@blogic-cz/agent-tools 1.11.1 → 1.13.0

package/src/credential-guard/policy.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1576 @@
+import { formatLiteralPrintf } from "./literal-output";
+import { splitXargsInput } from "./xargs";
+import { parseBash } from "./bash";
+import { parsePowerShell } from "./powershell";
+import { MAX_PARSE_DEPTH, MAX_SCRIPT_BYTES, wordText } from "./ir";
+import type { Command, List, ParseError, Pipeline, Redirect, Script, Span, Word } from "./ir";
+import {
+  CODE_OR_PROSE_EXTENSION,
+  expandGlobAlternatives,
+  isSensitivePath,
+  normalizePath,
+} from "./paths";
+import type { PathContext } from "./paths";
+import { analyzeCode, buildRegistry, classify, executableName, isStdinScript } from "./registry";
+import type { Issue, Language, Registry } from "./registry";
+
+const builtInNonSecretNames = ["HOME", "PWD", "OLDPWD", "PATH"] as const;
+
+const ruleNames = [
+  "unparseable",
+  "ambient-expansion",
+  "secret-source",
+  "sensitive-path",
+  "opaque-path",
+  "opaque-executable",
+  "opaque-code",
+  "opaque-env-name",
+  "no-analyzer",
+  "wrapper-required",
+  "configured-pattern",
+  "startup-mutation",
+  "unsupported-option",
+  "analysis-limit",
+  "copy-destination",
+] satisfies readonly string[];
+export type RuleId = string & { readonly __brand: "RuleId" };
+function isRuleId(value: string): value is RuleId {
+  return ruleNames.includes(value);
+}
+function ruleId(value: string): RuleId {
+  if (isRuleId(value)) return value;
+  throw new Error(`unknown rule ${value}`);
+}
+export type Finding = { readonly rule: RuleId; readonly detail: string; readonly span: Span };
+export type Decision =
+  | { readonly kind: "pass" }
+  | { readonly kind: "violation"; readonly findings: readonly [Finding, ...Finding[]] }
+  | { readonly kind: "missing-knowledge"; readonly findings: readonly [Finding, ...Finding[]] };
+export type PolicyContext = PathContext & {
+  readonly approvedNames?: ReadonlySet<string>;
+  readonly onInvocation?: (executable: string, argv: readonly (string | undefined)[]) => void;
+  readonly registry?: Registry;
+  readonly dangerousPatterns?: readonly RegExp[];
+  readonly isPathBlocked?: (path: string) => boolean;
+  readonly chainCopyDestinations?: readonly string[];
+  readonly proveCopyDestination?: (path: string, source: string) => boolean;
+};
+export type Value =
+  | { readonly kind: "literal"; readonly texts: readonly string[] }
+  | {
+      readonly kind: "opaque";
+      readonly mentions: readonly string[];
+      readonly prefix: string;
+      readonly globPatterns?: readonly string[];
+      readonly supplied?: boolean;
+    }
+  | { readonly kind: "stream"; readonly stdout: Value };
+type Scope = {
+  readonly bindings: ReadonlyMap<string, Value>;
+  readonly cwd: Value;
+  readonly positional: readonly Value[] | null;
+  readonly written: ReadonlyMap<string, Value>;
+  readonly exported: ReadonlySet<string>;
+  readonly dirtyStartup: readonly string[];
+  readonly dialect: Script["dialect"];
+  readonly braceMode: "bash" | "zsh" | "literal" | "host" | "sh";
+};
+type LoopFrame = { allowed: boolean; breaks: Scope | null; continues: Scope | null };
+type Flow = {
+  readonly success: Scope | null;
+  readonly failure: Scope | null;
+  readonly stdout: Value;
+};
+export const MAX_VALUE_ALTERNATIVES = 64;
+export const MAX_LOOP_PASSES = 8;
+export const MAX_FOLD_STEPS = 20000;
+const literal = (...texts: string[]): Value => ({ kind: "literal", texts });
+const opaque = (...fragments: string[]): Extract<Value, { kind: "opaque" }> => ({
+  kind: "opaque",
+  prefix: "",
+  mentions: [...new Set(fragments)].slice(0, MAX_VALUE_ALTERNATIVES),
+});
+const glob = (text: string): Value => ({ ...opaque(text), globPatterns: [text] });
+function mentions(value: Value): readonly string[] {
+  return value.kind === "literal" ? value.texts : value.kind === "opaque" ? value.mentions : [];
+}
+function join(a: Value, b: Value): Value {
+  const texts = [...new Set([...mentions(a), ...mentions(b)])];
+  return a.kind === "literal" && b.kind === "literal" && texts.length <= MAX_VALUE_ALTERNATIVES
+    ? { kind: "literal", texts }
+    : opaque(...texts);
+}
+function concat(a: Value, b: Value): Value {
+  if (a.kind === "literal" && a.texts.length === 1 && a.texts[0] === "") return b;
+  if (b.kind === "literal" && b.texts.length === 1 && b.texts[0] === "") return a;
+  const aPatterns =
+    a.kind === "literal" ? a.texts : a.kind === "opaque" ? a.globPatterns : undefined;
+  const bPatterns =
+    b.kind === "literal" ? b.texts : b.kind === "opaque" ? b.globPatterns : undefined;
+  if (
+    aPatterns &&
+    bPatterns &&
