@bsv/sdk 1.0.29 → 1.0.31

package/dist/esm/src/primitives/BigNumber.js

@@ -0,0 +1,4307 @@
+/**
+ * JavaScript numbers are only precise up to 53 bits. Since Bitcoin relies on
+ * 256-bit cryptography, this BigNumber class enables operations on larger
+ * numbers.
+ *
+ * @class BigNumber
+ */
+export default class BigNumber {
+    /**
+     * @privateinitializer
+     */
+    static zeros = [
+        '',
+        '0',
+        '00',
+        '000',
+        '0000',
+        '00000',
+        '000000',
+        '0000000',
+        '00000000',
+        '000000000',
+        '0000000000',
+        '00000000000',
+        '000000000000',
+        '0000000000000',
+        '00000000000000',
+        '000000000000000',
+        '0000000000000000',
+        '00000000000000000',
+        '000000000000000000',
+        '0000000000000000000',
+        '00000000000000000000',
+        '000000000000000000000',
+        '0000000000000000000000',
+        '00000000000000000000000',
+        '000000000000000000000000',
+        '0000000000000000000000000'
+    ];
+    /**
+     * @privateinitializer
+     */
+    static groupSizes = [
+        0, 0,
+        25, 16, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8,
+        8, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 6,
+        6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5,
+        5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
+        5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5
+    ];
+    /**
+     * @privateinitializer
+     */
+    static groupBases = [
+        0, 0,
+        33554432, 43046721, 16777216, 48828125, 60466176, 40353607, 16777216,
+        43046721, 10000000, 19487171, 35831808, 62748517, 7529536, 11390625,
+        16777216, 24137569, 34012224, 47045881, 64000000, 4084101, 5153632,
+        6436343, 7962624, 9765625, 11881376, 14348907, 17210368, 20511149,
+        24300000, 28629151, 33554432, 39135393, 45435424, 52521875, 60466176
+    ];
+    /**
+     * The word size of big number chunks.
+     *
+     * @property wordSize
+     *
+     * @example
+     * console.log(BigNumber.wordSize);  // output: 26
+     */
+    static wordSize = 26;
+    /**
+     * Negative flag. Indicates whether the big number is a negative number.
+     * - If 0, the number is positive.
+     * - If 1, the number is negative.
+     *
+     * @property negative
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let num = new BigNumber("-10");
+     * console.log(num.negative);  // output: 1
+     */
+    negative;
+    /**
+     * Array of numbers, where each number represents a part of the value of the big number.
+     *
+     * @property words
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let num = new BigNumber(50000);
+     * console.log(num.words);  // output: [ 50000 ]
+     */
+    words;
+    /**
+     * Length of the words array.
+     *
+     * @property length
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let num = new BigNumber(50000);
+     * console.log(num.length);  // output: 1
+     */
+    length;
+    /**
+     * Reduction context of the big number.
+     *
+     * @property red
+     */
+    red;
+    /**
+     * Checks whether a value is an instance of BigNumber. If not, then checks the features of the input to determine potential compatibility. Regular JS numbers fail this check.
+     *
+     * @method isBN
+     * @param num - The value to be checked.
+     * @returns - Returns a boolean value determining whether or not the checked num parameter is a BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const validNum = new BigNumber(5);
+     * BigNumber.isBN(validNum); // returns true
+     *
+     * const invalidNum = 5;
+     * BigNumber.isBN(invalidNum); // returns false
+     */
+    static isBN(num) {
+        if (num instanceof BigNumber) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return num !== null && typeof num === 'object' &&
+            num.constructor.wordSize === BigNumber.wordSize &&
+            Array.isArray(num.words);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the bigger value between two BigNumbers
+     *
+     * @method max
+     * @param left - The first BigNumber to be compared.
+     * @param right - The second BigNumber to be compared.
+     * @returns - Returns the bigger BigNumber between left and right.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bn1 = new BigNumber(5);
+     * const bn2 = new BigNumber(10);
+     * BigNumber.max(bn1, bn2); // returns bn2
+     */
+    static max(left, right) {
+        if (left.cmp(right) > 0)
+            return left;
+        return right;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the smaller value between two BigNumbers
+     *
+     * @method min
+     * @param left - The first BigNumber to be compared.
+     * @param right - The second BigNumber to be compared.
+     * @returns - Returns the smaller value between left and right.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bn1 = new BigNumber(5);
+     * const bn2 = new BigNumber(10);
+     * BigNumber.min(bn1, bn2); // returns bn1
+     */
+    static min(left, right) {
+        if (left.cmp(right) < 0)
+            return left;
+        return right;
+    }
+    /**
+     * @constructor
+     *
+     * @param number - The number (various types accepted) to construct a BigNumber from. Default is 0.
+     *
+     * @param base - The base of number provided. By default is 10.
+     *
+     * @param endian - The endianness provided. By default is 'big endian'.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * import BigNumber from './BigNumber';
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('123456', 10, 'be');
+     */
+    constructor(number = 0, base = 10, endian = 'be') {
+        this.negative = 0;
+        this.words = [];
+        this.length = 0;
+        // Reduction context
+        this.red = null;
+        if (number !== null) {
+            if (base === 'le' || base === 'be') {
+                endian = base;
+                base = 10;
+            }
+            if (typeof number === 'number') {
+                return this.initNumber(number, base, endian);
+            }
+            if (typeof number === 'object') {
+                return this.initArray(number, endian);
+            }
+            if (base === 'hex') {
+                base = 16;
+            }
+            this.assert(base === (base | 0) && base >= 2 && base <= 36);
+            number = number.toString().replace(/\s+/g, '');
+            let start = 0;
+            if (number[0] === '-') {
+                start++;
+                this.negative = 1;
+            }
+            if (start < number.length) {
+                if (base === 16) {
+                    this.parseHex(number, start, endian);
+                }
+                else {
+                    this.parseBase(number, base, start);
+                    if (endian === 'le') {
+                        this.initArray(this.toArray(), endian);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Asserts that a certain condition is true. If it is not, throws an error with the provided message.
+     *
+     * @method assert
+     * @private
+     * @param val - The condition to be checked.
+     * @param msg - The error message to throw if the condition is not satisfied. Default is 'Assertion failed'.
+     */
+    assert(val, msg = 'Assertion failed') {
+        if (!val)
+            throw new Error(msg);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Function to initialize a BigNumber from a regular number. It also determines if the number is negative and sets the negative property accordingly.
+     * If the endianness provided is little endian ('le'), it reverses the bytes.
+     *
+     * @method initNumber
+     * @private
+     * @param number - The number to initialize the BigNumber from.
+     * @param base - The base of the number provided.
+     * @param endian - The endianness ('be' for big-endian, 'le' for little-endian).
+     * @returns The current BigNumber instance.
+     */
+    initNumber(number, base, endian) {
+        if (number < 0) {
+            this.negative = 1;
+            number = -number;
+        }
+        if (number < 0x4000000) {
+            this.words = [number & 0x3ffffff];
+            this.length = 1;
+        }
+        else if (number < 0x10000000000000) {
+            this.words = [
+                number & 0x3ffffff,
+                (number / 0x4000000) & 0x3ffffff
+            ];
+            this.length = 2;
+        }
+        else {
+            this.assert(number < 0x20000000000000, 'The number is larger than 2 ^ 53 (unsafe)');
+            this.words = [
+                number & 0x3ffffff,
+                (number / 0x4000000) & 0x3ffffff,
+                1
+            ];
+            this.length = 3;
+        }
+        if (endian !== 'le')
+            return this;
+        // Reverse the bytes
+        this.initArray(this.toArray(), endian);
+        return this;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Creates a new BigNumber from the provided number array and initializes it based on the base and endian provided.
+     *
+     * @method initArray
+     * @private
+     * @param number - The array of numbers to initialize the BigNumber from. Each number represents a part of the value of the big number.
+     * @param endian - The endianness ('be' for big-endian, 'le' for little-endian).
+     * @return The current BigNumber instance.
+     */
+    initArray(number, endian) {
+        // Perhaps a Uint8Array
+        this.assert(typeof number.length === 'number', 'The number must have a length');
+        if (number.length <= 0) {
+            this.words = [0];
+            this.length = 1;
+            return this;
+        }
+        this.length = Math.ceil(number.length / 3);
+        this.words = new Array(this.length);
+        let i = 0;
+        for (; i < this.length; i++) {
+            this.words[i] = 0;
+        }
+        let j, w;
+        let off = 0;
+        if (endian === 'be') {
+            for (i = number.length - 1, j = 0; i >= 0; i -= 3) {
+                w = number[i] | (number[i - 1] << 8) | (number[i - 2] << 16);
+                this.words[j] |= (w << off) & 0x3ffffff;
+                this.words[j + 1] = (w >>> (26 - off)) & 0x3ffffff;
+                off += 24;
+                if (off >= 26) {
+                    off -= 26;
+                    j++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else if (endian === 'le') {
+            for (i = 0, j = 0; i < number.length; i += 3) {
+                w = number[i] | (number[i + 1] << 8) | (number[i + 2] << 16);
+                this.words[j] |= (w << off) & 0x3ffffff;
+                this.words[j + 1] = (w >>> (26 - off)) & 0x3ffffff;
+                off += 24;
+                if (off >= 26) {
+                    off -= 26;
+                    j++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return this.strip();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Function to extract the 4-bit number from a hexadecimal character
+     *
+     * @method parseHex4Bits
+     * @private
+     * @param string - The string containing the hexadecimal character.
+     * @param index - The index of the hexadecimal character in the string.
+     * @return The decimal value corresponding to the hexadecimal character.
+     */
+    parseHex4Bits(string, index) {
+        const c = string.charCodeAt(index);
+        // '0' - '9'
+        if (c >= 48 && c <= 57) {
+            return c - 48;
+            // 'A' - 'F'
+        }
+        else if (c >= 65 && c <= 70) {
+            return c - 55;
+            // 'a' - 'f'
+        }
+        else if (c >= 97 && c <= 102) {
+            return c - 87;
+        }
+        else {
+            throw new Error('Invalid character in ' + string);
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Function to extract the 8-bit number from two hexadecimal characters
+     *
+     * @method parseHexByte
+     * @private
+     * @param string - The string containing the hexadecimal characters.
+     * @param lowerBound - The lower bound of the index to start parsing from.
+     * @param index - The index of the second hexadecimal character in the string.
+     * @return The decimal value corresponding to the two hexadecimal characters.
+     */
+    parseHexByte(string, lowerBound, index) {
+        let r = this.parseHex4Bits(string, index);
+        if (index - 1 >= lowerBound) {
+            r |= this.parseHex4Bits(string, index - 1) << 4;
+        }
+        return r;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Function to parse and convert a specific string portion into a big number in hexadecimal base.
+     *
+     * @method parseHex
+     * @private
+     * @param number - The string to parse.
+     * @param start - The index to start parsing from.
+     * @param endian - The endianness ('be', 'le').
+     * @return The current BigNumber instance.
+     */
+    parseHex(number, start, endian) {
+        // Create possibly bigger array to ensure that it fits the number
+        this.length = Math.ceil((number.length - start) / 6);
+        this.words = new Array(this.length);
+        let i = 0;
+        for (; i < this.length; i++) {
+            this.words[i] = 0;
+        }
+        // 24-bits chunks
+        let off = 0;
+        let j = 0;
+        let w;
+        if (endian === 'be') {
+            for (i = number.length - 1; i >= start; i -= 2) {
+                w = this.parseHexByte(number, start, i) << off;
+                this.words[j] |= w & 0x3ffffff;
+                if (off >= 18) {
+                    off -= 18;
+                    j += 1;
+                    this.words[j] |= w >>> 26;
+                }
+                else {
+                    off += 8;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            const parseLength = number.length - start;
+            for (i = parseLength % 2 === 0 ? start + 1 : start; i < number.length; i += 2) {
+                w = this.parseHexByte(number, start, i) << off;
+                this.words[j] |= w & 0x3ffffff;
+                if (off >= 18) {
+                    off -= 18;
+                    j += 1;
+                    this.words[j] |= w >>> 26;
+                }
+                else {
+                    off += 8;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return this.strip();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Function to convert a particular string portion into a base word.
+     *
+     * @method parseBaseWord
+     * @private
+     * @param str - The string to parse.
+     * @param start - The index to start parsing from.
+     * @param end - The index to stop parsing at.
+     * @param mul - The base to be used for the conversion.
+     * @return The decimal value of the parsed base word.
+     */
+    parseBaseWord(str, start, end, mul) {
+        let r = 0;
+        let b = 0;
+        const len = Math.min(str.length, end);
+        for (let i = start; i < len; i++) {
+            const c = str.charCodeAt(i) - 48;
+            r *= mul;
+            // 'a'
+            if (c >= 49) {
+                b = c - 49 + 0xa;
+                // 'A'
+            }
+            else if (c >= 17) {
+                b = c - 17 + 0xa;
+                // '0' - '9'
+            }
+            else {
+                b = c;
+            }
+            this.assert(c >= 0 && b < mul, 'Invalid character');
+            r += b;
+        }
+        return r;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Function to convert a string into a big number in a specific base.
+     *
+     * @method parseBase
+     * @private
+     * @param number - The string to be converted into a big number.
+     * @param base - The base to be used for conversion.
+     * @param start - The index to start conversion from.
+     * @return The current BigNumber instance.
+     */
+    parseBase(number, base, start) {
+        // Initialize as zero
+        this.words = [0];
+        this.length = 1;
+        // Find length of limb in base
+        let limbLen = 0;
+        let limbPow = 1;
+        for (; limbPow <= 0x3ffffff; limbPow *= base) {
+            limbLen++;
+        }
+        limbLen--;
+        limbPow = (limbPow / base) | 0;
+        const total = number.length - start;
+        const mod = total % limbLen;
+        const end = Math.min(total, total - mod) + start;
+        let word = 0;
+        let i = start;
+        for (; i < end; i += limbLen) {
+            word = this.parseBaseWord(number, i, i + limbLen, base);
+            this.imuln(limbPow);
+            if (this.words[0] + word < 0x4000000) {
+                this.words[0] += word;
+            }
+            else {
+                this._iaddn(word);
+            }
+        }
+        if (mod !== 0) {
+            let pow = 1;
+            word = this.parseBaseWord(number, i, number.length, base);
+            for (i = 0; i < mod; i++) {
+                pow *= base;
+            }
+            this.imuln(pow);
+            if (this.words[0] + word < 0x4000000) {
+                this.words[0] += word;
+            }
+            else {
+                this._iaddn(word);
+            }
+        }
+        return this.strip();
+    }
+    /**
+     * The copy method copies the state of this BigNumber into an exsiting `dest` BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @method copy
+     * @param dest - The BigNumber instance that will be updated to become a copy.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bn1 = new BigNumber('123456', 10, 'be');
+     * const bn2 = new BigNumber();
+     * bn1.copy(bn2);
+     * // bn2 is now a BigNumber representing 123456
+     */
+    copy(dest) {
+        dest.words = new Array(this.length);
+        for (let i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
+            dest.words[i] = this.words[i];
+        }
+        dest.length = this.length;
+        dest.negative = this.negative;
+        dest.red = this.red;
+    }
+    /**
+     *
+     * Directly transfers the attributes of the source BigNumber to the destination BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @method move
+     * @param dest - The BigNumber that attributes will be moved into.
+     * @param src - The BigNumber that attributes will be moved from.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const src = new BigNumber('123456', 10, 'be');
+     * const dest = new BigNumber();
+     * BigNumber.move(dest, src);
+     * // dest is now a BigNumber representing 123456
+     */
+    static move(dest, src) {
+        dest.words = src.words;
+        dest.length = src.length;
+        dest.negative = src.negative;
+        dest.red = src.red;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Creates a copy of the current BigNumber instance.
+     *
+     * @method clone
+     * @returns A new BigNumber instance, identical to the original.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('123456', 10, 'be');
+     * const bnClone = bn.clone();
+     */
+    clone() {
+        const r = new BigNumber();
+        this.copy(r);
+        return r;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Increases the BigNumber length up to a certain size and initializes new elements with 0.
+     *
+     * @method expand
+     * @param size - The desired size to grow the BigNumber length.
