@bradtech/sensor-air 1.1.0

package/dist/CanopyMicroclimateConverter.d.ts

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+import { BaseSensorConverter, type ConversionContext, type ConversionOutput } from '@bradtech/sensor';
+/**
+ * Raw input reading for canopy-level ambient microclimate.
+ */
+export interface CanopyAirReading {
+    /** In-canopy air temperature in °C */
+    temperature: number;
+    /** In-canopy relative humidity in % (0 - 100) */
+    humidity: number;
+}
+/**
+ * In-plot Canopy Microclimate & Foliar VPD Converter.
+ *
+ * Computes:
+ * - Direct canopy temperature (°C)
+ * - Direct canopy relative humidity (%)
+ * - Foliar Dew Point (°C) via Magnus-Tetens formula:
+ *   $$\gamma = \frac{a \cdot T}{b + T} + \ln\left(\frac{RH}{100}\right), \quad T_{dew} = \frac{b \cdot \gamma}{a - \gamma}$$
+ * - Foliar Vapor Pressure Deficit ($VPD_{canopy}$ in kPa) via Tetens saturation vapor pressure:
+ *   $$e_s(T) = 0.61078 \cdot \exp\left(\frac{17.27 \cdot T}{T + 237.3}\right), \quad VPD = e_s(T) \cdot \left(1 - \frac{RH}{100}\right)$$
+ */
+export declare class CanopyMicroclimateConverter extends BaseSensorConverter<CanopyAirReading> {
+    /** Sensor domain family classification */
+    readonly sensorFamily = "air";
+    /** Unique algorithmic model code */
+    readonly modelCode = "canopy-microclimate-evaluator";
+    /** Algorithm semver version */
+    readonly modelVersion = "1.0.0";
+    /** Human-readable model description */
+    readonly description = "In-plot canopy microclimate, foliar VPD, and dew point converter";
+    /**
+     * Converts raw canopy temperature and humidity readings into normalized microclimate and bioclimatic indicators.
+     *
+     * @param raw - Object containing canopy temperature and relative humidity.
+     * @param _context - Optional environmental conversion context.
+     * @returns Array containing temperature, humidity, dew point, and foliar VPD metrics.
+     */
+    convert(raw: CanopyAirReading, _context?: ConversionContext): ConversionOutput[];
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=CanopyMicroclimateConverter.d.ts.map

package/dist/CanopyMicroclimateConverter.d.ts.map

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package/dist/CanopyMicroclimateConverter.js

