@brunosps00/dev-workflow 0.0.3 → 0.0.6

package/scaffold/skills/security-review/references/deserialization.md

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+# Insecure Deserialization Reference
+
+## Overview
+
+Serialization converts objects into transferable data formats, while deserialization reconstructs those objects. Native language serialization formats pose significant risks—enabling denial-of-service, access control breaches, or remote code execution when processing untrusted input.
+
+## The Risk
+
+When an application deserializes untrusted data:
+1. Attacker crafts malicious serialized data
+2. Application deserializes it, instantiating objects
+3. Object constructors/destructors execute attacker-controlled code
+4. Results: RCE, DoS, authentication bypass, data tampering
+
+---
+
+## Language-Specific Vulnerabilities
+
+### Python
+
+#### Dangerous Functions
+
+```python
+# VULNERABLE: pickle with untrusted data
+import pickle
+data = pickle.loads(untrusted_data)  # RCE possible
+
+# VULNERABLE: yaml.load (pre-5.1)
+import yaml
+data = yaml.load(untrusted_data)  # RCE via !!python/object
+
+# VULNERABLE: marshal
+import marshal
+code = marshal.loads(untrusted_data)
+
+# VULNERABLE: shelve (uses pickle)
+import shelve
+db = shelve.open('data')
+```
+
+#### Safe Alternatives
+
+```python
+# SAFE: JSON
+import json
+data = json.loads(untrusted_data)  # Only primitive types
+
+# SAFE: yaml.safe_load
+import yaml
+data = yaml.safe_load(untrusted_data)  # No arbitrary objects
+
+# SAFE: Explicit data classes with validation
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from dacite import from_dict
+
+@dataclass
+class UserInput:
+    name: str
+    email: str
+
+data = from_dict(UserInput, json.loads(untrusted_data))
+```
+
+#### Detection Patterns
+
+```python
+# Base64-encoded pickle often starts with: gASV
+# Or hex: 80 04 95
+
+import base64
+if b'\x80\x04\x95' in base64.b64decode(data):
+    # Likely pickle data
+    pass
+```
+
+### Java
+
+#### Dangerous Patterns
+
+```java
+// VULNERABLE: ObjectInputStream
+ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(inputStream);
+Object obj = ois.readObject();  // RCE via gadget chains
+
+// VULNERABLE: XMLDecoder
+XMLDecoder decoder = new XMLDecoder(inputStream);
+Object obj = decoder.readObject();
+
+// VULNERABLE: XStream (versions ≤ 1.4.6)
+XStream xstream = new XStream();
+Object obj = xstream.fromXML(xml);
+
+// VULNERABLE: SnakeYAML
+Yaml yaml = new Yaml();
+Object obj = yaml.load(untrustedInput);
+```
+
+#### Safe Alternatives
+
+```java
+// SAFE: Allowlist filter for ObjectInputStream
+public class SafeObjectInputStream extends ObjectInputStream {
+    private static final Set<String> ALLOWED_CLASSES = Set.of(
+        "java.lang.String",
+        "java.lang.Integer",
+        "com.example.SafeDTO"
+    );
+
+    @Override
+    protected Class<?> resolveClass(ObjectStreamClass desc)
+            throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        if (!ALLOWED_CLASSES.contains(desc.getName())) {
+            throw new InvalidClassException("Unauthorized class: " + desc.getName());
+        }
+        return super.resolveClass(desc);
+    }
+}
+
+// SAFE: JSON with explicit types
+ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
+mapper.disable(DeserializationFeature.FAIL_ON_UNKNOWN_PROPERTIES);
+UserDTO user = mapper.readValue(json, UserDTO.class);
+
+// SAFE: XStream with allowlist
+XStream xstream = new XStream();
+xstream.allowTypes(new Class[] { SafeDTO.class });
+```
+
+#### Detection Patterns
+
+```java
+// Java serialized objects start with: AC ED 00 05
+// Base64: rO0AB
+// Content-Type: application/x-java-serialized-object
