternalType {
+		return makeType(selectObjectProps(this.ir, keys, false, "omit"), [], {});
+	},
+
+	partial(this: InternalType): InternalType {
+		return makeType(setObjectOptionality(this.ir, true, "partial"), [], {});
+	},
+
+	required(this: InternalType): InternalType {
+		return makeType(setObjectOptionality(this.ir, false, "required"), [], {});
+	},
+
+	map(this: InternalType, mapper: (property: TypeProperty) => TypeProperty | readonly TypeProperty[]): InternalType {
+		const object = requireObject(this.ir, "map");
+		const props = object.props.flatMap(prop => {
+			const original = propertyFromIR(prop);
+			const mapped = mapper(original);
+			return (Array.isArray(mapped) ? mapped : [mapped]).map(property =>
+				propertyToIR(
+					(property.kind === "required" || property.kind === "optional"
+						? property
+						: { ...property, kind: original.kind }) as TypeProperty,
+				),
+			);
+		});
+		return makeType({ ...object, props }, [], {});
+	},
+
+	merge(this: InternalType, def: unknown): InternalType {
+		const merged = mergeObjectDefinition(this.ir, def, this.resolver);
+		return inheritScope(this, makeType(merged, [], {}));
+	},
+
+	extract(this: InternalType, def: unknown): InternalType {
+		return inheritScope(this, makeType(distributeFilter(this.ir, parseDef(def, this.resolver), true), [], {}));
+	},
+
+	exclude(this: InternalType, def: unknown): InternalType {
+		return inheritScope(this, makeType(distributeFilter(this.ir, parseDef(def, this.resolver), false), [], {}));
+	},
+
+	onUndeclaredKey(this: InternalType, behavior: "ignore" | "reject" | "delete"): InternalType {
+		const extras = behavior === "ignore" ? "keep" : behavior;
+		const ir = withShallowExtras(this.ir, extras);
+		if (extras === "delete" && ir.k === "union") {
+			const objects = ir.members.filter((member): member is ObjectIR => member.k === "object");
+			for (let left = 0; left < objects.length; left++) {
+				for (let right = left + 1; right < objects.length; right++) {
+					const sharedRequired = objects[left].props.some(
+						leftProp =>
+							!leftProp.opt &&
+							objects[right].props.some(rightProp => !rightProp.opt && rightProp.key === leftProp.key),
+					);
+					if (!sharedRequired) {
+						const leftExpression = expressionOf(objects[left]).replace(/ }$/, ", + (undeclared): delete }");
+						const rightExpression = expressionOf(objects[right]).replace(/ }$/, ", + (undeclared): delete }");
+						throw new OmpTypeError(
+							`ParseError: An unordered union of a type including a morph and a type with overlapping input is indeterminate:\nLeft: ${leftExpression}\nRight: ${rightExpression}`,
+						);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return makeType(ir, this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+	},
+
+	onDeepUndeclaredKey(this: InternalType, behavior: "ignore" | "reject" | "delete"): InternalType {
+		return makeType(withDeepExtras(this.ir, behavior === "ignore" ? "keep" : behavior), this[kSteps], metaOf(this));
+	},
+
+	allows(this: InternalType, data: unknown): data is unknown {
+		const steps = this[kSteps];
+		let needsPredicates = false;
+		for (const step of steps) {
+			if (step.kind !== "pipe") {
+				needsPredicates = true;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		if (!needsPredicates) {
+			const allows = compileAllows(this.ir);
+			// Shadow the shared dispatcher once this schema has its specialized check.
+			this.allows = allows;
+			return allows(data);
+		}
+		for (const step of steps) {
+			if (step.kind === "filter" && !step.fn(data, new Ctx(data))) return false;
+		}
+		const out = this[kBase](data);
+		if (out instanceof OmpErrors) return false;
+		for (const step of steps) {
+			if (step.kind === "narrow" && !step.fn(out, new Ctx(out))) return false;
+		}
+		return true;
+	},
+
+	assert(this: InternalType, data: unknown): unknown {
+		const out = this.run(data);
+		if (out instanceof OmpErrors) throw new TraversalError(out);
+		return out;
+	},
+
+	from(this: InternalType, data: unknown): unknown {
+		const out = this.run(data);
+		if (out instanceof OmpErrors) throw new TraversalError(out);
+		return out;
+	},
+
+	toJsonSchema(this: InternalType, options?: ToJsonSchemaOptions): Record<string, unknown> {
+		const ir =
+			options?.io === "output" ? (this.opaqueOutput ? OPAQUE_OUTPUT_IR : (this.stepOut ?? this.ir)) : this.ir;
+		const description = options?.description ?? this.ir.desc;
+		if (description === undefined) return irToJsonSchema(ir, options);
+		return irToJsonSchema(ir, { ...options, description });
+	},
+};
+
+Object.defineProperty(typeMethods, "expression", {
+	get(this: InternalType): string {
+		const input = expressionOf(this.ir);
+		if (!this.hasSteps) return input;
+		if (this.opaqueOutput) return `(In: ${input}) => Out<unknown>`;
+		return `(In: ${input}) => To<${expressionOf(this.stepOut ?? this.ir)}>`;
+	},
+});
+
+Object.defineProperty(typeMethods, "json", {
+	get(this: InternalType): unknown {
+		return arkJsonOf(this.ir);
+	},
+});
+
+Object.defineProperty(typeMethods, "props", {
+	get(this: InternalType): readonly TypeProperty[] {
+		const object = requireObject(this.ir, "props");
+		return object.props.map(prop => propertyFromIR(prop));
+	},
+});
+
+Object.defineProperty(typeMethods, "~standard", {
+	get(this: InternalType): StandardSchemaV1.Props {
+		const jsonSchema = (io: "input" | "output", options: StandardJsonSchemaOptions) => {
+			if (options.target !== "draft-2020-12" && options.target !== "draft-07") {
+				throw new OmpTypeError(
+					`JSONSchema target '${options.target}' is not supported (must be "draft-2020-12" or "draft-07")`,
+				);
+			}
+			return this.toJsonSchema({ ...options.libraryOptions, target: options.target, io });
+		};
+		return {
+			version: 1,
+			vendor: "omptype",
+			validate: (value: unknown): StandardSchemaV1.Result<unknown> => {
+				const out = this.run(value);
+				return out instanceof OmpErrors
+					? { issues: out as unknown as readonly StandardSchemaV1.Issue[] }
+					: { value: out };
+			},
+			jsonSchema: {
+				input: options => jsonSchema("input", options),
+				output: options => jsonSchema("output", options),
+			},
+		};
+	},
+});
+
+Object.defineProperty(typeMethods, "in", {
+	get(this: InternalType): InternalType {
+		return makeType(projectIO(this.ir, "in"), [], {});
+	},
+});
+
+Object.defineProperty(typeMethods, "out", {
+	get(this: InternalType): InternalType {
+		if (this.opaqueOutput) return makeType({ k: "unknown" }, [], {});
+		return makeType(projectIO(this.stepOut ?? this.ir, "out"), [], {});
+	},
+});
+
+const allowsMethod = typeMethods.allows;
+const assertMethod = typeMethods.assert;
+const fromMethod = typeMethods.from;
+Object.defineProperties(typeMethods, {
+	description: {
+		get(this: InternalType): string {
+			return descriptionOf(this.ir);
+		},
+	},
+	allows: {
+		get(this: InternalType): Allows {
+			const allows = (data: unknown): data is unknown => allowsMethod.call(this, data);
+			Object.defineProperty(this, "allows", { value: allows, writable: true });
+			return allows;
+		},
+	},
+	assert: {
+		get(this: InternalType): Validator {
+			const assert = assertMethod.bind(this);
+			Object.defineProperty(this, "assert", { value: assert });
+			return assert;
+		},
+	},
+	from: {
+		get(this: InternalType): Validator {
+			const from = fromMethod.bind(this);
+			Object.defineProperty(this, "from", { value: from });
+			return from;
+		},
+	},
+	pipe: {
+		get(this: InternalType) {
+			const pipe = Object.assign((...pipes: readonly unknown[]): InternalType => appendPipes(this, pipes, false), {
+				try: (...pipes: readonly unknown[]): InternalType => appendPipes(this, pipes, true),
+			});
+			Object.defineProperty(this, "pipe", { value: pipe });
+			return pipe;
+		},
+	},
+});
+
+// Share the fluent surface without per-schema method allocations or copies.
+// Function.prototype remains in the chain, except bind is intentionally hidden
+// so generic tool wrappers recognize callable schemas rather than rebinding them.
+Object.setPrototypeOf(typeMethods, Function.prototype);
+Object.defineProperty(typeMethods, "bind", { value: undefined });
+
+function makeType(ir: IR, steps: Step[], meta: TypeMeta): InternalType;
+function makeType<t = unknown, i = t>(ir: IR, steps: Step[], meta: TypeMeta): FluentType<t, i>;
+function makeType(ir: IR, steps: Step[], meta: TypeMeta): unknown {
+	let morph = false;
+	if (!isSimpleIR(ir)) {
+		ir = normalizeIR(ir);
+		morph = hasMorph(ir);
+		if (morph) {
+			normalizeDefaults(ir);
+			assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir);
+		}
+	}
+	let calls = 0;
+	let impl: Validator = (data: unknown): unknown => {
+		if (++calls >= JIT_THRESHOLD) {
+			impl = compile(ir);
+			return impl(data);
+		}
+		return walk(ir, data);
+	};
+
+	const base: Validator = (data: unknown): unknown => impl(data);
+	const errorConfig = meta.errorConfig ?? ir.cfg;
+
+	const filterInput = steps.some(step => step.kind === "filter") ? projectIO(ir, "in") : undefined;
+	const validate: Validator =
+		steps.length === 0
+			? base
+			: (data: unknown, contextPath: readonly PropertyKey[] = []): unknown => {
+					if (filterInput !== undefined) {
+						const inputResult = walk(filterInput, data);
+						if (inputResult instanceof OmpErrors) return inputResult;
+					}
+					for (const step of steps) {
+						if (step.kind !== "filter") continue;
+						const ctx = new Ctx(data, contextPath);
+						const result = step.fn(data, ctx);
+						if (result instanceof OmpErrors)
+							return errorConfig === undefined ? result : result.configure(errorConfig);
+						if (ctx.errors) return errorConfig === undefined ? ctx.errors : ctx.errors.configure(errorConfig);
+						if (!result) {
+							return OmpErrors.single(
+								[],
+								ctx.expectation ??
+									(step.fn.name ? `valid according to ${step.fn.name}` : "valid (input predicate failed)"),
+								data,
+								errorConfig,
+							);
+						}
+					}
+					let out = base(data);
+					if (out instanceof OmpErrors) return out;
+					for (const step of steps) {
+						if (step.kind === "filter") continue;
+						const ctx = new Ctx(out, contextPath);
+						if (step.kind === "narrow") {
+							const result = step.fn(out, ctx);
+							if (result instanceof OmpErrors) {
+								return errorConfig === undefined ? result : result.configure(errorConfig);
+							}
+							if (ctx.errors) return errorConfig === undefined ? ctx.errors : ctx.errors.configure(errorConfig);
+							if (!result) {
+								return OmpErrors.single(
+									[],
+									ctx.expectation ??
+										(step.fn.name ? `valid according to ${step.fn.name}` : "valid (narrow predicate failed)"),
+									out,
+									errorConfig,
+								);
+							}
+						} else {
+							try {
+								out = step.fn(out, ctx);
+							} catch (error) {
+								if (!step.try) throw error;
+								const detail = error instanceof Error ? `${error.name}: ${error.message}` : String(error);
+								return OmpErrors.single([], `valid (morph threw ${detail})`, out, errorConfig);
+							}
+							if (out instanceof OmpErrors) {
+								return errorConfig === undefined ? out : out.configure(errorConfig);
+							}
+						}
+					}
+					return out;
+				};
+	const needsClone = morph || steps.some(step => step.kind === "pipe");
+	const clone = meta.clone;
+	let callable: Validator = validate;
+	if (needsClone && clone !== undefined) {
+		if (clone === false) {
+			callable = (data: unknown, path?: readonly PropertyKey[]): unknown => {
+				const out = validate(data, path);
+				if (
+					out instanceof OmpErrors ||
+					out === data ||
+					typeof data !== "object" ||
+					data === null ||
+					typeof out !== "object" ||
+					out === null
+				) {
+					return out;
+				}
+				if (Array.isArray(data) && Array.isArray(out)) {
+					data.splice(0, data.length, ...out);
+				} else {
+					const target = data as Record<PropertyKey, unknown>;
+					const source = out as Record<PropertyKey, unknown>;
+					for (const key of Reflect.ownKeys(target)) {
+						if (!Object.hasOwn(source, key)) Reflect.deleteProperty(target, key);
+					}
+					for (const key of Reflect.ownKeys(source)) target[key] = source[key];
+				}
+				return data;
+			};
+		} else {
+			callable = (data: unknown, path?: readonly PropertyKey[]): unknown => validate(clone(data), path);
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Root defaults materialize for absent input: `schema(undefined)` and the
+	// Standard Schema boundary (`~standard.validate(undefined)`) both yield the
+	// default instead of a base-IR rejection. Factories run per call; static
+	// defaults reuse the precomputed validated output (mutable statics are
+	// rejected at `.default()` time).