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+"use strict";
+Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
+exports.CanopyMicroclimateConverter = void 0;
+const sensor_1 = require("@bradtech/sensor");
+/**
+ * In-plot Canopy Microclimate & Foliar VPD Converter.
+ *
+ * Computes:
+ * - Direct canopy temperature (°C)
+ * - Direct canopy relative humidity (%)
+ * - Foliar Dew Point (°C) via Magnus-Tetens formula:
+ *   $$\gamma = \frac{a \cdot T}{b + T} + \ln\left(\frac{RH}{100}\right), \quad T_{dew} = \frac{b \cdot \gamma}{a - \gamma}$$
+ * - Foliar Vapor Pressure Deficit ($VPD_{canopy}$ in kPa) via Tetens saturation vapor pressure:
+ *   $$e_s(T) = 0.61078 \cdot \exp\left(\frac{17.27 \cdot T}{T + 237.3}\right), \quad VPD = e_s(T) \cdot \left(1 - \frac{RH}{100}\right)$$
+ */
+class CanopyMicroclimateConverter extends sensor_1.BaseSensorConverter {
+    constructor() {
+        super(...arguments);
+        /** Sensor domain family classification */
+        this.sensorFamily = 'air';
+        /** Unique algorithmic model code */
+        this.modelCode = 'canopy-microclimate-evaluator';
+        /** Algorithm semver version */
+        this.modelVersion = '1.0.0';
+        /** Human-readable model description */
+        this.description = 'In-plot canopy microclimate, foliar VPD, and dew point converter';
+    }
+    /**
+     * Converts raw canopy temperature and humidity readings into normalized microclimate and bioclimatic indicators.
+     *
+     * @param raw - Object containing canopy temperature and relative humidity.
+     * @param _context - Optional environmental conversion context.
+     * @returns Array containing temperature, humidity, dew point, and foliar VPD metrics.
+     */
+    convert(raw, _context) {
+        const outputs = [];
+        // 1. Canopy Temperature
+        const tempClamped = this.clampWithConfidence(raw.temperature, -40, 65, -20, 50);
+        outputs.push({
+            metric: 'okf:agronomy/microclimate/canopy_temperature',
+            value: tempClamped.value,
+            unit: '°C',
+            qudtUri: 'qudt:unit/DEG_C',
+            confidence: tempClamped.confidence,
+        });
+        // 2. Canopy Relative Humidity
+        const humClamped = this.clampWithConfidence(raw.humidity, 0, 100);
+        outputs.push({
+            metric: 'okf:agronomy/microclimate/canopy_humidity',
+            value: humClamped.value,
+            unit: '%',
+            qudtUri: 'qudt:unit/PERCENT',
+            confidence: humClamped.confidence,
+        });
+        // 3. Foliar Dew Point (Magnus-Tetens)
+        const T = tempClamped.value;
+        const RH = Math.max(0.1, humClamped.value);
+        const a = 17.27;
+        const b = 237.7;
+        const gamma = (a * T) / (b + T) + Math.log(RH / 100.0);
+        const dewPoint = (b * gamma) / (a - gamma);
+        const dewPointClamped = this.clampWithConfidence(dewPoint, -50, 50);
+        outputs.push({
+            metric: 'okf:agronomy/microclimate/dew_point',
+            value: dewPointClamped.value,
+            unit: '°C',
+            qudtUri: 'qudt:unit/DEG_C',
+            confidence: Math.min(tempClamped.confidence, humClamped.confidence),
+            metadata: { formula: 'Magnus-Tetens' },
+        });
+        // 4. Foliar Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD in kPa)
+        const es = 0.61078 * Math.exp((17.27 * T) / (T + 237.3));
+        const ea = es * (RH / 100.0);
+        const vpd = Math.max(0, es - ea);
+        const vpdClamped = this.clampWithConfidence(vpd, 0, 10, 0, 5);
+        outputs.push({
+            metric: 'okf:agronomy/plant/foliar_vpd',
+            value: vpdClamped.value,
+            unit: 'kPa',
+            qudtUri: 'qudt:unit/KiloPA',
+            confidence: Math.min(tempClamped.confidence, humClamped.confidence),
+            metadata: {
+                saturationVaporPressureKpa: Number(es.toFixed(3)),
+                actualVaporPressureKpa: Number(ea.toFixed(3)),
+                transpirationStress: vpd > 2.0 ? 'high_water_stress' : vpd < 0.4 ? 'low_transpiration_fungal_risk' : 'optimal',
+            },
+        });
+        return outputs;
+    }
+}
+exports.CanopyMicroclimateConverter = CanopyMicroclimateConverter;
+//# sourceMappingURL=CanopyMicroclimateConverter.js.map

