@bsv/wallet-toolbox 1.7.14 → 1.7.16

package/mobile/node_modules/@bsv/sdk/dist/esm/src/script/Spend.js

@@ -0,0 +1,1190 @@
+import Script from './Script.js';
+import BigNumber from '../primitives/BigNumber.js';
+import OP from './OP.js';
+import { minimallyEncode } from '../primitives/utils.js';
+import ScriptEvaluationError from './ScriptEvaluationError.js';
+import * as Hash from '../primitives/Hash.js';
+import TransactionSignature from '../primitives/TransactionSignature.js';
+import PublicKey from '../primitives/PublicKey.js';
+import { verify } from '../primitives/ECDSA.js';
+// These constants control the current behavior of the interpreter.
+const maxScriptElementSize = 1024 * 1024 * 1024;
+const maxMultisigKeyCount = Math.pow(2, 31) - 1;
+const maxMultisigKeyCountBigInt = BigInt(maxMultisigKeyCount);
+const requireMinimalPush = true;
+const requirePushOnlyUnlockingScripts = true;
+const requireLowSSignatures = true;
+const requireCleanStack = true;
+// --- Optimization: Pre-computed script numbers ---
+const SCRIPTNUM_NEG_1 = Object.freeze(new BigNumber(-1).toScriptNum());
+const SCRIPTNUMS_0_TO_16 = Object.freeze(Array.from({ length: 17 }, (_, i) => Object.freeze(new BigNumber(i).toScriptNum())));
+// --- Helper functions ---
+function compareNumberArrays(a, b) {
+    if (a.length !== b.length)
+        return false;
+    for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
+        if (a[i] !== b[i])
+            return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+function isMinimallyEncodedHelper(buf, maxNumSize = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER) {
+    if (buf.length > maxNumSize) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (buf.length > 0) {
+        if ((buf[buf.length - 1] & 0x7f) === 0) {
+            if (buf.length <= 1 || (buf[buf.length - 2] & 0x80) === 0) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+function isChecksigFormatHelper(buf) {
+    // This is a simplified check. The full DER check is more complex and typically
+    // done by TransactionSignature.fromChecksigFormat which can throw.
+    // This helper is mostly for early bailout or non-throwing checks if needed.
+    if (buf.length < 9 || buf.length > 73)
+        return false;
+    if (buf[0] !== 0x30)
+        return false; // DER SEQUENCE
+    if (buf[1] !== buf.length - 3)
+        return false; // Total length (excluding type and length byte for sequence, and hash type)
+    const rMarker = buf[2];
+    const rLen = buf[3];
+    if (rMarker !== 0x02)
+        return false; // DER INTEGER
+    if (rLen === 0)
+        return false; // R length is zero
+    if (5 + rLen >= buf.length)
+        return false; // S length misplaced or R too long
+    const sMarkerOffset = 4 + rLen;
+    const sMarker = buf[sMarkerOffset];
+    const sLen = buf[sMarkerOffset + 1];
+    if (sMarker !== 0x02)
+        return false; // DER INTEGER
+    if (sLen === 0)
+        return false; // S length is zero
+    // Check R value negative or excessively padded
+    if ((buf[4] & 0x80) !== 0)
+        return false; // R value negative
+    if (rLen > 1 && buf[4] === 0x00 && (buf[5] & 0x80) === 0)
+        return false; // R value excessively padded
+    // Check S value negative or excessively padded
+    const sValueOffset = sMarkerOffset + 2;
+    if ((buf[sValueOffset] & 0x80) !== 0)
+        return false; // S value negative
+    if (sLen > 1 && buf[sValueOffset] === 0x00 && (buf[sValueOffset + 1] & 0x80) === 0)
+        return false; // S value excessively padded
+    if (rLen + sLen + 7 !== buf.length)
+        return false; // Final length check including hash type
+    return true;
+}
+function isOpcodeDisabledHelper(op) {
+    return (op === OP.OP_2MUL ||
+        op === OP.OP_2DIV ||
+        op === OP.OP_VERIF ||
+        op === OP.OP_VERNOTIF ||
+        op === OP.OP_VER);
+}
+function isChunkMinimalPushHelper(chunk) {
+    const data = chunk.data;
+    const op = chunk.op;
+    if (!Array.isArray(data))
+        return true;
+    if (data.length === 0)
+        return op === OP.OP_0;
+    if (data.length === 1 && data[0] >= 1 && data[0] <= 16)
+        return op === OP.OP_1 + (data[0] - 1);
+    if (data.length === 1 && data[0] === 0x81)
+        return op === OP.OP_1NEGATE;
+    if (data.length <= 75)
+        return op === data.length;
+    if (data.length <= 255)
+        return op === OP.OP_PUSHDATA1;
+    if (data.length <= 65535)
+        return op === OP.OP_PUSHDATA2;
+    return true;
+}
+/**
+ * The Spend class represents a spend action within a Bitcoin SV transaction.
+ * It encapsulates all the necessary data required for spending a UTXO (Unspent Transaction Output)
+ * and includes details about the source transaction, output, and the spending transaction itself.
+ *
+ * @property {string} sourceTXID - The transaction ID of the source UTXO.
+ * @property {number} sourceOutputIndex - The index of the output in the source transaction.
+ * @property {BigNumber} sourceSatoshis - The amount of satoshis in the source UTXO.
+ * @property {LockingScript} lockingScript - The locking script associated with the UTXO.
+ * @property {number} transactionVersion - The version of the current transaction.
+ * @property {Array<{ sourceTXID: string, sourceOutputIndex: number, sequence: number }>} otherInputs -
+ *           An array of other inputs in the transaction, each with a txid, outputIndex, and sequence number.
+ * @property {Array<{ satoshis: BigNumber, lockingScript: LockingScript }>} outputs -
+ *           An array of outputs of the current transaction, including the satoshi value and locking script for each.
+ * @property {number} inputIndex - The index of this input in the current transaction.
+ * @property {UnlockingScript} unlockingScript - The unlocking script that unlocks the UTXO for spending.
+ * @property {number} inputSequence - The sequence number of this input.
+ * @property {number} lockTime - The lock time of the transaction.