+	if (meta.hasDefault === true) {
+		const inner = callable;
+		const value = meta.defaultValue;
+		callable = (data: unknown, path?: readonly PropertyKey[]): unknown => {
+			if (data !== undefined) return inner(data, path);
+			if (meta.hasDefaultOutput === true) return meta.defaultOutput;
+			return inner(typeof value === "function" ? (value as () => unknown)() : value, path);
+		};
+	}
+
+	const self = callable as InternalType;
+	self[IR_BRAND] = true;
+	self[kBase] = base;
+	self[kSteps] = steps;
+	self.ir = ir;
+	self.hasSteps = steps.length > 0;
+	self.hasDefault = meta.hasDefault === true;
+	self.defaultValue = meta.defaultValue;
+	self.defaultOutput = meta.defaultOutput;
+	self.hasDefaultOutput = meta.hasDefaultOutput === true;
+	self.errorConfig = meta.errorConfig ?? ir.cfg;
+	self.clone = meta.clone;
+	self.run = callable;
+	self.$ = ARK_COMPAT_SCOPE;
+	for (let i = steps.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+		const step = steps[i];
+		if (step.kind !== "pipe") continue;
+		self.stepOut = step.out;
+		self.opaqueOutput = step.out === undefined;
+		break;
+	}
+	Object.setPrototypeOf(self, typeMethods);
+	return self;
+}
+
+function appendPipes(
+	source: InternalType,
+	pipes: readonly unknown[],
+	catchErrors: boolean,
+	forcePipeline = false,
+): InternalType {
+	let schema = source;
+	for (const candidate of pipes) {
+		const isSchema =
+			(typeof candidate === "function" || (typeof candidate === "object" && candidate !== null)) &&
+			IR_BRAND in candidate;
+		if (isSchema) {
+			const target = candidate as InternalType;
+			if (
+				!forcePipeline &&
+				schema[kSteps].length === 0 &&
+				!target.hasSteps &&
+				!hasMorph(schema.ir) &&
+				!hasMorph(target.ir)
+			) {
+				schema = makeType(intersect(schema.ir, target.ir), [], metaOf(schema));
+				continue;
+			}
+			const out = target.opaqueOutput ? undefined : (target.stepOut ?? target.ir);
+			schema = makeType(
+				schema.ir,
+				[...schema[kSteps], { kind: "pipe", fn: value => target.run(value), out, try: catchErrors }],
+				metaOf(schema),
+			);
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (typeof candidate !== "function") throw new OmpTypeError("pipe operands must be functions or Types");
+		schema = makeType(
+			schema.ir,
+			[...schema[kSteps], { kind: "pipe", fn: candidate as Step["fn"], try: catchErrors }],
+			metaOf(schema),
+		);
+	}
+	return inheritScope(source, schema);
+}
+
+function projectIO(ir: IR, io: "in" | "out"): IR {
+	switch (ir.k) {
+		case "morph":
+			return projectIO(io === "in" || ir.out === undefined ? ir.input : ir.out, io);
+		case "sub":
+			if (io === "out" && ir.schema.opaqueOutput) return { k: "unknown" };
+			return projectIO(io === "out" ? (ir.schema.stepOut ?? ir.schema.ir) : ir.schema.ir, io);
+		case "array":
+			return { ...ir, el: projectIO(ir.el, io) };
+		case "tuple":
+			return {
+				...ir,
+				prefix: ir.prefix.map(item => ({
+					...item,
+					opt: io === "in" ? item.opt || item.hasDefault === true : item.opt && !item.hasDefault,
+					val: projectIO(item.val, io),
+					hasDefault: false,
+					def: undefined,
+					defFactory: false,
+					defValidated: false,
+				})),
+				variadic: ir.variadic === undefined ? undefined : projectIO(ir.variadic, io),
+				postfix: ir.postfix.map(item => projectIO(item, io)),
+			};
+		case "object":
+			return {
+				...ir,
+				props: ir.props.map(prop => ({
+					...prop,
+					opt: io === "in" ? prop.opt || prop.hasDefault === true : prop.opt && !prop.hasDefault,
+					val: projectIO(prop.val, io),
+					hasDefault: false,
+					def: undefined,
+					defFactory: false,
+					defValidated: false,
+				})),
+				index: ir.index === undefined ? undefined : projectIO(ir.index, io),
+				symbolIndex: ir.symbolIndex === undefined ? undefined : projectIO(ir.symbolIndex, io),
+				patternIndexes: ir.patternIndexes?.map(index => ({
+					key: projectIO(index.key, io),
+					val: projectIO(index.val, io),
+				})),
+				extras: ir.extras === "delete" ? (io === "in" ? "keep" : "reject") : ir.extras,
+			};
+		case "union":
+		case "intersection":
+			return { ...ir, members: ir.members.map(member => projectIO(member, io)) };
+		case "refine":
+			return { ...ir, base: projectIO(ir.base, io) };
+		case "alias":
+			return { ...ir, resolve: () => projectIO(ir.resolve(), io) };
+		default:
+			return ir;
+	}
+}
+
+function morphIdentities(ir: IR, identities: unknown[] = [], seen = new Set<IR>()): unknown[] {
+	if (seen.has(ir)) return identities;
+	seen.add(ir);
+	switch (ir.k) {
+		case "morph":
+			identities.push(
+				ir.out === undefined
+					? ir.fn
+					: `declared:${expressionOf(projectIO(ir.input, "in"))}=>${expressionOf(projectIO(ir.out, "out"))}`,
+			);
+			morphIdentities(ir.input, identities, seen);
+			if (ir.out !== undefined) morphIdentities(ir.out, identities, seen);
+			break;
+		case "sub": {
+			const schema = ir.schema as InternalType;
+			for (const step of schema[kSteps]) if (step.kind === "pipe") identities.push(step.fn);
+			morphIdentities(schema.ir, identities, seen);
+			break;
+		}
+		case "array":
+			morphIdentities(ir.el, identities, seen);
+			break;
+		case "tuple":
+			for (const item of ir.prefix) morphIdentities(item.val, identities, seen);
+			if (ir.variadic !== undefined) morphIdentities(ir.variadic, identities, seen);
+			for (const item of ir.postfix) morphIdentities(item, identities, seen);
+			break;
+		case "object":
+			if (ir.extras === "delete") identities.push(ir);
+			for (const prop of ir.props) morphIdentities(prop.val, identities, seen);
+			if (ir.index !== undefined) morphIdentities(ir.index, identities, seen);
+			if (ir.symbolIndex !== undefined) morphIdentities(ir.symbolIndex, identities, seen);
+			for (const index of ir.patternIndexes ?? []) morphIdentities(index.val, identities, seen);
+			break;
+		case "union":
+		case "intersection":
+			for (const member of ir.members) morphIdentities(member, identities, seen);
+			break;
+		case "refine":
+			morphIdentities(ir.base, identities, seen);
+			break;
+		case "alias":
+			morphIdentities(ir.resolve(), identities, seen);
+			break;
+	}
+	return identities;
+}
+
+function assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir: IR, seen = new Set<IR>()): void {
+	if (seen.has(ir)) return;
+	seen.add(ir);
+	if (ir.k === "union") {
+		for (let leftIndex = 0; leftIndex < ir.members.length; leftIndex++) {
+			const left = ir.members[leftIndex];
+			const leftMorphs = morphIdentities(left);
+			for (let rightIndex = leftIndex + 1; rightIndex < ir.members.length; rightIndex++) {
+				const right = ir.members[rightIndex];
+				const rightMorphs = morphIdentities(right);
+				if (leftMorphs.length === 0 && rightMorphs.length === 0) continue;
+				if (
+					leftMorphs.length === rightMorphs.length &&
+					leftMorphs.every((identity, index) => identity === rightMorphs[index])
+				) {
+					continue;
+				}
+				// Unwrap one alias level eagerly: the disjointness probe relies on
+				// intersect() throwing, and deferred alias intersections resolve lazily.
+				let leftInput = projectIO(left, "in");
+				let rightInput = projectIO(right, "in");
+				if (leftInput.k === "alias") leftInput = leftInput.resolve();
+				if (rightInput.k === "alias") rightInput = rightInput.resolve();
+				if (leftInput.k === "object" && rightInput.k === "object") {
+					const leftKeys = new Set(leftInput.props.map(prop => prop.key));
+					const rightKeys = new Set(rightInput.props.map(prop => prop.key));
+					const leftRejectsRequiredRight =
+						leftInput.extras === "reject" &&
+						rightInput.props.some(prop => !prop.opt && !prop.hasDefault && !leftKeys.has(prop.key));
+					const rightRejectsRequiredLeft =
+						rightInput.extras === "reject" &&
+						leftInput.props.some(prop => !prop.opt && !prop.hasDefault && !rightKeys.has(prop.key));
+					if (leftRejectsRequiredRight || rightRejectsRequiredLeft) continue;
+				}
+				try {
+					intersect(leftInput, rightInput);
+				} catch (error) {
+					if (error instanceof OmpTypeError) continue;
+					throw error;
+				}
+				throw new OmpTypeError("an unordered union with overlapping morph inputs is indeterminate");
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	switch (ir.k) {
+		case "alias":
+			assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir.resolve(), seen);
+			break;
+		case "morph":
+			assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir.input, seen);
+			if (ir.out !== undefined) assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir.out, seen);
+			break;
+		case "sub":
+			assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir.schema.ir, seen);
+			break;
+		case "array":
+			assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir.el, seen);
+			break;
+		case "tuple":
+			for (const item of ir.prefix) assertDeterminateMorphUnions(item.val, seen);
+			if (ir.variadic !== undefined) assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir.variadic, seen);
+			for (const item of ir.postfix) assertDeterminateMorphUnions(item, seen);
+			break;
+		case "object":
+			for (const prop of ir.props) assertDeterminateMorphUnions(prop.val, seen);
+			if (ir.index !== undefined) assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir.index, seen);
+			if (ir.symbolIndex !== undefined) assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir.symbolIndex, seen);
+			for (const index of ir.patternIndexes ?? []) assertDeterminateMorphUnions(index.val, seen);
+			break;
+		case "union":
+		case "intersection":
+			for (const member of ir.members) assertDeterminateMorphUnions(member, seen);
+			break;
+		case "refine":
+			assertDeterminateMorphUnions(ir.base, seen);
+			break;
+	}
+}
+
+function getPathIR(ir: IR, requestedKey: unknown): IR {
+	let key = requestedKey;
+	if ((typeof key === "function" || (typeof key === "object" && key !== null)) && IR_BRAND in key) {
+		const keySchema = key as InternalType;
+		if (keySchema.ir.k === "symbol") key = Symbol.for("omptype.index");
+		else {
+			const arrayIndex: unknown = type.arrayIndex;
+			if (keySchema === arrayIndex) key = 0;
+			else {
+				throw new OmpTypeError(
+					`${keySchema.expression} is not allowed as an array or object index; use a concrete property key`,
+				);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if (typeof key !== "string" && typeof key !== "number" && typeof key !== "symbol") {
+		throw new OmpTypeError(`get keys must be strings, numbers, or symbols`);
+	}
+	if (ir.k === "alias") return getPathIR(ir.resolve(), key);
+	if (ir.k === "sub") return getPathIR(ir.schema.ir, key);
+	if (ir.k === "union") {
+		return unionOf(ir.members.map(member => getPathIR(member, key)));
+	}
+	if (ir.k === "array") {
+		const index = typeof key === "number" ? key : typeof key === "string" && /^\d+$/.test(key) ? Number(key) : -1;
+		if (!Number.isSafeInteger(index) || index < 0) throw new OmpTypeError(`key ${String(key)} is not declared`);
+		return unionOf([ir.el, { k: "undefined" }]);
+	}
+	if (ir.k === "tuple") {
+		const index = typeof key === "number" ? key : typeof key === "string" && /^\d+$/.test(key) ? Number(key) : -1;
+		if (!Number.isSafeInteger(index) || index < 0) throw new OmpTypeError(`key ${String(key)} is not declared`);
+		if (index < ir.prefix.length) {
+			const item = ir.prefix[index];
+			return item.opt ? unionOf([{ k: "undefined" }, item.val]) : item.val;
+		}
+		if (ir.variadic === undefined) throw new OmpTypeError(`key ${String(key)} is not declared`);
+		return unionOf([{ k: "undefined" }, ir.variadic, ...ir.postfix]);
+	}
+	if (ir.k === "undefined") return ir;
+	if (ir.k !== "object") throw new OmpTypeError("get requires an object schema");
+
+	const matches: IR[] = [];
+	const prop = ir.props.find(candidate => candidate.key === String(key));
+	if (prop !== undefined) matches.push(prop.val);
+	if (typeof key === "string") {
+		if (ir.index !== undefined) matches.push(ir.index);
+		for (const index of ir.patternIndexes ?? []) {
+			if (!(walk(index.key, key) instanceof OmpErrors)) matches.push(index.val);
+		}
+	} else if (typeof key === "symbol" && ir.symbolIndex !== undefined) {
+		matches.push(ir.symbolIndex);
+	}
+	if (matches.length === 0) throw new OmpTypeError(`key ${String(key)} is not declared`);
+	const value = matches.reduce((left, right) => intersect(left, right));
+	return prop !== undefined && !prop.opt ? value : unionOf([value, { k: "undefined" }]);
+}
+
+function unionOf(members: IR[]): IR {
+	const flattened = members.flatMap(member => (member.k === "union" ? member.members : [member]));
+	return flattened.length === 1 ? flattened[0] : { k: "union", members: flattened };
+}
+
+function expressionOf(ir: IR, ancestors = new Set<IR>()): string {
+	if (ancestors.has(ir)) return ir.k === "alias" ? ir.name : ir.k;
+	const nextAncestors = new Set(ancestors);
+	nextAncestors.add(ir);
+	const child = (node: IR): string => expressionOf(node, nextAncestors);
+	switch (ir.k) {
+		case "alias":
+			return child(ir.resolve());
+		case "sub":
+			return child(ir.schema.ir);
+		case "unknown":
+		case "null":
+		case "undefined":
+		case "boolean":
+		case "bigint":
+		case "symbol":
+		case "never":
+			return ir.k;
+		case "anyobject":
+			return "object";
+		case "string":
+			return "string";
+		case "number":
+			return ir.divisor !== undefined ? `number % ${ir.divisor}` : ir.int ? "number % 1" : "number";
+		case "lit":
+			return typeof ir.v === "string" ? JSON.stringify(ir.v) : String(ir.v);
+		case "array": {
+			const element = child(ir.el);
+			return `${ir.el.k === "union" || ir.el.k === "intersection" ? `(${element})` : element}[]`;
+		}
+		case "tuple": {
+			const items = ir.prefix.map(item => {
+				const value = child(item.val);
+				if (item.hasDefault) return `${value} = ${child({ k: "lit", v: item.def })}`;
+				return `${value}${item.opt ? "?" : ""}`;
+			});
+			if (ir.variadic !== undefined) items.push(`...${child(ir.variadic)}[]`);
+			items.push(...ir.postfix.map(child));
+			return `[${items.join(", ")}]`;
+		}
+		case "object": {
+			const properties = ir.props.map(prop => `${String(prop.key)}${prop.opt ? "?" : ""}: ${child(prop.val)}`);
+			if (ir.index !== undefined) properties.unshift(`[string]: ${child(ir.index)}`);
+			if (ir.symbolIndex !== undefined) properties.unshift(`[symbol]: ${child(ir.symbolIndex)}`);
+			return `{ ${properties.join(", ")} }`;
+		}
+		case "union":
+			return [...new Set(ir.members.map(child))].join(" | ");
+		case "intersection":
+			return ir.members.map(child).join(" & ");
+		case "refine":
+			return child(ir.base);
+		case "morph":
+			return `(In: ${child(ir.input)}) => Out<${child(ir.out ?? { k: "unknown" })}>`;
+		case "instance":
+			return ir.ctor.name || "object";
+	}
+}
+
+function arkJsonOf(ir: IR, ancestors = new Set<IR>()): unknown {
+	if (ancestors.has(ir)) return ir.k === "alias" ? { alias: ir.name } : { cyclic: ir.k };
+	const nextAncestors = new Set(ancestors);
+	nextAncestors.add(ir);
+	const child = (node: IR): unknown => arkJsonOf(node, nextAncestors);
+	switch (ir.k) {
+		case "alias":
+			return child(ir.resolve());
+		case "sub":
+			return child(ir.schema.ir);
+		case "lit":
+			return {
+				unit: ir.v === undefined ? "undefined" : typeof ir.v === "bigint" ? `${ir.v}n` : ir.v,
+			};
+		case "null":
+			return { unit: null };
+		case "undefined":
+			return { unit: "undefined" };
+		case "boolean":
+			return [{ unit: false }, { unit: true }];
+		case "union":
+		case "intersection":
+			return ir.members.map(child);
+		case "array":
+			return { proto: "Array", sequence: child(ir.el) };
+		case "tuple":
+			return {
+				proto: "Array",
+				sequence: {
+					prefix: ir.prefix.map(item => child(item.val)),
+					...(ir.variadic === undefined ? {} : { variadic: child(ir.variadic) }),
+					...(ir.postfix.length === 0 ? {} : { postfix: ir.postfix.map(child) }),
+				},
+			};
+		case "object":
+			return {
+				domain: "object",
+				required: ir.props
+					.filter(prop => !prop.opt && !prop.hasDefault)
+					.map(prop => ({ key: prop.key, value: child(prop.val) })),
+				optional: ir.props
+					.filter(prop => prop.opt || prop.hasDefault)
+					.map(prop => ({
+						key: prop.key,
+						value: child(prop.val),
+						...(prop.hasDefault
+							? {
+									default:
+										prop.defFactory && typeof prop.def === "function"
+											? `$ark.${prop.def.name || "default"}`
+											: prop.def,
+								}
+							: {}),
+					})),
+			};
+		case "refine":
+			return child(ir.base);
+		case "morph":
+			return { in: child(ir.input), ...(ir.out === undefined ? {} : { declaredOut: child(ir.out) }) };
+		case "instance":