package/dist/CanopyMicroclimateConverter.js.map

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package/dist/EvapotranspirationConverter.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import { BaseSensorConverter, type ConversionContext, type ConversionOutput } from '@bradtech/sensor';
+/**
+ * Daily temperature and radiation inputs required for reference evapotranspiration computation.
+ */
+export interface EvapotranspirationInput {
+    /** Daily minimum canopy temperature in °C ($T_{min}$) */
+    tempMin: number;
+    /** Daily maximum canopy temperature in °C ($T_{max}$) */
+    tempMax: number;
+    /** Daily mean canopy temperature in °C ($T_{mean}$) */
+    tempMean: number;
+    /** Global extraterrestrial or measured solar radiation flux in $\text{MJ}/(\text{m}^2\cdot\text{day})$ ($R_a$) */
+    solarRadiationMj?: number;
+    /** Geographic plot latitude in decimal degrees (e.g. 44.8378 for Bordeaux) */
+    latitudeDegrees?: number;
+    /** Julian day of year ($1 - 366$) */
+    dayOfYear?: number;
+}
+/**
+ * Agronomic Daily Reference Evapotranspiration ($ET_0$) Converter.
+ *
+ * Implements the internationally recognized FAO-56 Hargreaves-Samani temperature-radiation formulation:
+ * $$ET_0 = 0.0023 \cdot (T_{mean} + 17.8) \cdot \sqrt{T_{max} - T_{min}} \cdot R_a \cdot 0.408$$
+ *
+ * where $0.408$ represents the inverse of the latent heat of vaporization ($\lambda^{-1}$ in $\text{mm}/(\text{MJ}\cdot\text{m}^{-2})$).
+ */
+export declare class EvapotranspirationConverter extends BaseSensorConverter<EvapotranspirationInput> {
+    /** Sensor domain family classification */
+    readonly sensorFamily = "air";
+    /** Unique algorithmic model code */
+    readonly modelCode = "evapotranspiration-hargreaves-fao56";
+    /** Algorithm semver version */
+    readonly modelVersion = "1.0.0";
+    /** Human-readable model description */
+    readonly description = "FAO-56 Hargreaves-Samani daily reference evapotranspiration (ET0) calculator";
+    /**
+     * Converts daily temperature extremes and radiation into daily reference crop evapotranspiration ($ET_0$ in mm/day).
+     *
+     * @param raw - Object containing $T_{min}, T_{max}, T_{mean}$, and optional radiation $R_a$.
+     * @param _context - Optional environmental context.
+     * @returns Single-element array containing the $ET_0$ metric in mm/day.
+     */
+    convert(raw: EvapotranspirationInput, _context?: ConversionContext): ConversionOutput[];
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=EvapotranspirationConverter.d.ts.map

package/dist/EvapotranspirationConverter.d.ts.map

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package/dist/EvapotranspirationConverter.js

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+"use strict";
+Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
+exports.EvapotranspirationConverter = void 0;
+const sensor_1 = require("@bradtech/sensor");
+/**
+ * Agronomic Daily Reference Evapotranspiration ($ET_0$) Converter.
+ *
+ * Implements the internationally recognized FAO-56 Hargreaves-Samani temperature-radiation formulation:
+ * $$ET_0 = 0.0023 \cdot (T_{mean} + 17.8) \cdot \sqrt{T_{max} - T_{min}} \cdot R_a \cdot 0.408$$
+ *
+ * where $0.408$ represents the inverse of the latent heat of vaporization ($\lambda^{-1}$ in $\text{mm}/(\text{MJ}\cdot\text{m}^{-2})$).
+ */
+class EvapotranspirationConverter extends sensor_1.BaseSensorConverter {
+    constructor() {
+        super(...arguments);
+        /** Sensor domain family classification */
+        this.sensorFamily = 'air';
+        /** Unique algorithmic model code */
+        this.modelCode = 'evapotranspiration-hargreaves-fao56';
+        /** Algorithm semver version */
+        this.modelVersion = '1.0.0';
+        /** Human-readable model description */
+        this.description = 'FAO-56 Hargreaves-Samani daily reference evapotranspiration (ET0) calculator';
+    }
+    /**
+     * Converts daily temperature extremes and radiation into daily reference crop evapotranspiration ($ET_0$ in mm/day).
+     *
+     * @param raw - Object containing $T_{min}, T_{max}, T_{mean}$, and optional radiation $R_a$.
+     * @param _context - Optional environmental context.
+     * @returns Single-element array containing the $ET_0$ metric in mm/day.
+     */
+    convert(raw, _context) {
+        const deltaT = Math.max(0, raw.tempMax - raw.tempMin);
+        const tMean = raw.tempMean;
+        // Extraterrestrial radiation estimate (Ra) if not provided directly
+        let Ra = raw.solarRadiationMj;
+        if (!Ra || Ra <= 0) {
+            // Default approximation for temperate European agricultural latitudes (~44°N)
+            Ra = 25.0;
+        }
+        // Hargreaves-Samani equation: ET0 = 0.0023 * (Tmean + 17.8) * sqrt(Tmax - Tmin) * Ra * 0.408
+        const et0 = 0.0023 * (tMean + 17.8) * Math.sqrt(deltaT) * Ra * 0.408;
+        const clamped = this.clampWithConfidence(et0, 0, 15, 0, 10);
+        return [
+            {
+                metric: 'okf:agronomy/evapotranspiration/et0',
+                value: clamped.value,
+                unit: 'mm/day',
+                qudtUri: 'qudt:unit/MilliM',
+                confidence: clamped.confidence,
+                metadata: {
+                    method: 'Hargreaves-Samani-FAO56',
+                    tempRange: Number(deltaT.toFixed(2)),
+                    radiationMj: Ra,
+                },
+            },
+        ];
+    }
+}
+exports.EvapotranspirationConverter = EvapotranspirationConverter;
+//# sourceMappingURL=EvapotranspirationConverter.js.map