+ */
+export default class Spend {
+    sourceTXID;
+    sourceOutputIndex;
+    sourceSatoshis;
+    lockingScript;
+    transactionVersion;
+    otherInputs;
+    outputs;
+    inputIndex;
+    unlockingScript;
+    inputSequence;
+    lockTime;
+    context;
+    programCounter;
+    lastCodeSeparator;
+    stack;
+    altStack;
+    ifStack;
+    memoryLimit;
+    stackMem;
+    altStackMem;
+    sigHashCache;
+    /**
+     * @constructor
+     * Constructs the Spend object with necessary transaction details.
+     * @param {string} params.sourceTXID - The transaction ID of the source UTXO.
+     * @param {number} params.sourceOutputIndex - The index of the output in the source transaction.
+     * @param {BigNumber} params.sourceSatoshis - The amount of satoshis in the source UTXO.
+     * @param {LockingScript} params.lockingScript - The locking script associated with the UTXO.
+     * @param {number} params.transactionVersion - The version of the current transaction.
+     * @param {Array<{ sourceTXID: string, sourceOutputIndex: number, sequence: number }>} params.otherInputs -
+     *        An array of other inputs in the transaction.
+     * @param {Array<{ satoshis: BigNumber, lockingScript: LockingScript }>} params.outputs -
+     *        The outputs of the current transaction.
+     * @param {number} params.inputIndex - The index of this input in the current transaction.
+     * @param {UnlockingScript} params.unlockingScript - The unlocking script for this spend.
+     * @param {number} params.inputSequence - The sequence number of this input.
+     * @param {number} params.lockTime - The lock time of the transaction.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const spend = new Spend({
+     *   sourceTXID: "abcd1234", // sourceTXID
+     *   sourceOutputIndex: 0, // sourceOutputIndex
+     *   sourceSatoshis: new BigNumber(1000), // sourceSatoshis
+     *   lockingScript: LockingScript.fromASM("OP_DUP OP_HASH160 abcd1234... OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG"),
+     *   transactionVersion: 1, // transactionVersion
+     *   otherInputs: [{ sourceTXID: "abcd1234", sourceOutputIndex: 1, sequence: 0xffffffff }], // otherInputs
+     *   outputs: [{ satoshis: new BigNumber(500), lockingScript: LockingScript.fromASM("OP_DUP...") }], // outputs
+     *   inputIndex: 0, // inputIndex
+     *   unlockingScript: UnlockingScript.fromASM("3045... 02ab..."),
+     *   inputSequence: 0xffffffff // inputSequence
+     *   memoryLimit: 100000 // memoryLimit
+     * });
+     */
+    constructor(params) {
+        this.sourceTXID = params.sourceTXID;
+        this.sourceOutputIndex = params.sourceOutputIndex;
+        this.sourceSatoshis = params.sourceSatoshis;
+        this.lockingScript = params.lockingScript;
+        this.transactionVersion = params.transactionVersion;
+        this.otherInputs = params.otherInputs;
+        this.outputs = params.outputs;
+        this.inputIndex = params.inputIndex;
+        this.unlockingScript = params.unlockingScript;
+        this.inputSequence = params.inputSequence;
+        this.lockTime = params.lockTime;
+        this.memoryLimit = params.memoryLimit ?? 32000000;
+        this.stack = [];
+        this.altStack = [];
+        this.ifStack = [];
+        this.stackMem = 0;
+        this.altStackMem = 0;
+        this.sigHashCache = { hashOutputsSingle: new Map() };
+        this.reset();
+    }
+    reset() {
+        this.context = 'UnlockingScript';
+        this.programCounter = 0;
+        this.lastCodeSeparator = null;
+        this.stack = [];
+        this.altStack = [];
+        this.ifStack = [];
+        this.stackMem = 0;
+        this.altStackMem = 0;
+        this.sigHashCache = { hashOutputsSingle: new Map() };
+    }
+    ensureStackMem(additional) {
+        if (this.stackMem + additional > this.memoryLimit) {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError('Stack memory usage has exceeded ' + String(this.memoryLimit) + ' bytes');
+        }
+    }
+    ensureAltStackMem(additional) {
+        if (this.altStackMem + additional > this.memoryLimit) {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError('Alt stack memory usage has exceeded ' + String(this.memoryLimit) + ' bytes');
+        }
+    }
+    pushStack(item) {
+        this.ensureStackMem(item.length);
+        this.stack.push(item);
+        this.stackMem += item.length;
+    }
+    pushStackCopy(item) {
+        this.ensureStackMem(item.length);
+        const copy = item.slice();
+        this.stack.push(copy);
+        this.stackMem += copy.length;
+    }
+    popStack() {
+        if (this.stack.length === 0) {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError('Attempted to pop from an empty stack.');
+        }
+        const item = this.stack.pop();
+        this.stackMem -= item.length;
+        return item;
+    }
+    stackTop(index = -1) {
+        // index = -1 for top, -2 for second top, etc.