+```
+
+### .NET
+
+#### Dangerous Patterns
+
+```csharp
+// VULNERABLE: BinaryFormatter (NEVER USE)
+BinaryFormatter formatter = new BinaryFormatter();
+object obj = formatter.Deserialize(stream);
+// Microsoft: "BinaryFormatter is dangerous and cannot be secured"
+
+// VULNERABLE: NetDataContractSerializer
+NetDataContractSerializer serializer = new NetDataContractSerializer();
+object obj = serializer.ReadObject(stream);
+
+// VULNERABLE: ObjectStateFormatter
+ObjectStateFormatter formatter = new ObjectStateFormatter();
+object obj = formatter.Deserialize(data);
+
+// VULNERABLE: JSON.Net with TypeNameHandling
+JsonConvert.DeserializeObject(json, new JsonSerializerSettings {
+    TypeNameHandling = TypeNameHandling.All  // RCE possible
+});
+```
+
+#### Safe Alternatives
+
+```csharp
+// SAFE: DataContractSerializer with known types
+DataContractSerializer serializer = new DataContractSerializer(typeof(SafeDTO));
+SafeDTO obj = (SafeDTO)serializer.ReadObject(stream);
+
+// SAFE: XmlSerializer
+XmlSerializer serializer = new XmlSerializer(typeof(SafeDTO));
+SafeDTO obj = (SafeDTO)serializer.Deserialize(stream);
+
+// SAFE: JSON.Net with TypeNameHandling.None
+JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<SafeDTO>(json, new JsonSerializerSettings {
+    TypeNameHandling = TypeNameHandling.None
+});
+
+// SAFE: System.Text.Json (default is safe)
+SafeDTO obj = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<SafeDTO>(json);
+```
+
+#### Known Gadgets
+
+- `ObjectDataProvider`
+- `AssemblyInstaller`
+- `PSObject` (PowerShell)
+- `TypeConfuseDelegate`
+
+### PHP
+
+#### Dangerous Patterns
+
+```php
+// VULNERABLE: unserialize with user input
+$obj = unserialize($_GET['data']);  // RCE via __wakeup, __destruct
+
+// VULNERABLE: Object injection
+class User {
+    public function __destruct() {
+        // Attacker can control $this->file
+        unlink($this->file);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+#### Safe Alternatives
+
+```php
+// SAFE: JSON
+$data = json_decode($input, true);  // true for associative array
+
+// SAFE: unserialize with allowed_classes
+$obj = unserialize($data, ['allowed_classes' => ['SafeClass']]);
+
+// SAFE: Explicit parsing
+$data = json_decode($input, true);
+$user = new User();
+$user->name = $data['name'] ?? '';
+```
+
+### Ruby
+
+#### Dangerous Patterns
+
+```ruby
+# VULNERABLE: Marshal.load
+obj = Marshal.load(untrusted_data)
+
+# VULNERABLE: YAML.load (unsafe by default)
+obj = YAML.load(untrusted_data)
+
+# VULNERABLE: JSON with create_additions
+obj = JSON.parse(data, create_additions: true)
+```
+
+#### Safe Alternatives
+
+```ruby
+# SAFE: JSON without additions
+data = JSON.parse(untrusted_data)  # Default is safe
+
+# SAFE: YAML.safe_load
+data = YAML.safe_load(untrusted_data)
+
+# SAFE: Explicit permitted classes
+data = YAML.safe_load(untrusted_data, permitted_classes: [Date, Time])
+```
+
+### Node.js
+
+#### Dangerous Patterns
+
+```javascript
+// VULNERABLE: node-serialize
+var serialize = require('node-serialize');
+var obj = serialize.unserialize(untrustedData);
+
+// VULNERABLE: js-yaml (unsafe by default in older versions)
+var yaml = require('js-yaml');
+var obj = yaml.load(untrustedData);  // Can execute code
+
+// VULNERABLE: eval-based parsing
+var obj = eval('(' + untrustedData + ')');
+```
+
+#### Safe Alternatives
+
+```javascript
+// SAFE: JSON.parse
+const obj = JSON.parse(untrustedData);
+
+// SAFE: js-yaml with safeLoad or safe schema
+const yaml = require('js-yaml');
+const obj = yaml.load(untrustedData, { schema: yaml.SAFE_SCHEMA });
+
+// SAFE: Explicit validation with Joi/Zod
+const Joi = require('joi');