+     * @returns The BigNumber instance after expansion.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('123456', 10, 'be');
+     * bn.expand(10);
+     */
+    expand(size) {
+        while (this.length < size) {
+            this.words[this.length++] = 0;
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Removes leading zeros.
+     *
+     * @method strip
+     * @returns - Returns the BigNumber after stripping leading zeros.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bn = new BigNumber("000000", 2, "be");
+     * bn.strip();
+     * // bn now represents 0
+     */
+    strip() {
+        while (this.length > 1 && this.words[this.length - 1] === 0) {
+            this.length--;
+        }
+        return this.normSign();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Normalizes the sign of the BigNumber. Changes -0 to 0.
+     *
+     * @method normSign
+     * @returns The normalized BigNumber instance.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('-0', 10, 'be');
+     * bn.normSign();
+     */
+    normSign() {
+        // -0 = 0
+        if (this.length === 1 && this.words[0] === 0) {
+            this.negative = 0;
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Utility for inspecting the current BigNumber instance. Accompanied with a prefix '<BN: ' or '<BN-R: '.
+     *
+     * @method inspect
+     * @returns A string representation to inspect the BigNumber instance.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('123456', 10, 'be');
+     * bn.inspect();
+     */
+    inspect() {
+        return (this.red !== null ? '<BN-R: ' : '<BN: ') + this.toString(16) + '>';
+    }
+    /**
+     * Converts the BigNumber instance to a string representation.
+     *
+     * @method toString
+     * @param base - The base for representing number. Default is 10. Other accepted values are 16 and 'hex'.
+     * @param padding - Represents the minimum number of digits to represent the BigNumber as a string. Default is 1.
+     * @throws If base is not between 2 and 36.
+     * @returns The string representation of the BigNumber instance
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('123456', 10, 'be');
+     * bn.toString(16); // Converts the BigNumber to a hexadecimal string.
+     */
+    toString(base = 10, padding = 1) {
+        let out;
+        if (base === 16 || base === 'hex') {
+            out = '';
+            let off = 0;
+            let carry = 0;
+            for (let i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
+                const w = this.words[i];
+                const word = (((w << off) | carry) & 0xffffff).toString(16);
+                carry = (w >>> (24 - off)) & 0xffffff;
+                off += 2;
+                if (off >= 26) {
+                    off -= 26;
+                    i--;
+                }
+                if (carry !== 0 || i !== this.length - 1) {
+                    out = BigNumber.zeros[6 - word.length] + word + out;
+                }
+                else {
+                    out = word + out;
+                }
+            }
+            if (carry !== 0) {
+                out = carry.toString(16) + out;
+            }
+            if (padding === 0 && out === '0') {
+                return '';
+            }
+            while (out.length % padding !== 0 && padding !== 0) {
+                out = '0' + out;
+            }
+            if (this.negative !== 0) {
+                out = '-' + out;
+            }
+            return out;
+        }
+        if (base === (base | 0) && base >= 2 && base <= 36) {
+            const groupSize = BigNumber.groupSizes[base];
+            const groupBase = BigNumber.groupBases[base];
+            out = '';
+            let c = this.clone();
+            c.negative = 0;
+            while (!c.isZero()) {
+                const r = c.modrn(groupBase).toString(base);
+                c = c.idivn(groupBase);
+                if (!c.isZero()) {
+                    out = BigNumber.zeros[groupSize - r.length] + r + out;
+                }
+                else {
+                    out = r + out;
+                }
+            }
+            if (this.isZero()) {
+                out = '0' + out;
+            }
+            while (out.length % padding !== 0) {
+                out = '0' + out;
+            }
+            if (this.negative !== 0) {
+                out = '-' + out;
+            }
+            return out;
+        }
+        throw new Error('Base should be between 2 and 36');
+    }
+    /**
+     * Converts the BigNumber instance to a JavaScript number.
+     * Please note that JavaScript numbers are only precise up to 53 bits.
+     *
+     * @method toNumber
+     * @throws If the BigNumber instance cannot be safely stored in a JavaScript number
+     * @returns The JavaScript number representation of the BigNumber instance.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('123456', 10, 'be');
+     * bn.toNumber();
+     */
+    toNumber() {
+        let ret = this.words[0];
+        if (this.length === 2) {
+            ret += this.words[1] * 0x4000000;
+        }
+        else if (this.length === 3 && this.words[2] === 0x01) {
+            // NOTE: at this stage it is known that the top bit is set
+            ret += 0x10000000000000 + (this.words[1] * 0x4000000);
+        }
+        else if (this.length > 2) {
+            throw new Error('Number can only safely store up to 53 bits');
+        }
+        return (this.negative !== 0) ? -ret : ret;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Converts the BigNumber instance to a JSON-formatted string.
+     *
+     * @method toJSON
+     * @returns The JSON string representation of the BigNumber instance.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('123456', 10, 'be');
+     * bn.toJSON();
+     */
+    toJSON() {
+        return this.toString(16);
+    }
+    /**
+     * An internal method to format the BigNumber instance into ArrayTypes of Little Endian Type.
+     * This is a private method.
+     *
+     * @method toArrayLikeLE
+     * @private
+     * @param res - The resultant ArrayType instance
+     * @param byteLength - The byte length to define the size of ArrayType
+     */
+    toArrayLikeLE(res, byteLength) {
+        let position = 0;
+        let carry = 0;
+        for (let i = 0, shift = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
+            const word = (this.words[i] << shift) | carry;
+            res[position++] = word & 0xff;
+            if (position < res.length) {
+                res[position++] = (word >> 8) & 0xff;
+            }
+            if (position < res.length) {
+                res[position++] = (word >> 16) & 0xff;
+            }
+            if (shift === 6) {
+                if (position < res.length) {
+                    res[position++] = (word >> 24) & 0xff;
+                }
+                carry = 0;
+                shift = 0;
+            }
+            else {
+                carry = word >>> 24;
+                shift += 2;
+            }
+        }
+        if (position < res.length) {
+            res[position++] = carry;
+            while (position < res.length) {
+                res[position++] = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * An internal method to format the BigNumber instance into ArrayTypes of Big Endian Type.
+     * This is a private method.
+     *
+     * @method toArrayLikeBE
+     * @private
+     * @param res - The resultant ArrayType instance
+     * @param byteLength - The byte length to define the size of ArrayType
+     */
+    toArrayLikeBE(res, byteLength) {
+        let position = res.length - 1;
+        let carry = 0;
+        for (let i = 0, shift = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
+            const word = (this.words[i] << shift) | carry;
+            res[position--] = word & 0xff;
+            if (position >= 0) {
+                res[position--] = (word >> 8) & 0xff;
+            }
+            if (position >= 0) {
+                res[position--] = (word >> 16) & 0xff;
+            }
+            if (shift === 6) {
+                if (position >= 0) {
+                    res[position--] = (word >> 24) & 0xff;
+                }
+                carry = 0;
+                shift = 0;
+            }
+            else {
+                carry = word >>> 24;
+                shift += 2;
+            }
+        }
+        if (position >= 0) {
+            res[position--] = carry;
+            while (position >= 0) {
+                res[position--] = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Converts the BigNumber instance to a JavaScript number array.
+     *
+     * @method toArray
+     * @param endian - The endian for converting BigNumber to array. Default value is 'be'.
+     * @param length - The length for the resultant array. Default value is undefined.
+     * @returns The JavaScript array representation of the BigNumber instance.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('123456', 10, 'be');
+     * bn.toArray('be', 8);
+     */
+    toArray(endian = 'be', length) {
+        this.strip();
+        const byteLength = this.byteLength();
+        const reqLength = length ?? Math.max(1, byteLength);
+        this.assert(byteLength <= reqLength, 'byte array longer than desired length');
+        this.assert(reqLength > 0, 'Requested array length <= 0');
+        const res = new Array(reqLength);
+        if (endian === 'le') {
+            this.toArrayLikeLE(res, byteLength);
+        }
+        else {
+            this.toArrayLikeBE(res, byteLength);
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+    /**
+     * A utility method to count the word bits.
+     * This is a private method.
+     *
+     * @method countWordBits
+     * @private
+     * @param w - The input number to count the word bits.
+     * @returns The number of word bits
+     */
+    countWordBits(w) {
+        if (typeof Math.clz32 === 'function') {
+            return 32 - Math.clz32(w);
+        }
+        let t = w;
+        let r = 0;
+        if (t >= 0x1000) {
+            r += 13;
+            t >>>= 13;
+        }
+        if (t >= 0x40) {
+            r += 7;
+            t >>>= 7;
+        }
+        if (t >= 0x8) {
+            r += 4;
+            t >>>= 4;
+        }
+        if (t >= 0x02) {
+            r += 2;
+            t >>>= 2;
+        }
+        return r + t;
+    }
+    /**
+     * A utility method to compute the number of zero bits.
+     * This is a private method.
+     *
+     * @method zeroWordBits
+     * @private
+     * @param w - The input number to count the zero bits.
+     * @returns The number of zero bits
+     */
+    zeroWordBits(w) {
+        // Short-cut
+        if (w === 0)
+            return 26;
+        let t = w;
+        let r = 0;
+        if ((t & 0x1fff) === 0) {
+            r += 13;
+            t >>>= 13;
+        }
+        if ((t & 0x7f) === 0) {
+            r += 7;
+            t >>>= 7;
+        }
+        if ((t & 0xf) === 0) {
+            r += 4;
+            t >>>= 4;
+        }
+        if ((t & 0x3) === 0) {
+            r += 2;
+            t >>>= 2;
+        }
+        if ((t & 0x1) === 0) {
+            r++;
+        }
+        return r;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of used bits in this big number.
+     *
+     * @method bitLength
+     * @returns The number of used bits
+     */
+    bitLength() {
+        const w = this.words[this.length - 1];
+        const hi = this.countWordBits(w);
+        return (this.length - 1) * 26 + hi;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Convert a big number to a boolean array representing
+     * a binary number, where each array index is a bit.
+     * @static
+     * @method toBitArray
+     * @param num - The big number to convert.
+     * @returns Returns an array of booleans representing
+     * a binary number, with each array index being a bit.
+     * @example
+     * const BigNumber = require("./BigNumber");
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('6'); // binary: 110
+     * const bits = BigNumber.toBitArray(bn); // [1,1,0]
+     */
+    static toBitArray(num) {
+        const w = new Array(num.bitLength());
+        for (let bit = 0; bit < w.length; bit++) {
+            const off = (bit / 26) | 0;
+            const wbit = bit % 26;
+            w[bit] = (num.words[off] >>> wbit) & 0x01;
+        }
+        return w;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Convert this big number to a boolean array representing
+     * a binary number, where each array index is a bit.
+     * @method toBitArray
+     * @returns Returns an array of booleans representing a binary number.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const BigNumber = require("./BigNumber");
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('6'); // binary: 110
+     * const bits = bn.toBitArray(); // [ 1, 1, 0 ]
+     */
+    toBitArray() {
+        return BigNumber.toBitArray(this);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of trailing zero bits in the big number.
+     * @method zeroBits
+     * @returns Returns the number of trailing zero bits
+     * in the binary representation of the big number.
+     * @example
+     * const BigNumber = require("./BigNumber");
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('8'); // binary: 1000
+     * const zeroBits = bn.zeroBits(); // 3
+     */
+    zeroBits() {
+        if (this.isZero())
+            return 0;
+        let r = 0;
+        for (let i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
+            const b = this.zeroWordBits(this.words[i]);
+            r += b;
+            if (b !== 26)
+                break;
+        }
+        return r;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Get the byte length of the BigNumber
+     *
+     * @method byteLength
+     * @returns Returns the byte length of the big number.
+     * @example
+     * const BigNumber = require("./BigNumber");
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('1234');
+     * const byteLen = bn.byteLength();
+     */
+    byteLength() {
+        return Math.ceil(this.bitLength() / 8);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Converts this big number to two's complement with a specified bit width.
+     * @method toTwos
+     * @param width - The bit width.
+     * @returns Returns the two's complement of the big number.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const BigNumber = require("./BigNumber");
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('-1234');
+     * const twosComp = bn.toTwos(16);
+     */
+    toTwos(width) {
+        if (this.negative !== 0) {
+            return this.abs().inotn(width).iaddn(1);
+        }
+        return this.clone();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Converts this big number from two's complement with a specified bit width.
+     * @method fromTwos
+     * @param width - The bit width.
+     * @returns Returns the big number converted from two's complement.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const BigNumber = require("./BigNumber");
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('-1234');
+     * const fromTwos = bn.fromTwos(16);
+     */
+    fromTwos(width) {
+        if (this.testn(width - 1)) {
+            return this.notn(width).iaddn(1).ineg();
+        }
+        return this.clone();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Checks if the big number is negative.
+     * @method isNeg
+     * @returns Returns true if the big number is negative, otherwise false.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const BigNumber = require("./BigNumber");
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('-1234');
+     * const isNegative = bn.isNeg(); // true
+     */
+    isNeg() {
+        return this.negative !== 0;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Negates the big number and returns a new instance.
+     * @method neg
+     * @returns Returns a new BigNumber that is the negation of this big number.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const BigNumber = require("./BigNumber");
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('1234');
+     * const neg = bn.neg(); // -1234
+     */
+    neg() {
+        return this.clone().ineg();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Negates the big number in-place.
+     * @method ineg
+     * @returns Returns this big number as the negation of itself.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const BigNumber = require("./BigNumber");
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('1234');
+     * bn.ineg(); // bn is now -1234
+     */
+    ineg() {
+        if (!this.isZero()) {
+            this.negative ^= 1;
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs a bitwise OR operation with another BigNumber and stores
+     * the result in this BigNumber.
+     * @method iuor
+     * @param num - The other BigNumber.
+     * @returns Returns this BigNumber after performing the bitwise OR operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const BigNumber = require("./BigNumber");
+     * const bn1 = new BigNumber('10'); // binary: 1010
+     * const bn2 = new(num: BigNumber): BigNumber BigNumber('6'); // binary: 0110
+     * bn1.iuor(bn2); // now, bn1 binary: 1110
+     */
+    iuor(num) {
+        while (this.length < num.length) {
+            this.words[this.length++] = 0;
+        }
+        for (let i = 0; i < num.length; i++) {
+            this.words[i] = this.words[i] | num.words[i];
+        }
+        return this.strip();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs a bitwise OR operation with another BigNumber, considering
+     * that neither of the numbers can be negative. Stores the result in this BigNumber.
+     * @method ior
+     * @param num - The other BigNumber.
+     * @returns Returns this BigNumber after performing the bitwise OR operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const BigNumber = require("./BigNumber");
+     * const bn1 = new BigNumber('10'); // binary: 1010
+     * const bn2 = new BigNumber('6'); // binary: 0110
+     * bn1.ior(bn2); // now, bn1 binary: 1110
+     */
+    ior(num) {
+        this.assert((this.negative | num.negative) === 0);
+        return this.iuor(num);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs a bitwise OR operation on the current instance and given
+     * BigNumber and returns a new BigNumber, in such a way that if either
+     * the corresponding bit in the first operand or the second operand is
+     * 1, then the output is also 1.
+     *
+     * @method or
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to perform the bitwise OR operation with.
+     * @returns Returns a new BigNumber resulting from the bitwise OR operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num1 = new BigNumber('10');
+     * const num2 = new BigNumber('20');
+     * console.log(num1.or(num2).toString());
+     */
+    or(num) {
+        if (this.length > num.length)
+            return this.clone().ior(num);
+        return num.clone().ior(this);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs a bitwise OR operation on the current instance and given
+     * BigNumber without considering signed bit(no negative values) and returns a new BigNumber,
+     * similar to the `or` method.
+     *
+     * @method uor
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to perform the bitwise OR operation with.
+     * @returns Returns a new BigNumber resulting from the bitwise OR operation without sign consideration.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num1 = new BigNumber('10');
+     * const num2 = new BigNumber('20');
+     * console.log(num1.uor(num2).toString());
+     */
+    uor(num) {
+        if (this.length > num.length)
+            return this.clone().iuor(num);
+        return num.clone().iuor(this);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs a bitwise AND operation in-place(this method changes the calling object)
+     * on the current instance and given BigNumber such that it modifies the current
+     * instance and keeps the bits set in the result only if the corresponding bit is set
+     * in both operands.
+     *
+     * @method iuand
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to perform the bitwise AND operation with.