+        // stack.length + index provides 0-based index from start
+        if (this.stack.length === 0 || this.stack.length < Math.abs(index) || (index >= 0 && index >= this.stack.length)) {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError(`Stack underflow accessing element at index ${index}. Stack length is ${this.stack.length}.`);
+        }
+        return this.stack[this.stack.length + index];
+    }
+    pushAltStack(item) {
+        this.ensureAltStackMem(item.length);
+        this.altStack.push(item);
+        this.altStackMem += item.length;
+    }
+    popAltStack() {
+        if (this.altStack.length === 0) {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError('Attempted to pop from an empty alt stack.');
+        }
+        const item = this.altStack.pop();
+        this.altStackMem -= item.length;
+        return item;
+    }
+    checkSignatureEncoding(buf) {
+        if (buf.length === 0)
+            return true;
+        if (!isChecksigFormatHelper(buf)) {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError('The signature format is invalid.'); // Generic message like original
+            return false;
+        }
+        try {
+            const sig = TransactionSignature.fromChecksigFormat(buf); // This can throw for stricter DER rules
+            if (requireLowSSignatures && !sig.hasLowS()) {
+                this.scriptEvaluationError('The signature must have a low S value.');
+                return false;
+            }
+            if ((sig.scope & TransactionSignature.SIGHASH_FORKID) === 0) {
+                this.scriptEvaluationError('The signature must use SIGHASH_FORKID.');
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        catch (e) {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError('The signature format is invalid.');
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    checkPublicKeyEncoding(buf) {
+        if (buf.length === 0) {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError('Public key is empty.');
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (buf.length < 33) {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError('The public key is too short, it must be at least 33 bytes.');
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (buf[0] === 0x04) {
+            if (buf.length !== 65) {
+                this.scriptEvaluationError('The non-compressed public key must be 65 bytes.');
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (buf[0] === 0x02 || buf[0] === 0x03) {
+            if (buf.length !== 33) {
+                this.scriptEvaluationError('The compressed public key must be 33 bytes.');
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError('The public key is in an unknown format.');
+            return false;
+        }
+        try {
+            PublicKey.fromDER(buf); // This can throw for stricter DER rules
+        }
+        catch (e) {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError('The public key is in an unknown format.');
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    verifySignature(sig, pubkey, subscript) {
+        const preimage = TransactionSignature.formatBytes({
+            sourceTXID: this.sourceTXID,
+            sourceOutputIndex: this.sourceOutputIndex,
+            sourceSatoshis: this.sourceSatoshis,
+            transactionVersion: this.transactionVersion,
+            otherInputs: this.otherInputs,
+            outputs: this.outputs,
+            inputIndex: this.inputIndex,
+            subscript,
+            inputSequence: this.inputSequence,
+            lockTime: this.lockTime,
+            scope: sig.scope,
+            cache: this.sigHashCache
+        });
+        const hash = new BigNumber(Hash.hash256(preimage));
+        return verify(hash, sig, pubkey);
+    }
+    step() {
+        if (this.stackMem > this.memoryLimit) {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError('Stack memory usage has exceeded ' + String(this.memoryLimit) + ' bytes');
+            return false; // Error thrown
+        }
+        if (this.altStackMem > this.memoryLimit) {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError('Alt stack memory usage has exceeded ' + String(this.memoryLimit) + ' bytes');
+            return false; // Error thrown
+        }
+        if (this.context === 'UnlockingScript' &&
+            this.programCounter >= this.unlockingScript.chunks.length) {
+            this.context = 'LockingScript';
+            this.programCounter = 0;
+        }
+        const currentScript = this.context === 'UnlockingScript' ? this.unlockingScript : this.lockingScript;
+        if (this.programCounter >= currentScript.chunks.length) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        const operation = currentScript.chunks[this.programCounter];
+        const currentOpcode = operation.op;
+        if (typeof currentOpcode === 'undefined') {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError(`Missing opcode in ${this.context} at pc=${this.programCounter}.`); // Error thrown
+        }
+        if (Array.isArray(operation.data) && operation.data.length > maxScriptElementSize) {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError(`Data push > ${maxScriptElementSize} bytes (pc=${this.programCounter}).`); // Error thrown
+        }
+        const isScriptExecuting = !this.ifStack.includes(false);
+        if (isScriptExecuting && isOpcodeDisabledHelper(currentOpcode)) {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError(`This opcode is currently disabled. (Opcode: ${OP[currentOpcode]}, PC: ${this.programCounter})`); // Error thrown
+        }
+        if (isScriptExecuting && currentOpcode >= 0 && currentOpcode <= OP.OP_PUSHDATA4) {
+            if (requireMinimalPush && !isChunkMinimalPushHelper(operation)) {
+                this.scriptEvaluationError(`This data is not minimally-encoded. (PC: ${this.programCounter})`); // Error thrown
+            }
+            this.pushStack(Array.isArray(operation.data) ? operation.data : []);
+        }
+        else if (isScriptExecuting || (currentOpcode >= OP.OP_IF && currentOpcode <= OP.OP_ENDIF)) {
+            let buf, buf1, buf2, buf3;
+            let x1, x2, x3;
+            let bn, bn1, bn2, bn3;
+            let n, size, fValue, fSuccess, subscript;
+            let bufSig, bufPubkey;
+            let sig, pubkey;
+            let i, ikey, isig, nKeysCount, nSigsCount, fOk;
+            switch (currentOpcode) {
+                case OP.OP_1NEGATE:
+                    this.pushStackCopy(SCRIPTNUM_NEG_1);
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_0:
+                    this.pushStackCopy(SCRIPTNUMS_0_TO_16[0]);
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_1:
+                case OP.OP_2:
+                case OP.OP_3:
+                case OP.OP_4:
+                case OP.OP_5:
+                case OP.OP_6:
+                case OP.OP_7:
+                case OP.OP_8:
+                case OP.OP_9:
+                case OP.OP_10:
+                case OP.OP_11:
+                case OP.OP_12:
+                case OP.OP_13:
+                case OP.OP_14:
+                case OP.OP_15:
+                case OP.OP_16:
+                    n = currentOpcode - (OP.OP_1 - 1);
+                    this.pushStackCopy(SCRIPTNUMS_0_TO_16[n]);
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_NOP:
+                case OP.OP_NOP2: // Formerly CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY
+                case OP.OP_NOP3: // Formerly CHECKSEQUENCEVERIFY
+                case OP.OP_NOP1:
+                case OP.OP_NOP4:
+                case OP.OP_NOP5:
+                case OP.OP_NOP6:
+                case OP.OP_NOP7:
+                case OP.OP_NOP8:
+                case OP.OP_NOP9:
+                case OP.OP_NOP10:
+                /* falls through */