+const schema = Joi.object({ name: Joi.string().required() });
+const { value, error } = schema.validate(JSON.parse(input));
+```
+
+---
+
+## General Prevention Strategies
+
+### 1. Avoid Native Serialization
+
+```python
+# Instead of pickle, use JSON with schema validation
+import json
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+class UserData(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    email: str
+
+data = UserData(**json.loads(untrusted_input))
+```
+
+### 2. Sign Serialized Data
+
+```python
+import hmac
+import hashlib
+import json
+
+SECRET_KEY = b'your-secret-key'
+
+def serialize_with_signature(data):
+    json_data = json.dumps(data)
+    signature = hmac.new(SECRET_KEY, json_data.encode(), hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()
+    return f"{json_data}:{signature}"
+
+def deserialize_with_verification(signed_data):
+    json_data, signature = signed_data.rsplit(':', 1)
+    expected = hmac.new(SECRET_KEY, json_data.encode(), hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()
+
+    if not hmac.compare_digest(signature, expected):
+        raise ValueError("Invalid signature")
+
+    return json.loads(json_data)
+```
+
+### 3. Type-Restricted Deserialization
+
+```java
+// Jackson with explicit type
+ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
+mapper.configure(DeserializationFeature.FAIL_ON_UNKNOWN_PROPERTIES, true);
+
+// Only deserialize to specific class
+UserDTO user = mapper.readValue(json, UserDTO.class);
+```
+
+### 4. Input Validation
+
+```python
+import json
+from jsonschema import validate
+
+schema = {
+    "type": "object",
+    "properties": {
+        "name": {"type": "string", "maxLength": 100},
+        "age": {"type": "integer", "minimum": 0, "maximum": 150}
+    },
+    "required": ["name"],
+    "additionalProperties": False
+}
+
+def safe_parse(data):
+    parsed = json.loads(data)
+    validate(instance=parsed, schema=schema)
+    return parsed
+```
+
+---
+
+## Grep Patterns for Detection
+
+```bash
+# Python
+grep -rn "pickle\.load\|pickle\.loads\|cPickle" --include="*.py"
+grep -rn "yaml\.load\|yaml\.unsafe_load" --include="*.py"
+grep -rn "marshal\.load\|shelve\.open" --include="*.py"
+
+# Java
+grep -rn "ObjectInputStream\|XMLDecoder\|XStream" --include="*.java"
+grep -rn "readObject\|fromXML" --include="*.java"
+
+# .NET
+grep -rn "BinaryFormatter\|NetDataContractSerializer\|ObjectStateFormatter" --include="*.cs"
+grep -rn "TypeNameHandling\." --include="*.cs" | grep -v "None"
+
+# PHP
+grep -rn "unserialize\s*\(" --include="*.php"
+
+# Ruby
+grep -rn "Marshal\.load\|YAML\.load" --include="*.rb"
+
+# Node.js
+grep -rn "unserialize\|node-serialize" --include="*.js"
+```
+
+---
+
+## Testing for Deserialization Vulnerabilities
+
+### Tools
+
+- **ysoserial** (Java) - Generate gadget chain payloads
+- **ysoserial.net** (.NET) - .NET gadget chains
+- **phpggc** (PHP) - PHP gadget chains
+- **pickle-payload** (Python) - Python pickle payloads
+
+### Test Cases
+
+1. Send serialized data from different languages
+2. Test with common gadget chain payloads
+3. Test with modified/corrupted serialized data
+4. Test with nested/recursive objects (DoS)
+5. Test with large objects (resource exhaustion)
+
+---
+
+## References
+
+- [OWASP Deserialization Cheat Sheet](https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Deserialization_Cheat_Sheet.html)
+- [CWE-502: Deserialization of Untrusted Data](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/502.html)
+- [ysoserial GitHub](https://github.com/frohoff/ysoserial)
+- [Microsoft BinaryFormatter Security Guide](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/standard/serialization/binaryformatter-security-guide)