+     * @returns Returns the current BigNumber instance after performing the bitwise AND operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num1 = new BigNumber('10');
+     * const num2 = new BigNumber('20');
+     * console.log(num1.iuand(num2).toString());
+     */
+    iuand(num) {
+        const minLength = Math.min(this.length, num.length);
+        for (let i = 0; i < minLength; i++) {
+            this.words[i] = this.words[i] & num.words[i];
+        }
+        this.length = minLength;
+        return this.strip();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs an in-place operation that does a bitwise AND operation in-place,
+     * on the current instance and given BigNumber such that it modifies the current
+     * instance only if neither operand is negative. This method is similar to the iuand method but
+     * checks for negative values before operation.
+     *
+     * @method iand
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to perform the bitwise AND operation with.
+     * @returns Returns the current BigNumber instance after performing the bitwise AND operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num1 = new BigNumber('10');
+     * const num2 = new BigNumber('20');
+     * console.log(num1.iand(num2).toString());
+     */
+    iand(num) {
+        this.assert((this.negative | num.negative) === 0);
+        return this.iuand(num);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs a bitwise AND operation that returns a new BigNumber, and keeps the bits
+     * set in the result only if the corresponding bit is set in both operands.
+     *
+     * @method and
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to perform the bitwise AND operation with.
+     * @returns Returns new BigNumber resulting from the bitwise AND operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num1 = new BigNumber('10');
+     * const num2 = new BigNumber('20');
+     * console.log(num1.and(num2).toString());
+     */
+    and(num) {
+        if (this.length > num.length)
+            return this.clone().iand(num);
+        return num.clone().iand(this);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs a bitwise AND operation without considering signed bit
+     * (no negative values) which returns a new BigNumber, similar to the `and` method.
+     *
+     * @method uand
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to perform the bitwise AND operation with.
+     * @returns Returns new BigNumber resulting from the bitwise AND operation without sign consideration.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num1 = new BigNumber('10');
+     * const num2 = new BigNumber('20');
+     * console.log(num1.uand(num2).toString());
+     */
+    uand(num) {
+        if (this.length > num.length)
+            return this.clone().iuand(num);
+        return num.clone().iuand(this);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Modifies the current instance by performing a bitwise XOR operation
+     * in-place with the provided BigNumber. It keeps the bits set in the result only if the
+     * corresponding bits in the operands are different.
+     *
+     * @method iuxor
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to perform the bitwise XOR operation with.
+     * @returns Returns the current BigNumber instance after performing the bitwise XOR operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num1 = new BigNumber('10');
+     * const num2 = new BigNumber('20');
+     * console.log(num1.iuxor(num2).toString());
+     */
+    iuxor(num) {
+        if (this.length > num.length) {
+            for (let i = 0; i < num.length; i++) {
+                this.words[i] = this.words[i] ^ num.words[i];
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            for (let i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
+                this.words[i] = this.words[i] ^ num.words[i];
+            }
+            for (let i = this.length; i < num.length; i++) {
+                this.words[i] = num.words[i];
+            }
+            this.length = num.length;
+        }
+        return this.strip();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs an in-place operation that does a bitwise XOR operation in-place,
+     * on the current instance and given BigNumber such that it modifies the current
+     * instance only if neither operand is negative. This method is similar to the iuxor method but
+     * checks for negative values before operation.
+     *
+     * @method ixor
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to perform the bitwise XOR operation with.
+     * @returns Returns the current BigNumber instance after performing the bitwise XOR operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num1 = new BigNumber('10');
+     * const num2 = new BigNumber('20');
+     * console.log(num1.ixor(num2).toString());
+     */
+    ixor(num) {
+        this.assert((this.negative | num.negative) === 0, 'Neither number can be negative');
+        return this.iuxor(num);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs a bitwise XOR operation which returns a new BigNumber, and keeps the bits
+     * set in the result only if the corresponding bits in the operands are different.
+     *
+     * @method xor
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to perform the bitwise XOR operation with.
+     * @returns Returns a new BigNumber resulting from the bitwise XOR operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num1 = new BigNumber('10');
+     * const num2 = new BigNumber('20');
+     * console.log(num1.xor(num2).toString());
+     */
+    xor(num) {
+        if (this.length > num.length)
+            return this.clone().ixor(num);
+        return num.clone().ixor(this);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs an unsigned XOR operation on this BigNumber with the supplied BigNumber. Returns a new BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @method uxor
+     * @param num - The BigNumber with which the unsigned bitwise XOR operation is to be performed.
+     * @returns Returns a new BigNumber resulting from the unsigned bitwise XOR operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num1 = new BigNumber('30');
+     * const num2 = new BigNumber('40');
+     * console.log(num1.uxor(num2).toString()); // Output will be the result of unsigned XOR operation
+     */
+    uxor(num) {
+        if (this.length > num.length)
+            return this.clone().iuxor(num);
+        return num.clone().iuxor(this);
+    }
+    /**
+     * In-place method that performs a bitwise NOT operation on a BigNumber up to a specified bit width.
+     *
+     * @method inotn
+     * @param width - The number of bits to perform the NOT operation on.
+     * @returns Returns the BigNumber after performing the bitwise NOT operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num = new BigNumber('42');
+     * num.inotn(10);
+     * console.log(num.toString());
+     */
+    inotn(width) {
+        this.assert(typeof width === 'number' && width >= 0, 'The width needs to be a number greater than zero');
+        let bytesNeeded = Math.ceil(width / 26) | 0;
+        const bitsLeft = width % 26;
+        // Extend the number with leading zeroes
+        this.expand(bytesNeeded);
+        if (bitsLeft > 0) {
+            bytesNeeded--;
+        }
+        // Handle complete words
+        let i = 0;
+        for (; i < bytesNeeded; i++) {
+            this.words[i] = ~this.words[i] & 0x3ffffff;
+        }
+        // Handle the residue
+        if (bitsLeft > 0) {
+            this.words[i] = ~this.words[i] & (0x3ffffff >> (26 - bitsLeft));
+        }
+        // And remove leading zeroes
+        return this.strip();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs a bitwise NOT operation on a BigNumber up to a specified bit width. Returns a new BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @method notn
+     * @param width - The number of bits to perform the NOT operation on.
+     * @returns Returns a new BigNumber resulting from the bitwise NOT operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num = new BigNumber('42');
+     * const notnResult = num.notn(10);
+     * console.log(notnResult.toString());
+     */
+    notn(width) {
+        return this.clone().inotn(width);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Set `bit` of `this` BigNumber. The `bit` is a position in the binary representation,
+     * and `val` is the value to be set at that position (`0` or `1`).
+     *
+     * @method setn
+     * @param bit - The bit position to set.
+     * @param val - The value to set at the bit position.
+     * @returns Returns the BigNumber after setting the value at the bit position.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num = new BigNumber('42');
+     * num.setn(2, 1);
+     * console.log(num.toString());
+     */
+    setn(bit, val) {
+        this.assert(typeof bit === 'number' && bit >= 0);
+        const off = (bit / 26) | 0;
+        const wbit = bit % 26;
+        this.expand(off + 1);
+        if (val === 1 || val === true) {
+            this.words[off] = this.words[off] | (1 << wbit);
+        }
+        else {
+            this.words[off] = this.words[off] & ~(1 << wbit);
+        }
+        return this.strip();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Add `num` to `this` BigNumber in-place.
+     *
+     * @method iadd
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to add to `this` BigNumber.
+     * @returns Returns the BigNumber after performing the addition.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num1 = new BigNumber('10');
+     * num1.iadd(new BigNumber('20'));
+     * console.log(num1.toString());
+     */
+    iadd(num) {
+        let r;
+        // negative + positive
+        if (this.negative !== 0 && num.negative === 0) {
+            this.negative = 0;
+            r = this.isub(num);
+            this.negative ^= 1;
+            return this.normSign();
+            // positive + negative
+        }
+        else if (this.negative === 0 && num.negative !== 0) {
+            num.negative = 0;
+            r = this.isub(num);
+            num.negative = 1;
+            return r.normSign();
+        }
+        // a.length > b.length
+        let a, b;
+        if (this.length > num.length) {
+            /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-this-alias */
+            a = this;
+            b = num;
+        }
+        else {
+            a = num;
+            /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-this-alias */
+            b = this;
+        }
+        let carry = 0;
+        let i = 0;
+        for (; i < b.length; i++) {
+            r = (a.words[i] | 0) + (b.words[i] | 0) + carry;
+            this.words[i] = r & 0x3ffffff;
+            carry = r >>> 26;
+        }
+        for (; carry !== 0 && i < a.length; i++) {
+            r = (a.words[i] | 0) + carry;
+            this.words[i] = r & 0x3ffffff;
+            carry = r >>> 26;
+        }
+        this.length = a.length;
+        if (carry !== 0) {
+            this.words[this.length] = carry;
+            this.length++;
+            // Copy the rest of the words
+        }
+        else if (a !== this) {
+            for (; i < a.length; i++) {
+                this.words[i] = a.words[i];
+            }
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Add `num` to `this` BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @method add
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to add to `this` BigNumber.
+     * @returns Returns a new BigNumber which is the result of the addition.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num1 = new BigNumber('10');
+     * const addResult = num1.add(new BigNumber('20'));
+     * console.log(addResult.toString());
+     */
+    add(num) {
+        let res;
+        if (num.negative !== 0 && this.negative === 0) {
+            num.negative = 0;
+            res = this.sub(num);
+            num.negative ^= 1;
+            return res;
+        }
+        else if (num.negative === 0 && this.negative !== 0) {
+            this.negative = 0;
+            res = num.sub(this);
+            this.negative = 1;
+            return res;
+        }
+        if (this.length > num.length)
+            return this.clone().iadd(num);
+        return num.clone().iadd(this);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Subtract `num` from `this` BigNumber in-place.
+     *
+     * @method isub
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to be subtracted from `this` BigNumber.
+     * @returns Returns the BigNumber after performing the subtraction.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num1 = new BigNumber('20');
+     * num1.isub(new BigNumber('10'));
+     * console.log(num1.toString());
+     */
+    isub(num) {
+        let r;
+        // this - (-num) = this + num
+        if (num.negative !== 0) {
+            num.negative = 0;
+            r = this.iadd(num);
+            num.negative = 1;
+            return r.normSign();
+            // -this - num = -(this + num)
+        }
+        else if (this.negative !== 0) {
+            this.negative = 0;
+            this.iadd(num);
+            this.negative = 1;
+            return this.normSign();
+        }
+        // At this point both numbers are positive
+        const cmp = this.cmp(num);
+        // Optimization - zeroify
+        if (cmp === 0) {
+            this.negative = 0;
+            this.length = 1;
+            this.words[0] = 0;
+            return this;
+        }
+        // a > b
+        let a, b;
+        if (cmp > 0) {
+            /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-this-alias */
+            a = this;
+            b = num;
+        }
+        else {
+            a = num;
+            /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-this-alias */
+            b = this;
+        }
+        let carry = 0;
+        let i = 0;
+        for (; i < b.length; i++) {
+            r = (a.words[i] | 0) - (b.words[i] | 0) + carry;
+            carry = r >> 26;
+            this.words[i] = r & 0x3ffffff;
+        }
+        for (; carry !== 0 && i < a.length; i++) {
+            r = (a.words[i] | 0) + carry;
+            carry = r >> 26;
+            this.words[i] = r & 0x3ffffff;
+        }
+        // Copy rest of the words
+        if (carry === 0 && i < a.length && a !== this) {
+            for (; i < a.length; i++) {
+                this.words[i] = a.words[i];
+            }
+        }
+        this.length = Math.max(this.length, i);
+        if (a !== this) {
+            this.negative = 1;
+        }
+        return this.strip();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Subtract `num` from `this` BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @method sub
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to be subtracted from `this` BigNumber.