+    (a.kind !== "literal" || b.kind !== "literal") &&
+    aPatterns.length * bPatterns.length <= MAX_VALUE_ALTERNATIVES
+  ) {
+    const patterns = aPatterns.flatMap((left) => bPatterns.map((right) => left + right));
+    if (patterns.every((pattern) => pattern.length <= MAX_SCRIPT_BYTES))
+      return { ...opaque(...patterns), globPatterns: patterns };
+  }
+  if (
+    a.kind !== "literal" ||
+    b.kind !== "literal" ||
+    a.texts.length * b.texts.length > MAX_VALUE_ALTERNATIVES ||
+    a.texts.some((x) => b.texts.some((y) => x.length + y.length > MAX_SCRIPT_BYTES))
+  )
+    return {
+      ...opaque(...mentions(a), ...mentions(b)),
+      prefix:
+        a.kind === "literal" && a.texts.length === 1
+          ? (a.texts[0] ?? "") + (b.kind === "opaque" ? b.prefix : "")
+          : a.kind === "opaque"
+            ? a.prefix
+            : "",
+    };
+  return { kind: "literal", texts: a.texts.flatMap((x) => b.texts.map((y) => x + y)) };
+}
+function merge(a: Scope | null, b: Scope | null): Scope | null {
+  if (!a) return b;
+  if (!b) return a;
+  const bindings = new Map<string, Value>();
+  for (const [key, value] of a.bindings) {
+    const other = b.bindings.get(key);
+    if (other) bindings.set(key, join(value, other));
+  }
+  const written = new Map(a.written);
+  for (const [key, value] of b.written)
+    written.set(key, written.has(key) ? join(written.get(key) ?? opaque(), value) : value);
+  return {
+    ...a,
+    braceMode: a.braceMode === b.braceMode ? a.braceMode : "host",
+    bindings,
+    written,
+    exported: new Set([...a.exported, ...b.exported]),
+    cwd: join(a.cwd, b.cwd),
+    dirtyStartup: [...new Set([...a.dirtyStartup, ...b.dirtyStartup])],
+  };
+}
+function withStartup(scope: Scope, paths: readonly string[]): Scope {
+  return {
+    ...scope,
+    dirtyStartup: [...new Set([...scope.dirtyStartup, ...paths])],
+  };
+}
+function after(flow: Flow): Scope | null {
+  return merge(flow.success, flow.failure);
+}
+function stateKey(scope: Scope): string {
+  return JSON.stringify({
+    bindings: [...scope.bindings].toSorted(([a], [b]) => a.localeCompare(b)),
+    cwd: scope.cwd,
+    dirty: scope.dirtyStartup,
+    braceMode: scope.braceMode,
+    exported: [...scope.exported].toSorted(),
+    written: [...scope.written].toSorted(([a], [b]) => a.localeCompare(b)),
+  });
+}
+
+function redirectsCannotFail(items: readonly Redirect[]): boolean {
+  const open = new Set([0, 1, 2]);
+  for (const item of items) {
+    if (item.kind === "file" && wordText(item.target) === "/dev/null") {
+      open.add(item.fd ?? (item.op === "<" ? 0 : 1));
+    } else if (item.kind === "duplicate") {
+      const fd = item.fd ?? (item.input ? 0 : 1);
+      if (item.target === "-") open.delete(fd);
+      else if (/^[0-9]+$/.test(item.target) && open.has(Number(item.target))) open.add(fd);
+      else return false;
+    } else return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+function readTargets(command: Command): readonly string[] | null {
+  if (command.kind !== "simple" || !command.argv[0] || wordText(command.argv[0]) !== "read")
+    return null;
+  const names = command.argv.slice(1).map(wordText);
+  if (names[0] === "-r") names.shift();
+  if (names[0] === "--") names.shift();
+  return names.length &&
+    names.every(
+      (name): name is string => name !== undefined && /^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$/.test(name),
+    )
+    ? names
+    : null;
+}
+
+export function judge(script: Script | ParseError, context: PolicyContext): Decision {
+  const findings: Finding[] = [];
+  let detected = false;
+  let steps = 0;
+  let herdrSeen = false;
+  let loopFrames: LoopFrame[] = [];
+  const childShell = (run: () => Flow): Flow => {
+    const parent = loopFrames;
+    loopFrames = [];
+    try {
+      return run();
+    } finally {
+      loopFrames = parent;
+    }
+  };
+  const observedWrites = new Map<string, Value>();
+  const observeWrite = (path: string, value: Value): void => {
+    observedWrites.set(path, join(observedWrites.get(path) ?? literal(), value));
+  };
+  const writtenValue = (scope: Scope, path: string): Value | undefined => {
+    const scoped = scope.written.get(path);
+    const observed = observedWrites.get(path);
+    return scoped
+      ? observed
+        ? join(scoped, observed)
+        : scoped
+      : observed
+        ? opaque(...mentions(observed))
+        : undefined;
+  };
+  const copyProofs: Array<() => void> = [];
+  const registry = context.registry ?? buildRegistry();
+  const emit = (rule: string, detail: string, span: Span, uncertainty = false): void => {
+    detected ||= !uncertainty;