+			return { proto: ir.ctor.name };
+		case "anyobject":
+			return { domain: "object" };
+		default:
+			return ir.k;
+	}
+}
+
+type ObjectIR = Extract<IR, { k: "object" }>;
+
+function requireObject(ir: IR, operation: string): ObjectIR {
+	if (ir.k !== "object") throw new OmpTypeError(`${operation} requires an object schema`);
+	return ir;
+}
+function selectObjectProps(ir: IR, keys: readonly PropertyKey[], keepSelected: boolean, operation: string): ObjectIR {
+	const object = requireObject(ir, operation);
+	const selected = new Set(keys);
+	for (const key of selected) {
+		if (!object.props.some(prop => prop.key === key)) throw new OmpTypeError(`key ${String(key)} does not exist`);
+	}
+	return { ...object, props: object.props.filter(prop => selected.has(prop.key) === keepSelected) };
+}
+
+function setObjectOptionality(ir: IR, optional: boolean, operation: string): ObjectIR {
+	const object = requireObject(ir, operation);
+	return { ...object, props: object.props.map(prop => ({ ...prop, opt: optional })) };
+}
+
+function mergeObjectDefinition(ir: IR, definition: unknown, resolve?: AliasResolver): ObjectIR {
+	return mergeObjects(requireObject(ir, "merge"), requireObject(parseDef(definition, resolve), "merge"));
+}
+
+function propertyFromIR(prop: PropIR): TypeProperty {
+	return {
+		kind: prop.opt ? "optional" : "required",
+		key: prop.key,
+		value: makeType(prop.val, [], {}) as unknown as FluentType<unknown>,
+		...(prop.hasDefault ? { default: prop.def } : {}),
+		meta: {},
+	};
+}
+
+function propertyToIR(property: TypeProperty): PropIR {
+	if (property.kind !== "required" && property.kind !== "optional") {
+		throw new OmpTypeError(`mapped property ${String(property.key)} has invalid kind`);
+	}
+	if (!(IR_BRAND in property.value)) {
+		throw new OmpTypeError(`mapped property ${String(property.key)} must contain a schema value`);
+	}
+	const hasDefault = Object.hasOwn(property, "default");
+	return {
+		key: property.key,
+		opt: property.kind === "optional",
+		val: embed(property.value),
+		...(hasDefault
+			? { def: property.default, defFactory: typeof property.default === "function", hasDefault: true }
+			: {}),
+	};
+}
+
+function acceptsDateIR(ir: IR): boolean {
+	if (ir.k === "instance") return ir.ctor === Date;
+	if (ir.k === "refine") return acceptsDateIR(ir.base);
+	if (ir.k === "union") return ir.members.every(acceptsDateIR);
+	return false;
+}
+
+function dateRefinement(
+	schema: InternalType,
+	timestamp: number,
+	relation: string,
+	predicate: (value: number) => boolean,
+): InternalType {
+	if (!Number.isFinite(timestamp)) throw new OmpTypeError("date bound must be valid");
+	if (!acceptsDateIR(schema.ir)) throw new OmpTypeError("date bounds require a Date type");
+	const bound = new Date(timestamp);
+	return makeType(
+		{
+			k: "refine",
+			base: schema.ir,
+			pred: value => value instanceof Date && predicate(value.valueOf()),
+			expected: `a Date ${relation} ${bound.toISOString()}`,
+			json: relation.includes("after") ? { minimum: bound.toISOString() } : { maximum: bound.toISOString() },
+		},
+		schema[kSteps],
+		metaOf(schema),
+	);
+}
+
+function selectNodes(root: IR, kind: string): readonly SelectedNode[] {
+	const selected: SelectedNode[] = [];
+	const seen = new Set<IR>();
+	const visit = (node: IR): void => {
+		if (seen.has(node)) return;
+		seen.add(node);
+		const nodeKind = node.k === "lit" ? "unit" : node.k;
+		if (kind === nodeKind || kind === node.k) {
+			selected.push(node.k === "lit" ? { kind: nodeKind, node, unit: node.v } : { kind: nodeKind, node });
+		}
+		switch (node.k) {
+			case "alias":
+				visit(node.resolve());
+				break;
+			case "array":
+				visit(node.el);
+				break;
+			case "tuple":
+				for (const item of node.prefix) visit(item.val);
+				if (node.variadic !== undefined) visit(node.variadic);
+				for (const item of node.postfix) visit(item);
+				break;
+			case "object":
+				for (const prop of node.props) visit(prop.val);
+				if (node.index !== undefined) visit(node.index);
+				if (node.symbolIndex !== undefined) visit(node.symbolIndex);
+				for (const index of node.patternIndexes ?? []) {
+					visit(index.key);
+					visit(index.val);
+				}
+				break;
+			case "union":
+			case "intersection":
+				for (const member of node.members) visit(member);
+				break;
+			case "refine":
+				visit(node.base);
+				break;
+			case "morph":
+				visit(node.input);
+				if (node.out !== undefined) visit(node.out);
+				break;
+			case "sub":
+				visit(node.schema.ir);
+				break;
+		}
+	};
+	visit(root);
+	return selected;
+}
+
+function mergeObjects(left: ObjectIR, right: ObjectIR): ObjectIR {
+	const props = [...left.props];
+	for (const prop of right.props) {
+		const index = props.findIndex(candidate => candidate.key === prop.key);
+		if (index < 0) props.push(prop);
+		else props[index] = prop;
+	}
+	return {
+		k: "object",
+		props,
+		index: right.index ?? left.index,
+		symbolIndex: right.symbolIndex ?? left.symbolIndex,
+		patternIndexes:
+			left.patternIndexes === undefined && right.patternIndexes === undefined
+				? undefined
+				: [...(left.patternIndexes ?? []), ...(right.patternIndexes ?? [])],
+		extras: right.extras === "keep" ? left.extras : right.extras,
+	};
+}
+
+function withShallowExtras(ir: IR, extras: ObjectIR["extras"]): IR {
+	if (ir.k === "object") return { ...ir, extras };
+	if (ir.k === "union") return { ...ir, members: ir.members.map(member => withShallowExtras(member, extras)) };
+	if (ir.k === "alias") return withShallowExtras(ir.resolve(), extras);
+	throw new OmpTypeError("onUndeclaredKey requires an object schema");
+}
+
+function withDeepExtras(ir: IR, extras: ObjectIR["extras"]): IR {
+	switch (ir.k) {
+		case "object":
+			return {
+				...ir,
+				extras,
+				props: ir.props.map(prop => ({ ...prop, val: withDeepExtras(prop.val, extras) })),
+				index: ir.index === undefined ? undefined : withDeepExtras(ir.index, extras),
+				symbolIndex: ir.symbolIndex === undefined ? undefined : withDeepExtras(ir.symbolIndex, extras),
+				patternIndexes: ir.patternIndexes?.map(index => ({
+					key: withDeepExtras(index.key, extras),
+					val: withDeepExtras(index.val, extras),
+				})),
+			};
+		case "array":
+			return { ...ir, el: withDeepExtras(ir.el, extras) };
+		case "tuple":
+			return {
+				...ir,
+				prefix: ir.prefix.map(item => ({ ...item, val: withDeepExtras(item.val, extras) })),
+				variadic: ir.variadic === undefined ? undefined : withDeepExtras(ir.variadic, extras),
+				postfix: ir.postfix.map(item => withDeepExtras(item, extras)),
+			};
+		case "union":
+		case "intersection":
+			return { ...ir, members: ir.members.map(member => withDeepExtras(member, extras)) };
+		case "refine":
+			return { ...ir, base: withDeepExtras(ir.base, extras) };
+		case "morph":
+			return {
+				...ir,
+				input: withDeepExtras(ir.input, extras),
+				out: ir.out === undefined ? undefined : withDeepExtras(ir.out, extras),
+			};
+		default:
+			return ir;
+	}
+}
+
+function intersectTupleWithArray(tuple: TupleIR, array: Extract<IR, { k: "array" }>): IR {
+	if (array.min !== undefined || array.max !== undefined) {
+		return { k: "intersection", members: [tuple, array] };
+	}
+	return {
+		...tuple,
+		prefix: tuple.prefix.map(item => ({ ...item, val: intersect(item.val, array.el) })),
+		variadic: tuple.variadic === undefined ? undefined : intersect(tuple.variadic, array.el),
+		postfix: tuple.postfix.map(item => intersect(item, array.el)),
+	};
+}
+
+function intersectTuples(left: TupleIR, right: TupleIR): IR {
+	if (
+		left.postfix.length !== 0 ||
+		right.postfix.length !== 0 ||
+		left.prefix.some(item => item.hasDefault) ||
+		right.prefix.some(item => item.hasDefault)
+	) {
+		return { k: "intersection", members: [left, right] };
+	}
+	const leftRequired = left.prefix.filter(item => !item.opt).length;
+	const rightRequired = right.prefix.filter(item => !item.opt).length;
+	const minimum = Math.max(leftRequired, rightRequired);
+	const leftMaximum = left.variadic === undefined ? left.prefix.length : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+	const rightMaximum = right.variadic === undefined ? right.prefix.length : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+	const maximum = Math.min(leftMaximum, rightMaximum);
+	if (minimum > maximum) throw new OmpTypeError("tuple length intersection is unsatisfiable");
+
+	const prefixLength = Number.isFinite(maximum) ? maximum : Math.max(left.prefix.length, right.prefix.length);
+	const prefix: TupleIR["prefix"] = [];
+	for (let index = 0; index < prefixLength; index++) {
+		const leftItem = left.prefix[index];
+		const rightItem = right.prefix[index];
+		const leftNode = leftItem?.val ?? left.variadic;
+		const rightNode = rightItem?.val ?? right.variadic;
+		if (leftNode === undefined || rightNode === undefined) break;
+		const required = (leftItem !== undefined && !leftItem.opt) || (rightItem !== undefined && !rightItem.opt);
+		try {
+			prefix.push({ val: intersect(leftNode, rightNode), opt: !required });
+		} catch (error) {
+			if (required || !(error instanceof OmpTypeError)) throw error;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	const variadic =
+		leftMaximum === Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY && rightMaximum === Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY
+			? intersect(left.variadic!, right.variadic!)
+			: undefined;
+	return { k: "tuple", prefix, variadic, postfix: [] };
+}
+
+const kIntersections = Symbol("omptype.intersections");
+
+/** Deferred alias-pair intersections cached on the left node; cyclic references resolve to one node. */
+interface AliasIntersections {
+	[kIntersections]?: WeakMap<IR, IR>;
+}
+
+/** Intersect two IR nodes, rejecting statically disjoint domains. */
+function intersect(a: IR, b: IR): IR {
+	if (a.k === "alias" || b.k === "alias") {
+		// Defer through a lazy alias so cyclic references terminate: revisiting
+		// the same pair while it is being resolved returns the same node instead
+		// of recursing forever.
+		const target = a as IR & AliasIntersections;
+		target[kIntersections] ??= new WeakMap<IR, IR>();
+		const cache = target[kIntersections];
+		const existing = cache.get(b);
+		if (existing !== undefined) return existing;
+		let resolved: IR | undefined;
+		const reference: IR = {
+			k: "alias",
+			name: a.k === "alias" ? a.name : b.k === "alias" ? b.name : "intersection",
+			resolve: () =>
+				(resolved ??= intersectResolved(a.k === "alias" ? a.resolve() : a, b.k === "alias" ? b.resolve() : b)),
+		};
+		cache.set(b, reference);
+		return reference;
+	}
+	return intersectResolved(a, b);
+}
+
+function intersectResolved(a: IR, b: IR): IR {
+	if (a.k === "never" || b.k === "never") throw new OmpTypeError("intersection with never is unsatisfiable");
+	if (a.k === "unknown") return b;
+	if (b.k === "unknown") return a;
+	if (a === b) return a;
+	if (a.k === "morph" && b.k === "morph") {
+		if (a.fn !== b.fn || a.out !== b.out) {
+			throw new OmpTypeError("intersection of distinct morphs is indeterminate");
+		}
+		return { ...a, input: intersect(a.input, b.input) };
+	}
+	if (a.k === "morph") return { ...a, input: intersect(a.input, b) };
+	if (b.k === "morph") return { ...b, input: intersect(a, b.input) };
+	if (a.k === "sub" && a.schema.hasSteps) {
+		if (b.k === "sub" && b.schema.hasSteps) {
+			if (a.schema === b.schema) return a;
+			throw new OmpTypeError("intersection of distinct morphs is indeterminate");
+		}
+		const schema = a.schema as InternalType;
+		return embed(makeType(intersect(schema.ir, b), schema[kSteps], metaOf(schema)));
+	}
+	if (b.k === "sub" && b.schema.hasSteps) return intersect(b, a);
+	if (a.k === "union" || b.k === "union") {
+		const union = a.k === "union" ? a : b.k === "union" ? b : undefined;
+		if (union === undefined) throw new OmpTypeError("union intersection invariant failed");
+		const branches = union.members;
+		const other = a.k === "union" ? b : a;
+		const members: IR[] = [];
+		for (const branch of branches) {
+			try {
+				members.push(intersect(branch, other));
+			} catch (error) {
+				if (!(error instanceof OmpTypeError)) throw error;
+			}
+		}
+		if (members.length === 0) throw new OmpTypeError("intersection has no satisfiable branches");
+		return members.length === 1 ? members[0] : { k: "union", members };
+	}
+	if (a.k === "lit") {
+		if (walk(b, a.v) instanceof OmpErrors) throw new OmpTypeError("literal is excluded by the intersection");
+		return a;
+	}
+	if (b.k === "lit") return intersect(b, a);
+	if (a.k === "object" && b.k === "object") {
+		const props = [...a.props];
+		for (const bp of b.props) {
+			const index = props.findIndex(prop => prop.key === bp.key);
+			if (index < 0) props.push(bp);
+			else {
+				const ap = props[index];
+				const required = (!ap.opt && !ap.hasDefault) || (!bp.opt && !bp.hasDefault);
+				if (ap.hasDefault && bp.hasDefault && !Object.is(ap.def, bp.def)) {
+					throw new OmpTypeError(
+						`ParseError: Invalid intersection of default values ${String(ap.def)} & ${String(bp.def)}`,
+					);
+				}
+				const defaulted = required ? undefined : ap.hasDefault ? ap : bp.hasDefault ? bp : undefined;
+				props[index] = {
+					key: ap.key,
+					opt: ap.opt && bp.opt,
+					val: intersect(ap.val, bp.val),
+					...(defaulted
+						? {
+								def: defaulted.def,
+								defFactory: defaulted.defFactory,
+								hasDefault: true,
+								defValidated: defaulted.defValidated,
+							}
+						: {}),
+				};
+			}
+		}
+		const extras =
+			a.extras === "reject" || b.extras === "reject"
+				? "reject"
+				: a.extras === "delete" || b.extras === "delete"
+					? "delete"
+					: "keep";
+		const index = a.index && b.index ? intersect(a.index, b.index) : (a.index ?? b.index);
+		return { k: "object", props, index, extras };
+	}
+	if (a.k === "string" && b.k === "string") {
+		const min = maxOf(a.min, b.min);
+		const max = minOf(a.max, b.max);
+		if (min !== undefined && max !== undefined && min > max) {
+			throw new OmpTypeError("string length intersection is unsatisfiable");
+		}
+		return { k: "string", min, max, url: a.url || b.url };
+	}
+	if (a.k === "number" && b.k === "number") {
+		const min = maxOf(a.min, b.min);
+		const max = minOf(a.max, b.max);
+		const xmin = min !== undefined && ((a.min === min && a.xmin === true) || (b.min === min && b.xmin === true));
+		const xmax = max !== undefined && ((a.max === max && a.xmax === true) || (b.max === max && b.xmax === true));
+		if (min !== undefined && max !== undefined && (min > max || (min === max && (xmin || xmax)))) {
+			throw new OmpTypeError("numeric range intersection is unsatisfiable");
+		}
+		if (a.divisor !== undefined && b.divisor !== undefined && a.divisor !== b.divisor) {
+			return { k: "intersection", members: [a, b] };
+		}
+		return {
+			k: "number",
+			int: a.int || b.int,
+			divisor: a.divisor ?? b.divisor,
+			min,
+			max,
+			xmin,
+			xmax,
+		};
+	}
+	if (a.k === "array" && b.k === "array") {
+		const min = maxOf(a.min, b.min);
+		const max = minOf(a.max, b.max);
+		if (min !== undefined && max !== undefined && min > max) {
+			throw new OmpTypeError("array length intersection is unsatisfiable");
+		}
+		return { k: "array", el: intersect(a.el, b.el), min, max };
+	}
+	if (a.k === "tuple" && b.k === "tuple") return intersectTuples(a, b);
+	if (a.k === "tuple" && b.k === "array") return intersectTupleWithArray(a, b);
+	if (a.k === "array" && b.k === "tuple") return intersectTupleWithArray(b, a);
+	if (a.k === "instance" && b.k === "instance") {
+		if (a.ctor === b.ctor || a.ctor.prototype instanceof b.ctor) return a;
+		if (b.ctor.prototype instanceof a.ctor) return b;
+		throw new OmpTypeError(`intersection of ${a.expected} and ${b.expected} is unsatisfiable`);
+	}
+	if (a.k === b.k && ["null", "undefined", "boolean", "bigint", "symbol", "anyobject"].includes(a.k)) return a;
+	if (
+		(a.k === "object" && (b.k === "array" || b.k === "tuple")) ||
+		(b.k === "object" && (a.k === "array" || a.k === "tuple"))
+	) {
+		return { k: "intersection", members: [a, b] };
+	}
+	const leftDomain = domainOf(a);
+	const rightDomain = domainOf(b);
+	if (leftDomain !== undefined && rightDomain !== undefined && leftDomain !== rightDomain) {
+		throw new OmpTypeError(`intersection of ${leftDomain} and ${rightDomain} is unsatisfiable`);
+	}
+	if (a.k === "anyobject" && rightDomain === "object") return b;
+	if (b.k === "anyobject" && leftDomain === "object") return a;
+	const members = [...(a.k === "intersection" ? a.members : [a]), ...(b.k === "intersection" ? b.members : [b])];
+	return { k: "intersection", members };
+}
+