+     * @returns Returns a new BigNumber which is the result of the subtraction.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num1 = new BigNumber('20');
+     * const subResult = num1.sub(new BigNumber('10'));
+     * console.log(subResult.toString());
+     */
+    sub(num) {
+        return this.clone().isub(num);
+    }
+    smallMulTo(self, num, out) {
+        out.negative = num.negative ^ self.negative;
+        let len = (self.length + num.length) | 0;
+        out.length = len;
+        len = (len - 1) | 0;
+        // Peel one iteration (compiler can't do it, because of code complexity)
+        let a = self.words[0] | 0;
+        let b = num.words[0] | 0;
+        let r = a * b;
+        const lo = r & 0x3ffffff;
+        let carry = (r / 0x4000000) | 0;
+        out.words[0] = lo;
+        let k = 1;
+        for (; k < len; k++) {
+            // Sum all words with the same `i + j = k` and accumulate `ncarry`,
+            // note that ncarry could be >= 0x3ffffff
+            let ncarry = carry >>> 26;
+            let rword = carry & 0x3ffffff;
+            const maxJ = Math.min(k, num.length - 1);
+            for (let j = Math.max(0, k - self.length + 1); j <= maxJ; j++) {
+                const i = (k - j) | 0;
+                a = self.words[i] | 0;
+                b = num.words[j] | 0;
+                r = a * b + rword;
+                ncarry += (r / 0x4000000) | 0;
+                rword = r & 0x3ffffff;
+            }
+            out.words[k] = rword | 0;
+            carry = ncarry | 0;
+        }
+        if (carry !== 0) {
+            out.words[k] = carry | 0;
+        }
+        else {
+            out.length--;
+        }
+        return out.strip();
+    }
+    comb10MulTo(self, num, out) {
+        const a = self.words;
+        const b = num.words;
+        const o = out.words;
+        let c = 0;
+        let lo;
+        let mid;
+        let hi;
+        const a0 = a[0] | 0;
+        const al0 = a0 & 0x1fff;
+        const ah0 = a0 >>> 13;
+        const a1 = a[1] | 0;
+        const al1 = a1 & 0x1fff;
+        const ah1 = a1 >>> 13;
+        const a2 = a[2] | 0;
+        const al2 = a2 & 0x1fff;
+        const ah2 = a2 >>> 13;
+        const a3 = a[3] | 0;
+        const al3 = a3 & 0x1fff;
+        const ah3 = a3 >>> 13;
+        const a4 = a[4] | 0;
+        const al4 = a4 & 0x1fff;
+        const ah4 = a4 >>> 13;
+        const a5 = a[5] | 0;
+        const al5 = a5 & 0x1fff;
+        const ah5 = a5 >>> 13;
+        const a6 = a[6] | 0;
+        const al6 = a6 & 0x1fff;
+        const ah6 = a6 >>> 13;
+        const a7 = a[7] | 0;
+        const al7 = a7 & 0x1fff;
+        const ah7 = a7 >>> 13;
+        const a8 = a[8] | 0;
+        const al8 = a8 & 0x1fff;
+        const ah8 = a8 >>> 13;
+        const a9 = a[9] | 0;
+        const al9 = a9 & 0x1fff;
+        const ah9 = a9 >>> 13;
+        const b0 = b[0] | 0;
+        const bl0 = b0 & 0x1fff;
+        const bh0 = b0 >>> 13;
+        const b1 = b[1] | 0;
+        const bl1 = b1 & 0x1fff;
+        const bh1 = b1 >>> 13;
+        const b2 = b[2] | 0;
+        const bl2 = b2 & 0x1fff;
+        const bh2 = b2 >>> 13;
+        const b3 = b[3] | 0;
+        const bl3 = b3 & 0x1fff;
+        const bh3 = b3 >>> 13;
+        const b4 = b[4] | 0;
+        const bl4 = b4 & 0x1fff;
+        const bh4 = b4 >>> 13;
+        const b5 = b[5] | 0;
+        const bl5 = b5 & 0x1fff;
+        const bh5 = b5 >>> 13;
+        const b6 = b[6] | 0;
+        const bl6 = b6 & 0x1fff;
+        const bh6 = b6 >>> 13;
+        const b7 = b[7] | 0;
+        const bl7 = b7 & 0x1fff;
+        const bh7 = b7 >>> 13;
+        const b8 = b[8] | 0;
+        const bl8 = b8 & 0x1fff;
+        const bh8 = b8 >>> 13;
+        const b9 = b[9] | 0;
+        const bl9 = b9 & 0x1fff;
+        const bh9 = b9 >>> 13;
+        out.negative = self.negative ^ num.negative;
+        out.length = 19;
+        /* k = 0 */
+        lo = Math.imul(al0, bl0);
+        mid = Math.imul(al0, bh0);
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah0, bl0)) | 0;
+        hi = Math.imul(ah0, bh0);
+        let w0 = (((c + lo) | 0) + ((mid & 0x1fff) << 13)) | 0;
+        c = (((hi + (mid >>> 13)) | 0) + (w0 >>> 26)) | 0;
+        w0 &= 0x3ffffff;
+        /* k = 1 */
+        lo = Math.imul(al1, bl0);
+        mid = Math.imul(al1, bh0);
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah1, bl0)) | 0;
+        hi = Math.imul(ah1, bh0);
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al0, bl1)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al0, bh1)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah0, bl1)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah0, bh1)) | 0;
+        let w1 = (((c + lo) | 0) + ((mid & 0x1fff) << 13)) | 0;
+        c = (((hi + (mid >>> 13)) | 0) + (w1 >>> 26)) | 0;
+        w1 &= 0x3ffffff;
+        /* k = 2 */
+        lo = Math.imul(al2, bl0);
+        mid = Math.imul(al2, bh0);
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah2, bl0)) | 0;
+        hi = Math.imul(ah2, bh0);
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al1, bl1)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al1, bh1)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah1, bl1)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah1, bh1)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al0, bl2)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al0, bh2)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah0, bl2)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah0, bh2)) | 0;
+        let w2 = (((c + lo) | 0) + ((mid & 0x1fff) << 13)) | 0;
+        c = (((hi + (mid >>> 13)) | 0) + (w2 >>> 26)) | 0;
+        w2 &= 0x3ffffff;
+        /* k = 3 */
+        lo = Math.imul(al3, bl0);
+        mid = Math.imul(al3, bh0);
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah3, bl0)) | 0;
+        hi = Math.imul(ah3, bh0);
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al2, bl1)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al2, bh1)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah2, bl1)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah2, bh1)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al1, bl2)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al1, bh2)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah1, bl2)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah1, bh2)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al0, bl3)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al0, bh3)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah0, bl3)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah0, bh3)) | 0;
+        let w3 = (((c + lo) | 0) + ((mid & 0x1fff) << 13)) | 0;
+        c = (((hi + (mid >>> 13)) | 0) + (w3 >>> 26)) | 0;
+        w3 &= 0x3ffffff;
+        /* k = 4 */
+        lo = Math.imul(al4, bl0);
+        mid = Math.imul(al4, bh0);
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah4, bl0)) | 0;
+        hi = Math.imul(ah4, bh0);
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al3, bl1)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al3, bh1)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah3, bl1)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah3, bh1)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al2, bl2)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al2, bh2)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah2, bl2)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah2, bh2)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al1, bl3)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al1, bh3)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah1, bl3)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah1, bh3)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al0, bl4)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al0, bh4)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah0, bl4)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah0, bh4)) | 0;
+        let w4 = (((c + lo) | 0) + ((mid & 0x1fff) << 13)) | 0;
+        c = (((hi + (mid >>> 13)) | 0) + (w4 >>> 26)) | 0;
+        w4 &= 0x3ffffff;
+        /* k = 5 */
+        lo = Math.imul(al5, bl0);
+        mid = Math.imul(al5, bh0);
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah5, bl0)) | 0;
+        hi = Math.imul(ah5, bh0);
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al4, bl1)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al4, bh1)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah4, bl1)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah4, bh1)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al3, bl2)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al3, bh2)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah3, bl2)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah3, bh2)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al2, bl3)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al2, bh3)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah2, bl3)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah2, bh3)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al1, bl4)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al1, bh4)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah1, bl4)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah1, bh4)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al0, bl5)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al0, bh5)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah0, bl5)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah0, bh5)) | 0;
+        let w5 = (((c + lo) | 0) + ((mid & 0x1fff) << 13)) | 0;
+        c = (((hi + (mid >>> 13)) | 0) + (w5 >>> 26)) | 0;
+        w5 &= 0x3ffffff;
+        /* k = 6 */
+        lo = Math.imul(al6, bl0);
+        mid = Math.imul(al6, bh0);
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah6, bl0)) | 0;
+        hi = Math.imul(ah6, bh0);
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al5, bl1)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al5, bh1)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah5, bl1)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah5, bh1)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al4, bl2)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al4, bh2)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah4, bl2)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah4, bh2)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al3, bl3)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al3, bh3)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah3, bl3)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah3, bh3)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al2, bl4)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al2, bh4)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah2, bl4)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah2, bh4)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al1, bl5)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al1, bh5)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah1, bl5)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah1, bh5)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al0, bl6)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al0, bh6)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah0, bl6)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah0, bh6)) | 0;
+        let w6 = (((c + lo) | 0) + ((mid & 0x1fff) << 13)) | 0;
+        c = (((hi + (mid >>> 13)) | 0) + (w6 >>> 26)) | 0;
+        w6 &= 0x3ffffff;
+        /* k = 7 */
+        lo = Math.imul(al7, bl0);
+        mid = Math.imul(al7, bh0);
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah7, bl0)) | 0;
+        hi = Math.imul(ah7, bh0);
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al6, bl1)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al6, bh1)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah6, bl1)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah6, bh1)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al5, bl2)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al5, bh2)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah5, bl2)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah5, bh2)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al4, bl3)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al4, bh3)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah4, bl3)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah4, bh3)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al3, bl4)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al3, bh4)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah3, bl4)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah3, bh4)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al2, bl5)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al2, bh5)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah2, bl5)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah2, bh5)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al1, bl6)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al1, bh6)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah1, bl6)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah1, bh6)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al0, bl7)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al0, bh7)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah0, bl7)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah0, bh7)) | 0;
+        let w7 = (((c + lo) | 0) + ((mid & 0x1fff) << 13)) | 0;
+        c = (((hi + (mid >>> 13)) | 0) + (w7 >>> 26)) | 0;
+        w7 &= 0x3ffffff;
+        /* k = 8 */
+        lo = Math.imul(al8, bl0);
+        mid = Math.imul(al8, bh0);
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah8, bl0)) | 0;
+        hi = Math.imul(ah8, bh0);
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al7, bl1)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al7, bh1)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah7, bl1)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah7, bh1)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al6, bl2)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al6, bh2)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah6, bl2)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah6, bh2)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al5, bl3)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al5, bh3)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah5, bl3)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah5, bh3)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al4, bl4)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al4, bh4)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah4, bl4)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah4, bh4)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al3, bl5)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al3, bh5)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah3, bl5)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah3, bh5)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al2, bl6)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al2, bh6)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah2, bl6)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah2, bh6)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al1, bl7)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al1, bh7)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah1, bl7)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah1, bh7)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al0, bl8)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al0, bh8)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah0, bl8)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah0, bh8)) | 0;
+        let w8 = (((c + lo) | 0) + ((mid & 0x1fff) << 13)) | 0;
+        c = (((hi + (mid >>> 13)) | 0) + (w8 >>> 26)) | 0;
+        w8 &= 0x3ffffff;
+        /* k = 9 */
+        lo = Math.imul(al9, bl0);
+        mid = Math.imul(al9, bh0);
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah9, bl0)) | 0;
+        hi = Math.imul(ah9, bh0);
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al8, bl1)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al8, bh1)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah8, bl1)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah8, bh1)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al7, bl2)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al7, bh2)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah7, bl2)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah7, bh2)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al6, bl3)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al6, bh3)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah6, bl3)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah6, bh3)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al5, bl4)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al5, bh4)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah5, bl4)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah5, bh4)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al4, bl5)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al4, bh5)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah4, bl5)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah4, bh5)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al3, bl6)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al3, bh6)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah3, bl6)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah3, bh6)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al2, bl7)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al2, bh7)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah2, bl7)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah2, bh7)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al1, bl8)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al1, bh8)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah1, bl8)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah1, bh8)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al0, bl9)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al0, bh9)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah0, bl9)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah0, bh9)) | 0;
+        let w9 = (((c + lo) | 0) + ((mid & 0x1fff) << 13)) | 0;
+        c = (((hi + (mid >>> 13)) | 0) + (w9 >>> 26)) | 0;
+        w9 &= 0x3ffffff;
+        /* k = 10 */
+        lo = Math.imul(al9, bl1);
+        mid = Math.imul(al9, bh1);
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah9, bl1)) | 0;
+        hi = Math.imul(ah9, bh1);
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al8, bl2)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al8, bh2)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah8, bl2)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah8, bh2)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al7, bl3)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al7, bh3)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah7, bl3)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah7, bh3)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al6, bl4)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al6, bh4)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah6, bl4)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah6, bh4)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al5, bl5)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al5, bh5)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah5, bl5)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah5, bh5)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al4, bl6)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al4, bh6)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah4, bl6)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah4, bh6)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al3, bl7)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al3, bh7)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah3, bl7)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah3, bh7)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al2, bl8)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al2, bh8)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah2, bl8)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah2, bh8)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al1, bl9)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al1, bh9)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah1, bl9)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah1, bh9)) | 0;
+        let w10 = (((c + lo) | 0) + ((mid & 0x1fff) << 13)) | 0;
+        c = (((hi + (mid >>> 13)) | 0) + (w10 >>> 26)) | 0;
+        w10 &= 0x3ffffff;
+        /* k = 11 */
+        lo = Math.imul(al9, bl2);
+        mid = Math.imul(al9, bh2);
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah9, bl2)) | 0;
+        hi = Math.imul(ah9, bh2);
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al8, bl3)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al8, bh3)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah8, bl3)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah8, bh3)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al7, bl4)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al7, bh4)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah7, bl4)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah7, bh4)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al6, bl5)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al6, bh5)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah6, bl5)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah6, bh5)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al5, bl6)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al5, bh6)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah5, bl6)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah5, bh6)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al4, bl7)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al4, bh7)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah4, bl7)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah4, bh7)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al3, bl8)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al3, bh8)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah3, bl8)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah3, bh8)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al2, bl9)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al2, bh9)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah2, bl9)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah2, bh9)) | 0;
+        let w11 = (((c + lo) | 0) + ((mid & 0x1fff) << 13)) | 0;
+        c = (((hi + (mid >>> 13)) | 0) + (w11 >>> 26)) | 0;
+        w11 &= 0x3ffffff;
+        /* k = 12 */
+        lo = Math.imul(al9, bl3);
+        mid = Math.imul(al9, bh3);
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah9, bl3)) | 0;
+        hi = Math.imul(ah9, bh3);
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al8, bl4)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al8, bh4)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah8, bl4)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah8, bh4)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al7, bl5)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al7, bh5)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah7, bl5)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah7, bh5)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al6, bl6)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al6, bh6)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah6, bl6)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah6, bh6)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al5, bl7)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al5, bh7)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah5, bl7)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah5, bh7)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al4, bl8)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al4, bh8)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah4, bl8)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah4, bh8)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al3, bl9)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al3, bh9)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah3, bl9)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah3, bh9)) | 0;
+        let w12 = (((c + lo) | 0) + ((mid & 0x1fff) << 13)) | 0;
+        c = (((hi + (mid >>> 13)) | 0) + (w12 >>> 26)) | 0;
+        w12 &= 0x3ffffff;
+        /* k = 13 */
+        lo = Math.imul(al9, bl4);
+        mid = Math.imul(al9, bh4);
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah9, bl4)) | 0;
+        hi = Math.imul(ah9, bh4);
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al8, bl5)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al8, bh5)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah8, bl5)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah8, bh5)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al7, bl6)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al7, bh6)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah7, bl6)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah7, bh6)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al6, bl7)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al6, bh7)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah6, bl7)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah6, bh7)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al5, bl8)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al5, bh8)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah5, bl8)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah5, bh8)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al4, bl9)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al4, bh9)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah4, bl9)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah4, bh9)) | 0;
+        let w13 = (((c + lo) | 0) + ((mid & 0x1fff) << 13)) | 0;
+        c = (((hi + (mid >>> 13)) | 0) + (w13 >>> 26)) | 0;
+        w13 &= 0x3ffffff;
+        /* k = 14 */
+        lo = Math.imul(al9, bl5);
+        mid = Math.imul(al9, bh5);
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah9, bl5)) | 0;
+        hi = Math.imul(ah9, bh5);
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al8, bl6)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al8, bh6)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah8, bl6)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah8, bh6)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al7, bl7)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al7, bh7)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah7, bl7)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah7, bh7)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al6, bl8)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al6, bh8)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah6, bl8)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah6, bh8)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al5, bl9)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al5, bh9)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah5, bl9)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah5, bh9)) | 0;
+        let w14 = (((c + lo) | 0) + ((mid & 0x1fff) << 13)) | 0;
+        c = (((hi + (mid >>> 13)) | 0) + (w14 >>> 26)) | 0;
+        w14 &= 0x3ffffff;
+        /* k = 15 */
+        lo = Math.imul(al9, bl6);
+        mid = Math.imul(al9, bh6);
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah9, bl6)) | 0;
+        hi = Math.imul(ah9, bh6);
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al8, bl7)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al8, bh7)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah8, bl7)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah8, bh7)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al7, bl8)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al7, bh8)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah7, bl8)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah7, bh8)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al6, bl9)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al6, bh9)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah6, bl9)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah6, bh9)) | 0;
+        let w15 = (((c + lo) | 0) + ((mid & 0x1fff) << 13)) | 0;
+        c = (((hi + (mid >>> 13)) | 0) + (w15 >>> 26)) | 0;
+        w15 &= 0x3ffffff;
+        /* k = 16 */
+        lo = Math.imul(al9, bl7);
+        mid = Math.imul(al9, bh7);
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah9, bl7)) | 0;
+        hi = Math.imul(ah9, bh7);
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al8, bl8)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al8, bh8)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah8, bl8)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah8, bh8)) | 0;
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al7, bl9)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al7, bh9)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah7, bl9)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah7, bh9)) | 0;
+        let w16 = (((c + lo) | 0) + ((mid & 0x1fff) << 13)) | 0;
+        c = (((hi + (mid >>> 13)) | 0) + (w16 >>> 26)) | 0;
+        w16 &= 0x3ffffff;
+        /* k = 17 */
+        lo = Math.imul(al9, bl8);
+        mid = Math.imul(al9, bh8);
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah9, bl8)) | 0;
+        hi = Math.imul(ah9, bh8);
+        lo = (lo + Math.imul(al8, bl9)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(al8, bh9)) | 0;
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah8, bl9)) | 0;
+        hi = (hi + Math.imul(ah8, bh9)) | 0;
+        let w17 = (((c + lo) | 0) + ((mid & 0x1fff) << 13)) | 0;
+        c = (((hi + (mid >>> 13)) | 0) + (w17 >>> 26)) | 0;
+        w17 &= 0x3ffffff;
+        /* k = 18 */
+        lo = Math.imul(al9, bl9);
+        mid = Math.imul(al9, bh9);
+        mid = (mid + Math.imul(ah9, bl9)) | 0;
+        hi = Math.imul(ah9, bh9);
+        let w18 = (((c + lo) | 0) + ((mid & 0x1fff) << 13)) | 0;
+        c = (((hi + (mid >>> 13)) | 0) + (w18 >>> 26)) | 0;
+        w18 &= 0x3ffffff;
+        o[0] = w0;
+        o[1] = w1;
+        o[2] = w2;
+        o[3] = w3;
+        o[4] = w4;
+        o[5] = w5;
+        o[6] = w6;
+        o[7] = w7;
+        o[8] = w8;
+        o[9] = w9;
+        o[10] = w10;
+        o[11] = w11;
+        o[12] = w12;
+        o[13] = w13;
+        o[14] = w14;
+        o[15] = w15;
+        o[16] = w16;
+        o[17] = w17;
+        o[18] = w18;
+        if (c !== 0) {
+            o[19] = c;
+            out.length++;
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+    bigMulTo(self, num, out) {
+        out.negative = num.negative ^ self.negative;
+        out.length = self.length + num.length;
+        let carry = 0;
+        let hncarry = 0;
+        let k = 0;
+        for (; k < out.length - 1; k++) {
+            // Sum all words with the same `i + j = k` and accumulate `ncarry`,
+            // note that ncarry could be >= 0x3ffffff
+            let ncarry = hncarry;
+            hncarry = 0;
+            let rword = carry & 0x3ffffff;
+            const maxJ = Math.min(k, num.length - 1);
+            for (let j = Math.max(0, k - self.length + 1); j <= maxJ; j++) {
+                const i = k - j;
+                const a = self.words[i] | 0;
+                const b = num.words[j] | 0;
+                const r = a * b;
+                let lo = r & 0x3ffffff;
+                ncarry = (ncarry + ((r / 0x4000000) | 0)) | 0;
+                lo = (lo + rword) | 0;
+                rword = lo & 0x3ffffff;
+                ncarry = (ncarry + (lo >>> 26)) | 0;
+                hncarry += ncarry >>> 26;
+                ncarry &= 0x3ffffff;
+            }
+            out.words[k] = rword;
+            carry = ncarry;
+            ncarry = hncarry;
+        }
+        if (carry !== 0) {
+            out.words[k] = carry;
+        }
+        else {
+            out.length--;
+        }
+        return out.strip();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs multiplication between the BigNumber instance and a given BigNumber.