+    if (findings.length < 256) findings.push({ rule: ruleId(rule), detail, span });
+  };
+  const checkConfigured = (text: string, span: Span): void => {
+    for (const pattern of context.dangerousPatterns ?? [])
+      if (new RegExp(pattern.source, pattern.flags.replace(/[gy]/g, "")).test(text))
+        emit("configured-pattern", pattern.source, span);
+  };
+  const issue = (item: Issue, span: Span): void =>
+    emit(item.rule, item.detail, span, item.kind === "missing-knowledge");
+  const allowed = (name: string, dialect: Script["dialect"]): boolean =>
+    [...builtInNonSecretNames, ...(context.approvedNames ?? [])].some((n) =>
+      dialect === "powershell" ? n.toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase() : n === name,
+    );
+  const bindingName = (name: string, scope: Scope): string =>
+    scope.dialect === "powershell" ? name.toLowerCase() : name;
+  const startup = (name: string): boolean =>
+    registry.startupVariables.has(name.toUpperCase()) ||
+    /^(?:LD_|DYLD_|_RLD_|LDR_|PYTHON[A-Z_]|GIT_CONFIG_(?:KEY|VALUE)_)/i.test(name);
+  const safeStartup = (
+    name: string,
+    value: Value,
+    argv: readonly (string | undefined)[],
+  ): boolean => {
+    if (value.kind !== "literal" || value.texts.length !== 1) return false;
+    const target = executableName(argv[0] ?? "");
+    if (name === "HOME")
+      return [
+        "jq",
+        "cat",
+        "sed",
+        "awk",
+        "ls",
+        "rg",
+        "grep",
+        "head",
+        "tail",
+        "wc",
+        "sort",
+        "true",
+        ":",
+      ].includes(target);
+    return (
+      ["GIT_EDITOR", "GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR"].includes(name) &&
+      target === "git" &&
+      ["true", ":", "false"].includes(value.texts[0] ?? "")
+    );
+  };
+  const charge = (span: Span, units = 1): boolean => {
+    steps += units;
+    if (steps <= MAX_FOLD_STEPS) return true;
+    emit("analysis-limit", "fold step limit", span, true);
+    return false;
+  };
+  const checkPath = (
+    value: Value,
+    scope: Scope,
+    span: Span,
+    contentRead = false,
+    gitObject = false,
+  ): readonly string[] => {
+    const resolved: string[] = [];
+    if (value.kind === "stream") return [];
+    if (
+      (value.kind === "opaque" &&
+        !value.globPatterns?.every((pattern) => CODE_OR_PROSE_EXTENSION.test(pattern))) ||
+      scope.cwd.kind !== "literal"
+    )
+      emit("opaque-path", "path is not a finite literal", span, true);
+    for (const text of mentions(value)) {
+      for (const cwd of mentions(scope.cwd)) {
+        const named = text.replace(/^@/, "");
+        const clean =
+          gitObject && !/^[A-Za-z]:[\\/]/.test(named) ? named.replace(/^[^:]+:/, "") : named;
+        const path = normalizePath(clean, context.home, cwd);
+        resolved.push(path);
+        if (
+          isSensitivePath(clean, { ...context, cwd, contentRead }) ||
+          context.isPathBlocked?.(path)
+        )
+          emit("sensitive-path", text, span);
+      }
+    }
+    return resolved;
+  };
+  const evaluate = (word: Word, scope: Scope, depth: number): Value => {
+    if (!charge(word.span, word.parts.length + 1)) return opaque();
+    let value = literal("");
+    for (const part of word.parts) {
+      let next: Value;
+      switch (part.kind) {
+        case "literal":
+          next = literal(part.text);
+          break;
+        case "brace":
+          next = opaque("{" + part.alternatives.join(",") + "}");
+          break;
+        case "glob":
+          next = glob(part.text);
+          break;
+        case "special": {
+          if (/^[0-9]+$/.test(part.name) || part.name === "@" || part.name === "*") {
+            if (scope.positional === null) {
+              emit("ambient-expansion", `unbound positional ${part.name}`, word.span);
+              next = opaque();
+            } else if (/^[0-9]+$/.test(part.name))
+              next = scope.positional[Number(part.name)] ?? literal("");
+            else next = scope.positional.slice(1).reduce(join, literal());
+          } else next = opaque();
+          break;
+        }
+        case "parameter": {
+          const name = scope.dialect === "powershell" ? part.name.toUpperCase() : part.name;
+          const builtIn =
+            name === "HOME" && (scope.dialect === "bash" || !part.ambient)
+              ? literal(context.home)
+              : name === "PWD" && (scope.dialect === "bash" || !part.ambient)
+                ? scope.cwd
+                : undefined;
+          const bound =
+            (part.ambient ? undefined : scope.bindings.get(bindingName(part.name, scope))) ??