+/** Reduce parsed unions/intersections to their observable semantic form. */
+function normalizeIR(ir: IR): IR {
+	switch (ir.k) {
+		case "intersection": {
+			const members = ir.members.map(normalizeIR);
+			if (members.length === 0) return { k: "unknown" };
+			return members.slice(1).reduce(intersect, members[0]);
+		}
+		case "union": {
+			const members: IR[] = [];
+			let changed = false;
+			for (let index = 0; index < ir.members.length; index++) {
+				const original = ir.members[index];
+				const member = normalizeIR(original);
+				changed ||= member !== original;
+				if (member.k === "union") {
+					members.push(...member.members);
+					changed = true;
+				} else if (member.k === "never") {
+					changed = true;
+				} else if (member.k === "unknown") {
+					return { k: "unknown" };
+				} else {
+					members.push(member);
+				}
+			}
+			if (
+				members.every(
+					member =>
+						member.k === "lit" &&
+						(member.v === null || (typeof member.v !== "object" && typeof member.v !== "function")),
+				)
+			) {
+				const pruned: IR[] = [];
+				for (const member of members) {
+					if (member.k === "lit" && pruned.some(candidate => candidate.k === "lit" && candidate.v === member.v)) {
+						changed = true;
+					} else {
+						pruned.push(member);
+					}
+				}
+				if (pruned.length === 0) return { k: "never" };
+				if (pruned.length === 1) return pruned[0];
+				if (pruned.length === 2 && pruned.every(member => member.k === "lit" && typeof member.v === "boolean")) {
+					return { k: "boolean" };
+				}
+				return changed ? { ...ir, members: pruned } : ir;
+			}
+			const pruned = members.filter(
+				(member, index) =>
+					!members.some(
+						(candidate, candidateIndex) =>
+							candidateIndex !== index &&
+							!hasMorph(member) &&
+							!hasMorph(candidate) &&
+							isSubtype(member, candidate) &&
+							(!isSubtype(candidate, member) || candidateIndex < index),
+					),
+			);
+			if (pruned.length === 0) return { k: "never" };
+			if (pruned.length === 1) return pruned[0];
+			if (pruned.length === 2 && pruned.every(member => member.k === "lit" && typeof member.v === "boolean")) {
+				return { k: "boolean" };
+			}
+			if (
+				!changed &&
+				!pruned.some(member => member.k === "alias") &&
+				pruned.length === ir.members.length &&
+				pruned.every((member, index) => member === ir.members[index])
+			) {
+				return ir;
+			}
+			return { ...ir, members: pruned };
+		}
+		case "array": {
+			const element = normalizeIR(ir.el);
+			return element === ir.el && ir.el.k !== "alias" ? ir : { ...ir, el: element };
+		}
+		case "tuple": {
+			const prefix = ir.prefix.map(item => {
+				const value = normalizeIR(item.val);
+				return value === item.val ? item : { ...item, val: value };
+			});
+			const variadic = ir.variadic === undefined ? undefined : normalizeIR(ir.variadic);
+			const postfix = ir.postfix.map(normalizeIR);
+			if (
+				!ir.prefix.some(item => item.val.k === "alias") &&
+				ir.variadic?.k !== "alias" &&
+				!ir.postfix.some(item => item.k === "alias") &&
+				prefix.every((item, index) => item === ir.prefix[index]) &&
+				variadic === ir.variadic &&
+				postfix.every((item, index) => item === ir.postfix[index])
+			) {
+				return ir;
+			}
+			return { ...ir, prefix, variadic, postfix };
+		}
+		case "object": {
+			let props: PropIR[] | undefined;
+			for (let index = 0; index < ir.props.length; index++) {
+				const prop = ir.props[index];
+				const value = normalizeIR(prop.val);
+				if (value === prop.val) continue;
+				props ??= [...ir.props];
+				props[index] = { ...prop, val: value };
+			}
+			const index = ir.index === undefined ? undefined : normalizeIR(ir.index);
+			const symbolIndex = ir.symbolIndex === undefined ? undefined : normalizeIR(ir.symbolIndex);
+			const patternIndexes = ir.patternIndexes?.map(pattern => {
+				const key = normalizeIR(pattern.key);
+				const val = normalizeIR(pattern.val);
+				return key === pattern.key && val === pattern.val ? pattern : { key, val };
+			});
+			if (
+				props === undefined &&
+				!ir.props.some(prop => prop.val.k === "alias") &&
+				ir.index?.k !== "alias" &&
+				ir.symbolIndex?.k !== "alias" &&
+				!ir.patternIndexes?.some(pattern => pattern.key.k === "alias" || pattern.val.k === "alias") &&
+				index === ir.index &&
+				symbolIndex === ir.symbolIndex &&
+				patternIndexes?.every((pattern, patternIndex) => pattern === ir.patternIndexes?.[patternIndex]) !== false
+			) {
+				return ir;
+			}
+			return { ...ir, props: props ?? ir.props, index, symbolIndex, patternIndexes };
+		}
+		case "refine": {
+			const base = normalizeIR(ir.base);
+			return base === ir.base && ir.base.k !== "alias" ? ir : { ...ir, base };
+		}
+		case "morph": {
+			const input = normalizeIR(ir.input);
+			const out = ir.out === undefined ? undefined : normalizeIR(ir.out);
+			return input === ir.input && out === ir.out && ir.input.k !== "alias" && ir.out?.k !== "alias"
+				? ir
+				: { ...ir, input, out };
+		}
+		case "alias":
+			return ir;
+		default:
+			return ir;
+	}
+}
+
+function domainOf(ir: IR): string | undefined {
+	switch (ir.k) {
+		case "null":
+			return "null";
+		case "undefined":
+		case "boolean":
+		case "bigint":
+		case "symbol":
+		case "string":
+		case "number":
+			return ir.k;
+		case "array":
+		case "tuple":
+			return "array";
+		case "object":
+		case "anyobject":
+		case "instance":
+			return "object";
+		case "lit":
+			return ir.v === null ? "null" : Array.isArray(ir.v) ? "array" : typeof ir.v;
+		case "refine":
+			return domainOf(ir.base);
+		case "morph":
+			return domainOf(ir.input);
+		case "sub":
+			return domainOf(ir.schema.ir);
+		case "alias":
+			return domainOf(ir.resolve());
+		case "union":
+		case "intersection": {
+			const first = domainOf(ir.members[0] ?? { k: "never" });
+			return ir.members.every(member => domainOf(member) === first) ? first : undefined;
+		}
+		default:
+			return undefined;
+	}
+}
+function lowerBoundWithin(source: Extract<IR, { k: "number" }>, target: Extract<IR, { k: "number" }>): boolean {
+	if (target.min === undefined) return true;
+	if (source.min === undefined || source.min < target.min) return false;
+	return source.min !== target.min || target.xmin !== true || source.xmin === true;
+}
+
+function upperBoundWithin(source: Extract<IR, { k: "number" }>, target: Extract<IR, { k: "number" }>): boolean {
+	if (target.max === undefined) return true;
+	if (source.max === undefined || source.max > target.max) return false;
+	return source.max !== target.max || target.xmax !== true || source.xmax === true;
+}
+
+function lengthWithin(
+	source: Extract<IR, { k: "string" | "array" }>,
+	target: Extract<IR, { k: "string" | "array" }>,
+): boolean {
+	return (
+		(target.min === undefined || (source.min !== undefined && source.min >= target.min)) &&
+		(target.max === undefined || (source.max !== undefined && source.max <= target.max))
+	);
+}
+
+function isSubtype(source: IR, target: IR, seen = new WeakMap<IR, Set<IR>>()): boolean {
+	if (source === target || target.k === "unknown" || source.k === "never") return true;
+	let targets = seen.get(source);
+	if (targets?.has(target)) return true;
+	if (targets === undefined) {
+		targets = new Set();
+		seen.set(source, targets);
+	}
+	targets.add(target);
+	if (source.k === "alias") return isSubtype(source.resolve(), target, seen);
+	if (target.k === "alias") return isSubtype(source, target.resolve(), seen);
+	if (source.k === "union") return source.members.every(member => isSubtype(member, target, seen));
+	if (target.k === "union") return target.members.some(member => isSubtype(source, member, seen));
+	if (target.k === "intersection") return target.members.every(member => isSubtype(source, member, seen));
+	if (source.k === "intersection") return source.members.some(member => isSubtype(member, target, seen));
+	if (source.k === "lit") return !(walk(target, source.v) instanceof OmpErrors);
+	if (source.k === "refine") return isSubtype(source.base, target, seen);
+	if (source.k === "morph") return isSubtype(source.out ?? source.input, target, seen);
+	if (source.k === "sub") return isSubtype(source.schema.ir, target, seen);
+	if (target.k === "refine" || target.k === "morph" || target.k === "sub") return false;
+	if (source.k === "string" && target.k === "string") {
+		return lengthWithin(source, target) && (!target.url || source.url === true);
+	}
+	if (source.k === "number" && target.k === "number") {
+		return (
+			lowerBoundWithin(source, target) &&
+			upperBoundWithin(source, target) &&
+			(!target.int || source.int === true) &&
+			(target.divisor === undefined || (source.divisor !== undefined && source.divisor % target.divisor === 0))
+		);
+	}
+	if (source.k === "array" && target.k === "array") {
+		return lengthWithin(source, target) && isSubtype(source.el, target.el, seen);
+	}
+	if (source.k === "object" && target.k === "object") {
+		for (const targetProp of target.props) {
+			const sourceProp = source.props.find(prop => prop.key === targetProp.key);
+			if (sourceProp === undefined) {
+				if (!targetProp.opt) return false;
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (!targetProp.opt && sourceProp.opt) return false;
+			if (!isSubtype(sourceProp.val, targetProp.val, seen)) return false;
+		}
+		if (target.extras === "reject") {
+			if (source.extras !== "reject") return false;
+			if (
+				target.index === undefined &&
+				source.props.some(sourceProp => !target.props.some(targetProp => targetProp.key === sourceProp.key))
+			) {
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+	if (source.k === "instance" && target.k === "instance") {
+		return source.ctor === target.ctor || source.ctor.prototype instanceof target.ctor;
+	}
+	if (source.k === "object" && target.k === "anyobject") return true;
+	if (source.k === "instance" && target.k === "anyobject") return true;
+	if (source.k === "tuple" && target.k === "array") {
+		return (
+			source.prefix.every(item => isSubtype(item.val, target.el, seen)) &&
+			source.postfix.every(item => isSubtype(item, target.el, seen)) &&
+			(source.variadic === undefined || isSubtype(source.variadic, target.el, seen))
+		);
+	}
+	if (source.k !== target.k) return false;
+	switch (source.k) {
+		case "null":
+		case "undefined":
+		case "boolean":
+		case "bigint":
+		case "symbol":
+		case "anyobject":
+			return true;
+		case "tuple":
+			return target.k === "tuple" && expectedTuple(source) === expectedTuple(target);
+		case "instance":
+			return target.k === "instance" && source.ctor === target.ctor;
+		default:
+			return false;
+	}
+}
+
+function expectedTuple(tuple: Extract<IR, { k: "tuple" }>): string {
+	return JSON.stringify({
+		prefix: tuple.prefix.map(item => [item.opt, item.hasDefault, expectedOf(item.val)]),
+		variadic: tuple.variadic === undefined ? undefined : expectedOf(tuple.variadic),
+		postfix: tuple.postfix.map(expectedOf),
+	});
+}
+
+function irEquals(left: IR, right: IR): boolean {
+	return isSubtype(left, right) && isSubtype(right, left);
+}
+
+function maxOf(a: number | undefined, b: number | undefined): number | undefined {
+	if (a === undefined) return b;
+	if (b === undefined) return a;
+	return Math.max(a, b);
+}
+
+function minOf(a: number | undefined, b: number | undefined): number | undefined {
+	if (a === undefined) return b;
+	if (b === undefined) return a;
+	return Math.min(a, b);
+}
+
+function withLengthBound(ir: IR, side: "min" | "max", bound: number): IR {
+	if (ir.k === "array" || ir.k === "string") {
+		return side === "min" ? { ...ir, min: bound } : { ...ir, max: bound };
+	}
+	throw new OmpTypeError(`cannot apply length bound to ${ir.k}`);
+}
+
+function withNumericBound(ir: IR, side: "min" | "max", bound: number, exclusive = false): IR {
+	if (!Number.isFinite(bound)) throw new OmpTypeError("numeric bound must be finite");
+	if (ir.k === "number") {
+		return side === "min" ? { ...ir, min: bound, xmin: exclusive } : { ...ir, max: bound, xmax: exclusive };
+	}
+	if (ir.k === "union") {
+		return { ...ir, members: ir.members.map(member => withNumericBound(member, side, bound, exclusive)) };
+	}
+	throw new OmpTypeError(`cannot apply numeric bound to ${ir.k}`);
+}
+interface GenericParameter {
+	readonly name: string;
+	readonly constraintDef?: unknown;
+}
+
+interface GenericMeta {
+	readonly parameters: readonly GenericParameter[];
+	instantiateIR(arguments_: readonly IR[]): IR;
+}
+
+const GENERIC_META = Symbol("omptype.generic");
+
+/** Callable runtime generic returned by `type("<t>", def)` and `type.generic(...)`. */
+export type Generic = (...arguments_: readonly unknown[]) => BaseType;
+
+interface RuntimeGeneric extends Generic {
+	readonly [GENERIC_META]: GenericMeta;
+}
+
+/** Schema arguments passed to a callback-bodied runtime generic. */
+export interface GenericArguments {
+	readonly [name: string]: BaseType;
+}
+
+export interface GenericBuilder {
+	(definition: (arguments_: GenericArguments) => unknown, hkt?: unknown): Generic;
+	(definition: unknown, hkt?: unknown): Generic;
+}
+
+function validateGenericParameters(parameters: readonly GenericParameter[]): void {
+	const names = new Set<string>();
+	for (const parameter of parameters) {
+		if (!/^[A-Za-z_$]\w*$/.test(parameter.name)) {
+			throw new OmpTypeError(`invalid generic parameter "${parameter.name}"`);
+		}
+		if (names.has(parameter.name)) throw new OmpTypeError(`duplicate generic parameter "${parameter.name}"`);
+		names.add(parameter.name);
+	}
+	if (parameters.length === 0) throw new OmpTypeError("generic declarations require at least one parameter");
+}
+
+function parseGenericParameters(source: string): GenericParameter[] {
+	const trimmed = source.trim();
+	const body = trimmed.startsWith("<") && trimmed.endsWith(">") ? trimmed.slice(1, -1) : trimmed;
+	const parts: string[] = [];
+	let start = 0;
+	let depth = 0;
+	let quote = "";
+	for (let index = 0; index < body.length; index++) {
+		const char = body[index];
+		if (quote !== "") {
+			if (char === quote && body[index - 1] !== "\\") quote = "";
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (char === "'" || char === '"' || char === "`") quote = char;
+		else if (char === "<" || char === "(" || char === "[") depth++;
+		else if (char === ">" || char === ")" || char === "]") depth = Math.max(0, depth - 1);
+		else if (char === "," && depth === 0) {
+			parts.push(body.slice(start, index).trim());
+			start = index + 1;
+		}
+	}
+	parts.push(body.slice(start).trim());
+	const parameters = parts.map(part => {
+		const constrained = part.match(/^([A-Za-z_$]\w*)\s+extends\s+(.+)$/s);
+		return constrained === null ? { name: part } : { name: constrained[1], constraintDef: constrained[2].trim() };
+	});
+	validateGenericParameters(parameters);
+	return parameters;
+}
+
+function parseGenericDeclaration(source: string): { name: string; parameters: GenericParameter[] } | undefined {
+	const match = source.trim().match(/^([A-Za-z_$]\w*)\s*(<.*>)$/s);
+	if (match === null) return undefined;
+	return { name: match[1], parameters: parseGenericParameters(match[2]) };
+}
+
+function isRuntimeGeneric(value: unknown): value is RuntimeGeneric {
+	return typeof value === "function" && GENERIC_META in value;
+}
+
+function genericResolver(
+	parameters: readonly GenericParameter[],
+	arguments_: readonly IR[],
+	outer?: AliasResolver,
+): AliasResolver {
+	const byName = new Map<string, IR>();
+	for (let index = 0; index < parameters.length; index++) byName.set(parameters[index].name, arguments_[index]);
+	const resolve = ((name: string) => byName.get(name) ?? outer?.(name)) as AliasResolver;
+	resolve.hasGeneric = outer?.hasGeneric;
+	resolve.generic = outer?.generic;
+	return resolve;
+}
+
+function parseGenericArgument(definition: unknown, outer?: AliasResolver): IR {
+	if (outer === undefined) {
+		try {
+			return parseDef(definition);
+		} catch (error) {
+			if (!(error instanceof OmpTypeError) || !error.message.includes('unknown keyword "this"')) throw error;
+		}
+	}
+	const root: { current?: IR } = {};
+	const self: IR = {
+		k: "alias",
+		name: "this",
+		resolve: () => {
+			if (root.current === undefined || root.current === self)
+				throw new OmpTypeError('"this" cannot be used as a root definition');
+			return root.current;
+		},
+	};
+	const resolve = ((name: string) => (name === "this" ? self : outer?.(name))) as AliasResolver;
+	if (outer !== undefined) {
+		resolve.hasGeneric = outer.hasGeneric;
+		resolve.generic = outer.generic;
+	} else {
+		// The retry only exists to serve "this"; parses of this-free member
+		// strings inside the definition may still share the string cache.