package/dist/EvapotranspirationConverter.js.map

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package/dist/GroundFrostRiskConverter.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { BaseSensorConverter, type ConversionContext, type ConversionOutput } from '@bradtech/sensor';
+/**
+ * Microclimate temperature and relative humidity inputs for frost risk evaluation.
+ */
+export interface GroundFrostInput {
+    /** Air temperature measured at plant/canopy height in °C ($T$) */
+    canopyTemperature: number;
+    /** Relative humidity measured at plant/canopy height in % ($RH$) */
+    canopyHumidity: number;
+}
+/**
+ * Radiative Ground Frost Risk & Wet-Bulb Temperature Converter.
+ *
+ * Implements the Roland Stull empirical formulation to compute the Psychrometric Wet-Bulb
+ * Temperature ($T_w$ in °C), which is the exact physical temperature reached by plant leaves
+ * and vegetative buds under radiative night cooling:
+ *
+ * $$T_w = T \cdot \arctan\left(0.151977 \cdot (RH + 8.313659)^{1/2}\right) + \arctan(T + RH) - \arctan(RH - 1.676331) + 0.00391838 \cdot RH^{3/2} \cdot \arctan(0.023101 \cdot RH) - 4.686035$$
+ */
+export declare class GroundFrostRiskConverter extends BaseSensorConverter<GroundFrostInput> {
+    /** Sensor domain family classification */
+    readonly sensorFamily = "air";
+    /** Unique algorithmic model code */
+    readonly modelCode = "ground-frost-risk-evaluator";
+    /** Algorithm semver version */
+    readonly modelVersion = "1.0.0";
+    /** Human-readable model description */
+    readonly description = "Radiative ground frost risk and wet-bulb temperature calculator";
+    /**
+     * Converts canopy microclimate readings into wet-bulb temperature ($T_w$) and discrete agronomic frost severity index.
+     *
+     * @param raw - Object containing canopy temperature and relative humidity.
+     * @param _context - Optional environmental conversion context.
+     * @returns Array containing the wet-bulb temperature and the discrete frost risk index (0 to 3).
+     */
+    convert(raw: GroundFrostInput, _context?: ConversionContext): ConversionOutput[];
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=GroundFrostRiskConverter.d.ts.map

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package/dist/GroundFrostRiskConverter.js