+            builtIn;
+          const fallback = part.operand ? evaluate(part.operand, scope, depth) : null;
+          if (bound) next = fallback && part.operator !== "plain" ? join(bound, fallback) : bound;
+          else if (
+            allowed(part.name, scope.dialect) ||
+            [
+              "PIPESTATUS",
+              "pipestatus",
+              "BASH_REMATCH",
+              "RANDOM",
+              "LINENO",
+              "SECONDS",
+              "PPID",
+              "UID",
+              "EUID",
+              "OPTIND",
+              "BASH_VERSION",
+            ].includes(part.name)
+          )
+            next = opaque();
+          else if (
+            part.operator === "alternate" &&
+            fallback?.kind === "literal" &&
+            fallback.texts.every((t) => t === "")
+          )
+            next = literal("");
+          else {
+            emit("ambient-expansion", part.name, part.span);
+            next = opaque();
+          }
+          if (part.operator === "length") next = opaque();
+          break;
+        }
+        case "command-substitution": {
+          const flow = childShell(() =>
+            foldList(part.body.body, { ...scope, dialect: part.body.dialect }, opaque(), depth + 1),
+          );
+          next =
+            flow.stdout.kind === "literal"
+              ? { kind: "literal", texts: flow.stdout.texts.map((t) => t.replace(/\n+$/, "")) }
+              : flow.stdout;
+          break;
+        }
+        case "process-substitution": {
+          const flow = childShell(() => foldList(part.body.body, scope, opaque(), depth + 1));
+          next = { kind: "stream", stdout: flow.stdout };
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      value = concat(value, next);
+    }
+    return value;
+  };
+  const analyze = (
+    language: Language,
+    value: Value,
+    scope: Scope,
+    input: Value,
+    span: Span,
+    depth: number,
+    positional: readonly Value[] = [],
+  ): Value => {
+    if (depth > MAX_PARSE_DEPTH) {
+      emit("analysis-limit", "nested execution depth", span, true);
+      return opaque();
+    }
+    if (value.kind !== "literal") {
+      emit("opaque-code", "code is not literal", span, true);
+      return opaque();
+    }
+    let stdout: Value = literal();
+    for (const text of value.texts) {
+      if (language === "bash" || language === "powershell") {
+        checkConfigured(text, span);
+        const nested = language === "bash" ? parseBash(text) : parsePowerShell(text);
+        if (nested.kind === "parse-error") {
+          emit(
+            nested.code === "work-limit" ? "analysis-limit" : "unparseable",
+            nested.code,
+            span,
+            true,
+          );
+          continue;
+        }
+        const findingStart = findings.length;
+        const flow = childShell(() =>
+          foldList(
+            nested.body,
+            {
+              ...scope,
+              positional,
+              dialect: nested.dialect,
+            },
+            input,
+            depth + 1,
+          ),
+        );
+        for (let index = findingStart; index < findings.length; index++) {
+          const finding = findings[index];
+          if (finding) findings[index] = { ...finding, span };
+        }
+        stdout = join(stdout, flow.stdout);
+      } else {
+        for (const finding of analyzeCode(language, text)) issue(finding, span);
+        stdout = opaque();
+      }
+    }
+    return stdout;
+  };
+  const redirects = (
+    items: readonly Redirect[],
+    scope: Scope,
+    input: Value,
+    depth: number,
+    span: Span,
+  ): {
+    scope: Scope;
+    input: Value;
+    outputs: readonly { path: string; append: boolean; fd: number }[];
+  } => {
+    let current = scope;
+    let stdin = input;
+    const outputs: { path: string; append: boolean; fd: number }[] = [];
+    for (const redirect of items) {
+      if (redirect.kind === "duplicate") {
+        if (redirect.input && (redirect.fd === null || redirect.fd === 0))
+          stdin = { ...opaque(), supplied: true };
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (redirect.kind === "heredoc" || redirect.kind === "herestring") {
+        const body = evaluate(redirect.body, current, depth);
+        const exact = redirect.body.parts.every((part) => part.kind === "literal");
+        if (redirect.fd === null || redirect.fd === 0)
+          stdin = !exact
+            ? opaque(...mentions(body))
+            : redirect.kind === "herestring"
+              ? concat(body, literal("\n"))
+              : body;
+        continue;
+      }
+      const target = evaluate(redirect.target, current, depth);
+      const paths = checkPath(target, current, span, redirect.op === "<" || redirect.op === "<>");
+      if (
+        (redirect.op === "<" || redirect.op === "<>") &&
+        (redirect.fd === null || redirect.fd === 0)
+      ) {
+        stdin = target.kind === "stream" ? target.stdout : { ...opaque(...paths), supplied: true };
+      }
+      if (redirect.op !== "<") {
+        outputs.push(
+          ...paths.map((path) => ({
+            path,
+            append: redirect.op === ">>" || redirect.op === "<>",
+            fd: redirect.fd ?? 1,
+          })),
+        );
+        current = withStartup(current, paths);
+      }
+    }
+    return { scope: current, input: stdin, outputs };
+  };
+  const invoke = (
+    values: readonly Value[],
+    scope: Scope,
+    input: Value,
+    span: Span,
+    depth: number,
+    runtimeWrapper = false,
+  ): Flow => {
+    if (!charge(span, values.length + 1) || depth > MAX_PARSE_DEPTH) {
+      if (depth > MAX_PARSE_DEPTH) emit("analysis-limit", "wrapper depth", span, true);
+      return { success: scope, failure: scope, stdout: opaque() };
+    }
+    const first = values[0];
+    if (!first || first.kind !== "literal" || first.texts.length !== 1) {