+		markThisOnlyResolver(resolve);
+	}
+	root.current = parseDef(definition, resolve);
+	if (root.current === self) throw new OmpTypeError('"this" cannot be used as a root definition');
+	return root.current;
+}
+
+function genericBodyIR(
+	parameters: readonly GenericParameter[],
+	definition: unknown,
+	arguments_: readonly IR[],
+	outer?: AliasResolver,
+): IR {
+	const resolve = genericResolver(parameters, arguments_, outer);
+	const body =
+		typeof definition === "function" && !(IR_BRAND in definition)
+			? definition(
+					Object.fromEntries(
+						parameters.map((parameter, index) => [
+							parameter.name,
+							makeType(arguments_[index], EMPTY_STEPS, EMPTY_META) as unknown as BaseType,
+						]),
+					) as unknown as GenericArguments,
+				)
+			: definition;
+	return parseDef(body, resolve);
+}
+
+function createRuntimeGeneric(
+	parameters: readonly GenericParameter[],
+	definition: unknown,
+	outer?: AliasResolver,
+	validateBody = true,
+): RuntimeGeneric {
+	const constraintResolve = ((name: string) => outer?.(name)) as AliasResolver;
+	constraintResolve.hasGeneric = outer?.hasGeneric;
+	constraintResolve.generic = outer?.generic;
+	validateGenericParameters(parameters);
+	const placeholders = parameters.map(parameter =>
+		parameter.constraintDef === undefined
+			? ({ k: "unknown" } as IR)
+			: parseDef(parameter.constraintDef, constraintResolve),
+	);
+	if (validateBody) genericBodyIR(parameters, definition, placeholders, outer);
+	const meta: GenericMeta = {
+		parameters,
+		instantiateIR(arguments_) {
+			if (arguments_.length !== parameters.length) {
+				throw new OmpTypeError(`generic expects ${parameters.length} arguments (received ${arguments_.length})`);
+			}
+			for (let index = 0; index < parameters.length; index++) {
+				const parameter = parameters[index];
+				if (parameter.constraintDef === undefined) continue;
+				const constraint = parseDef(parameter.constraintDef, constraintResolve);
+				if (!isSubtype(arguments_[index], constraint)) {
+					throw new OmpTypeError(`${parameter.name} must be assignable to its constraint`);
+				}
+			}
+			return genericBodyIR(parameters, definition, arguments_, outer);
+		},
+	};
+	const generic = Object.assign(
+		(...arguments_: readonly unknown[]) =>
+			makeType(
+				meta.instantiateIR(arguments_.map(argument => parseGenericArgument(argument, outer))),
+				EMPTY_STEPS,
+				EMPTY_META,
+			),
+		{ [GENERIC_META]: meta },
+	);
+	Object.defineProperty(generic, GENERIC_META, { value: meta });
+	return generic;
+}
+
+export function type<const definition>(parameters: `<${string}>`, definition: definition): Generic;
+export function type<const def>(def: def): FluentType<InferDef<def>, InferDefIn<def>>;
+export function type<input, output>(
+	def: SchemaInference<input> | string,
+	operator: "=>",
+	morph: (data: input, ctx: NarrowContext) => output,
+): FluentType<Exclude<output, OmpErrors>, input>;
+export function type<const input, const output>(
+	def: input,
+	operator: "|>",
+	out: output,
+): FluentType<InferDef<output>, InferDefIn<input>>;
+export function type<const expression extends readonly unknown[]>(
+	...definition: expression
+): FluentType<InferDef<expression>, InferDefIn<expression>>;
+export function type(first?: unknown): FluentType<unknown> | Generic {
+	const count = arguments.length;
+	if (count === 2 && typeof first === "string" && first.trimStart().startsWith("<")) {
+		return createRuntimeGeneric(parseGenericParameters(first), arguments[1]);
+	}
+	let definition: unknown = first;
+	if (count !== 1) {
+		// oxlint-disable-next-line unicorn/no-new-array -- length preallocation
+		const expression: unknown[] = new Array(count);
+		for (let index = 0; index < count; index++) {
+			expression[index] = arguments[index];
+		}
+		definition = expression;
+	}
+	return makeType<unknown>(parseGenericArgument(definition), EMPTY_STEPS, EMPTY_META);
+}
+
+/** String keyword with a parser that morphs validated text to another output. */
+export interface ParsedStringKeyword<parsed> extends FluentType<string> {
+	readonly parse: FluentType<parsed, string>;
+}
+
+/** Morphing string keyword paired with its non-morphing preformatted validator. */
+export interface PreformattedKeyword extends FluentType<string, string> {
+	readonly preformatted: FluentType<string>;
+}
+
+/** Base64 keyword with its URL-safe alphabet variant. */
+export interface Base64Keyword extends FluentType<string> {
+	readonly url: FluentType<string>;
+}
+
+/** Date-string keyword family. */
+export interface DateStringKeyword extends ParsedStringKeyword<Date> {
+	readonly iso: ParsedStringKeyword<Date>;
+	readonly epoch: ParsedStringKeyword<Date>;
+}
+
+/** IP address keyword family. */
+export interface IpKeyword extends FluentType<string> {
+	readonly v4: FluentType<string>;
+	readonly v6: FluentType<string>;
+}
+
+/** UUID keyword family. */
+export interface UuidKeyword extends FluentType<string> {
+	readonly v1: FluentType<string>;
+	readonly v2: FluentType<string>;
+	readonly v3: FluentType<string>;
+	readonly v4: FluentType<string>;
+	readonly v5: FluentType<string>;
+	readonly v6: FluentType<string>;
+	readonly v7: FluentType<string>;
+	readonly v8: FluentType<string>;
+}
+
+/** String normalization keyword family. */
+export interface NormalizeKeyword extends PreformattedKeyword {
+	readonly NFC: PreformattedKeyword;
+	readonly NFD: PreformattedKeyword;
+	readonly NFKC: PreformattedKeyword;
+	readonly NFKD: PreformattedKeyword;
+}
+
+/** Runtime string parsers exposed under `type.parse`. */
+export interface ParseKeyword {
+	readonly number: FluentType<number, string>;
+	readonly integer: FluentType<number, string>;
+	readonly json: FluentType<unknown, string>;
+	readonly date: FluentType<Date, string>;
+	readonly url: FluentType<URL, string>;
+	readonly boolean: FluentType<boolean, string>;
+	readonly bigint: FluentType<bigint, string>;
+}
+
+/** Full string keyword module attached to `type.string`. */
+export interface StringKeyword extends FluentType<string> {
+	readonly alpha: FluentType<string>;
+	readonly alphanumeric: FluentType<string>;
+	readonly base64: Base64Keyword;
+	readonly capitalize: PreformattedKeyword;
+	readonly creditCard: FluentType<string>;
+	readonly date: DateStringKeyword;
+	readonly digits: FluentType<string>;
+	readonly email: FluentType<string>;
+	readonly hex: FluentType<string>;
+	readonly integer: ParsedStringKeyword<number>;
+	readonly ip: IpKeyword;
+	readonly json: ParsedStringKeyword<unknown>;
+	readonly lower: PreformattedKeyword;
+	readonly normalize: NormalizeKeyword;
+	readonly numeric: ParsedStringKeyword<number>;
+	readonly regex: FluentType<string>;
+	readonly semver: FluentType<string>;
+	readonly trim: PreformattedKeyword;
+	readonly upper: PreformattedKeyword;
+	readonly url: ParsedStringKeyword<URL>;
+	readonly uuid: UuidKeyword;
+}
+
+/** Number keyword module attached to `type.number`. */
+export interface NumberKeyword extends FluentType<number> {
+	readonly integer: FluentType<number>;
+}
+
+type Constructed<ctor> = ctor extends abstract new (...args: never[]) => infer instance ? instance : never;
+
+function keywordSchema<output = string, input = output>(name: string): FluentType<output, input> {
+	const ir = keywordIR(name);
+	if (ir === undefined) throw new OmpTypeError(`missing built-in keyword ${name}`);
+	return makeType<output, input>(ir, [], {});
+}
+
+function parsedKeyword<parsed>(name: string): ParsedStringKeyword<parsed> {
+	return Object.assign(keywordSchema<string>(name), {
+		parse: keywordSchema<parsed, string>(`${name}.parse`),
+	});
+}
+
+function preformattedKeyword(name: string): PreformattedKeyword {
+	return Object.assign(keywordSchema<string, string>(name), {
+		preformatted: keywordSchema(`${name}.preformatted`),
+	});
+}
+
+type MatchDefault<input = unknown, output = unknown> =
+	| "assert"
+	| "never"
+	| "reject"
+	| ((input: input, ...args: readonly unknown[]) => output);
+
+type MatchCaseOutput<cases> = {
+	[key in keyof cases]: cases[key] extends (...args: never[]) => infer output ? output : never;
+}[keyof cases];
+
+/** A finalized matcher. Like a schema, it returns structured errors unless finalized with `"assert"`. */
+export type Matcher<input = unknown, output = unknown> = FluentType<output, input> &
+	(<const value extends input>(value: value, ...args: readonly unknown[]) => output | OmpErrors);
+
+/** Fluent first-match parser exposed as `match` and `type.match`. */
+export interface MatchParser<input = unknown, output = never> {
+	<const cases extends Record<PropertyKey, unknown>>(
+		cases: cases,
+	): MatchParser<input, output | MatchCaseOutput<cases>> | Matcher<input, output | MatchCaseOutput<cases>>;
+	case<const definition, result>(
+		definition: definition,
+		resolver: (value: InferDef<definition>, ...args: readonly unknown[]) => result,
+	): MatchParser<input, output | result>;
+	match<const cases extends Record<PropertyKey, unknown>>(
+		cases: cases,
+	): MatchParser<input, output | MatchCaseOutput<cases>> | Matcher<input, output | MatchCaseOutput<cases>>;
+	default<const result>(fallback: MatchDefault<input, result>): Matcher<input, output | result>;
+	at<const key extends PropertyKey>(key: key): MatchParser<input, output>;
+	at<const key extends PropertyKey, cases extends Record<PropertyKey, unknown>>(
+		key: key,
+		cases: cases,
+	): MatchParser<input, output | MatchCaseOutput<cases>> | Matcher<input, output | MatchCaseOutput<cases>>;
+	strings<const cases extends Record<PropertyKey, unknown>>(
+		cases: cases,
+	): MatchParser<input, output | MatchCaseOutput<cases>> | Matcher<input, output | MatchCaseOutput<cases>>;
+	in<narrowed>(): MatchParser<narrowed, output>;
+	in<const definition>(definition: definition): MatchParser<InferDef<definition>, output>;
+}
+
+interface MatchBranch {
+	readonly definition: unknown;
+	readonly schema: BaseType;
+	readonly resolve: (input: unknown, ...args: readonly unknown[]) => unknown;
+}
+
+interface MatchState {
+	readonly parse: (definition: unknown) => BaseType;
+	readonly branches: readonly MatchBranch[];
+	readonly input?: BaseType;
+	readonly key?: PropertyKey;
+}
+
+function caseResolver(value: unknown): (input: unknown, ...args: readonly unknown[]) => unknown {
+	if (typeof value !== "function") throw new OmpTypeError("match case values must be functions");
+	return (input, ...args) => Reflect.apply(value, undefined, [input, ...args]);
+}
+
+function unionIR(branches: readonly MatchBranch[]): IR {
+	const members = branches.map(branch => branch.schema.ir);
+	if (members.length === 0) return { k: "never" };
+	if (members.length === 1) return members[0];
+	return { k: "union", members };
+}
+
+function publicMatcher<input, output>(
+	state: MatchState,
+	fallback: MatchDefault<input, output>,
+): Matcher<input, output> {
+	const fallbackResolver = typeof fallback === "function" ? caseResolver(fallback) : undefined;
+	const casesIR = unionIR(state.branches);
+	let casesSchema: BaseType;
+	if (state.key === undefined || state.branches.length === 0) {
+		casesSchema =
+			state.key === undefined
+				? (makeType(casesIR, EMPTY_STEPS, EMPTY_META) as unknown as BaseType)
+				: state.parse({ [state.key]: "never" });
+	} else {
+		const first = state.branches[0].schema.ir;
+		if (first.k !== "object") throw new OmpTypeError("match.at cases must define object schemas");
+		const propertyKey = String(state.key);
+		const values: IR[] = [];
+		for (const branch of state.branches) {
+			if (branch.schema.ir.k !== "object") throw new OmpTypeError("match.at cases must define object schemas");
+			const property = branch.schema.ir.props.find(candidate => candidate.key === propertyKey);
+			if (property === undefined) throw new OmpTypeError(`match.at case is missing ${propertyKey}`);
+			values.push(property.val);
+		}
+		const value = values.length === 1 ? values[0] : { k: "union" as const, members: values };
+		casesSchema = makeType(
+			{
+				...first,
+				props: first.props.map(property => (property.key === propertyKey ? { ...property, val: value } : property)),
+			},
+			EMPTY_STEPS,
+			EMPTY_META,
+		) as unknown as BaseType;
+	}
+	const execute = (input: unknown, args: readonly unknown[]): unknown => {
+		let matchedInput = input;
+		if (state.input !== undefined) {
+			const validated = state.input.run(input);
+			if (validated instanceof OmpErrors) return validated;
+			matchedInput = validated;
+		}
+		for (const branch of state.branches) {
+			const matched = branch.schema.run(matchedInput);
+			if (!(matched instanceof OmpErrors)) return branch.resolve(matched, ...args);
+		}
+		if (fallbackResolver !== undefined) return fallbackResolver(matchedInput, ...args);
+		return casesSchema.run(matchedInput);
+	};
+	const schema = makeType({ k: "unknown" }, [{ kind: "pipe", fn: input => execute(input, []) }], EMPTY_META);
+	const callable = ((value: unknown, ...args: readonly unknown[]): unknown => {
+		const result = execute(value, args);
+		if ((fallback === "assert" || fallback === "never") && result instanceof OmpErrors) {
+			throw new TraversalError(result);
+		}
+		return result;
+	}) as unknown as InternalType;
+	Object.assign(callable, schema);
+	Object.setPrototypeOf(callable, typeMethods);
+	return callable as unknown as Matcher<input, output>;
+}
+
+function addMatchCases(state: MatchState, cases: Record<PropertyKey, unknown>): MatchParser {
+	const branches = [...state.branches];
+	let fallback: MatchDefault | undefined;
+	for (const rawDefinition of Reflect.ownKeys(cases)) {
+		const value = Reflect.get(cases, rawDefinition);
+		if (rawDefinition === "default") {
+			if (value !== "assert" && value !== "never" && value !== "reject" && typeof value !== "function") {
+				throw new OmpTypeError('match default must be "assert", "never", "reject" or a function');
+			}
+			fallback = value as MatchDefault;
+			continue;
+		}
+		const definition = typeof rawDefinition === "symbol" ? rawDefinition : String(rawDefinition);
+		const caseDefinition = state.key === undefined ? definition : { [state.key]: definition };
+		branches.push({
+			definition,
+			schema: state.parse(caseDefinition),
+			resolve: caseResolver(value),
+		});
+	}
+	const next = { ...state, branches };
+	return fallback === undefined ? createMatchParser(next) : (publicMatcher(next, fallback) as unknown as MatchParser);
+}
+
+function createMatchParser(state: MatchState): MatchParser {
+	const parser = ((cases: Record<PropertyKey, unknown>) => addMatchCases(state, cases)) as MatchParser;
+	parser.case = (definition, resolver) => {