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+"use strict";
+Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
+exports.GroundFrostRiskConverter = void 0;
+const sensor_1 = require("@bradtech/sensor");
+/**
+ * Radiative Ground Frost Risk & Wet-Bulb Temperature Converter.
+ *
+ * Implements the Roland Stull empirical formulation to compute the Psychrometric Wet-Bulb
+ * Temperature ($T_w$ in °C), which is the exact physical temperature reached by plant leaves
+ * and vegetative buds under radiative night cooling:
+ *
+ * $$T_w = T \cdot \arctan\left(0.151977 \cdot (RH + 8.313659)^{1/2}\right) + \arctan(T + RH) - \arctan(RH - 1.676331) + 0.00391838 \cdot RH^{3/2} \cdot \arctan(0.023101 \cdot RH) - 4.686035$$
+ */
+class GroundFrostRiskConverter extends sensor_1.BaseSensorConverter {
+    constructor() {
+        super(...arguments);
+        /** Sensor domain family classification */
+        this.sensorFamily = 'air';
+        /** Unique algorithmic model code */
+        this.modelCode = 'ground-frost-risk-evaluator';
+        /** Algorithm semver version */
+        this.modelVersion = '1.0.0';
+        /** Human-readable model description */
+        this.description = 'Radiative ground frost risk and wet-bulb temperature calculator';
+    }
+    /**
+     * Converts canopy microclimate readings into wet-bulb temperature ($T_w$) and discrete agronomic frost severity index.
+     *
+     * @param raw - Object containing canopy temperature and relative humidity.
+     * @param _context - Optional environmental conversion context.
+     * @returns Array containing the wet-bulb temperature and the discrete frost risk index (0 to 3).
+     */
+    convert(raw, _context) {
+        const T = raw.canopyTemperature;
+        const RH = raw.canopyHumidity;
+        // Stull formula for Wet Bulb Temperature (Tw in °C):
+        const Tw = T * Math.atan(0.151977 * Math.pow(RH + 8.313659, 0.5)) +
+            Math.atan(T + RH) -
+            Math.atan(RH - 1.676331) +
+            0.00391838 * Math.pow(RH, 1.5) * Math.atan(0.023101 * RH) -
+            4.686035;
+        // Frost Risk Level: 0 (No risk), 1 (Monitoring, Tw < 3°C), 2 (Warning, Tw < 1°C), 3 (Severe Frost, Tw < 0°C)
+        let frostRisk = 0;
+        if (Tw <= -0.5)
+            frostRisk = 3;
+        else if (Tw <= 1.0)
+            frostRisk = 2;
+        else if (Tw <= 3.0)
+            frostRisk = 1;
+        const twClamped = this.clampWithConfidence(Tw, -40, 50);
+        return [
+            {
+                metric: 'okf:agronomy/microclimate/wet_bulb_temperature',
+                value: twClamped.value,
+                unit: '°C',
+                qudtUri: 'qudt:unit/DEG_C',
+                confidence: twClamped.confidence,
+            },
+            {
+                metric: 'okf:agronomy/risk/frost_index',
+                value: frostRisk,
+                unit: 'level',
+                qudtUri: 'qudt:unit/UNITLESS',
+                confidence: 1.0,
+                metadata: {
+                    frostState: frostRisk === 3 ? 'severe' : frostRisk === 2 ? 'warning' : frostRisk === 1 ? 'watch' : 'none',
+                },
+            },
+        ];
+    }
+}
+exports.GroundFrostRiskConverter = GroundFrostRiskConverter;
+//# sourceMappingURL=GroundFrostRiskConverter.js.map

package/dist/GroundFrostRiskConverter.js.map

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package/dist/index.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+export * from './CanopyMicroclimateConverter';
+export * from './EvapotranspirationConverter';
+export * from './GroundFrostRiskConverter';
+//# sourceMappingURL=index.d.ts.map