+      emit("opaque-executable", "executable is not one literal", span, true);
+      return { success: scope, failure: scope, stdout: opaque() };
+    }
+    const argv = values.map((v) =>
+      v.kind === "literal" && v.texts.length === 1
+        ? v.texts[0]
+        : v.kind === "opaque" &&
+            v.globPatterns?.length === 1 &&
+            /^(?:--glob|--iglob|--include)=/.test(v.globPatterns[0] ?? "")
+          ? v.globPatterns[0]
+          : undefined,
+    );
+    for (const cwd of mentions(scope.cwd)) {
+      const executable = first.texts[0] ?? "";
+      const written = writtenValue(scope, normalizePath(executable, context.home, cwd));
+      if (written)
+        analyze(
+          /\.(?:py|[cm]?[jt]sx?)$/i.test(executable) ? "runtime" : "bash",
+          written,
+          scope,
+          input,
+          span,
+          depth + 1,
+          values,
+        );
+    }
+    if (argv.every((word) => word !== undefined)) {
+      checkConfigured(argv.join(" "), span);
+      checkConfigured(
+        [argv[0], ...argv.slice(1).map((word) => JSON.stringify(word))].join(" "),
+        span,
+      );
+    }
+    herdrSeen ||= executableName(first.texts[0] ?? "") === "herdr";
+    context.onInvocation?.(first.texts[0] ?? "", argv);
+    for (const value of values.slice(1)) {
+      for (const text of mentions(value))
+        if (/^(?:env:|(?:microsoft\.powershell\.core[\\/])?environment::)/i.test(text))
+          checkPath(value, scope, span);
+    }
+    const hasInput = input.kind !== "opaque" || input.supplied === true;
+    const plan = classify(argv, registry, scope.dialect, runtimeWrapper);
+    if (plan.refuseSuppliedStdin && hasInput)
+      emit("opaque-code", "wrapped module receives code input", span, true);
+    if (plan.pipelinePaths && hasInput) {
+      if (input.kind !== "literal")
+        emit("opaque-path", "PowerShell pipeline path is not a literal string", span, true);
+      else checkPath(input, scope, span, true);
+    }
+    if (
+      [...scope.dirtyStartup, ...observedWrites.keys()].some((path) =>
+        plan.startupFiles.some((pattern) => pattern.test(path)),
+      )
+    )
+      emit(
+        "startup-mutation",
+        "execution follows a write to its trusted startup configuration",
+        span,
+        true,
+      );
+    for (const finding of plan.issues) issue(finding, span);
+    const bindings = new Map(plan.remote ? [] : scope.bindings);
+    const exported = new Set(plan.remote ? [] : scope.exported);
+    if (executableName(first.texts[0] ?? "") === "export")
+      for (const value of values.slice(1)) {
+        const text =
+          value.kind === "literal" && value.texts.length === 1
+            ? value.texts[0]
+            : value.kind === "opaque"
+              ? value.prefix
+              : undefined;
+        const name = /^([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)(?:=|$)/.exec(text ?? "")?.[1];
+        if (name) exported.add(bindingName(name, scope));
+      }
+    if (plan.delta === "assign") {
+      for (const value of values.slice(1)) {
+        if (value.kind === "literal") continue;
+        const name =
+          executableName(first.texts[0] ?? "") === "export" && value.kind === "opaque"
+            ? /^([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)=/.exec(value.prefix)?.[1]
+            : undefined;
+        if (name) {
+          if (startup(name)) emit("startup-mutation", name, span, true);
+          bindings.set(bindingName(name, scope), opaque(...mentions(value)));
+          continue;
+        }
+        emit("opaque-env-name", "declaration operand is not literal", span, true);
+        for (const fragment of mentions(value)) {
+          const mentionedName = /^([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)=/.exec(fragment)?.[1];
+          if (mentionedName && startup(mentionedName))
+            emit("startup-mutation", mentionedName, span, true);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    for (const assignment of plan.assignments) {
+      if (
+        startup(assignment.name) &&
+        !safeStartup(
+          assignment.name,
+          literal(assignment.value),
+          argv.slice(plan.children[0]?.start ?? argv.length),
+        )
+      )
+        emit("startup-mutation", assignment.name, span, true);
+      bindings.set(bindingName(assignment.name, scope), literal(assignment.value));
+    }
+    let invocationCwd = plan.remote ? literal("/") : scope.cwd;
+    for (const operand of plan.cwdOperands) {
+      const destination =
+        operand.literal !== undefined
+          ? literal(operand.literal)
+          : (values[operand.index] ?? opaque());
+      for (const path of mentions(destination))
+        if (/^(?:env:|(?:microsoft\.powershell\.core[\\/])?environment::)/i.test(path))
+          checkPath(destination, scope, span);
+      const cwd = invocationCwd;
+      invocationCwd =
+        destination.kind === "literal" && cwd.kind === "literal"
+          ? literal(
+              ...destination.texts.flatMap((path) =>
+                cwd.texts.map((base) => normalizePath(path, context.home, base)),
+              ),
+            )
+          : opaque(...mentions(destination));
+    }
+    const invocationScope = { ...scope, cwd: invocationCwd };
+    if (executableName(first.texts[0] ?? "") === "git") {
+      checkPath(invocationScope.cwd, invocationScope, span);
+      checkPath(concat(invocationScope.cwd, literal("/")), invocationScope, span);
+    }
+    if (executableName(first.texts[0] ?? "") === "bun" && plan.cwdOperands.length) {
+      checkPath(invocationScope.cwd, invocationScope, span);
+      checkPath(concat(invocationScope.cwd, literal("/")), invocationScope, span);
+      for (const cwd of mentions(invocationScope.cwd)) {
+        if (writtenValue(scope, cwd))
+          emit("opaque-path", "Bun working directory was written in this command", span, true);