+		const caseDefinition = state.key === undefined ? definition : { [state.key]: definition };
+		return createMatchParser({
+			...state,
+			branches: [
+				...state.branches,
+				{
+					definition,
+					schema: state.parse(caseDefinition),
+					resolve: caseResolver(resolver),
+				},
+			],
+		});
+	};
+	parser.match = cases => addMatchCases(state, cases);
+	parser.default = fallback => publicMatcher(state, fallback);
+	function at<const key extends PropertyKey>(key: key): MatchParser<unknown, never>;
+	function at<const key extends PropertyKey, cases extends Record<PropertyKey, unknown>>(
+		key: key,
+		cases: cases,
+	): MatchParser<unknown, MatchCaseOutput<cases>> | Matcher<unknown, MatchCaseOutput<cases>>;
+	function at(key: PropertyKey, cases?: Record<PropertyKey, unknown>): unknown {
+		if (state.key !== undefined) throw new OmpTypeError("match.at may only be specified once");
+		const next = createMatchParser({ ...state, key });
+		return cases === undefined ? next : next.match(cases);
+	}
+	parser.at = at;
+	parser.strings = cases => {
+		if (state.key === undefined) throw new OmpTypeError("match.strings requires match.at(key)");
+		const definitions: Record<PropertyKey, unknown> = {};
+		for (const key of Reflect.ownKeys(cases)) {
+			definitions[key === "default" ? key : JSON.stringify(String(key))] = Reflect.get(cases, key);
+		}
+		return addMatchCases(state, definitions);
+	};
+	parser.in = (...args: unknown[]) => {
+		if (state.input !== undefined) throw new OmpTypeError("match.in may only be specified once");
+		return createMatchParser({
+			...state,
+			...(args.length === 0 ? {} : { input: state.parse(args[0]) }),
+		});
+	};
+	return parser;
+}
+
+/** Build a fluent first-match dispatcher from schema definitions. */
+const matchBuilder: MatchParser = createMatchParser({
+	parse: definition => type.raw(definition),
+	branches: [],
+});
+
+export { matchBuilder as match };
+
+function fnExpression(ir: IR): string {
+	switch (ir.k) {
+		case "unknown":
+		case "null":
+		case "undefined":
+		case "boolean":
+		case "bigint":
+		case "symbol":
+		case "never":
+		case "string":
+		case "number":
+			return ir.k;
+		case "anyobject":
+			return "object";
+		case "lit":
+			return typeof ir.v === "string" ? JSON.stringify(ir.v) : String(ir.v);
+		case "union":
+			return ir.members.map(fnExpression).join(" | ");
+		case "intersection":
+			return ir.members.map(fnExpression).join(" & ");
+		case "array": {
+			const element = fnExpression(ir.el);
+			return ir.el.k === "unknown" ? "Array" : `${element.includes(" | ") ? `(${element})` : element}[]`;
+		}
+		case "tuple": {
+			const elements = ir.prefix.map(item => {
+				const expression = fnExpression(item.val);
+				if (item.hasDefault) return `${expression} = ${String(item.def)}`;
+				return item.opt ? `${expression}?` : expression;
+			});
+			if (ir.variadic !== undefined) elements.push(`...${fnExpression({ k: "array", el: ir.variadic })}`);
+			elements.push(...ir.postfix.map(fnExpression));
+			return `[${elements.join(", ")}]`;
+		}
+		case "object":
+			return `{ ${ir.props
+				.map(property => `${String(property.key)}${property.opt ? "?" : ""}: ${fnExpression(property.val)}`)
+				.join(", ")} }`;
+		case "refine":
+			return fnExpression(ir.base);
+		case "morph":
+			return `(In: ${fnExpression(ir.input)}) => To<${fnExpression(ir.out ?? { k: "unknown" })}>`;
+		case "instance":
+			return ir.ctor.name || "object";
+		case "alias":
+			return fnExpression(ir.resolve());
+		case "sub": {
+			const schema = ir.schema;
+			if (!schema.hasSteps) return fnExpression(schema.ir);
+			return `(In: ${fnExpression(schema.ir)}) => To<${fnExpression(schema.stepOut ?? { k: "unknown" })}>`;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+function normalizeFnParameter(definition: unknown): unknown {
+	if (typeof definition !== "string") return definition;
+	const optional = definition.match(/^(.*[^\s])\?$/);
+	if (optional) return [optional[1], "?"];
+	const defaulted = definition.match(/^(.*?)\s*=\s*(.+)$/);
+	if (defaulted) {
+		const source = defaulted[2];
+		const value =
+			source === "true"
+				? true
+				: source === "false"
+					? false
+					: source === "null"
+						? null
+						: Number.isNaN(Number(source))
+							? source
+							: Number(source);
+		return [defaulted[1], "=", value];
+	}
+	return definition;
+}
+
+function makeFn(resolve?: AliasResolver): FnParser {
+	function parser<const definitions extends readonly FnDefinition[]>(
+		...definitions: definitions
+	): FnFactory<definitions>;
+	function parser(...definitions: readonly unknown[]): unknown {
+		const marker = definitions.indexOf(":");
+		if (marker !== -1 && (marker !== definitions.length - 2 || definitions.lastIndexOf(":") !== marker)) {
+			throw new OmpTypeError(
+				'":" must be followed by exactly one return type e.g:\nfn("string", ":", "number")(s => s.length)',
+			);
+		}
+		const spreadIndexes: number[] = [];
+		for (let index = 0; index < definitions.length; index++) {
+			if (definitions[index] === "...") spreadIndexes.push(index);
+		}
+		if (spreadIndexes.length > 1) {
+			const secondSpread = definitions[spreadIndexes[1] + 1];
+			if (
+				Array.isArray(secondSpread) &&
+				secondSpread.some(
+					element => typeof element === "string" && (element.endsWith("?") || element.includes("=")),
+				)
+			) {
+				throw new OmpTypeError("An optional element may not follow a variadic element");
+			}
+			throw new OmpTypeError("A tuple may have at most one variadic element");
+		}
+		if (spreadIndexes.length === 1 && spreadIndexes[0] + 2 < (marker === -1 ? definitions.length : marker)) {
+			const preceding = definitions.slice(0, spreadIndexes[0]);
+			if (
+				preceding.some(element => typeof element === "string" && (element.endsWith("?") || /\s=\s/.test(element)))
+			) {
+				throw new OmpTypeError("A postfix required element cannot follow an optional or defaultable element");
+			}
+		}
+		const parameterDefinitions = (marker === -1 ? definitions : definitions.slice(0, marker)).map(
+			normalizeFnParameter,
+		);
+		const params = makeType<readonly unknown[], readonly unknown[]>(parseDef(parameterDefinitions, resolve), [], {});
+		const returns =
+			marker === -1
+				? makeType<unknown>({ k: "unknown" }, [], {})
+				: makeType<unknown>(parseDef(definitions[marker + 1], resolve), [], {});
+		const parameterExpression = fnExpression(params.ir);
+		const returnsExpression = fnExpression(returns.ir);
+		return (implementation: (...arguments_: readonly unknown[]) => unknown) => {
+			if (typeof implementation !== "function") throw new OmpTypeError("type.fn requires a function implementation");
+			const raw = (...arguments_: readonly unknown[]): unknown => {
+				const validatedArguments = params.assert(arguments_);
+				const result = Reflect.apply(implementation, undefined, validatedArguments);
+				return returns.assert(result);
+			};
+			const typed = raw.bind(undefined) as TypedFunction<readonly unknown[], unknown>;
+			Object.defineProperties(typed, {
+				name: { value: `bound typed ${implementation.name}`, configurable: true },
+				raw: { value: implementation, enumerable: true },
+				params: { value: params, enumerable: true },
+				returns: { value: returns, enumerable: true },
+				expression: {
+					value: `(${parameterExpression.slice(1, -1)}) => ${returnsExpression}`,
+					enumerable: true,
+				},
+			});
+			return typed;
+		};
+	}
+	return Object.assign(parser, { raw: parser });
+}
+/** Declares a schema output type while preserving its inferred input. */
+export interface DeclaredParser<declared> {
+	type<const definition>(definition: definition): FluentType<declared, InferDefIn<definition>>;
+}
+
+/** Fix a schema's externally declared static type without changing its runtime validation. */
+export function declare<declared, _options = {}>(): DeclaredParser<declared> {
+	return {
+		type: definition => type(definition) as unknown as FluentType<declared, InferDefIn<typeof definition>>,
+	};
+}
+
+function isTypeValue(value: unknown): value is InternalType {
+	return (typeof value === "function" || (typeof value === "object" && value !== null)) && IR_BRAND in value;
+}
+
+function resolveAlias(ir: IR): IR {
+	const seen = new Set<IR>();
+	let current = ir;
+	while (current.k === "alias" && !seen.has(current)) {
+		seen.add(current);
+		current = current.resolve();
+	}
+	return current;
+}
+
+function sameUnionMember(left: IR, right: IR): boolean {
+	const a = resolveAlias(left);
+	const b = resolveAlias(right);
+	if (a.k === "lit" && b.k === "lit") return Object.is(a.v, b.v);
+	if (a.k !== b.k) return false;
+	switch (a.k) {
+		case "unknown":
+		case "never":
+		case "null":
+		case "undefined":
+		case "boolean":
+		case "bigint":
+		case "symbol":
+		case "anyobject":
+			return true;
+		default:
+			return false;
+	}
+}
+
+function buildOr(definitions: readonly unknown[], resolve?: AliasResolver): InternalType;
+function buildOr<output, input>(definitions: readonly unknown[], resolve?: AliasResolver): FluentType<output, input>;
+function buildOr(definitions: readonly unknown[], resolve?: AliasResolver): InternalType {
+	const members: IR[] = [];
+	const add = (candidate: IR): boolean => {
+		const resolved = resolveAlias(candidate);
+		if (resolved.k === "unknown") {
+			members.length = 0;
+			members.push(resolved);
+			return false;
+		}
+		if (resolved.k === "never") return true;
+		if (resolved.k === "union") {
+			for (const member of resolved.members) {
+				if (!add(member)) return false;
+			}
+			return true;
+		}
+		if (!members.some(member => sameUnionMember(member, candidate))) members.push(candidate);
+		return true;
+	};
+	for (const definition of definitions) {
+		if (!add(parseDef(definition, resolve))) break;
+	}
+	const ir: IR = members.length === 0 ? { k: "never" } : members.length === 1 ? members[0] : { k: "union", members };
+	return makeType(ir, [], {});
+}
+
+function buildAnd(definitions: readonly unknown[], resolve?: AliasResolver): InternalType;
+function buildAnd<output, input>(definitions: readonly unknown[], resolve?: AliasResolver): FluentType<output, input>;
+function buildAnd(definitions: readonly unknown[], resolve?: AliasResolver): InternalType {
+	if (definitions.length === 0) return makeType({ k: "unknown" }, [], {});
+	let ir = parseDef(definitions[0], resolve);
+	for (let index = 1; index < definitions.length; index++) {
+		ir = intersect(ir, parseDef(definitions[index], resolve));
+	}
+	return makeType(ir, [], {});
+}
+
+function requireNaryObject(ir: IR): ObjectIR {
+	const resolved = resolveAlias(ir);
+	if (resolved.k !== "object") throw new OmpTypeError("merge requires an object schema");
+	return resolved;
+}
+
+function buildMerge(definitions: readonly unknown[], resolve?: AliasResolver): InternalType;
+function buildMerge<output, input>(definitions: readonly unknown[], resolve?: AliasResolver): FluentType<output, input>;
+function buildMerge(definitions: readonly unknown[], resolve?: AliasResolver): InternalType {
+	if (definitions.length === 0) return makeType({ k: "anyobject" }, [], {});
+	let object = requireNaryObject(parseDef(definitions[0], resolve));
+	for (let index = 1; index < definitions.length; index++) {
+		object = mergeObjects(object, requireNaryObject(parseDef(definitions[index], resolve)));
+	}
+	return makeType(object, [], {});
+}
+
+function buildPipe(definitions: readonly unknown[], resolve?: AliasResolver): InternalType;
+function buildPipe<output, input>(definitions: readonly unknown[], resolve?: AliasResolver): FluentType<output, input>;
+function buildPipe(definitions: readonly unknown[], resolve?: AliasResolver): InternalType {
+	if (definitions.length === 0) return makeType({ k: "unknown" }, [], {});
+	const first = definitions[0];
+	let schema =
+		typeof first === "function" && !isTypeValue(first)
+			? appendPipes(makeType({ k: "unknown" }, [], {}), [first], false, true)
+			: isTypeValue(first)
+				? first
+				: makeType(parseDef(first, resolve), [], {});
+	for (let index = 1; index < definitions.length; index++) {
+		const definition = definitions[index];
+		const pipe =
+			typeof definition === "function" && !isTypeValue(definition)
+				? definition
+				: isTypeValue(definition)
+					? definition
+					: makeType(parseDef(definition, resolve), [], {});
+		schema = appendPipes(schema, [pipe], false, true);
+	}
+	return schema;
+}
+
+function naryStatics(resolve?: AliasResolver) {
+	return {
+		or: (...definitions: readonly unknown[]) => buildOr(definitions, resolve),
+		and: (...definitions: readonly unknown[]) => buildAnd(definitions, resolve),
+		merge: (...definitions: readonly unknown[]) => buildMerge(definitions, resolve),
+		pipe: (...definitions: readonly unknown[]) => buildPipe(definitions, resolve),
+	};
+}
+
+export namespace type {
+	/** Error aggregate returned by failed validations (`result instanceof type.errors`). */
+	export const errors = OmpErrors;
+	export type errors = OmpErrors;
+
+	/** Build a union from zero or more definitions. */
+	export function or<const definitions extends readonly unknown[]>(
+		...definitions: definitions
+	): FluentType<NaryOrOutput<definitions>, NaryOrInput<definitions>> {
+		return buildOr<NaryOrOutput<definitions>, NaryOrInput<definitions>>(definitions);
+	}
+
+	/** Build an array schema from an element definition. */
+	export function array<const definition>(
+		definition: definition,
+	): FluentType<InferDef<definition>[], InferDefIn<definition>[]> {
+		return type(definition).array();
+	}
+
+	/** Build a union from a runtime array of definitions. */
+	export function union<const definitions extends readonly unknown[]>(
+		definitions: definitions,
+	): FluentType<NaryOrOutput<definitions>, NaryOrInput<definitions>> {
+		return buildOr<NaryOrOutput<definitions>, NaryOrInput<definitions>>(definitions);
+	}
+
+	/** Build a tuple schema from a runtime array of definitions. */
+	export function tuple<const definitions extends readonly unknown[]>(
+		definitions: definitions,
+	): FluentType<InferDef<definitions>, InferDefIn<definitions>> {
+		return type(definitions);
+	}
+
+	/** Build an open record schema from key and value definitions. */
+	export function record<const key, const value>(
+		key: key,
+		value: value,
+	): FluentType<
+		Record<Extract<InferDef<key>, PropertyKey>, InferDef<value>>,
+		Record<Extract<InferDefIn<key>, PropertyKey>, InferDefIn<value>>
+	> {
+		return keywords.Record(key, value);
+	}
+
+	/** Build an intersection from zero or more definitions. */
+	export function and<const definitions extends readonly unknown[]>(
+		...definitions: definitions