+                // eslint-disable-next-line no-fallthrough
+                // eslint-disable-next-line no-fallthrough
+                case OP.OP_NOP11:
+                case OP.OP_NOP12:
+                case OP.OP_NOP13:
+                case OP.OP_NOP14:
+                case OP.OP_NOP15:
+                case OP.OP_NOP16:
+                case OP.OP_NOP17:
+                case OP.OP_NOP18:
+                case OP.OP_NOP19:
+                case OP.OP_NOP20:
+                case OP.OP_NOP21:
+                case OP.OP_NOP22:
+                case OP.OP_NOP23:
+                case OP.OP_NOP24:
+                case OP.OP_NOP25:
+                case OP.OP_NOP26:
+                case OP.OP_NOP27:
+                case OP.OP_NOP28:
+                case OP.OP_NOP29:
+                case OP.OP_NOP30:
+                case OP.OP_NOP31:
+                case OP.OP_NOP32:
+                case OP.OP_NOP33:
+                case OP.OP_NOP34:
+                case OP.OP_NOP35:
+                case OP.OP_NOP36:
+                case OP.OP_NOP37:
+                case OP.OP_NOP38:
+                case OP.OP_NOP39:
+                case OP.OP_NOP40:
+                case OP.OP_NOP41:
+                case OP.OP_NOP42:
+                case OP.OP_NOP43:
+                case OP.OP_NOP44:
+                case OP.OP_NOP45:
+                case OP.OP_NOP46:
+                case OP.OP_NOP47:
+                case OP.OP_NOP48:
+                case OP.OP_NOP49:
+                case OP.OP_NOP50:
+                case OP.OP_NOP51:
+                case OP.OP_NOP52:
+                case OP.OP_NOP53:
+                case OP.OP_NOP54:
+                case OP.OP_NOP55:
+                case OP.OP_NOP56:
+                case OP.OP_NOP57:
+                case OP.OP_NOP58:
+                case OP.OP_NOP59:
+                case OP.OP_NOP60:
+                case OP.OP_NOP61:
+                case OP.OP_NOP62:
+                case OP.OP_NOP63:
+                case OP.OP_NOP64:
+                case OP.OP_NOP65:
+                case OP.OP_NOP66:
+                case OP.OP_NOP67:
+                case OP.OP_NOP68:
+                case OP.OP_NOP69:
+                case OP.OP_NOP70:
+                case OP.OP_NOP71:
+                case OP.OP_NOP72:
+                case OP.OP_NOP73:
+                case OP.OP_NOP77:
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_IF:
+                case OP.OP_NOTIF:
+                    fValue = false;
+                    if (isScriptExecuting) {
+                        if (this.stack.length < 1)
+                            this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_IF and OP_NOTIF require at least one item on the stack when they are used!');
+                        buf = this.popStack();
+                        fValue = this.castToBool(buf);
+                        if (currentOpcode === OP.OP_NOTIF)
+                            fValue = !fValue;
+                    }
+                    this.ifStack.push(fValue);
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_ELSE:
+                    if (this.ifStack.length === 0)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_ELSE requires a preceeding OP_IF.');
+                    this.ifStack[this.ifStack.length - 1] = !this.ifStack[this.ifStack.length - 1];
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_ENDIF:
+                    if (this.ifStack.length === 0)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_ENDIF requires a preceeding OP_IF.');
+                    this.ifStack.pop();
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_VERIFY:
+                    if (this.stack.length < 1)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_VERIFY requires at least one item to be on the stack.');
+                    buf1 = this.stackTop();
+                    fValue = this.castToBool(buf1);
+                    if (!fValue)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_VERIFY requires the top stack value to be truthy.');
+                    this.popStack();
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_RETURN:
+                    if (this.context === 'UnlockingScript')
+                        this.programCounter = this.unlockingScript.chunks.length;
+                    else
+                        this.programCounter = this.lockingScript.chunks.length;
+                    this.ifStack = [];
+                    this.programCounter--; // To counteract the final increment and ensure loop termination
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_TOALTSTACK:
+                    if (this.stack.length < 1)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_TOALTSTACK requires at oeast one item to be on the stack.');
+                    this.pushAltStack(this.popStack());
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_FROMALTSTACK:
+                    if (this.altStack.length < 1)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_FROMALTSTACK requires at least one item to be on the stack.'); // "stack" here means altstack
+                    this.pushStack(this.popAltStack());
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_2DROP:
+                    if (this.stack.length < 2)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_2DROP requires at least two items to be on the stack.');
+                    this.popStack();
+                    this.popStack();
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_2DUP:
+                    if (this.stack.length < 2)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_2DUP requires at least two items to be on the stack.');
+                    buf1 = this.stackTop(-2);
+                    buf2 = this.stackTop(-1);
+                    this.pushStackCopy(buf1);
+                    this.pushStackCopy(buf2);
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_3DUP:
+                    if (this.stack.length < 3)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_3DUP requires at least three items to be on the stack.');
+                    buf1 = this.stackTop(-3);
+                    buf2 = this.stackTop(-2);
+                    buf3 = this.stackTop(-1);
+                    this.pushStackCopy(buf1);
+                    this.pushStackCopy(buf2);
+                    this.pushStackCopy(buf3);
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_2OVER:
+                    if (this.stack.length < 4)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_2OVER requires at least four items to be on the stack.');
+                    buf1 = this.stackTop(-4);
+                    buf2 = this.stackTop(-3);
+                    this.pushStackCopy(buf1);
+                    this.pushStackCopy(buf2);
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_2ROT: {
+                    if (this.stack.length < 6)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_2ROT requires at least six items to be on the stack.');
+                    const rot6 = this.popStack();
+                    const rot5 = this.popStack();
+                    const rot4 = this.popStack();
+                    const rot3 = this.popStack();
+                    const rot2 = this.popStack();
+                    const rot1 = this.popStack();
+                    this.pushStack(rot3);
+                    this.pushStack(rot4);
+                    this.pushStack(rot5);
+                    this.pushStack(rot6);
+                    this.pushStack(rot1);
+                    this.pushStack(rot2);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case OP.OP_2SWAP: {
+                    if (this.stack.length < 4)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_2SWAP requires at least four items to be on the stack.');
+                    const swap4 = this.popStack();
+                    const swap3 = this.popStack();
+                    const swap2 = this.popStack();