+        const segments = cwd.split("/");
+        while (segments.length) {
+          const directory = segments.join("/") || "/";
+          for (const filename of ["package.json", "bunfig.toml", ".bunfig.toml"]) {
+            if (writtenValue(scope, normalizePath(filename, context.home, directory)))
+              emit(
+                "startup-mutation",
+                "Bun project configuration was written in this command",
+                span,
+                true,
+              );
+          }
+          segments.pop();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    const childScope = {
+      ...invocationScope,
+      written: plan.remote ? new Map<string, Value>() : invocationScope.written,
+      dirtyStartup: plan.remote ? [] : invocationScope.dirtyStartup,
+      braceMode:
+        executableName(first.texts[0] ?? "") === "bash"
+          ? "bash"
+          : executableName(first.texts[0] ?? "") === "sh"
+            ? "sh"
+            : executableName(first.texts[0] ?? "") === "dash"
+              ? "literal"
+              : invocationScope.braceMode,
+      bindings,
+      exported: new Set([
+        ...exported,
+        ...plan.assignments.map((assignment) => bindingName(assignment.name, scope)),
+      ]),
+    };
+    let stdout: Value =
+      plan.stdout === "stdin" && scope.dialect === "bash"
+        ? input
+        : opaque(...values.slice(1).flatMap(mentions));
+    if (
+      plan.stdout === "arguments" &&
+      executableName(first.texts[0] ?? "") === "echo" &&
+      scope.dialect === "bash" &&
+      argv.every((word) => word !== undefined)
+    )
+      stdout = literal(argv.slice(1).join(" ") + "\n");
+    if (
+      executableName(first.texts[0] ?? "") === "printf" &&
+      scope.dialect === "bash" &&
+      argv.every((word) => word !== undefined)
+    ) {
+      const output = formatLiteralPrintf(argv.slice(1));
+      if (output !== null) stdout = literal(output);
+    }
+
+    if (
+      scope.dialect === "powershell" &&
+      ["write-output", "echo"].includes(executableName(first.texts[0] ?? "")) &&
+      argv.length === 2 &&
+      argv[1] !== undefined
+    )
+      stdout = literal(argv[1]);
+    let resultScope: Scope = plan.delta === "assign" ? { ...scope, bindings, exported } : scope;
+    for (const operand of plan.roles) {
+      const value =
+        operand.literal !== undefined
+          ? literal(operand.literal)
+          : (values[operand.index] ?? opaque());
+      const role = operand.role;
+      if (typeof role !== "string") {
+        const analyzedOutput = analyze(
+          role.code,
+          value,
+          childScope,
+          input,
+          span,
+          depth + 1,
+          plan.codePositionals.length
+            ? plan.codePositionals.map((i) => values[i] ?? opaque())
+            : [values[0] ?? opaque()],
+        );
+        stdout = ["sh", "bash"].includes(executableName(first.texts[0] ?? ""))
+          ? analyzedOutput
+          : opaque();
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (
+        role === "names" &&
+        mentions(value).some((text) =>
+          /^(?:env:|(?:microsoft\.powershell\.core[\\/])?environment::)/i.test(text),
+        )
+      )
+        checkPath(value, invocationScope, span);
+      if (role === "member") {
+        if (
+          value.kind !== "literal" ||
+          !value.texts.every((text) =>
+            [
+              "name",
+              "fullname",
+              "length",
+              "basename",
+              "extension",
+              "lastwritetime",
+              "count",
+            ].includes(text.toLowerCase()),
+          )
+        )
+          emit("no-analyzer", "PowerShell member is not an allowed property", span, true);
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (role === "search-filter") {
+        if (value.kind === "opaque" && !value.globPatterns)
+          emit("opaque-path", "search filter is not literal", span, true);
+        checkPath(literal(...mentions(value)), invocationScope, span, true);
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (role === "path-pattern") {
+        const patterns =
+          value.kind === "literal"
+            ? value.texts.filter(
+                (text) => executableName(first.texts[0] ?? "") !== "rg" || !text.startsWith("!"),
+              )
+            : null;
+        if (patterns?.length === 0) continue;
+        const alternatives =
+          patterns?.flatMap((pattern) => {
+            const expanded = expandGlobAlternatives(pattern);
+            if (expanded === null) emit("opaque-path", "unsupported glob alternation", span, true);
+            return expanded ?? [];
+          }) ?? null;
+        const patternValue =
+          alternatives === null
+            ? value
+            : alternatives.some((text) => /[*?[]/.test(text))
+              ? { ...opaque(...alternatives), globPatterns: alternatives }
+              : literal(...alternatives);
+        checkPath(patternValue, invocationScope, span, true);
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (
+        role === "path" ||
+        role === "content" ||
+        role === "write" ||
+        role === "script" ||
+        role === "test-filter"
+      ) {
+        const testGlob =
+          role === "test-filter" && value.kind === "opaque" && value.globPatterns !== undefined;
+        if (
+          testGlob &&
+          [...invocationScope.written.keys(), ...observedWrites.keys()].some((path) =>
+            /\.[cm]?[jt]sx?$/i.test(path),
+          )
+        )
+          emit(
+            "opaque-code",
+            "test filter may select a script written in this command",
+            span,
+            true,
+          );
+        const paths = checkPath(
+          testGlob ? literal(...mentions(value)) : value,
+          invocationScope,
+          span,