+     * It chooses the multiplication method based on the lengths of the numbers to optimize execution time.
+     *
+     * @method mulTo
+     * @param num - The BigNumber multiply with.
+     * @param out - The BigNumber where to store the result.
+     * @returns The BigNumber resulting from the multiplication operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bn1 = new BigNumber('12345');
+     * const bn2 = new BigNumber('23456');
+     * const output = new BigNumber();
+     * bn1.mulTo(bn2, output);
+     */
+    mulTo(num, out) {
+        let res;
+        const len = this.length + num.length;
+        if (this.length === 10 && num.length === 10) {
+            res = this.comb10MulTo(this, num, out);
+        }
+        else if (len < 63) {
+            res = this.smallMulTo(this, num, out);
+        }
+        else {
+            res = this.bigMulTo(this, num, out);
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs multiplication between the BigNumber instance and a given BigNumber.
+     * It creates a new BigNumber to store the result.
+     *
+     * @method mul
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to multiply with.
+     * @returns The BigNumber resulting from the multiplication operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bn1 = new BigNumber('12345');
+     * const bn2 = new BigNumber('23456');
+     * const result = bn1.mul(bn2);
+     */
+    mul(num) {
+        const out = new BigNumber();
+        out.words = new Array(this.length + num.length);
+        return this.mulTo(num, out);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs an in-place multiplication of the BigNumber instance by a given BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @method imul
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to multiply with.
+     * @returns The BigNumber itself after the multiplication.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bn1 = new BigNumber('12345');
+     * const bn2 = new BigNumber('23456');
+     * bn1.imul(bn2);
+     */
+    imul(num) {
+        return this.clone().mulTo(num, this);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs an in-place multiplication of the BigNumber instance by a number.
+     * This method asserts the input to be a number less than 0x4000000 to prevent overflowing.
+     * If negavtive number is provided, the resulting BigNumber will be inversely negative.
+     *
+     * @method imuln
+     * @param num - The number to multiply with.
+     * @returns The BigNumber itself after the multiplication.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('12345');
+     * bn.imuln(23456);
+     */
+    imuln(num) {
+        const isNegNum = num < 0;
+        if (isNegNum)
+            num = -num;
+        this.assert(typeof num === 'number');
+        this.assert(num < 0x4000000);
+        // Carry
+        let carry = 0;
+        let i = 0;
+        for (; i < this.length; i++) {
+            const w = (this.words[i] | 0) * num;
+            const lo = (w & 0x3ffffff) + (carry & 0x3ffffff);
+            carry >>= 26;
+            carry += (w / 0x4000000) | 0;
+            // NOTE: lo is 27bit maximum
+            carry += lo >>> 26;
+            this.words[i] = lo & 0x3ffffff;
+        }
+        if (carry !== 0) {
+            this.words[i] = carry;
+            this.length++;
+        }
+        return isNegNum ? this.ineg() : this;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs multiplication between the BigNumber instance and a number.
+     * It performs the multiplication operation in-place to a cloned BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @method muln
+     * @param num - The number to multiply with.
+     * @returns The resulting BigNumber from the multiplication operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('12345');
+     * const result = bn.muln(23456);
+     */
+    muln(num) {
+        return this.clone().imuln(num);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Squares the BigNumber instance.
+     *
+     * @method sqr
+     * @returns The BigNumber squared.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bn = new BigNumber('12345');
+     * const result = bn.sqr();
+     */
+    sqr() {
+        return this.mul(this);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs in-place multiplication of the BigNumber instance by itself.
+     *
+     * @method isqr
+     * @returns The result of multiplying the BigNumber instance by itself.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let myNumber = new BigNumber(4);
+     * myNumber.isqr(); // Returns BigNumber of value 16
+     */
+    isqr() {
+        return this.imul(this.clone());
+    }
+    /**
+     * Raises the BigNumber instance to the power of the specified BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @method pow
+     * @param num - The exponent to raise the BigNumber instance to.
+     * @returns The result of raising the BigNumber instance to the power of num.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let base = new BigNumber(2);
+     * let exponent = new BigNumber(3);
+     * base.pow(exponent); // Returns BigNumber of value 8
+     */
+    pow(num) {
+        const w = BigNumber.toBitArray(num);
+        if (w.length === 0)
+            return new BigNumber(1);
+        // Skip leading zeroes
+        /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-this-alias */
+        let res = this;
+        let i = 0;
+        for (; i < w.length; i++, res = res.sqr()) {
+            if (w[i] !== 0)
+                break;
+        }
+        if (++i < w.length) {
+            for (let q = res.sqr(); i < w.length; i++, q = q.sqr()) {
+                if (w[i] === 0)
+                    continue;
+                res = res.mul(q);
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs in-place bitwise left shift operation on the BigNumber instance.
+     *
+     * @method iushln
+     * @param bits - The number of positions to shift.
+     * @returns The BigNumber instance after performing the shift operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let myNumber = new BigNumber(4);
+     * myNumber.iushln(2); // Returns BigNumber of value 16
+     */
+    iushln(bits) {
+        this.assert(typeof bits === 'number' && bits >= 0);
+        const r = bits % 26;
+        const s = (bits - r) / 26;
+        const carryMask = (0x3ffffff >>> (26 - r)) << (26 - r);
+        let i;
+        if (r !== 0) {
+            let carry = 0;
+            for (i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
+                const newCarry = this.words[i] & carryMask;
+                const c = ((this.words[i] | 0) - newCarry) << r;
+                this.words[i] = c | carry;
+                carry = newCarry >>> (26 - r);
+            }
+            if (carry !== 0) {
+                this.words[i] = carry;
+                this.length++;
+            }
+        }
+        if (s !== 0) {
+            for (i = this.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                this.words[i + s] = this.words[i];
+            }
+            for (i = 0; i < s; i++) {
+                this.words[i] = 0;
+            }
+            this.length += s;
+        }
+        return this.strip();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs an in-place left shift operation on the BigNumber instance only if it is non-negative.
+     *
+     * @method ishln
+     * @param bits - The number of positions to shift.
+     * @returns The BigNumber instance after performing the shift operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let myNumber = new BigNumber(4);
+     * myNumber.ishln(2); // Returns BigNumber of value 16
+     */
+    ishln(bits) {
+        this.assert(this.negative === 0);
+        return this.iushln(bits);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs an in-place unsigned bitwise right shift operation on the BigNumber instance.
+     *
+     * @method iushrn
+     * @param bits - The number of positions to shift.
+     * @param hint - Lowest bit before trailing zeroes.
+     * @param extended - To be filled with the bits that are shifted out.
+     * @returns The BigNumber instance after performing the shift operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let myNumber = new BigNumber(16);
+     * myNumber.iushrn(2); // Returns BigNumber of value 4
+     */
+    iushrn(bits, hint, extended) {
+        this.assert(typeof bits === 'number' && bits >= 0);
+        let h;
+        if (typeof hint === 'number' && hint !== 0) {
+            h = (hint - (hint % 26)) / 26;
+        }
+        else {
+            h = 0;
+        }
+        const r = bits % 26;
+        const s = Math.min((bits - r) / 26, this.length);
+        const mask = 0x3ffffff ^ ((0x3ffffff >>> r) << r);
+        const maskedWords = extended;
+        h -= s;
+        h = Math.max(0, h);
+        // Extended mode, copy masked part
+        let i = 0;
+        if (typeof maskedWords !== 'undefined') {
+            for (; i < s; i++) {
+                maskedWords.words[i] = this.words[i];
+            }
+            maskedWords.length = s;
+        }
+        if (s === 0) {
+            // No-op, we should not move anything at all
+        }
+        else if (this.length > s) {
+            this.length -= s;
+            for (i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
+                this.words[i] = this.words[i + s];
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            this.words[0] = 0;
+            this.length = 1;
+        }
+        let carry = 0;
+        for (i = this.length - 1; i >= 0 && (carry !== 0 || i >= h); i--) {
+            const word = this.words[i] | 0;
+            this.words[i] = (carry << (26 - r)) | (word >>> r);
+            carry = word & mask;
+        }
+        // Push carried bits as a mask
+        if ((maskedWords != null) && carry !== 0) {
+            maskedWords.words[maskedWords.length++] = carry;
+        }
+        if (this.length === 0) {
+            this.words[0] = 0;
+            this.length = 1;
+        }
+        return this.strip();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs an in-place right shift operation on the BigNumber instance only if it is non-negative.
+     *
+     * @method ishrn
+     * @param bits - The number of positions to shift.
+     * @param hint - Lowest bit before trailing zeroes.
+     * @param extended - To be filled with the bits that are shifted out.
+     * @returns The BigNumber instance after performing the shift operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let myNumber = new BigNumber(16);
+     * myNumber.ishrn(2); // Returns BigNumber of value 4
+     */
+    ishrn(bits, hint, extended) {
+        this.assert(this.negative === 0);
+        return this.iushrn(bits, hint, extended);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs a bitwise left shift operation on a clone of the BigNumber instance.
+     *
+     * @method shln
+     * @param bits - The number of positions to shift.
+     * @returns A new BigNumber, which is the result of the shift operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let myNumber = new BigNumber(4);
+     * let shiftedNumber = myNumber.shln(2);
+     * console.log(shiftedNumber.toString()); // Outputs "16"
+     */
+    shln(bits) {
+        return this.clone().ishln(bits);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs an unsigned bitwise shift left operation on a clone of the BigNumber instance.
+     *
+     * @method ushln
+     * @param bits - The number of bits to shift.
+     * @returns A new BigNumber resulting from the shift operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let myNumber = new BigNumber(4);
+     * let shiftedNumber = myNumber.ushln(2);
+     * console.log(shiftedNumber.toString()); // Outputs "16"
+     */
+    ushln(bits) {
+        return this.clone().iushln(bits);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs a bitwise right shift operation on a clone of the BigNumber instance.
+     *
+     * @method shrn
+     * @param bits - The number of bits to shift.
+     * @returns A new BigNumber resulting from the shift operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let myNumber = new BigNumber(16);
+     * let shiftedNumber = myNumber.shrn(3);
+     * console.log(shiftedNumber.toString()); // Outputs "2"
+     */
+    shrn(bits) {
+        return this.clone().ishrn(bits);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs an unsigned bitwise shift right operation on a clone of the BigNumber instance.
+     *
+     * @method ushrn
+     * @param bits - The number of bits to shift.
+     * @returns A new BigNumber resulting from the shift operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let myNumber = new BigNumber(20);
+     * let shiftedNumber = myNumber.ushrn(2);
+     * console.log(shiftedNumber.toString()); // Outputs "5"
+     */
+    ushrn(bits) {
+        return this.clone().iushrn(bits);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Tests if the nth bit of the BigNumber is set.
+     *
+     * @method testn
+     * @param bit - The position of the bit to test.
+     * @returns A boolean indicating whether the nth bit is set.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let myNumber = new BigNumber(10); // 1010 in binary
+     * myNumber.testn(1); // Returns true (indicating that the second bit from right is set)
+     */
+    testn(bit) {
+        this.assert(typeof bit === 'number' && bit >= 0);
+        const r = bit % 26;
+        const s = (bit - r) / 26;
+        const q = 1 << r;
+        // Fast case: bit is much higher than all existing words
+        if (this.length <= s)
+            return false;
+        // Check bit and return
+        const w = this.words[s];
+        return Boolean(w & q);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs an in-place operation to keep only the lower bits of the number.
+     * @method imaskn
+     * @param bits - The number of lower bits to keep.
+     * @returns Returns the BigNumber with only the specified lower bits.
+     * @throws Will throw an error if bits is not a positive number.
+     * @throws Will throw an error if initial BigNumber is negative as imaskn only works with positive numbers.
+     * @example
+     * const myNumber = new BigNumber(52);
+     * myNumber.imaskn(2); // myNumber becomes 0 because lower 2 bits of 52 (110100) are 00.
+     */
+    imaskn(bits) {
+        this.assert(typeof bits === 'number' && bits >= 0);
+        const r = bits % 26;
+        let s = (bits - r) / 26;
+        this.assert(this.negative === 0, 'imaskn works only with positive numbers');
+        if (this.length <= s) {
+            return this;
+        }
+        if (r !== 0) {
+            s++;
+        }
+        this.length = Math.min(s, this.length);
+        if (r !== 0) {
+            const mask = 0x3ffffff ^ ((0x3ffffff >>> r) << r);
+            this.words[this.length - 1] &= mask;
+        }
+        return this.strip();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns a new BigNumber that keeps only the lower bits of the original number.
+     * @method maskn
+     * @param bits - The number of lower bits to keep.
+     * @returns Returns a new BigNumber with only the specified lower bits of the original number.
+     * @example
+     * const myNumber = new BigNumber(52);
+     * const newNumber = myNumber.maskn(2); // newNumber becomes 0, myNumber doesn't change.
+     */
+    maskn(bits) {
+        return this.clone().imaskn(bits);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs an in-place addition of a plain number to the BigNumber.
+     * @method iaddn
+     * @param num - The plain number to add.
+     * @returns Returns the BigNumber after the addition.
+     * @throws Will throw an error if num is not a number or is larger than 0x4000000.
+     * @example
+     * const myNumber = new BigNumber(50);
+     * myNumber.iaddn(2); // myNumber becomes 52.
+     */
+    iaddn(num) {
+        this.assert(typeof num === 'number');
+        this.assert(num < 0x4000000, 'num is too large');
+        if (num < 0)
+            return this.isubn(-num);
+        // Possible sign change
+        if (this.negative !== 0) {
+            if (this.length === 1 && (this.words[0] | 0) <= num) {
+                this.words[0] = num - (this.words[0] | 0);
+                this.negative = 0;
+                return this;
+            }
+            this.negative = 0;
+            this.isubn(num);
+            this.negative = 1;
+            return this;
+        }
+        // Add without checks
+        return this._iaddn(num);
+    }
+    /**
+     * A helper method for in-place addition, used when there are no sign changes or size checks needed.
+     * @private
+     * @method _iaddn
+     * @param num - The plain number to add.
+     * @returns Returns the BigNumber after the addition.
+     */
+    _iaddn(num) {
+        this.words[0] += num;
+        // Carry
+        let i = 0;
+        for (; i < this.length && this.words[i] >= 0x4000000; i++) {
+            this.words[i] -= 0x4000000;
+            if (i === this.length - 1) {
+                this.words[i + 1] = 1;
+            }
+            else {
+                this.words[i + 1]++;
+            }
+        }
+        this.length = Math.max(this.length, i + 1);
+        return this;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs an in-place subtraction of a plain number from the BigNumber.
+     * @method isubn
+     * @param num - The plain number to subtract.
+     * @returns Returns the BigNumber after the subtraction.
+     * @throws Will throw an error if num is not a number or is larger than 0x4000000.