+                    const swap1 = this.popStack();
+                    this.pushStack(swap3);
+                    this.pushStack(swap4);
+                    this.pushStack(swap1);
+                    this.pushStack(swap2);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case OP.OP_IFDUP:
+                    if (this.stack.length < 1)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_IFDUP requires at least one item to be on the stack.');
+                    buf1 = this.stackTop();
+                    if (this.castToBool(buf1)) {
+                        this.pushStackCopy(buf1);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_DEPTH:
+                    this.pushStack(new BigNumber(this.stack.length).toScriptNum());
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_DROP:
+                    if (this.stack.length < 1)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_DROP requires at least one item to be on the stack.');
+                    this.popStack();
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_DUP:
+                    if (this.stack.length < 1)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_DUP requires at least one item to be on the stack.');
+                    this.pushStackCopy(this.stackTop());
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_NIP:
+                    if (this.stack.length < 2)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_NIP requires at least two items to be on the stack.');
+                    buf2 = this.popStack();
+                    this.popStack();
+                    this.pushStack(buf2);
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_OVER:
+                    if (this.stack.length < 2)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_OVER requires at least two items to be on the stack.');
+                    this.pushStackCopy(this.stackTop(-2));
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_PICK:
+                case OP.OP_ROLL: {
+                    if (this.stack.length < 2)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} requires at least two items to be on the stack.`);
+                    bn = BigNumber.fromScriptNum(this.popStack(), requireMinimalPush);
+                    const nBigInt = bn.toBigInt();
+                    if (nBigInt < 0n || nBigInt >= BigInt(this.stack.length)) {
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} requires the top stack element to be 0 or a positive number less than the current size of the stack.`);
+                    }
+                    const nIndex = Number(nBigInt);
+                    const itemToMoveOrCopy = this.stack[this.stack.length - 1 - nIndex];
+                    if (currentOpcode === OP.OP_ROLL) {
+                        this.stack.splice(this.stack.length - 1 - nIndex, 1);
+                        this.stackMem -= itemToMoveOrCopy.length;
+                        this.pushStack(itemToMoveOrCopy);
+                    }
+                    else { // OP_PICK
+                        this.pushStackCopy(itemToMoveOrCopy);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                case OP.OP_ROT:
+                    if (this.stack.length < 3)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_ROT requires at least three items to be on the stack.');
+                    x3 = this.popStack();
+                    x2 = this.popStack();
+                    x1 = this.popStack();
+                    this.pushStack(x2);
+                    this.pushStack(x3);
+                    this.pushStack(x1);
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_SWAP:
+                    if (this.stack.length < 2)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_SWAP requires at least two items to be on the stack.');
+                    x2 = this.popStack();
+                    x1 = this.popStack();
+                    this.pushStack(x2);
+                    this.pushStack(x1);
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_TUCK:
+                    if (this.stack.length < 2)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_TUCK requires at least two items to be on the stack.');
+                    buf1 = this.stackTop(-1); // Top element (x2)
+                    // stack is [... rest, x1, x2]
+                    // We want [... rest, x2_copy, x1, x2]
+                    this.ensureStackMem(buf1.length);
+                    this.stack.splice(this.stack.length - 2, 0, buf1.slice()); // Insert copy of x2 before x1
+                    this.stackMem += buf1.length; // Account for the new copy
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_SIZE:
+                    if (this.stack.length < 1)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_SIZE requires at least one item to be on the stack.');
+                    this.pushStack(new BigNumber(this.stackTop().length).toScriptNum());
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_AND:
+                case OP.OP_OR:
+                case OP.OP_XOR: {
+                    if (this.stack.length < 2)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} requires at least two items on the stack.`);
+                    buf2 = this.popStack();
+                    buf1 = this.popStack();
+                    if (buf1.length !== buf2.length)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} requires the top two stack items to be the same size.`);
+                    const resultBufBitwiseOp = new Array(buf1.length);
+                    for (let k = 0; k < buf1.length; k++) {
+                        if (currentOpcode === OP.OP_AND)
+                            resultBufBitwiseOp[k] = buf1[k] & buf2[k];
+                        else if (currentOpcode === OP.OP_OR)
+                            resultBufBitwiseOp[k] = buf1[k] | buf2[k];
+                        else
+                            resultBufBitwiseOp[k] = buf1[k] ^ buf2[k];
+                    }
+                    this.pushStack(resultBufBitwiseOp);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case OP.OP_INVERT: {
+                    if (this.stack.length < 1)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_INVERT requires at least one item to be on the stack.');
+                    buf = this.popStack();
+                    const invertedBufOp = new Array(buf.length);
+                    for (let k = 0; k < buf.length; k++) {
+                        invertedBufOp[k] = (~buf[k]) & 0xff;
+                    }
+                    this.pushStack(invertedBufOp);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case OP.OP_LSHIFT:
+                case OP.OP_RSHIFT: {
+                    if (this.stack.length < 2)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} requires at least two items to be on the stack.`);
+                    bn2 = BigNumber.fromScriptNum(this.popStack(), requireMinimalPush); // n (shift amount)
+                    buf1 = this.popStack(); // value to shift
+                    const shiftBits = bn2.toBigInt();
+                    if (shiftBits < 0n)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} requires the top item on the stack not to be negative.`);
+                    if (buf1.length === 0) {
+                        this.pushStack([]);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    bn1 = new BigNumber(buf1);
+                    let shiftedBn;
+                    if (currentOpcode === OP.OP_LSHIFT)
+                        shiftedBn = bn1.ushln(shiftBits);
+                    else
+                        shiftedBn = bn1.ushrn(shiftBits);
+                    const shiftedArr = shiftedBn.toArray('be', buf1.length);
+                    this.pushStack(shiftedArr);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case OP.OP_EQUAL:
+                case OP.OP_EQUALVERIFY:
+                    if (this.stack.length < 2)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} requires at least two items to be on the stack.`);
+                    buf2 = this.popStack();
+                    buf1 = this.popStack();
+                    fValue = compareNumberArrays(buf1, buf2);
+                    this.pushStack(fValue ? [1] : []);
+                    if (currentOpcode === OP.OP_EQUALVERIFY) {
+                        if (!fValue)
+                            this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_EQUALVERIFY requires the top two stack items to be equal.');
+                        this.popStack();
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_1ADD:
+                case OP.OP_1SUB:
+                case OP.OP_NEGATE:
+                case OP.OP_ABS:
+                case OP.OP_NOT:
+                case OP.OP_0NOTEQUAL:
+                    if (this.stack.length < 1)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} requires at least one item to be on the stack.`);
+                    bn = BigNumber.fromScriptNum(this.popStack(), requireMinimalPush);
+                    switch (currentOpcode) {
+                        case OP.OP_1ADD:
+                            bn = bn.add(new BigNumber(1));
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_1SUB:
+                            bn = bn.sub(new BigNumber(1));
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_NEGATE:
+                            bn = bn.neg();
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_ABS:
+                            if (bn.isNeg())
+                                bn = bn.neg();
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_NOT:
+                            bn = new BigNumber(bn.cmpn(0) === 0 ? 1 : 0);
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_0NOTEQUAL:
+                            bn = new BigNumber(bn.cmpn(0) !== 0 ? 1 : 0);
+                            break;
+                    }
+                    this.pushStack(bn.toScriptNum());
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_ADD:
+                case OP.OP_SUB:
+                case OP.OP_MUL:
+                case OP.OP_DIV:
+                case OP.OP_MOD:
+                case OP.OP_BOOLAND:
+                case OP.OP_BOOLOR:
+                case OP.OP_NUMEQUAL:
+                case OP.OP_NUMEQUALVERIFY:
+                case OP.OP_NUMNOTEQUAL:
+                case OP.OP_LESSTHAN:
+                case OP.OP_GREATERTHAN:
+                case OP.OP_LESSTHANOREQUAL:
+                case OP.OP_GREATERTHANOREQUAL:
+                case OP.OP_MIN:
+                case OP.OP_MAX: {
+                    if (this.stack.length < 2)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} requires at least two items to be on the stack.`);
+                    buf2 = this.popStack();
+                    buf1 = this.popStack();
+                    bn2 = BigNumber.fromScriptNum(buf2, requireMinimalPush);
+                    bn1 = BigNumber.fromScriptNum(buf1, requireMinimalPush);
+                    let predictedLen = 0;
+                    switch (currentOpcode) {
+                        case OP.OP_MUL:
+                            predictedLen = bn1.byteLength() + bn2.byteLength();
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_ADD:
+                        case OP.OP_SUB:
+                            predictedLen = Math.max(bn1.byteLength(), bn2.byteLength()) + 1;
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            predictedLen = Math.max(bn1.byteLength(), bn2.byteLength());
+                    }
+                    this.ensureStackMem(predictedLen);
+                    let resultBnArithmetic = new BigNumber(0);
+                    switch (currentOpcode) {
+                        case OP.OP_ADD:
+                            resultBnArithmetic = bn1.add(bn2);
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_SUB:
+                            resultBnArithmetic = bn1.sub(bn2);
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_MUL:
+                            resultBnArithmetic = bn1.mul(bn2);
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_DIV:
+                            if (bn2.cmpn(0) === 0)
+                                this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_DIV cannot divide by zero!');
+                            resultBnArithmetic = bn1.div(bn2);
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_MOD:
+                            if (bn2.cmpn(0) === 0)
+                                this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_MOD cannot divide by zero!');
+                            resultBnArithmetic = bn1.mod(bn2);
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_BOOLAND:
+                            resultBnArithmetic = new BigNumber((bn1.cmpn(0) !== 0 && bn2.cmpn(0) !== 0) ? 1 : 0);
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_BOOLOR:
+                            resultBnArithmetic = new BigNumber((bn1.cmpn(0) !== 0 || bn2.cmpn(0) !== 0) ? 1 : 0);
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_NUMEQUAL:
+                            resultBnArithmetic = new BigNumber(bn1.cmp(bn2) === 0 ? 1 : 0);
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_NUMEQUALVERIFY:
+                            resultBnArithmetic = new BigNumber(bn1.cmp(bn2) === 0 ? 1 : 0);
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_NUMNOTEQUAL:
+                            resultBnArithmetic = new BigNumber(bn1.cmp(bn2) !== 0 ? 1 : 0);
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_LESSTHAN:
+                            resultBnArithmetic = new BigNumber(bn1.cmp(bn2) < 0 ? 1 : 0);
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_GREATERTHAN:
+                            resultBnArithmetic = new BigNumber(bn1.cmp(bn2) > 0 ? 1 : 0);
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_LESSTHANOREQUAL:
+                            resultBnArithmetic = new BigNumber(bn1.cmp(bn2) <= 0 ? 1 : 0);
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_GREATERTHANOREQUAL:
+                            resultBnArithmetic = new BigNumber(bn1.cmp(bn2) >= 0 ? 1 : 0);
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_MIN:
+                            resultBnArithmetic = bn1.cmp(bn2) < 0 ? bn1 : bn2;
+                            break;
+                        case OP.OP_MAX:
+                            resultBnArithmetic = bn1.cmp(bn2) > 0 ? bn1 : bn2;
+                            break;
+                    }
+                    this.pushStack(resultBnArithmetic.toScriptNum());
+                    if (currentOpcode === OP.OP_NUMEQUALVERIFY) {
+                        if (!this.castToBool(this.stackTop()))
+                            this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_NUMEQUALVERIFY requires the top stack item to be truthy.');
+                        this.popStack();
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                case OP.OP_WITHIN:
+                    if (this.stack.length < 3)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_WITHIN requires at least three items to be on the stack.');
+                    bn3 = BigNumber.fromScriptNum(this.popStack(), requireMinimalPush); // max
+                    bn2 = BigNumber.fromScriptNum(this.popStack(), requireMinimalPush); // min
+                    bn1 = BigNumber.fromScriptNum(this.popStack(), requireMinimalPush); // x
+                    fValue = bn1.cmp(bn2) >= 0 && bn1.cmp(bn3) < 0;
+                    this.pushStack(fValue ? [1] : []);
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_RIPEMD160:
+                case OP.OP_SHA1:
+                case OP.OP_SHA256:
+                case OP.OP_HASH160:
+                case OP.OP_HASH256: {
+                    if (this.stack.length < 1)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} requires at least one item to be on the stack.`);