+          role === "content" || (role === "write" && plan.inPlaceBackupSuffix !== null),
+          executableName(first.texts[0] ?? "") === "git",
+        );
+        if (role === "write") {
+          const written = new Map(resultScope.written);
+          const targets = [...paths];
+          if (plan.inPlaceBackupSuffix !== null) {
+            const suffix = plan.inPlaceBackupSuffix;
+            if (value.kind !== "literal")
+              emit("opaque-path", "in-place target is not literal", span, true);
+            if (suffix) {
+              const backups = mentions(value).flatMap((text) =>
+                suffix.includes("*")
+                  ? [text + suffix, suffix.replaceAll("*", text)]
+                  : [text + suffix],
+              );
+              targets.push(...checkPath(literal(...backups), invocationScope, span, true));
+            }
+            const startupPatterns = [...registry.entries.values()].flatMap(
+              (entry) => entry.startupFiles ?? [],
+            );
+            for (const target of targets)
+              if (
+                startupPatterns.some((pattern) => pattern.test(target)) ||
+                /(?:^|\/)(?:\.?(?:bashrc|bash_profile|bash_login|bash_logout|profile|zshrc|zshenv|zprofile|zlogin|zlogout)|config\.fish)$/.test(
+                  target,
+                )
+              )
+                emit("startup-mutation", "in-place write to startup configuration", span, true);
+          }
+          if (plan.copyDestination)
+            for (const source of values.slice(1, -1))
+              for (const name of mentions(source))
+                for (const path of paths)
+                  targets.push(
+                    normalizePath(
+                      `${path}/${name.replace(/\\/g, "/").split("/").at(-1) ?? ""}`,
+                      context.home,
+                      context.cwd,
+                    ),
+                  );
+          if (
+            plan.copyDestination &&
+            targets.some((target) =>
+              /(?:^|\/)(?:\.?(?:bashrc|bash_profile|profile|zshrc|zshenv|zprofile)|config\.fish)$/.test(
+                target,
+              ),
+            )
+          )
+            emit("startup-mutation", "copy to startup configuration", span, true);
+          for (const path of targets) {
+            written.set(path, opaque());
+            observeWrite(path, opaque());
+          }
+          resultScope = withStartup({ ...resultScope, written }, targets);
+        }
+        if (role === "script" || role === "test-filter") {
+          if (
+            value.kind === "literal" &&
+            value.texts.some((text) => isStdinScript(text) || /^\/dev\/fd\/[0-9]+$/.test(text))
+          )
+            stdout = analyze(
+              plan.scriptLanguage,
+              value.texts.every(isStdinScript) ? input : opaque(),
+              childScope,
+              input,
+              span,
+              depth + 1,
+              values.slice(operand.index),
+            );
+          if (value.kind === "opaque" && !testGlob)
+            emit("opaque-code", "script path is not literal", span, true);
+          if (value.kind === "stream")
+            stdout = analyze(
+              plan.scriptLanguage,
+              value.stdout,
+              childScope,
+              input,
+              span,
+              depth + 1,
+              values.slice(operand.index),
+            );
+          for (const path of paths) {
+            const written = writtenValue(scope, path);
+            if (written)
+              stdout = analyze(
+                plan.scriptLanguage,
+                written,
+                childScope,
+                input,
+                span,
+                depth + 1,
+                values.slice(operand.index),
+              );
+          }
+        }
+      } else if (role === "env-name") {
+        if (value.kind !== "literal")
+          emit("opaque-env-name", "environment name is not literal", span, true);
+        else
+          for (const name of value.texts)
+            if (!allowed(name, scope.dialect) && !bindings.has(bindingName(name, scope)))
+              emit("secret-source", `environment ${name}`, span);
+      }
+    }
+    for (const nested of plan.children) {
+      const extra = nested.findRoots !== null ? opaque(...nested.findRoots) : input;
+      if (plan.xargsInput) {
+        const groups =
+          input.kind === "literal" && input.texts.length === 1
+            ? splitXargsInput(input.texts[0] ?? "", plan.xargsInput)
+            : null;
+        if (groups === null && input.kind === "literal" && plan.xargsInput.replacement !== null)
+          emit("unsupported-option", "xargs replacement input is not portable", span, true);
+        for (const words of groups ?? [[""]]) {
+          const added = groups === null ? [opaque()] : words.map((word) => literal(word));
+          const replaced = values.slice(nested.start, nested.end).map((value) => {
+            if (
+              !nested.placeholder ||
+              value.kind !== "literal" ||
+              !value.texts.some((text) => text.includes(nested.placeholder ?? ""))
+            )
+              return value;
+            return groups === null
+              ? opaque()
+              : literal(
+                  ...value.texts.map((text) =>
+                    text.replaceAll(nested.placeholder ?? "", words[0] ?? ""),
+                  ),
+                );
+          });
+          invoke(
+            nested.placeholder ? replaced : [...replaced, ...added],
+            childScope,
+            opaque(),
+            span,
+            depth + 1,
+          );
+        }
+        stdout = opaque();
+        continue;
+      }
+      const childValues = values
+        .slice(nested.start, nested.end)
+        .map((v) =>
+          nested.placeholder &&
+          v.kind === "literal" &&