+     * @example
+     * const myNumber = new BigNumber(52);
+     * myNumber.isubn(2); // myNumber becomes 50.
+     */
+    isubn(num) {
+        this.assert(typeof num === 'number');
+        this.assert(num < 0x4000000);
+        if (num < 0)
+            return this.iaddn(-num);
+        if (this.negative !== 0) {
+            this.negative = 0;
+            this.iaddn(num);
+            this.negative = 1;
+            return this;
+        }
+        this.words[0] -= num;
+        if (this.length === 1 && this.words[0] < 0) {
+            this.words[0] = -this.words[0];
+            this.negative = 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            // Carry
+            for (let i = 0; i < this.length && this.words[i] < 0; i++) {
+                this.words[i] += 0x4000000;
+                this.words[i + 1] -= 1;
+            }
+        }
+        return this.strip();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns a new BigNumber that is the result of adding a plain number to the original BigNumber.
+     * @method addn
+     * @param num - The plain number to add.
+     * @returns Returns a new BigNumber which is the sum of the original BigNumber and the plain number.
+     * @example
+     * const myNumber = new BigNumber(50);
+     * const newNumber = myNumber.addn(2); // newNumber becomes 52, myNumber doesn't change.
+     */
+    addn(num) {
+        return this.clone().iaddn(num);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns a new BigNumber that is the result of subtracting a plain number from the original BigNumber.
+     * @method subn
+     * @param num - The plain number to subtract.
+     * @returns Returns a new BigNumber which is the difference of the original BigNumber and the plain number.
+     * @example
+     * const myNumber = new BigNumber(52);
+     * const newNumber = myNumber.subn(2);  // newNumber becomes 50, myNumber doesn't change.
+     */
+    subn(num) {
+        return this.clone().isubn(num);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs an in-place operation to make the BigNumber an absolute value.
+     * @method iabs
+     * @returns Returns the BigNumber as an absolute value.
+     * @example
+     * const myNumber = new BigNumber(-50);
+     * myNumber.iabs(); // myNumber becomes 50.
+     */
+    iabs() {
+        this.negative = 0;
+        return this;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Obtains the absolute value of a BigNumber instance.
+     * This operation does not affect the actual object but instead returns a new instance of BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @method abs
+     * @returns a new BigNumber instance with the absolute value of the current instance.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let negativeNumber = new BigNumber(-10);
+     * let absolute = negativeNumber.abs();
+     * console.log(absolute.toString()); // Outputs: "10"
+     */
+    abs() {
+        return this.clone().iabs();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Perform an in-place shift left, subtract, and multiply operation on a BigNumber instance.
+     * This method modifies the existing BigNumber instance.
+     *
+     * @method _ishlnsubmul
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to be operated on.
+     * @param mul - The multiplication factor.
+     * @param shift - The number of places to shift left.
+     * @returns the updated BigNumber instance after performing the in-place shift, subtract, and multiply operations.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let number = new BigNumber(10);
+     * number._ishlnsubmul(new BigNumber(2), 3, 1);
+     * console.log(number.toString()); // Outputs result after performing operations
+     */
+    _ishlnsubmul(num, mul, shift) {
+        const len = num.length + shift;
+        let i;
+        this.expand(len);
+        let w;
+        let carry = 0;
+        for (i = 0; i < num.length; i++) {
+            w = (this.words[i + shift] | 0) + carry;
+            const right = (num.words[i] | 0) * mul;
+            w -= right & 0x3ffffff;
+            carry = (w >> 26) - ((right / 0x4000000) | 0);
+            this.words[i + shift] = w & 0x3ffffff;
+        }
+        for (; i < this.length - shift; i++) {
+            w = (this.words[i + shift] | 0) + carry;
+            carry = w >> 26;
+            this.words[i + shift] = w & 0x3ffffff;
+        }
+        if (carry === 0)
+            return this.strip();
+        // Subtraction overflow
+        this.assert(carry === -1, 'carry must be -1');
+        carry = 0;
+        for (i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
+            w = -(this.words[i] | 0) + carry;
+            carry = w >> 26;
+            this.words[i] = w & 0x3ffffff;
+        }
+        this.negative = 1;
+        return this.strip();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs a division on a BigNumber instance word-wise.
+     *
+     * This is a private method and should not be directly accessed.
+     *
+     * @method wordDiv
+     * @private
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to divide by.
+     * @param mode - Specifies the operation mode as 'mod' for modulus or 'div' for division.
+     * @returns Object with division (div) and modulo (mod) results, subject to the 'mode' specified.
+     */
+    wordDiv(num, mode) {
+        let shift = this.length - num.length;
+        let a = this.clone();
+        let b = num;
+        // Normalize
+        let bhi = b.words[b.length - 1] | 0;
+        const bhiBits = this.countWordBits(bhi);
+        shift = 26 - bhiBits;
+        if (shift !== 0) {
+            b = b.ushln(shift);
+            a.iushln(shift);
+            bhi = b.words[b.length - 1] | 0;
+        }
+        // Initialize quotient
+        const m = a.length - b.length;
+        let q;
+        if (mode !== 'mod') {
+            q = new BigNumber();
+            q.length = m + 1;
+            q.words = new Array(q.length);
+            for (let i = 0; i < q.length; i++) {
+                q.words[i] = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        const diff = a.clone()._ishlnsubmul(b, 1, m);
+        if (diff.negative === 0) {
+            a = diff;
+            if (typeof q !== 'undefined') {
+                q.words[m] = 1;
+            }
+        }
+        for (let j = m - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
+            let qj = (a.words[b.length + j] | 0) * 0x4000000 +
+                (a.words[b.length + j - 1] | 0);
+            // NOTE: (qj / bhi) is (0x3ffffff * 0x4000000 + 0x3ffffff) / 0x2000000 max
+            // (0x7ffffff)
+            qj = Math.min((qj / bhi) | 0, 0x3ffffff);
+            a._ishlnsubmul(b, qj, j);
+            while (a.negative !== 0) {
+                qj--;
+                a.negative = 0;
+                a._ishlnsubmul(b, 1, j);
+                if (!a.isZero()) {
+                    a.negative ^= 1;
+                }
+            }
+            if (typeof q !== 'undefined') {
+                q.words[j] = qj;
+            }
+        }
+        if (typeof q !== 'undefined') {
+            q.strip();
+        }
+        a.strip();
+        // Denormalize
+        if (mode !== 'div' && shift !== 0) {
+            a.iushrn(shift);
+        }
+        return {
+            div: q ?? null,
+            mod: a
+        };
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs division and/or modulus operation on a BigNumber instance depending on the 'mode' parameter.
+     * If the mode parameter is not provided, both division and modulus results are returned.
+     *
+     * @method divmod
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to divide by.
+     * @param mode - Specifies operation as 'mod' for modulus, 'div' for division, or both if not specified.
+     * @param positive - Specifies if unsigned modulus is requested.
+     * @returns Object with properties for division (div) and modulo (mod) results.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let number = new BigNumber(10);
+     * let result = number.divmod(new BigNumber(3));
+     * console.log(result.div.toString()); // Outputs: "3"
+     * console.log(result.mod.toString()); // Outputs: "1"
+     */
+    divmod(num, mode, positive) {
+        this.assert(!num.isZero());
+        if (this.isZero()) {
+            return {
+                div: new BigNumber(0),
+                mod: new BigNumber(0)
+            };
+        }
+        let div, mod, res;
+        if (this.negative !== 0 && num.negative === 0) {
+            res = this.neg().divmod(num, mode);
+            if (mode !== 'mod') {
+                div = res.div.neg();
+            }
+            if (mode !== 'div') {
+                mod = res.mod.neg();
+                if (positive && mod.negative !== 0) {
+                    mod.iadd(num);
+                }
+            }
+            return {
+                div,
+                mod
+            };
+        }
+        if (this.negative === 0 && num.negative !== 0) {
+            res = this.divmod(num.neg(), mode);
+            if (mode !== 'mod') {
+                div = res.div.neg();
+            }
+            return {
+                div,
+                mod: res.mod
+            };
+        }
+        if ((this.negative & num.negative) !== 0) {
+            res = this.neg().divmod(num.neg(), mode);
+            if (mode !== 'div') {
+                mod = res.mod.neg();
+                if (positive && mod.negative !== 0) {
+                    mod.isub(num);
+                }
+            }
+            return {
+                div: res.div,
+                mod
+            };
+        }
+        // Both numbers are positive at this point
+        // Strip both numbers to approximate shift value
+        if (num.length > this.length || this.cmp(num) < 0) {
+            return {
+                div: new BigNumber(0),
+                mod: this
+            };
+        }
+        // Very short reduction
+        if (num.length === 1) {
+            if (mode === 'div') {
+                return {
+                    div: this.divn(num.words[0]),
+                    mod: null
+                };
+            }
+            if (mode === 'mod') {
+                return {
+                    div: null,
+                    mod: new BigNumber(this.modrn(num.words[0]))
+                };
+            }
+            return {
+                div: this.divn(num.words[0]),
+                mod: new BigNumber(this.modrn(num.words[0]))
+            };
+        }
+        return this.wordDiv(num, mode);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Divides a BigNumber instance by another BigNumber and returns result. This does not modify the actual object.
+     *
+     * @method div
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to divide by.
+     * @returns A new BigNumber instance of the division result.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let number = new BigNumber(10);
+     * let result = number.div(new BigNumber(2));
+     * console.log(result.toString()); // Outputs: "5"
+     */
+    div(num) {
+        return this.divmod(num, 'div', false).div;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the remainder after division of one `BigNumber` by another `BigNumber`.
+     *
+     * @method mod
+     * @param num - The divisor `BigNumber`.
+     * @returns The remainder `BigNumber` after division.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bigNum1 = new BigNumber('100');
+     * const bigNum2 = new BigNumber('45');
+     * const remainder = bigNum1.mod(bigNum2); // remainder here would be '10'
+     */
+    mod(num) {
+        return this.divmod(num, 'mod', false).mod;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the remainder after unsigned division of one `BigNumber` by another `BigNumber`.
+     *
+     * @method umod
+     * @param num - The divisor `BigNumber`.
+     * @returns The remainder `BigNumber` after unsigned division.
+     * Note: Here 'unsigned division' means that signs of the numbers are ignored.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bigNum1 = new BigNumber('-100');
+     * const bigNum2 = new BigNumber('45');
+     * const remainder = bigNum1.umod(bigNum2); // remainder here would be '10' as signs are ignored.
+     */
+    umod(num) {
+        return this.divmod(num, 'mod', true).mod;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the rounded quotient after division of one `BigNumber` by another `BigNumber`.
+     *
+     * @method divRound
+     * @param num - The divisor `BigNumber`.
+     * @returns The rounded quotient `BigNumber` after division.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bigNum1 = new BigNumber('100');
+     * const bigNum2 = new BigNumber('45');
+     * const quotient = bigNum1.divRound(bigNum2); // quotient here would be '2'
+     */
+    divRound(num) {
+        const dm = this.divmod(num);
+        // Fast case - exact division
+        if (dm.mod.isZero())
+            return dm.div;
+        const mod = dm.div.negative !== 0
+            ? dm.mod.isub(num)
+            : dm.mod;
+        const half = num.ushrn(1);
+        const r2 = num.andln(1);
+        const cmp = mod.cmp(half);
+        // Round down
+        if (cmp < 0 || (r2 === 1 && cmp === 0))
+            return dm.div;
+        // Round up
+        return dm.div.negative !== 0 ? dm.div.isubn(1) : dm.div.iaddn(1);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the remainder after division of a `BigNumber` by a primitive number.
+     *
+     * @method modrn
+     * @param num - The divisor primitive number.
+     * @returns The remainder number after division.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bigNum = new BigNumber('100');
+     * const num = 45;
+     * const remainder = bigNum.modrn(num); // remainder here would be '10'
+     */
+    modrn(num) {
+        const isNegNum = num < 0;
+        if (isNegNum)
+            num = -num;
+        this.assert(num <= 0x3ffffff);
+        const p = (1 << 26) % num;
+        let acc = 0;
+        for (let i = this.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            acc = (p * acc + (this.words[i] | 0)) % num;
+        }
+        return isNegNum ? -acc : acc;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs an in-place division of a `BigNumber` by a primitive number.
+     *
+     * @method idivn
+     * @param num - The divisor primitive number.
+     * @returns The `BigNumber` itself after being divided.
+     * Note: 'in-place' means that this operation modifies the original `BigNumber`.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bigNum = new BigNumber('100');
+     * const num = 45;
+     * bigNum.idivn(num); // the bigNum here directly becomes '2'
+     */
+    idivn(num) {
+        const isNegNum = num < 0;
+        if (isNegNum)
+            num = -num;
+        this.assert(num <= 0x3ffffff);
+        let carry = 0;
+        for (let i = this.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            const w = (this.words[i] | 0) + carry * 0x4000000;
+            this.words[i] = (w / num) | 0;
+            carry = w % num;
+        }
+        this.strip();
+        return isNegNum ? this.ineg() : this;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the quotient `BigNumber` after division of one `BigNumber` by a primitive number.
+     *
+     * @method divn
+     * @param num - The divisor primitive number.
+     * @returns A new quotient `BigNumber` after division.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bigNum = new BigNumber('100');
+     * const num = 45;
+     * const quotient = bigNum.divn(num); // quotient here would be '2'
+     */
+    divn(num) {
+        return this.clone().idivn(num);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Computes the Extended Euclidean Algorithm for this BigNumber and provided BigNumber `p`.
+     * The Extended Euclidean Algorithm is a method to find the GCD (Greatest Common Divisor) and the multiplicative inverse in a modulus field.
+     *
+     * @method egcd
+     * @param p - The `BigNumber` with which the Extended Euclidean Algorithm will be computed.
+     * @returns An object `{a: BigNumber, b: BigNumber, gcd: BigNumber}` where `gcd` is the GCD of the numbers, `a` is the coefficient of `this`, and `b` is the coefficient of `p` in Bézout's identity.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bigNum1 = new BigNumber('100');
+     * const bigNum2 = new BigNumber('45');
+     * const result = bigNum1.egcd(bigNum2);
+     */
+    egcd(p) {
+        this.assert(p.negative === 0, 'p must not be negative');
+        this.assert(!p.isZero(), 'p must not be zero');
+        let x = this;
+        const y = p.clone();
+        if (x.negative !== 0) {
+            x = x.umod(p);
+        }
+        else {
+            x = x.clone();
+        }
+        // A * x + B * y = x
+        const A = new BigNumber(1);
+        const B = new BigNumber(0);
+        // C * x + D * y = y
+        const C = new BigNumber(0);
+        const D = new BigNumber(1);
+        let g = 0;
+        while (x.isEven() && y.isEven()) {
+            x.iushrn(1);
+            y.iushrn(1);
+            ++g;
+        }
+        const yp = y.clone();
+        const xp = x.clone();
+        while (!x.isZero()) {
+            let i = 0;
+            let im = 1;
+            for (; (x.words[0] & im) === 0 && i < 26; ++i, im <<= 1)
+                ;
+            if (i > 0) {
+                x.iushrn(i);
+                while (i-- > 0) {
+                    if (A.isOdd() || B.isOdd()) {
+                        A.iadd(yp);
+                        B.isub(xp);
+                    }
+                    A.iushrn(1);
+                    B.iushrn(1);
+                }
+            }
+            let j = 0;
+            let jm = 1;
+            for (; (y.words[0] & jm) === 0 && j < 26; ++j, jm <<= 1)
+                ;
+            if (j > 0) {
+                y.iushrn(j);
+                while (j-- > 0) {
+                    if (C.isOdd() || D.isOdd()) {
+                        C.iadd(yp);
+                        D.isub(xp);
+                    }
+                    C.iushrn(1);
+                    D.iushrn(1);
+                }
+            }
+            if (x.cmp(y) >= 0) {
+                x.isub(y);
+                A.isub(C);
+                B.isub(D);
+            }
+            else {
+                y.isub(x);
+                C.isub(A);
+                D.isub(B);
+            }
+        }
+        return {
+            a: C,
+            b: D,
+            gcd: y.iushln(g)
+        };
+    }
+    /**
+     * Compute the multiplicative inverse of the current BigNumber in the modulus field specified by `p`.
+     * The multiplicative inverse is a number which when multiplied with the current BigNumber gives '1' in the modulus field.