package/dist/index.d.ts.map

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package/dist/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+"use strict";
+var __createBinding = (this && this.__createBinding) || (Object.create ? (function(o, m, k, k2) {
+    if (k2 === undefined) k2 = k;
+    var desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(m, k);
+    if (!desc || ("get" in desc ? !m.__esModule : desc.writable || desc.configurable)) {
+      desc = { enumerable: true, get: function() { return m[k]; } };
+    }
+    Object.defineProperty(o, k2, desc);
+}) : (function(o, m, k, k2) {
+    if (k2 === undefined) k2 = k;
+    o[k2] = m[k];
+}));
+var __exportStar = (this && this.__exportStar) || function(m, exports) {
+    for (var p in m) if (p !== "default" && !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(exports, p)) __createBinding(exports, m, p);
+};
+Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
+__exportStar(require("./CanopyMicroclimateConverter"), exports);
+__exportStar(require("./EvapotranspirationConverter"), exports);
+__exportStar(require("./GroundFrostRiskConverter"), exports);
+//# sourceMappingURL=index.js.map

package/dist/index.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/package.json

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+{
+  "name": "@bradtech/sensor-air",
+  "version": "1.1.0",
+  "description": "In-plot crop canopy air microclimate, foliar VPD, evapotranspiration, and frost risk converters",
+  "author": "Olivier Lépine <olivier@lepine.fr>",
+  "license": "AGPL-3.0-or-later",
+  "copyright": "Copyright (C) 2026 Olivier Lépine",
+  "publishConfig": {
+    "access": "public",
+    "registry": "https://registry.npmjs.org/"
+  },
+  "repository": {
+    "type": "git",
+    "url": "https://github.com/bradtech-oss/stack.git",
+    "directory": "packages/sensor-air"
+  },
+  "keywords": [
+    "iot",
+    "microclimate",
+    "canopy-temperature",
+    "foliar-vpd",
+    "vpd",
+    "evapotranspiration",
+    "et0",
+    "frost-risk",
+    "agronomy",
+    "brad",
+    "agpl-v3"
+  ],
+  "main": "./dist/index.js",
+  "module": "./dist/index.js",
+  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "bun": "./src/index.ts",
+      "import": "./dist/index.js",
+      "require": "./dist/index.js",
+      "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
+      "default": "./dist/index.js"
+    }
+  },
+  "files": [
+    "dist",
+    "src",
+    "LICENSE",
+    "README.md",
+    "HOWTO.md",
+    "!**/*.test.ts"
+  ],
+  "scripts": {
+    "clean": "rm -rf dist",
+    "build": "tsc",
+    "wbuild": "tsc --watch",
+    "test": "bun test"
+  },
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@bradtech/sensor": "workspace:*"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@tsconfig/recommended": "^1.0.1",
+    "@types/node": "^22.10.1",
+    "typescript": "^5.1.5"
+  }
+}