+                    buf = this.popStack();
+                    let hashResult = []; // Initialize to empty, to satisfy TS compiler
+                    if (currentOpcode === OP.OP_RIPEMD160)
+                        hashResult = Hash.ripemd160(buf);
+                    else if (currentOpcode === OP.OP_SHA1)
+                        hashResult = Hash.sha1(buf);
+                    else if (currentOpcode === OP.OP_SHA256)
+                        hashResult = Hash.sha256(buf);
+                    else if (currentOpcode === OP.OP_HASH160)
+                        hashResult = Hash.hash160(buf);
+                    else if (currentOpcode === OP.OP_HASH256)
+                        hashResult = Hash.hash256(buf);
+                    this.pushStack(hashResult);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case OP.OP_CODESEPARATOR:
+                    this.lastCodeSeparator = this.programCounter;
+                    break;
+                case OP.OP_CHECKSIG:
+                case OP.OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY: {
+                    if (this.stack.length < 2)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} requires at least two items to be on the stack.`);
+                    bufPubkey = this.popStack();
+                    bufSig = this.popStack();
+                    if (!this.checkSignatureEncoding(bufSig) || !this.checkPublicKeyEncoding(bufPubkey)) {
+                        // Error already thrown by helpers
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} requires correct encoding for the public key and signature.`); // Fallback, should be unreachable
+                    }
+                    const scriptForChecksig = this.context === 'UnlockingScript' ? this.unlockingScript : this.lockingScript;
+                    const scriptCodeChunks = scriptForChecksig.chunks.slice(this.lastCodeSeparator === null ? 0 : this.lastCodeSeparator + 1);
+                    subscript = new Script(scriptCodeChunks);
+                    subscript.findAndDelete(new Script().writeBin(bufSig));
+                    fSuccess = false;
+                    if (bufSig.length > 0) {
+                        try {
+                            sig = TransactionSignature.fromChecksigFormat(bufSig);
+                            pubkey = PublicKey.fromDER(bufPubkey);
+                            fSuccess = this.verifySignature(sig, pubkey, subscript);
+                        }
+                        catch (e) {
+                            fSuccess = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    this.pushStack(fSuccess ? [1] : []);
+                    if (currentOpcode === OP.OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY) {
+                        if (!fSuccess)
+                            this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY requires that a valid signature is provided.');
+                        this.popStack();
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                case OP.OP_CHECKMULTISIG:
+                case OP.OP_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY: {
+                    i = 1;
+                    if (this.stack.length < i) {
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} requires at least 1 item for nKeys.`);
+                    }
+                    const nKeysCountBN = BigNumber.fromScriptNum(this.stackTop(-i), requireMinimalPush);
+                    const nKeysCountBigInt = nKeysCountBN.toBigInt();
+                    if (nKeysCountBigInt < 0n || nKeysCountBigInt > maxMultisigKeyCountBigInt) {
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} requires a key count between 0 and ${maxMultisigKeyCount}.`);
+                    }
+                    nKeysCount = Number(nKeysCountBigInt);
+                    const declaredKeyCount = nKeysCount;
+                    ikey = ++i;
+                    i += nKeysCount;
+                    if (this.stack.length < i) {
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} stack too small for nKeys and keys. Need ${i}, have ${this.stack.length}.`);
+                    }
+                    const nSigsCountBN = BigNumber.fromScriptNum(this.stackTop(-i), requireMinimalPush);
+                    const nSigsCountBigInt = nSigsCountBN.toBigInt();
+                    if (nSigsCountBigInt < 0n || nSigsCountBigInt > BigInt(nKeysCount)) {
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} requires the number of signatures to be no greater than the number of keys.`);
+                    }
+                    nSigsCount = Number(nSigsCountBigInt);
+                    const declaredSigCount = nSigsCount;
+                    isig = ++i;
+                    i += nSigsCount;
+                    if (this.stack.length < i) {
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} stack too small for N, keys, M, sigs, and dummy. Need ${i}, have ${this.stack.length}.`);
+                    }
+                    const baseScriptCMS = this.context === 'UnlockingScript' ? this.unlockingScript : this.lockingScript;
+                    const subscriptChunksCMS = baseScriptCMS.chunks.slice(this.lastCodeSeparator === null ? 0 : this.lastCodeSeparator + 1);
+                    subscript = new Script(subscriptChunksCMS);
+                    for (let k = 0; k < nSigsCount; k++) {
+                        bufSig = this.stackTop(-isig - k); // Sigs are closer to top than keys
+                        subscript.findAndDelete(new Script().writeBin(bufSig));
+                    }
+                    fSuccess = true;
+                    while (fSuccess && nSigsCount > 0) {
+                        if (nKeysCount === 0) { // No more keys to check against but still sigs left
+                            fSuccess = false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        bufSig = this.stackTop(-isig);
+                        bufPubkey = this.stackTop(-ikey);
+                        if (!this.checkSignatureEncoding(bufSig) || !this.checkPublicKeyEncoding(bufPubkey)) {
+                            this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} requires correct encoding for the public key and signature.`);
+                        }
+                        fOk = false;
+                        if (bufSig.length > 0) {
+                            try {
+                                sig = TransactionSignature.fromChecksigFormat(bufSig);
+                                pubkey = PublicKey.fromDER(bufPubkey);
+                                fOk = this.verifySignature(sig, pubkey, subscript);
+                            }
+                            catch (e) {
+                                fOk = false;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (fOk) {
+                            isig++;
+                            nSigsCount--;
+                        }
+                        ikey++;
+                        nKeysCount--;
+                        if (nSigsCount > nKeysCount) {
+                            fSuccess = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // Correct total items consumed by op (N_val, keys, M_val, sigs, dummy)
+                    const itemsConsumedByOp = 1 + // N_val
+                        declaredKeyCount + // keys
+                        1 + // M_val
+                        declaredSigCount + // sigs
+                        1; // dummy
+                    let popCount = itemsConsumedByOp - 1; // Pop all except dummy
+                    while (popCount > 0) {
+                        this.popStack();
+                        popCount--;
+                    }
+                    // Check and pop dummy
+                    if (this.stack.length < 1) {
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} requires an extra item (dummy) to be on the stack.`);