+	): FluentType<NaryAndOutput<definitions>, NaryAndInput<definitions>> {
+		return buildAnd<NaryAndOutput<definitions>, NaryAndInput<definitions>>(definitions);
+	}
+
+	/** Right-biased object merge over zero or more definitions. */
+	export function merge<const definitions extends readonly unknown[]>(
+		...definitions: definitions
+	): FluentType<NaryMergeOutput<definitions>, NaryMergeInput<definitions>> {
+		return buildMerge<NaryMergeOutput<definitions>, NaryMergeInput<definitions>>(definitions);
+	}
+
+	/** Compose Types, definitions, and morph callbacks from left to right. */
+	export function pipe<const definitions extends readonly unknown[]>(
+		...definitions: definitions
+	): FluentType<NaryPipeOutput<definitions>, NaryPipeInput<definitions>> {
+		return buildPipe<NaryPipeOutput<definitions>, NaryPipeInput<definitions>>(definitions);
+	}
+
+	const normalize: NormalizeKeyword = Object.assign(keywordSchema<string, string>("string.normalize"), {
+		preformatted: keywordSchema("string.normalize.NFC.preformatted"),
+		NFC: preformattedKeyword("string.normalize.NFC"),
+		NFD: preformattedKeyword("string.normalize.NFD"),
+		NFKC: preformattedKeyword("string.normalize.NFKC"),
+		NFKD: preformattedKeyword("string.normalize.NFKD"),
+	});
+	const base64: Base64Keyword = Object.assign(keywordSchema("string.base64"), {
+		url: keywordSchema("string.base64.url"),
+	});
+	const date: DateStringKeyword = Object.assign(parsedKeyword<Date>("string.date"), {
+		iso: parsedKeyword<Date>("string.date.iso"),
+		epoch: parsedKeyword<Date>("string.date.epoch"),
+	});
+	const ip: IpKeyword = Object.assign(keywordSchema("string.ip"), {
+		v4: keywordSchema("string.ip.v4"),
+		v6: keywordSchema("string.ip.v6"),
+	});
+	const uuid: UuidKeyword = Object.assign(keywordSchema("string.uuid"), {
+		v1: keywordSchema("string.uuid.v1"),
+		v2: keywordSchema("string.uuid.v2"),
+		v3: keywordSchema("string.uuid.v3"),
+		v4: keywordSchema("string.uuid.v4"),
+		v5: keywordSchema("string.uuid.v5"),
+		v6: keywordSchema("string.uuid.v6"),
+		v7: keywordSchema("string.uuid.v7"),
+		v8: keywordSchema("string.uuid.v8"),
+	});
+
+	/** String validator and its refinement/morph keyword module. */
+	export const string: StringKeyword = Object.defineProperties(
+		makeType<string>({ k: "string" }, [], {}),
+		Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors({
+			alpha: keywordSchema("string.alpha"),
+			alphanumeric: keywordSchema("string.alphanumeric"),
+			base64,
+			capitalize: preformattedKeyword("string.capitalize"),
+			creditCard: keywordSchema("string.creditCard"),
+			date,
+			digits: keywordSchema("string.digits"),
+			email: keywordSchema("string.email"),
+			hex: keywordSchema("string.hex"),
+			integer: parsedKeyword<number>("string.integer"),
+			ip,
+			json: parsedKeyword<unknown>("string.json"),
+			lower: preformattedKeyword("string.lower"),
+			normalize,
+			numeric: parsedKeyword<number>("string.numeric"),
+			regex: keywordSchema("string.regex"),
+			semver: keywordSchema("string.semver"),
+			trim: preformattedKeyword("string.trim"),
+			upper: preformattedKeyword("string.upper"),
+			url: parsedKeyword<URL>("string.url"),
+			uuid,
+		}),
+	) as unknown as StringKeyword;
+
+	/** Runtime parser keyword family. */
+	export const parse: ParseKeyword = {
+		number: keywordSchema<number, string>("parse.number"),
+		integer: keywordSchema<number, string>("parse.integer"),
+		json: keywordSchema<unknown, string>("parse.json"),
+		date: keywordSchema<Date, string>("parse.date"),
+		url: keywordSchema<URL, string>("parse.url"),
+		boolean: keywordSchema<boolean, string>("parse.boolean"),
+		bigint: keywordSchema<bigint, string>("parse.bigint"),
+	};
+
+	/** Number validator with integer refinement. */
+	export const number: NumberKeyword = Object.assign(makeType<number>({ k: "number" }, [], {}), {
+		integer: makeType<number>({ k: "number", int: true }, [], {}),
+	});
+
+	/** Schema-valued key representing any non-negative integer array index. */
+	export const arrayIndex = makeType<string>(
+		{
+			k: "refine",
+			base: { k: "string" },
+			pred: value => typeof value === "string" && /^(?:0|[1-9]\d*)$/.test(value),
+			expected: "a non-negative integer string",
+		},
+		[],
+		{},
+	);
+
+	/** Boolean validator. */
+	export const boolean = makeType<boolean>({ k: "boolean" }, [], {});
+	/** Bigint validator. */
+	export const bigint = makeType<bigint>({ k: "bigint" }, [], {});
+	/** Symbol validator. */
+	export const symbol = makeType<symbol>({ k: "symbol" }, [], {});
+	/** Non-null object validator. */
+	export const object = makeType<object>({ k: "anyobject" }, [], {});
+	/** Unknown validator. */
+	export const unknown = makeType<unknown>({ k: "unknown" }, [], {});
+	/** Alias of the unknown validator. */
+	export const any = unknown;
+	/** Validator that rejects every value. */
+	export const never = makeType<never>({ k: "never" }, [], {});
+
+	/** ArkType's built-in keyword namespace, including invokable utility generics. */
+	export const keywords = {
+		number: { integer: number.integer },
+		Map: keywordSchema<Map<unknown, unknown>>("Map"),
+		Set: keywordSchema<Set<unknown>>("Set"),
+		RegExp: keywordSchema<RegExp>("RegExp"),
+		File: keywordSchema<File>("File"),
+		Error: keywordSchema<Error>("Error"),
+		Function: keywordSchema<Function>("Function"),
+		Array: {
+			liftFrom<const definition>(
+				definition: definition,
+			): FluentType<InferDef<definition>[], InferDefIn<definition> | InferDefIn<definition>[]> {
+				const element = parseDef(definition);
+				const array: IR = { k: "array", el: element, desc: "an object" };
+				return makeType<InferDef<definition>[], InferDefIn<definition> | InferDefIn<definition>[]>(
+					{
+						k: "morph",
+						input: { k: "union", members: [element, array] },
+						fn: value => (globalThis.Array.isArray(value) ? value : [value]),
+						out: array,
+					},
+					[],
+					{},
+				);
+			},
+		},
+		Record<const key, const value>(
+			key: key,
+			value: value,
+		): FluentType<
+			Record<Extract<InferDef<key>, PropertyKey>, InferDef<value>>,
+			Record<Extract<InferDefIn<key>, PropertyKey>, InferDefIn<value>>
+		> {
+			const keyIR = parseDef(key);
+			if (keyIR.k !== "string" && keyIR.k !== "symbol") {
+				throw new OmpTypeError("Record key must be assignable to string or symbol");
+			}
+			const valueIR = parseDef(value);
+			const ir: IR =
+				keyIR.k === "symbol"
+					? { k: "object", props: [], symbolIndex: valueIR, extras: "keep" }
+					: { k: "object", props: [], index: valueIR, extras: "keep" };
+			return makeType<
+				Record<Extract<InferDef<key>, PropertyKey>, InferDef<value>>,
+				Record<Extract<InferDefIn<key>, PropertyKey>, InferDefIn<value>>
+			>(ir, [], {});
+		},
+		Partial<const definition>(
+			definition: definition,
+		): FluentType<Partial<InferDef<definition>>, Partial<InputObject<InferDefIn<definition>>>> {
+			return makeType<Partial<InferDef<definition>>, Partial<InputObject<InferDefIn<definition>>>>(
+				setObjectOptionality(parseDef(definition), true, "partial"),
+				[],
+				{},
+			);
+		},
+		Required<const definition>(
+			definition: definition,
+		): FluentType<Required<InferDef<definition>>, Required<InputObject<InferDefIn<definition>>>> {
+			return makeType<Required<InferDef<definition>>, Required<InputObject<InferDefIn<definition>>>>(
+				setObjectOptionality(parseDef(definition), false, "required"),
+				[],
+				{},
+			);
+		},
+		Pick<const definition, const keys extends readonly PropertyKey[]>(
+			definition: definition,
+			...keys: keys
+		): FluentType<
+			Pick<InferDef<definition>, Extract<keys[number], keyof InferDef<definition>>>,
+			Pick<InputObject<InferDefIn<definition>>, Extract<keys[number], keyof InputObject<InferDefIn<definition>>>>
+		> {
+			return makeType<
+				Pick<InferDef<definition>, Extract<keys[number], keyof InferDef<definition>>>,
+				Pick<InputObject<InferDefIn<definition>>, Extract<keys[number], keyof InputObject<InferDefIn<definition>>>>
+			>(selectObjectProps(parseDef(definition), keys, true, "pick"), [], {});
+		},
+		Omit<const definition, const keys extends readonly PropertyKey[]>(
+			definition: definition,
+			...keys: keys
+		): FluentType<
+			Omit<InferDef<definition>, Extract<keys[number], keyof InferDef<definition>>>,
+			Omit<InputObject<InferDefIn<definition>>, Extract<keys[number], keyof InputObject<InferDefIn<definition>>>>
+		> {
+			return makeType<
+				Omit<InferDef<definition>, Extract<keys[number], keyof InferDef<definition>>>,
+				Omit<InputObject<InferDefIn<definition>>, Extract<keys[number], keyof InputObject<InferDefIn<definition>>>>
+			>(selectObjectProps(parseDef(definition), keys, false, "omit"), [], {});
+		},
+		Merge<const left, const right>(
+			left: left,
+			right: right,
+		): FluentType<MergeTypes<InferDef<left>, InferDef<right>>, MergeTypes<InferDefIn<left>, InferDefIn<right>>> {
+			return makeType<MergeTypes<InferDef<left>, InferDef<right>>, MergeTypes<InferDefIn<left>, InferDefIn<right>>>(
+				mergeObjectDefinition(parseDef(left), right),
+				[],
+				{},
+			);
+		},
+		object: {
+			json: Object.defineProperties(keywordSchema<unknown>("object.json"), {
+				stringify: {
+					value: keywordSchema<string, unknown>("object.json.stringify"),
+					enumerable: true,
+				},
+			}),
+		},
+		unknown: { any: keywordSchema<unknown>("unknown.any") },
+	};
+	/** Date instance validator. */
+	export const Date = makeType<globalThis.Date>({ k: "instance", ctor: globalThis.Date, expected: "a Date" }, [], {});
+
+	/** Validate instances of `ctor`. */
+	export function instanceOf<const ctor extends Constructor>(ctor: ctor): FluentType<Constructed<ctor>> {
+		if (typeof ctor !== "function" || ctor.prototype === undefined) {
+			throw new OmpTypeError("instanceof operands must be constructors");
+		}
+		const name = Reflect.get(ctor, "name");
+		const expected =
+			ctor.prototype === Error.prototype
+				? "an Error"
+				: typeof name === "string" && name.length > 0
+					? `an instance of ${name}`
+					: "an instance";
+		return makeType<Constructed<ctor>>({ k: "instance", ctor, expected }, [], {});
+	}
+
+	/** Validate one exact unit value. */
+	export function unit<const value>(value: value): FluentType<value> {
+		return makeType<value>({ k: "lit", v: value }, [], {});
+	}
+
+	/** Union of literal values from a runtime array. */
+	export function enumerated<const values extends readonly unknown[]>(...values: values): FluentType<values[number]> {
+		const members: IR[] = values.map(value => ({ k: "lit", v: value }));
+		const ir: IR =
+			members.length === 0 ? { k: "never" } : members.length === 1 ? members[0] : { k: "union", members };
+		return makeType<values[number]>(ir, [], {});
+	}
+
+	/** Build a literal union from a runtime array. */
+	export function enumeration<const values extends readonly unknown[]>(values: values): FluentType<values[number]> {
+		return enumerated(...values);
+	}
+
+	/** Enumerate an enum-like object's forward values, excluding numeric reverse mappings. */
+	export function valueOf<const values extends Record<PropertyKey, unknown>>(
+		values: values,
+	): FluentType<values[keyof values]> {
+		const members: IR[] = [];
+		for (const key in values) {
+			if (/^(?:0|[1-9]\d*)$/.test(key)) continue;
+			members.push({ k: "lit", v: values[key] });
+		}
+		const ir: IR =
+			members.length === 0 ? { k: "never" } : members.length === 1 ? members[0] : { k: "union", members };
+		return makeType<values[keyof values]>(ir, [], {});
+	}
+
+	/** Fluent first-match dispatcher, also exported as standalone `match`. */
+	export const match: MatchParser = matchBuilder;
+	/** Preserve a definition's literal type while authoring reusable modules. */
+	export function define<const definition>(definition: definition): definition {
+		return definition;
+	}
+
+	/** Build a function whose arguments and optional declared return are validated. */
+	export const fn: FnParser = makeFn();
+
+	/** Fix an externally declared static type while retaining runtime validation. */
+	export const declare = <declared, _options = {}>(): DeclaredParser<declared> =>
+		({
+			type: definition => type(definition) as unknown as FluentType<declared, InferDefIn<typeof definition>>,
+		}) as DeclaredParser<declared>;
+
+	/** Build a lazy named scope from aliases and recursive definitions. */
+	export function scope(aliases: Record<string, unknown>, options?: ScopeOptions): TypeScope {
+		return buildScope(aliases, options);
+	}
+
+	/** Compile a named schema module whose definitions may reference each other. */
+	export function module<const definitions extends Record<string, unknown>>(
+		definitions: definitions,
+		options?: ScopeOptions,
+	): { [name in keyof definitions]: Type<InferDef<definitions[name]>, InferDefIn<definitions[name]>> } {
+		return scope(definitions, options).export() as unknown as {
+			[name in keyof definitions]: Type<InferDef<definitions[name]>, InferDefIn<definitions[name]>>;
+		};
+	}
+
+	type GenericParameterSpec = string | readonly [name: string, constraint: unknown];
+
+	/** Build a generic directly from an angle-bracket declaration. */
+	export function generic<const definition>(parameters: `<${string}>`, definition: definition): Generic;
+	/** Build a curried generic from named, optionally constrained parameters. */
+	export function generic(...parameters: readonly GenericParameterSpec[]): GenericBuilder;
+	export function generic(...arguments_: readonly (GenericParameterSpec | unknown)[]): Generic | GenericBuilder {
+		if (arguments_.length === 2 && typeof arguments_[0] === "string" && arguments_[0].trimStart().startsWith("<")) {
+			return createRuntimeGeneric(parseGenericParameters(arguments_[0]), arguments_[1]);
+		}
+		const parameters: GenericParameter[] = arguments_.map(parameter => {
+			if (typeof parameter === "string") return { name: parameter.trim() };
+			if (Array.isArray(parameter) && typeof parameter[0] === "string") {
+				return { name: parameter[0].trim(), constraintDef: parameter[1] };
+			}
+			throw new OmpTypeError("generic parameters must be names or [name, constraint] pairs");
+		});
+		validateGenericParameters(parameters);
+		return (definition: unknown) => createRuntimeGeneric(parameters, definition);
+	}
+
+	/** Untyped builder for runtime-assembled definitions. */
+	export function raw(def: unknown): BaseType {
+		return makeType(parseDef(def), [], {}) as unknown as BaseType;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Return a validation-only schema that emits `json` verbatim — even when
+	 * embedded in an object, array, or union.