+     *
+     * @method _invmp
+     * @param p - The `BigNumber` specifying the modulus field.
+     * @returns The multiplicative inverse `BigNumber` in the modulus field specified by `p`.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bigNum = new BigNumber('45');
+     * const p = new BigNumber('100');
+     * const inverse = bigNum._invmp(p); // inverse here would be a BigNumber such that (inverse*bigNum) % p = '1'
+     */
+    _invmp(p) {
+        this.assert(p.negative === 0, 'p must not be negative');
+        this.assert(!p.isZero(), 'p must not be zero');
+        let a = this;
+        const b = p.clone();
+        if (a.negative !== 0) {
+            a = a.umod(p);
+        }
+        else {
+            a = a.clone();
+        }
+        const x1 = new BigNumber(1);
+        const x2 = new BigNumber(0);
+        const delta = b.clone();
+        while (a.cmpn(1) > 0 && b.cmpn(1) > 0) {
+            let i = 0;
+            let im = 1;
+            for (; (a.words[0] & im) === 0 && i < 26; ++i, im <<= 1)
+                ;
+            if (i > 0) {
+                a.iushrn(i);
+                while (i-- > 0) {
+                    if (x1.isOdd()) {
+                        x1.iadd(delta);
+                    }
+                    x1.iushrn(1);
+                }
+            }
+            let j = 0;
+            let jm = 1;
+            for (; (b.words[0] & jm) === 0 && j < 26; ++j, jm <<= 1)
+                ;
+            if (j > 0) {
+                b.iushrn(j);
+                while (j-- > 0) {
+                    if (x2.isOdd()) {
+                        x2.iadd(delta);
+                    }
+                    x2.iushrn(1);
+                }
+            }
+            if (a.cmp(b) >= 0) {
+                a.isub(b);
+                x1.isub(x2);
+            }
+            else {
+                b.isub(a);
+                x2.isub(x1);
+            }
+        }
+        let res;
+        if (a.cmpn(1) === 0) {
+            res = x1;
+        }
+        else {
+            res = x2;
+        }
+        if (res.cmpn(0) < 0) {
+            res.iadd(p);
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Computes and returns the greatest common divisor (GCD) of this BigNumber and the provided BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @method gcd
+     * @param num - The BigNumber with which to compute the GCD.
+     * @returns The GCD of this BigNumber and the provided BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let a = new BigNumber(48);
+     * let b = new BigNumber(18);
+     * let gcd = a.gcd(b);
+     */
+    gcd(num) {
+        if (this.isZero())
+            return num.abs();
+        if (num.isZero())
+            return this.abs();
+        let a = this.clone();
+        let b = num.clone();
+        a.negative = 0;
+        b.negative = 0;
+        // Remove common factor of two
+        let shift = 0;
+        for (; a.isEven() && b.isEven(); shift++) {
+            a.iushrn(1);
+            b.iushrn(1);
+        }
+        do {
+            while (a.isEven()) {
+                a.iushrn(1);
+            }
+            while (b.isEven()) {
+                b.iushrn(1);
+            }
+            const r = a.cmp(b);
+            if (r < 0) {
+                // Swap `a` and `b` to make `a` always bigger than `b`
+                const t = a;
+                a = b;
+                b = t;
+            }
+            else if (r === 0 || b.cmpn(1) === 0) {
+                break;
+            }
+            a.isub(b);
+        } while (true);
+        return b.iushln(shift);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Computes and returns the modular multiplicative inverse of this BigNumber in the field defined by the provided BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @method invm
+     * @param num - The BigNumber that defines the field.
+     * @returns The modular multiplicative inverse of this BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let a = new BigNumber(3);
+     * let field = new BigNumber(7);
+     * let inverse = a.invm(field);
+     */
+    invm(num) {
+        return this.egcd(num).a.umod(num);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Checks if this BigNumber is even.
+     * An even number is an integer which is evenly divisible by two.
+     *
+     * @method isEven
+     * @returns true if this BigNumber is even, else false.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let a = new BigNumber(4);
+     * let isEven = a.isEven(); // true
+     */
+    isEven() {
+        return (this.words[0] & 1) === 0;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Checks if this BigNumber is Odd.
+     * An odd number is an integer which is not evenly divisible by two.
+     *
+     * @method isOdd
+     * @returns true if this BigNumber is Odd, else false.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let a = new BigNumber(3);
+     * let isOdd = a.isOdd(); // true
+     */
+    isOdd() {
+        return (this.words[0] & 1) === 1;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the result of bitwise AND operation between the least significant 26 bits of
+     * this BigNumber and the provided number.
+     * This method is mostly used to mask-off less significant bits.
+     *
+     * @method andln
+     * @param num - The number to AND with.
+     * @returns The result of the AND operation.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let a = new BigNumber(60);
+     * let result = a.andln(13); // 12
+     */
+    andln(num) {
+        return this.words[0] & num;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Increments the value at the bit position specified by the input parameter.
+     *
+     * @method bincn
+     * @param bit - The bit position to increment at.
+     * @returns This BigNumber after incrementing at the specific bit position.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let a = new BigNumber(5);
+     * a.bincn(2); // a = 7
+     */
+    bincn(bit) {
+        this.assert(typeof bit === 'number');
+        const r = bit % 26;
+        const s = (bit - r) / 26;
+        const q = 1 << r;
+        // Fast case: bit is much higher than all existing words
+        if (this.length <= s) {
+            this.expand(s + 1);
+            this.words[s] |= q;
+            return this;
+        }
+        // Add bit and propagate, if needed
+        let carry = q;
+        let i = s;
+        for (; carry !== 0 && i < this.length; i++) {
+            let w = this.words[i] | 0;
+            w += carry;
+            carry = w >>> 26;
+            w &= 0x3ffffff;
+            this.words[i] = w;
+        }
+        if (carry !== 0) {
+            this.words[i] = carry;
+            this.length++;
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Checks if this BigNumber is Zero.
+     * A BigNumber is zero if it only contains one word and that word is 0.
+     *
+     * @method isZero
+     * @returns true if this BigNumber is Zero, else false.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let a = new BigNumber(0);
+     * let isZero = a.isZero(); // true
+     */
+    isZero() {
+        return this.length === 1 && this.words[0] === 0;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Compares this BigNumber with the given number.
+     * It returns -1 if this BigNumber is less than the number, 0 if they're equal, and 1 if the BigNumber is greater than the number.
+     *
+     * @method cmpn
+     * @param num - The number to compare with.
+     * @returns -1, 0, or 1 based on the comparison result.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let a = new BigNumber(15);
+     * let result = a.cmpn(10); // 1
+     */
+    cmpn(num) {
+        const negative = num < 0;
+        if (this.negative !== 0 && !negative)
+            return -1;
+        if (this.negative === 0 && negative)
+            return 1;
+        this.strip();
+        let res;
+        if (this.length > 1) {
+            res = 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            if (negative) {
+                num = -num;
+            }
+            this.assert(num <= 0x3ffffff, 'Number is too big');
+            const w = this.words[0] | 0;
+            res = w === num ? 0 : w < num ? -1 : 1;
+        }
+        if (this.negative !== 0)
+            return (-res | 0);
+        return res;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Compare this big number with another big number.
+     * @method cmp
+     * @param num - The big number to compare with.
+     * @returns Returns:
+     * 1 if this big number is greater,
+     * -1 if it's less,
+     * 0 if they are equal.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * import BigNumber from './BigNumber';
+     * const bn1 = new BigNumber('10');
+     * const bn2 = new BigNumber('6');
+     * const comparisonResult = bn1.cmp(bn2); // 1 - because 10 is greater than 6
+     */
+    cmp(num) {
+        if (this.negative !== 0 && num.negative === 0)
+            return -1;
+        if (this.negative === 0 && num.negative !== 0)
+            return 1;
+        const res = this.ucmp(num);
+        if (this.negative !== 0)
+            return (-res | 0);
+        return res;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs an unsigned comparison between this BigNumber instance and another.
+     *
+     * @method ucmp
+     * @param num - The BigNumber instance to compare with.
+     * @returns Returns 1 if this BigNumber is bigger, -1 if it is smaller, and 0 if they are equal.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNumber1 = new BigNumber('1234');
+     * let bigNumber2 = new BigNumber('2345');
+     * let comparisonResult = bigNumber1.ucmp(bigNumber2); // Returns -1
+     */
+    ucmp(num) {
+        // At this point both numbers have the same sign
+        if (this.length > num.length)
+            return 1;
+        if (this.length < num.length)
+            return -1;
+        let res = 0;
+        for (let i = this.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            const a = this.words[i] | 0;
+            const b = num.words[i] | 0;
+            if (a === b)
+                continue;
+            if (a < b) {
+                res = -1;
+            }
+            else if (a > b) {
+                res = 1;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Checks if this BigNumber instance is greater than a number.
+     *
+     * @method gtn
+     * @param num - The number to compare with.
+     * @returns Returns true if this BigNumber is greater than the number, false otherwise.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNumber = new BigNumber('2345');
+     * let isGreater = bigNumber.gtn(1234); // Returns true
+     */
+    gtn(num) {
+        return this.cmpn(num) === 1;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Checks if this BigNumber instance is greater than another BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @method gt
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to compare with.
+     * @returns Returns true if this BigNumber is greater than the other BigNumber, false otherwise.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNumber1 = new BigNumber('2345');
+     * let bigNumber2 = new BigNumber('1234');
+     * let isGreater = bigNumber1.gt(bigNumber2); // Returns true
+     */
+    gt(num) {
+        return this.cmp(num) === 1;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Checks if this BigNumber instance is greater than or equal to a number.
+     *
+     * @method gten
+     * @param num - The number to compare with.
+     * @returns Returns true if this BigNumber is greater than or equal to the number, false otherwise.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNumber = new BigNumber('1234');
+     * let isGreaterOrEqual = bigNumber.gten(1234); // Returns true
+     */
+    gten(num) {
+        return this.cmpn(num) >= 0;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Checks if this BigNumber instance is greater than or equal to another BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @method gte
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to compare with.
+     * @returns Returns true if this BigNumber is greater than or equal to the other BigNumber, false otherwise.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNumber1 = new BigNumber('1234');
+     * let bigNumber2 = new BigNumber('1234');
+     * let isGreaterOrEqual = bigNumber1.gte(bigNumber2); // Returns true
+     */
+    gte(num) {
+        return this.cmp(num) >= 0;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Checks if this BigNumber instance is less than a number.
+     *
+     * @method ltn
+     * @param num - The number to compare with.
+     * @returns Returns true if this BigNumber is less than the number, false otherwise.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNumber = new BigNumber('1234');
+     * let isLess = bigNumber.ltn(2345); // Returns true
+     */
+    ltn(num) {
+        return this.cmpn(num) === -1;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Checks if this BigNumber instance is less than another BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @method lt
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to compare with.
+     * @returns Returns true if this BigNumber is less than the other BigNumber, false otherwise.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNumber1 = new BigNumber('1234');
+     * let bigNumber2 = new BigNumber('2345');
+     * let isLess = bigNumber1.lt(bigNumber2); // Returns true
+     */
+    lt(num) {
+        return this.cmp(num) === -1;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Checks if this BigNumber instance is less than or equal to a number.
+     *
+     * @method lten
+     * @param num - The number to compare with.
+     * @returns Returns true if this BigNumber is less than or equal to the number, false otherwise.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNumber = new BigNumber('2345');
+     * let isLessOrEqual = bigNumber.lten(2345); // Returns true
+     */
+    lten(num) {
+        return this.cmpn(num) <= 0;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Checks if this BigNumber instance is less than or equal to another BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @method lte
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to compare with.
+     * @returns Returns true if this BigNumber is less than or equal to the other BigNumber, false otherwise.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNumber1 = new BigNumber('2345');
+     * let bigNumber2 = new BigNumber('2345');
+     * let isLessOrEqual = bigNumber1.lte(bigNumber2); // Returns true
+     */
+    lte(num) {
+        return this.cmp(num) <= 0;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Checks if this BigNumber instance is equal to a number.
+     *
+     * @method eqn
+     * @param num - The number to compare with.
+     * @returns Returns true if this BigNumber is equal to the number, false otherwise.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNumber = new BigNumber('1234');
+     * let isEqual = bigNumber.eqn(1234); // Returns true
+     */
+    eqn(num) {
+        return this.cmpn(num) === 0;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Compares the current BigNumber with the given number and returns whether they're equal.
+     *
+     * @method eq
+     * @param num - The number to compare equality with.
+     * @returns Returns true if the current BigNumber is equal to the provided number, otherwise false.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNum = new BigNumber(10);
+     * bigNum.eq(new BigNumber(10)); // true
+     */
+    eq(num) {
+        return this.cmp(num) === 0;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Converts a BigNumber to a reduction context ensuring the number is a positive integer and is not already in a reduction context.
+     * Throws an error in case the number is either negative or already in a reduction context.
+     *
+     * @method toRed
+     * @param ctx - The ReductionContext to convert the BigNumber to.
+     * @returns Returns the BigNumber in the given ReductionContext.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNum = new BigNumber(10);
+     * let redCtx = new ReductionContext();
+     * bigNum.toRed(redCtx);
+     */
+    toRed(ctx) {
+        this.assert(this.red == null, 'Already a number in reduction context');
+        this.assert(this.negative === 0, 'red works only with positives');
+        return ctx.convertTo(this).forceRed(ctx);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Converts a BigNumber from a reduction context, making sure the number is indeed in a reduction context.
+     * Throws an error in case the number is not in a reduction context.
+     *
+     * @method fromRed
+     * @returns Returns the BigNumber out of the ReductionContext.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNum = new BigNumber(10);
+     * let redCtx = new ReductionContext();
+     * bigNum.toRed(redCtx);
+     * bigNum.fromRed();
+     */
+    fromRed() {
+        this.assert(this.red, 'fromRed works only with numbers in reduction context');
+        return (this.red).convertFrom(this);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Forces the current BigNumber into a reduction context, irrespective of the BigNumber's current state.
+     *
+     * @method forceRed
+     * @param ctx - The ReductionContext to forcefully convert the BigNumber to.
+     * @returns Returns the BigNumber in the given ReductionContext.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNum = new BigNumber(10);
+     * let redCtx = new ReductionContext();
+     * bigNum.forceRed(redCtx);
+     */
+    forceRed(ctx) {
+        // this.assert(this.red == null, 'Already a number in reduction context')
+        this.red = ctx;
+        return this;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs addition operation of the current BigNumber with the given number in a reduction context.
+     * Throws an error in case the number is not in a reduction context.
+     *
+     * @method redAdd
+     * @param num - The number to add to the current BigNumber.
+     * @returns Returns a new BigNumber that's the sum of the current BigNumber and the provided number in the reduction context.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNum = new BigNumber(10);
+     * let redCtx = new ReductionContext();
+     * bigNum.toRed(redCtx);
+     * bigNum.redAdd(new BigNumber(20)); // returns a BigNumber of 30 in reduction context
+     */
+    redAdd(num) {
+        this.assert(this.red, 'redAdd works only with red numbers');
+        return (this.red).add(this, num);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs in-place addition operation of the current BigNumber with the given number in a reduction context.
+     * Throws an error in case the number is not in a reduction context.
+     *
+     * @method redIAdd
+     * @param num - The number to add to the current BigNumber.
+     * @returns Returns the modified current BigNumber after adding the provided number in the reduction context.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNum = new BigNumber(10);
+     * let redCtx = new ReductionContext();
+     * bigNum.toRed(redCtx);
+     * bigNum.redIAdd(new BigNumber(20)); // modifies the bigNum to 30 in reduction context
+     */
+    redIAdd(num) {
+        this.assert(this.red, 'redIAdd works only with red numbers');
+        return (this.red).iadd(this, num);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs subtraction operation of the current BigNumber with the given number in a reduction context.
+     * Throws an error in case the number is not in a reduction context.
+     *
+     * @method redSub
+     * @param num - The number to subtract from the current BigNumber.
+     * @returns Returns a new BigNumber that's the subtraction result of the current BigNumber and the provided number in the reduction context.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNum = new BigNumber(30);
+     * let redCtx = new ReductionContext();
+     * bigNum.toRed(redCtx);
+     * bigNum.redSub(new BigNumber(20)); // returns a BigNumber of 10 in reduction context
+     */
+    redSub(num) {
+        this.assert(this.red, 'redSub works only with red numbers');
+        return (this.red).sub(this, num);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs in-place subtraction operation of the current BigNumber with the given number in a reduction context.