+                    }
+                    const dummyBuf = this.popStack();
+                    if (dummyBuf.length > 0) { // SCRIPT_VERIFY_NULLDUMMY
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`${OP[currentOpcode]} requires the extra stack item (dummy) to be empty.`);
+                    }
+                    this.pushStack(fSuccess ? [1] : []);
+                    if (currentOpcode === OP.OP_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY) {
+                        if (!fSuccess)
+                            this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_CHECKMULTISIGVERIFY requires that a sufficient number of valid signatures are provided.');
+                        this.popStack();
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                case OP.OP_CAT: {
+                    if (this.stack.length < 2)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_CAT requires at least two items to be on the stack.');
+                    buf2 = this.popStack();
+                    buf1 = this.popStack();
+                    const catResult = (buf1).concat(buf2);
+                    if (catResult.length > maxScriptElementSize)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`It's not currently possible to push data larger than ${maxScriptElementSize} bytes.`);
+                    this.pushStack(catResult);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case OP.OP_SPLIT: {
+                    if (this.stack.length < 2)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_SPLIT requires at least two items to be on the stack.');
+                    const posBuf = this.popStack();
+                    const dataToSplit = this.popStack();
+                    const splitIndexBigInt = BigNumber.fromScriptNum(posBuf, requireMinimalPush).toBigInt();
+                    if (splitIndexBigInt < 0n || splitIndexBigInt > BigInt(dataToSplit.length)) {
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_SPLIT requires the first stack item to be a non-negative number less than or equal to the size of the second-from-top stack item.');
+                    }
+                    const splitIndex = Number(splitIndexBigInt);
+                    this.pushStack(dataToSplit.slice(0, splitIndex));
+                    this.pushStack(dataToSplit.slice(splitIndex));
+                    break;
+                }
+                case OP.OP_NUM2BIN: {
+                    if (this.stack.length < 2)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_NUM2BIN requires at least two items to be on the stack.');
+                    const sizeBigInt = BigNumber.fromScriptNum(this.popStack(), requireMinimalPush).toBigInt();
+                    if (sizeBigInt > BigInt(maxScriptElementSize) || sizeBigInt < 0n) { // size can be 0
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError(`It's not currently possible to push data larger than ${maxScriptElementSize} bytes or negative size.`);
+                    }
+                    size = Number(sizeBigInt);
+                    let rawnum = this.popStack(); // This is the number to convert
+                    rawnum = minimallyEncode(rawnum); // Get its minimal scriptnum form
+                    if (rawnum.length > size) {
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_NUM2BIN requires that the size expressed in the top stack item is large enough to hold the value expressed in the second-from-top stack item.');
+                    }
+                    if (rawnum.length === size) {
+                        this.pushStack(rawnum);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    const resultN2B = new Array(size).fill(0x00);
+                    let signbit = 0x00;
+                    if (rawnum.length > 0) {
+                        signbit = rawnum[rawnum.length - 1] & 0x80; // Store sign bit
+                        rawnum[rawnum.length - 1] &= 0x7f; // Remove sign bit for padding
+                    }
+                    // Copy rawnum (now positive magnitude) into the result
+                    for (let k = 0; k < rawnum.length; k++) {
+                        resultN2B[k] = rawnum[k];
+                    }
+                    // If the original number was negative, the sign bit must be set on the new MSB
+                    if (signbit !== 0) {
+                        resultN2B[size - 1] |= 0x80;
+                    }
+                    this.pushStack(resultN2B);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case OP.OP_BIN2NUM: {
+                    if (this.stack.length < 1)
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_BIN2NUM requires at least one item to be on the stack.');
+                    buf1 = this.popStack();
+                    const b2nResult = minimallyEncode(buf1);
+                    if (!isMinimallyEncodedHelper(b2nResult)) {
+                        this.scriptEvaluationError('OP_BIN2NUM requires that the resulting number is valid.');
+                    }
+                    this.pushStack(b2nResult);
+                    break;
+                }
+                default:
+                    this.scriptEvaluationError(`Invalid opcode ${currentOpcode} (pc=${this.programCounter}).`);
+            }
+        }
+        this.programCounter++;
+        return true;
+    }
+    /**
+     * @method validate
+     * Validates the spend action by interpreting the locking and unlocking scripts.
+     * @returns {boolean} Returns true if the scripts are valid and the spend is legitimate, otherwise false.
+     * @example
+     * if (spend.validate()) {
+     *   console.log("Spend is valid!");
+     * } else {
+     *   console.log("Invalid spend!");
+     * }
+     */
+    validate() {
+        if (requirePushOnlyUnlockingScripts && !this.unlockingScript.isPushOnly()) {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError('Unlocking scripts can only contain push operations, and no other opcodes.');
+        }
+        while (this.step()) {
+            if (this.context === 'LockingScript' &&
+                this.programCounter >= this.lockingScript.chunks.length) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (this.ifStack.length > 0) {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError('Every OP_IF, OP_NOTIF, or OP_ELSE must be terminated with OP_ENDIF prior to the end of the script.');
+        }
+        if (requireCleanStack) {
+            if (this.stack.length !== 1) {
+                this.scriptEvaluationError(`The clean stack rule requires exactly one item to be on the stack after script execution, found ${this.stack.length}.`);
+            }
+        }
+        if (this.stack.length === 0) {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError('The top stack element must be truthy after script evaluation (stack is empty).');
+        }
+        else if (!this.castToBool(this.stackTop())) {
+            this.scriptEvaluationError('The top stack element must be truthy after script evaluation.');
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    castToBool(val) {
+        if (val.length === 0)
+            return false;
+        for (let i = 0; i < val.length; i++) {
+            if (val[i] !== 0) {
+                return !(i === val.length - 1 && val[i] === 0x80);
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    scriptEvaluationError(str) {
+        throw new ScriptEvaluationError({
+            message: str,
+            txid: this.sourceTXID,
+            outputIndex: this.sourceOutputIndex,
+            context: this.context,
+            programCounter: this.programCounter,
+            stackState: this.stack,
+            altStackState: this.altStack,
+            ifStackState: this.ifStack,
+            stackMem: this.stackMem,
+            altStackMem: this.altStackMem
+        });
+    }
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=Spend.js.map