package/src/CanopyMicroclimateConverter.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+import { BaseSensorConverter, type ConversionContext, type ConversionOutput } from '@bradtech/sensor'
+
+/**
+ * Raw input reading for canopy-level ambient microclimate.
+ */
+export interface CanopyAirReading {
+   /** In-canopy air temperature in °C */
+   temperature: number
+   /** In-canopy relative humidity in % (0 - 100) */
+   humidity: number
+}
+
+/**
+ * In-plot Canopy Microclimate & Foliar VPD Converter.
+ *
+ * Computes:
+ * - Direct canopy temperature (°C)
+ * - Direct canopy relative humidity (%)
+ * - Foliar Dew Point (°C) via Magnus-Tetens formula:
+ *   $$\gamma = \frac{a \cdot T}{b + T} + \ln\left(\frac{RH}{100}\right), \quad T_{dew} = \frac{b \cdot \gamma}{a - \gamma}$$
+ * - Foliar Vapor Pressure Deficit ($VPD_{canopy}$ in kPa) via Tetens saturation vapor pressure:
+ *   $$e_s(T) = 0.61078 \cdot \exp\left(\frac{17.27 \cdot T}{T + 237.3}\right), \quad VPD = e_s(T) \cdot \left(1 - \frac{RH}{100}\right)$$
+ */
+export class CanopyMicroclimateConverter extends BaseSensorConverter<CanopyAirReading> {
+   /** Sensor domain family classification */
+   readonly sensorFamily = 'air'
+   /** Unique algorithmic model code */
+   readonly modelCode = 'canopy-microclimate-evaluator'
+   /** Algorithm semver version */
+   readonly modelVersion = '1.0.0'
+   /** Human-readable model description */
+   readonly description = 'In-plot canopy microclimate, foliar VPD, and dew point converter'
+
+   /**
+    * Converts raw canopy temperature and humidity readings into normalized microclimate and bioclimatic indicators.
+    *
+    * @param raw - Object containing canopy temperature and relative humidity.
+    * @param _context - Optional environmental conversion context.
+    * @returns Array containing temperature, humidity, dew point, and foliar VPD metrics.
+    */
+   convert(raw: CanopyAirReading, _context?: ConversionContext): ConversionOutput[] {
+      const outputs: ConversionOutput[] = []
+
+      // 1. Canopy Temperature
+      const tempClamped = this.clampWithConfidence(raw.temperature, -40, 65, -20, 50)
+      outputs.push({
+         metric: 'okf:agronomy/microclimate/canopy_temperature',
+         value: tempClamped.value,
+         unit: '°C',
+         qudtUri: 'qudt:unit/DEG_C',
+         confidence: tempClamped.confidence,
+      })
+
+      // 2. Canopy Relative Humidity
+      const humClamped = this.clampWithConfidence(raw.humidity, 0, 100)
+      outputs.push({
+         metric: 'okf:agronomy/microclimate/canopy_humidity',
+         value: humClamped.value,
+         unit: '%',
+         qudtUri: 'qudt:unit/PERCENT',
+         confidence: humClamped.confidence,
+      })
+
+      // 3. Foliar Dew Point (Magnus-Tetens)
+      const T = tempClamped.value
+      const RH = Math.max(0.1, humClamped.value)
+      const a = 17.27
+      const b = 237.7
+      const gamma = (a * T) / (b + T) + Math.log(RH / 100.0)
+      const dewPoint = (b * gamma) / (a - gamma)
+      const dewPointClamped = this.clampWithConfidence(dewPoint, -50, 50)
+
+      outputs.push({
+         metric: 'okf:agronomy/microclimate/dew_point',
+         value: dewPointClamped.value,
+         unit: '°C',
+         qudtUri: 'qudt:unit/DEG_C',
+         confidence: Math.min(tempClamped.confidence, humClamped.confidence),
+         metadata: { formula: 'Magnus-Tetens' },
+      })
+
+      // 4. Foliar Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD in kPa)
+      const es = 0.61078 * Math.exp((17.27 * T) / (T + 237.3))
+      const ea = es * (RH / 100.0)
+      const vpd = Math.max(0, es - ea)
+      const vpdClamped = this.clampWithConfidence(vpd, 0, 10, 0, 5)
+
+      outputs.push({
+         metric: 'okf:agronomy/plant/foliar_vpd',
+         value: vpdClamped.value,
+         unit: 'kPa',
+         qudtUri: 'qudt:unit/KiloPA',
+
+         confidence: Math.min(tempClamped.confidence, humClamped.confidence),
+         metadata: {
+            saturationVaporPressureKpa: Number(es.toFixed(3)),
+            actualVaporPressureKpa: Number(ea.toFixed(3)),
+            transpirationStress: vpd > 2.0 ? 'high_water_stress' : vpd < 0.4 ? 'low_transpiration_fungal_risk' : 'optimal',
+         },
+      })
+
+      return outputs
+   }
+}