+     * Throws an error in case the number is not in a reduction context.
+     *
+     * @method redISub
+     * @param num - The number to subtract from the current BigNumber.
+     * @returns Returns the modified current BigNumber after subtracting the provided number in the reduction context.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNum = new BigNumber(30);
+     * let redCtx = new ReductionContext();
+     * bigNum.toRed(redCtx);
+     * bigNum.redISub(new BigNumber(20)); // modifies the bigNum to 10 in reduction context
+     */
+    redISub(num) {
+        this.assert(this.red, 'redISub works only with red numbers');
+        return (this.red).isub(this, num);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs the shift left operation on the current BigNumber in the reduction context.
+     * Throws an error in case the number is not in a reduction context.
+     *
+     * @method redShl
+     * @param num - The positions to shift left the current BigNumber.
+     * @returns Returns a new BigNumber after performing the shift left operation on the current BigNumber in the reduction context.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNum = new BigNumber(1);
+     * let redCtx = new ReductionContext();
+     * bigNum.toRed(redCtx);
+     * bigNum.redShl(2); // returns a BigNumber of 4 in reduction context
+     */
+    redShl(num) {
+        this.assert(this.red, 'redShl works only with red numbers');
+        return (this.red).shl(this, num);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs multiplication operation of the current BigNumber with the given number in a reduction context.
+     * Throws an error in case the number is not in a reduction context.
+     *
+     * @method redMul
+     * @param num - The number to multiply with the current BigNumber.
+     * @returns Returns a new BigNumber that's the product of the current BigNumber and the provided number in the reduction context.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNum = new BigNumber(10);
+     * let redCtx = new ReductionContext();
+     * bigNum.toRed(redCtx);
+     * bigNum.redMul(new BigNumber(20)); // returns a BigNumber of 200 in reduction context
+     */
+    redMul(num) {
+        this.assert(this.red, 'redMul works only with red numbers');
+        (this.red).verify2(this, num);
+        return (this.red).mul(this, num);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Performs an in-place multiplication of this BigNumber instance with another BigNumber within a reduction context.
+     * Expects that this BigNumber is within the reduction context i.e., it has been reduced.
+     *
+     * @method redIMul
+     * @param num - The BigNumber to multiply with the current BigNumber.
+     * @returns A BigNumber that is the result of the in-place multiplication operation, within the reduction context.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let bigNum1 = new BigNumber('10').toRed(someRed);
+     * let bigNum2 = new BigNumber('5');
+     * bigNum1.redIMul(bigNum2);
+     */
+    redIMul(num) {
+        this.assert(this.red, 'redMul works only with red numbers');
+        (this.red).verify2(this, num);
+        return (this.red).imul(this, num);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Square of a "red" (reduced) BigNumber.
+     * This function squares the calling BigNumber and returns the result.
+     * It only works if the number is "reduced". A number is considered reduced
+     * if it has a `red` field that points to a reduction context object.
+     *
+     * @method redSqr
+     * @throws If the BigNumber is not reduced
+     * @returns The square of the BigNumber
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num = new BigNumber('25').toRed(someRed);
+     * const result = num.redSqr();
+     * console.log(result.toString()); // Outputs: '625' mod the red value
+     */
+    redSqr() {
+        this.assert(this.red, 'redSqr works only with red numbers');
+        (this.red).verify1(this);
+        return (this.red).sqr(this);
+    }
+    /**
+     * In-place square of a "red" (reduced) BigNumber.
+     * This function squares the calling BigNumber and overwrites it with the result.
+     * It only works if the number is "reduced". A number is considered reduced
+     * if it has a `red` field that points to a reduction context object.
+     *
+     * @method redISqr
+     * @throws If the BigNumber is not reduced
+     * @returns This BigNumber squared in place
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num = new BigNumber('25').toRed(someRed);
+     * num.redISqr();
+     * console.log(num.toString()); // Outputs: '625' mod the red value
+     */
+    redISqr() {
+        this.assert(this.red, 'redISqr works only with red numbers');
+        (this.red).verify1(this);
+        return (this.red).isqr(this);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Square root of a "red" (reduced) BigNumber.
+     * This function calculates the square root of the calling BigNumber
+     * and returns the result. It only works if the number is "reduced".
+     * A number is considered reduced if it has a `red`
+     * field that points to a reduction context object.
+     *
+     * @method redSqrt
+     * @throws If the BigNumber is not reduced
+     * @returns The square root of the BigNumber
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num = new BigNumber('4').toRed(someRed);
+     * const result = num.redSqrt();
+     * console.log(result.toString()); // Outputs: '2' mod the red value
+     */
+    redSqrt() {
+        this.assert(this.red, 'redSqrt works only with red numbers');
+        (this.red).verify1(this);
+        return (this.red).sqrt(this);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Find multiplicative inverse (reciprocal) in respect to reduction context.
+     * The method works only on numbers that have a reduction context set.
+     *
+     * @method redInvm
+     * @returns Returns a BigNumber that is multiplicative inverse in respect to the reduction context.
+     * @throws Will throw an error if this number does not have a reduction context.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let a = new BigNumber('2345', 16);
+     * a.red = someReductionContext;
+     * let aInverse = a.redInvm();
+     */
+    redInvm() {
+        this.assert(this.red, 'redInvm works only with red numbers');
+        (this.red).verify1(this);
+        return (this.red).invm(this);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Find negative version of this number in respect to reduction context.
+     * The method works only on numbers that have a reduction context set.
+     *
+     * @method redNeg
+     * @returns Returns a BigNumber that is the negative version of this number in respect to the reduction context.
+     * @throws Will throw an error if this number does not have a reduction context.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let a = new BigNumber('2345', 16);
+     * a.red = someReductionContext;
+     * let aNeg = a.redNeg();
+     */
+    redNeg() {
+        this.assert(this.red, 'redNeg works only with red numbers');
+        (this.red).verify1(this);
+        return (this.red).neg(this);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Raises this number to the power of 'num', in respect to reduction context.
+     * Note that 'num' must not have a reduction context set.
+     *
+     * @method redPow
+     * @param num - The exponent to raise this number to.
+     * @returns Returns a BigNumber that is this number raised to the power of 'num', in respect to the reduction context.
+     * @throws Will throw an error if this number does not have a reduction context or 'num' has a reduction context.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * let a = new BigNumber(3);
+     * a.red = someReductionContext;
+     * let b = new BigNumber(3);
+     * let result = a.redPow(b);  // equivalent to (a^b) mod red
+     */
+    redPow(num) {
+        this.assert((this.red != null) && (num.red == null), 'redPow(normalNum)');
+        (this.red).verify1(this);
+        return (this.red).pow(this, num);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Creates a BigNumber from a hexadecimal string.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @method fromHex
+     * @param hex - The hexadecimal string to create a BigNumber from.
+     * @returns Returns a BigNumber created from the hexadecimal input string.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const exampleHex = 'a1b2c3';
+     * const bigNumber = BigNumber.fromHex(exampleHex);
+     */
+    static fromHex(hex, endian) {
+        if (endian === 'big') {
+            return new BigNumber(hex, 16);
+        }
+        else {
+            return new BigNumber(hex, 16, 'le');
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Converts this BigNumber to a hexadecimal string.
+     *
+     * @method toHex
+     * @param length - The minimum length of the hex string
+     * @returns Returns a string representing the hexadecimal value of this BigNumber.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bigNumber = new BigNumber(255);
+     * const hex = bigNumber.toHex();
+     */
+    toHex(length = 0) {
+        return this.toString('hex', length * 2);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Creates a BigNumber from a JSON-serialized string.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @method fromJSON
+     * @param str - The JSON-serialized string to create a BigNumber from.
+     * @returns Returns a BigNumber created from the JSON input string.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const serialized = '{"type":"BigNumber","hex":"a1b2c3"}';
+     * const bigNumber = BigNumber.fromJSON(serialized);
+     */
+    static fromJSON(str) {
+        return new BigNumber(str);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Creates a BigNumber from a number.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @method fromNumber
+     * @param n - The number to create a BigNumber from.
+     * @returns Returns a BigNumber equivalent to the input number.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const number = 1234;
+     * const bigNumber = BigNumber.fromNumber(number);
+     */
+    static fromNumber(n) {
+        return new BigNumber(n);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Creates a BigNumber from a string, considering an optional base.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @method fromString
+     * @param str - The string to create a BigNumber from.
+     * @param base - The base used for conversion. If not provided, base 10 is assumed.
+     * @returns Returns a BigNumber equivalent to the string after conversion from the specified base.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const str = '1234';
+     * const bigNumber = BigNumber.fromString(str, 16);
+     */
+    static fromString(str, base) {
+        return new BigNumber(str, base);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Creates a BigNumber from a signed magnitude number.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @method fromSm
+     * @param num - The signed magnitude number to convert to a BigNumber.
+     * @param endian - Defines endianess. If not provided, big endian is assumed.
+     * @returns Returns a BigNumber equivalent to the signed magnitude number interpreted with specified endianess.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num = [0x81]
+     * const bigNumber = BigNumber.fromSm(num, { endian: 'little' }); // equivalent to BigNumber from '-1'
+     */
+    static fromSm(num, endian = 'big') {
+        let n = num;
+        if (num.length === 0) {
+            return new BigNumber(0);
+        }
+        if (endian === 'little') {
+            n = [...n];
+            n = n.reverse();
+        }
+        if ((n[0] & 0x80) !== 0) {
+            n = [...n];
+            n[0] = n[0] & 0x7f;
+            return new BigNumber(n).neg();
+        }
+        else {
+            return new BigNumber(n);
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Converts this BigNumber to a signed magnitude number.
+     *
+     * @method toSm
+     * @param endian - Defines endianess. If not provided, big endian is assumed.
+     * @returns Returns an array equivalent to this BigNumber interpreted as a signed magnitude with specified endianess.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bigNumber = new BigNumber(-1);
+     * const num = bigNumber.toSm('little'); // [0x81]
+     */
+    toSm(endian = 'big') {
+        let num;
+        if (this.cmpn(0) === -1) {
+            num = this.neg().toArray();
+            if ((num[0] & 0x80) !== 0) {
+                num = [0x80, ...num];
+            }
+            else {
+                num[0] = num[0] | 0x80;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            num = this.toArray();
+            if ((num[0] & 0x80) !== 0) {
+                num = [0x00, ...num];
+            }
+        }
+        if (num.length === 1 && num[0] === 0) {
+            num = [];
+        }
+        if (endian === 'little') {
+            num = num.reverse();
+        }
+        return num;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Creates a BigNumber from a number representing the "bits" value in a block header.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @method fromBits
+     * @param bits - The number representing the bits value in a block header.
+     * @param strict - If true, an error is thrown if the number has negative bit set.
+     * @returns Returns a BigNumber equivalent to the "bits" value in a block header.
+     * @throws Will throw an error if `strict` is `true` and the number has negative bit set.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bits = 0x1d00ffff;
+     * const bigNumber = BigNumber.fromBits(bits);
+     */
+    static fromBits(bits, strict = false) {
+        // Convert to signed 32-bit value manually without using Buffer
+        bits = (bits & 0x80000000) ? bits - 0x100000000 : bits;
+        if (strict && (bits & 0x00800000) !== 0) {
+            throw new Error('negative bit set');
+        }
+        const nsize = bits >> 24;
+        const nword = bits & 0x007fffff;
+        // Manually create the byte array (similar to the original buffer)
+        let bytes = [
+            (nword >> 24) & 0xFF,
+            (nword >> 16) & 0xFF,
+            (nword >> 8) & 0xFF,
+            nword & 0xFF
+        ];
+        if (nsize <= 3) {
+            bytes = bytes.slice(1, 1 + nsize); // remove the most significant byte(s) as necessary
+        }
+        else {
+            // add trailing zeros (similar to the original buffer fill)
+            for (let i = 0; i < nsize - 3; i++) {
+                bytes.push(0);
+            }
+        }
+        // Adjust for sign if the negative bit was set, and then convert array to BigNumber
+        if ((bits & 0x00800000) !== 0) {
+            return new BigNumber(bytes).neg();
+        }
+        else {
+            return new BigNumber(bytes);
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Converts this BigNumber to a number representing the "bits" value in a block header.
+     *
+     * @method toBits
+     * @returns Returns a number equivalent to the "bits" value in a block header.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bigNumber = new BigNumber(1);
+     * const bits = bigNumber.toBits();
+     */
+    toBits() {
+        let byteArray;
+        if (this.ltn(0)) {
+            byteArray = this.neg().toArray('be');
+        }
+        else {
+            byteArray = this.toArray('be');
+        }
+        // Ensure that the byte array is of a minimum size
+        while (byteArray.length < 4) {
+            byteArray.unshift(0);
+        }
+        // For the case where byteArray represents '00', the bits should be 0x00000000
+        if (byteArray.every(byte => byte === 0)) {
+            return 0x00000000;
+        }
+        // Remove leading zeros from the byte array for further processing
+        while (byteArray[0] === 0) {
+            byteArray.shift();
+        }
+        let nsize = byteArray.length;
+        // We're interested in the first three bytes for the "nword"
+        // or in smaller cases, what's available
+        let nword = byteArray.slice(0, 3).reduce((acc, val) => (acc * 256) + val, 0);
+        // Ensure we don't have the sign bit set initially
+        if ((nword & 0x800000) !== 0) {
+            // If the 24th bit is set, we're going to need one more byte to represent this number
+            byteArray.unshift(0); // Unshift a zero byte to not change the actual number
+            nsize += 1;
+            nword >>>= 8; // Shift right to make room for that byte
+        }
+        // Encode size and the 3 bytes into "nword"
+        let bits = (nsize << 24) | nword;
+        if (this.ltn(0)) {
+            // If the number is negative, set the 0x00800000 bit to indicate sign
+            bits |= 0x00800000;
+        }
+        return bits >>> 0; // Convert to unsigned 32-bit integer
+    }
+    /**
+     * Creates a BigNumber from the format used in Bitcoin scripts.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @method fromScriptNum
+     * @param num - The number in the format used in Bitcoin scripts.
+     * @param requireMinimal - If true, non-minimally encoded values will throw an error.
+     * @param maxNumSize - The maximum allowed size for the number. If not provided, defaults to 4.
+     * @returns Returns a BigNumber equivalent to the number used in a Bitcoin script.
+     * @throws Will throw an error if `requireMinimal` is `true` and the value is non-minimally encoded. Will throw an error if number length is greater than `maxNumSize`.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const num = [0x02, 0x01]
+     * const bigNumber = BigNumber.fromScriptNum(num, true, 5)
+     */
+    static fromScriptNum(num, requireMinimal, maxNumSize) {
+        if (maxNumSize === undefined) {
+            maxNumSize = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER;
+        }
+        if (num.length > maxNumSize) {
+            throw new Error('script number overflow');
+        }
+        if (requireMinimal && num.length > 0) {
+            // Check that the number is encoded with the minimum possible
+            // number of bytes.
+            //
+            // If the most-significant-byte - excluding the sign bit - is zero
+            // then we're not minimal. Note how this test also rejects the
+            // negative-zero encoding, 0x80.
+            if ((num[num.length - 1] & 0x7f) === 0) {
+                // One exception: if there's more than one byte and the most
+                // significant bit of the second-most-significant-byte is set
+                // it would conflict with the sign bit. An example of this case
+                // is +-255, which encode to 0xff00 and 0xff80 respectively.
+                // (big-endian).
+                if (num.length <= 1 || (num[num.length - 2] & 0x80) === 0) {
+                    throw new Error('non-minimally encoded script number');
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return BigNumber.fromSm(num, 'little');
+    }
+    /**
+     * Converts this BigNumber to a number in the format used in Bitcoin scripts.
+     *
+     * @method toScriptNum
+     * @returns Returns the equivalent to this BigNumber as a Bitcoin script number.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * const bigNumber = new BigNumber(258)
+     * const num = bigNumber.toScriptNum() // equivalent to bigNumber.toSm('little')
+     */
+    toScriptNum() {
+        return this.toSm('little');
+    }
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=BigNumber.js.map