+	 *
+	 * A `.toJsonSchema()` method override cannot survive nesting: a parent schema
+	 * emits each child's IR directly and never calls the child's method, so the
+	 * override silently disappears from the wire schema. This stores the override
+	 * on the IR instead.
+	 *
+	 * # Errors
+	 *
+	 * Throws when `schema` has a default or output-changing morph/pipe. A refine
+	 * can preserve validation and the input value, but silently discarding a
+	 * transformed output would violate the returned {@link Type}.
+	 */
+	export function withJsonSchema<t, i = t>(schema: Type<t, i>, json: Record<string, unknown>): Type<t, i> {
+		const internal = schema as unknown as InternalType;
+		if (internal.hasDefault || hasMorph(internal.ir) || internal[kSteps].some(step => step.kind === "pipe")) {
+			throw new OmpTypeError("type.withJsonSchema cannot wrap schemas with defaults or output-changing morphs");
+		}
+		return makeType<t, i>(
+			{
+				k: "refine",
+				base: { k: "unknown" },
+				pred: value => {
+					const result = schema(value);
+					return result instanceof OmpErrors ? result : true;
+				},
+				expected: schema.expression,
+				json: { ...json },
+			},
+			[],
+			{},
+		);
+	}
+}
+
+// Reserved words cannot be declared as namespace bindings, but ArkType exposes
+// them as runtime keyword properties.
+Object.assign(type, {
+	null: makeType<null>({ k: "null" }, [], {}),
+	undefined: makeType<undefined>({ k: "undefined" }, [], {}),
+	true: makeType<true>({ k: "lit", v: true }, [], {}),
+	false: makeType<false>({ k: "lit", v: false }, [], {}),
+});
+
+export interface ScopeOptions {
+	jitless?: boolean;
+	clone?: false | ((input: unknown) => unknown);
+	divisor?: SchemaConfig;
+}
+
+/** Callable builder bound to one alias scope. */
+export type ScopedBuilder = (<const definition>(
+	definition: definition,
+) => FluentType<InferDef<definition>, InferDefIn<definition>>) &
+	typeof type;
+
+const MODULE_SCOPE = Symbol("omptype.moduleScope");
+
+interface RuntimeModule extends Record<string, BaseType | RuntimeModule> {
+	readonly [MODULE_SCOPE]: TypeScope;
+}
+
+/** Named schema scope with scoped parsing, imports, and bound module exports. */
+export interface TypeScope {
+	readonly type: ScopedBuilder;
+	readonly match: MatchParser;
+	readonly json: Record<string, unknown>;
+	define<const definition>(definition: definition): definition;
+	resolve(name: string): BaseType;
+	import(...names: readonly string[]): Record<string, unknown>;
+	export(...names: readonly string[]): Record<string, BaseType>;
+}
+
+/** Build a scope whose aliases resolve lazily, including recursive cycles. */
+export function scope(aliases: Record<string, unknown>, options?: ScopeOptions): TypeScope {
+	return buildScope(aliases, options);
+}
+
+export namespace scope {
+	/** Preserve a scope definition's literal shape without constructing it. */
+	export function define<const aliases>(definitions: aliases): aliases {
+		return definitions;
+	}
+}
+
+interface ScopeAlias {
+	readonly name: string;
+	readonly sourceName: string;
+	readonly private: boolean;
+	readonly genericParameters?: readonly GenericParameter[];
+	definition: unknown;
+	generic?: RuntimeGeneric;
+	materialized: boolean;
+}
+
+function isRuntimeModule(value: unknown): value is RuntimeModule {
+	return typeof value === "object" && value !== null && MODULE_SCOPE in value;
+}
+
+function buildScope(aliases: Record<string, unknown>, options?: ScopeOptions): TypeScope {
+	const scopeMeta: TypeMeta = options?.clone === undefined ? EMPTY_META : { clone: options.clone };
+	const withScopeConfig = (ir: IR): IR =>
+		options?.divisor === undefined ? ir : configureSelected(ir, options.divisor, { kind: "divisor" });
+	const entries = new Map<string, ScopeAlias>();
+	for (const sourceName in aliases) {
+		const isPrivate = sourceName.startsWith("#");
+		const visibleName = isPrivate ? sourceName.slice(1) : sourceName;
+		const declaration = parseGenericDeclaration(visibleName);
+		const external = isRuntimeGeneric(aliases[sourceName]) ? aliases[sourceName] : undefined;
+		const name = declaration?.name ?? visibleName;
+		if (entries.has(name)) throw new OmpTypeError(`alias "${name}" is declared as both public and private`);
+		entries.set(name, {
+			name,
+			sourceName,
+			private: isPrivate,
+			genericParameters: declaration?.parameters ?? external?.[GENERIC_META].parameters,
+			definition: aliases[sourceName],
+			generic: external,
+			materialized: false,
+		});
+	}
+
+	const references = new Map<string, IR>();
+	const targets = new Map<string, IR>();
+	const scopeValue: { current?: TypeScope } = {};
+
+	const materialize = (entry: ScopeAlias): unknown => {
+		if (entry.materialized) return entry.definition;
+		entry.materialized = true;
+		if (
+			entry.genericParameters === undefined &&
+			typeof entry.definition === "function" &&
+			!(IR_BRAND in entry.definition)
+		) {
+			entry.definition = Reflect.apply(entry.definition, undefined, []);
+		}
+		return entry.definition;
+	};
+
+	const moduleSchema = (module: RuntimeModule, parts: readonly string[]): EmbeddableSchema | undefined => {
+		let current: BaseType | RuntimeModule = module;
+		for (const part of parts) {
+			if (!isRuntimeModule(current)) return undefined;
+			const next: BaseType | RuntimeModule | undefined = current[part];
+			if (next === undefined) return undefined;
+			current = next;
+		}
+		if (isRuntimeModule(current)) {
+			const root = current.root;
+			return root !== undefined && !isRuntimeModule(root) ? root : undefined;
+		}
+		return current;
+	};
+
+	const resolve = ((path: string): IR | undefined => {
+		const [name, ...parts] = path.split(".");
+		const entry = entries.get(name);
+		if (entry === undefined || entry.genericParameters !== undefined) return undefined;
+		const definition = materialize(entry);
+		if (isRuntimeModule(definition)) {
+			const schema = moduleSchema(definition, parts);
+			return schema === undefined ? undefined : embed(schema);
+		}
+		if (parts.length !== 0) return undefined;
+		const existing = references.get(name);
+		if (existing !== undefined) return existing;
+		const reference: IR = {
+			k: "alias",
+			name,
+			resolve: () => {
+				const target = targets.get(name);
+				if (target !== undefined) return target;
+				const parsed = parseDef(definition, resolve);
+				targets.set(name, parsed);
+				return parsed;
+			},
+		};
+		references.set(name, reference);
+		return reference;
+	}) as AliasResolver;
+
+	const genericFor = (entry: ScopeAlias): RuntimeGeneric => {
+		if (entry.generic !== undefined) return entry.generic;
+		const parameters = entry.genericParameters;
+		if (parameters === undefined) throw new OmpTypeError(`alias "${entry.name}" is not generic`);
+		entry.generic = createRuntimeGeneric(parameters, entry.definition, resolve, false);
+		return entry.generic;
+	};
+	const genericInstantiations = new Map<string, IR>();
+	resolve.hasGeneric = name => entries.get(name)?.genericParameters !== undefined;
+	resolve.generic = (name, arguments_) => {
+		const entry = entries.get(name);
+		if (entry === undefined || entry.genericParameters === undefined) return undefined;
+		const key = `${name}<${arguments_.map(expectedOf).join(",")}>`;
+		const existing = genericInstantiations.get(key);
+		if (existing !== undefined) return existing;
+		let target: IR | undefined;
+		const reference: IR = {
+			k: "alias",
+			name: key,
+			resolve: () => {
+				target ??= genericFor(entry)[GENERIC_META].instantiateIR(arguments_);
+				return target;
+			},
+		};
+		genericInstantiations.set(key, reference);
+		target = genericFor(entry)[GENERIC_META].instantiateIR(arguments_);
+		return target;
+	};
+
+	const bind = (schema: InternalType): InternalType => {
+		Reflect.set(schema, "$", scopeValue.current);
+		Reflect.set(schema, "resolver", resolve);
+		return schema;
+	};
+	const parseScoped = (definition: unknown): InternalType =>
+		bind(makeType(withScopeConfig(parseDef(definition, resolve)), EMPTY_STEPS, scopeMeta));
+	const scopedMatch = createMatchParser({
+		parse: definition => parseScoped(definition) as unknown as BaseType,
+		branches: [],
+	});
+	const scoped = Object.assign((definition: unknown) => parseScoped(definition), type, {
+		fn: makeFn(resolve),
+		match: scopedMatch,
+		...naryStatics(resolve),
+	}) as unknown as ScopedBuilder;
+
+	const targetFor = (name: string): IR => {
+		const resolved = resolve(name);
+		if (resolved === undefined) throw new OmpTypeError(`unknown alias "${name}"`);
+		return resolved.k === "alias" ? resolved.resolve() : resolved;
+	};
+	const schemaFor = (name: string): BaseType =>
+		bind(makeType(withScopeConfig(targetFor(name)), EMPTY_STEPS, scopeMeta)) as unknown as BaseType;
+
+	const bindModule = (names: readonly string[]): RuntimeModule => {
+		const module = {} as RuntimeModule;
+		Object.defineProperty(module, MODULE_SCOPE, { value: scopeValue.current });
+		for (const name of names) {
+			const entry = entries.get(name);
+			if (entry === undefined) continue;
+			if (entry.genericParameters !== undefined) {
+				module[name] = genericFor(entry) as unknown as BaseType;
+				continue;
+			}
+			const definition = materialize(entry);
+			module[name] = isRuntimeModule(definition) ? definition : schemaFor(name);
+		}
+		return module;
+	};
+
+	scopeValue.current = {
+		type: scoped,
+		match: scopedMatch,
+		define<const definition>(definition: definition): definition {
+			return definition;
+		},
+		resolve(name: string) {
+			return schemaFor(name);
+		},
+		import(...names: readonly string[]) {
+			const selected =
+				names.length === 0
+					? [...entries.values()].filter(entry => !entry.private)
+					: names.map(name => {
+							const entry = entries.get(name);
+							if (entry === undefined) throw new OmpTypeError(`unknown alias "${name}"`);
+							return entry;
+						});
+			const imported: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+			for (const entry of selected) {
+				imported[`#${entry.sourceName.startsWith("#") ? entry.sourceName.slice(1) : entry.sourceName}`] =
+					entry.genericParameters === undefined ? schemaFor(entry.name) : genericFor(entry);
+			}
+			return imported;
+		},
+		export(...names: readonly string[]) {
+			const selected =
+				names.length === 0 ? [...entries.values()].filter(entry => !entry.private).map(entry => entry.name) : names;
+			// Export is the eager boundary: malformed aliases and bad thunks fail here,
+			// while recursive references inside valid definitions stay lazy.
+			for (const entry of entries.values()) {
+				if (entry.genericParameters !== undefined) genericFor(entry);
+				else if (!isRuntimeModule(materialize(entry))) targetFor(entry.name);
+			}
+			return bindModule(selected) as unknown as Record<string, BaseType>;
+		},
+		get json() {
+			const json: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+			const add = (prefix: string, module: RuntimeModule): void => {
+				for (const name of Object.keys(module)) {
+					const value = module[name];
+					const path = prefix === "" ? name : `${prefix}.${name}`;
+					if (isRuntimeModule(value)) add(path, value);
+					else json[path] = Reflect.get(value, "json");
+				}
+			};
+			add("", bindModule([...entries.values()].filter(entry => !entry.private).map(entry => entry.name)));
+			return json;
+		},
+	};
+	return scopeValue.current;
+}
+
+/** A schema whose output type is not statically known (`type.raw` results). */
+export type BaseType = FluentType<unknown, unknown>;
+
+/**
+ * Minimal structural constraint matching any omptype schema.
+ *
+ * `FluentType`'s recursive fluent surface makes `T extends FluentType<...>`
+ * checks descend until TypeScript's depth limiter reports spurious
+ * incompatibilities, and its invariant input parameter rejects concrete
+ * schemas outright. This interface exposes only the schema marker plus the
+ * members generic helpers commonly need — method syntax keeps parameter
+ * positions bivariant, and returns recurse shallowly through `AnyType`.
+ */
+export interface AnyType {
+	(data: unknown): unknown;
+	readonly [IR_BRAND]: true;
+	readonly ir: IR;
+	readonly infer: unknown;
+	readonly inferIn: unknown;
+	readonly hasDefault: boolean;
+	readonly description?: string;
+	run(data: unknown): unknown;
+	assert(data: unknown): unknown;
+	allows(data: unknown): boolean;
+	toJsonSchema(options?: ToJsonSchemaOptions): Record<string, unknown>;
+	describe(description: string): AnyType;
+	default(value: unknown): AnyType;
+	or(def: Def): AnyType;
+	and(def: Def): AnyType;
+	pipe(fn: (data: never, ctx: NarrowContext) => unknown): AnyType;
+	narrow(fn: (data: never, ctx: NarrowContext) => unknown): AnyType;
+	array(): AnyType;
+}
+declare const submoduleType: unique symbol;
+
+type BoundAlias<value> = value extends Submodule<infer aliases> ? Submodule<aliases> : FluentType<value>;
+
+/** Exported aliases from a scope, each bound to that scope's resolver. */
+export type Module<aliases extends Record<string, unknown>> = {
+	readonly [name in keyof aliases]: BoundAlias<aliases[name]>;
+};
+
+/** A module nested under an alias rather than directly parseable as a schema. */
+export type Submodule<aliases extends Record<string, unknown>> = {
+	readonly [submoduleType]?: aliases;
+} & {
+	readonly [name in keyof aliases]: BoundAlias<aliases[name]>;
+};
+
+/** A selected module export whose schemas retain access to the full scope. */
+export type BoundModule<
+	exports extends Record<string, unknown>,
+	_allAliases extends Record<string, unknown> = exports,
+> = Module<exports>;
+
+/** Type-level view of a named scope. */
+export type Scope<aliases extends Record<string, unknown>> = TypeScope & {
+	readonly t: aliases;
+};
+
+/** `hasMorph` re-export for diagnostics/tooling. */
+export { hasMorph };