+          v.texts.some((t) => t.includes(nested.placeholder ?? ""))
+            ? extra
+            : v,
+        );
+      if (nested.appendInput) childValues.push(extra);
+      const flow = invoke(childValues, childScope, input, span, depth + 1, nested.runtimeWrapper);
+      const forwardedBy = executableName(first.texts[0] ?? "");
+      const exactForward =
+        (forwardedBy === "env" &&
+          argv
+            .slice(1, nested.start)
+            .every((word) => word !== undefined && /^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*=/.test(word))) ||
+        (["command", "builtin"].includes(forwardedBy) && nested.start === 1) ||
+        (forwardedBy === "rtk" && argv[1] === "proxy" && nested.start === 2);
+      stdout = exactForward ? flow.stdout : opaque();
+      if (["command", "builtin"].includes((first.texts[0] ?? "").toLowerCase()))
+        resultScope = after(flow) ?? resultScope;
+      else if (!plan.remote) {
+        const persisted = merge(resultScope, after(flow)) ?? resultScope;
+        resultScope = {
+          ...resultScope,
+          written: persisted.written,
+          dirtyStartup: persisted.dirtyStartup,
+        };
+      }
+    }
+    if (plan.stdinCode) stdout = analyze(plan.stdinCode, input, childScope, input, span, depth + 1);
+    if (plan.delta === "cd") {
+      const directoryBindings = new Map(resultScope.bindings);
+      if (scope.dialect === "bash") {
+        directoryBindings.set("PWD", invocationScope.cwd);
+        directoryBindings.set("OLDPWD", scope.cwd);
+      }
+      return {
+        success: { ...resultScope, bindings: directoryBindings, cwd: invocationScope.cwd },
+        failure: resultScope,
+        stdout,
+      };
+    }
+    if (plan.copyDestination)
+      copyProofs.push(() => {
+        const destination = values.at(-1) ?? opaque();
+        const paths = checkPath(destination, scope, span);
+        if (
+          destination.kind !== "literal" ||
+          values.length !== 3 ||
+          values[1]?.kind !== "literal" ||
+          !paths.length ||
+          !context.chainCopyDestinations?.length ||
+          paths.some(
+            (path) =>
+              !context.chainCopyDestinations?.some((root) => {
+                const normalized = normalizePath(root, context.home, context.cwd);
+                return path === normalized || path.startsWith(`${normalized}/`);
+              }),
+          ) ||
+          (destination.kind === "literal" &&
+            destination.texts.some(
+              (path) => context.proveCopyDestination?.(path, argv[1] ?? "") !== true,
+            ))
+        )
+          emit(
+            "copy-destination",
+            "copy destination requires the existing filesystem proof",
+            span,
+            true,
+          );
+      });
+    return { success: resultScope, failure: resultScope, stdout };
+  };
+  const expandWords = (words: readonly Word[], scope: Scope): readonly Word[] => {
+    const expanded: Word[] = [];
+    const anyBraces = words.some((word) => word.parts.some((part) => part.kind === "brace"));
+    if (!anyBraces) return words;
+    for (const word of words) {
+      let variants: Array<{ split: boolean; span: Span; parts: Word["parts"][number][] }> = [
+        { ...word, parts: [] },
+      ];
+      for (const part of word.parts) {
+        if (!charge(word.span, variants.length)) return [];
+        if (part.kind !== "brace") {
+          for (const variant of variants) variant.parts.push(part);
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (scope.braceMode === "literal") {
+          for (const variant of variants)
+            variant.parts.push({
+              kind: "literal",
+              text: "{" + part.alternatives.join(",") + "}",
+              quoted: false,
+            });
+          continue;
+        }
+        const choices = part.alternatives;
+        if (variants.length * choices.length > MAX_VALUE_ALTERNATIVES) {
+          emit("analysis-limit", "brace expansion word limit", word.span, true);
+          return [];
+        }
+        variants = variants.flatMap((variant) =>
+          choices.map((text) => ({
+            split: variant.split,
+            span: variant.span,
+            parts: [
+              ...variant.parts,
+              { kind: "literal", text, quoted: false } satisfies Word["parts"][number],
+            ],
+          })),
+        );
+      }
+      for (const variant of variants) {
+        if (
+          scope.braceMode === "bash" &&
+          variant.parts.every((part) => part.kind === "literal" && !part.quoted && part.text === "")
+        )
+          continue;
+        expanded.push(variant);
+      }
+      if (expanded.length > MAX_VALUE_ALTERNATIVES) {
+        emit("analysis-limit", "brace expansion word limit", word.span, true);
+        return [];
+      }
+    }
+    return expanded;
+  };
+  const foldCommand = (command: Command, scope: Scope, input: Value, depth: number): Flow => {
+    if (!charge(command.span)) return { success: scope, failure: scope, stdout: opaque() };
+    const braceWords =
+      command.kind === "simple" ? command.argv : command.kind === "for" ? command.items : [];
+    if (
+      (scope.braceMode === "host" || scope.braceMode === "sh") &&
+      braceWords.some((word) => word.parts.some((part) => part.kind === "brace"))
+    ) {
+      const expanded = foldCommand(command, { ...scope, braceMode: "bash" }, input, depth + 1);
+      const other = foldCommand(
+        command,
+        { ...scope, braceMode: scope.braceMode === "sh" ? "literal" : "zsh" },
+        input,
+        depth + 1,
+      );
+      const restore = (state: Scope | null): Scope | null =>
+        state && { ...state, braceMode: scope.braceMode };
+      return {
+        success: restore(merge(expanded.success, other.success)),
+        failure: restore(merge(expanded.failure, other.failure)),
+        stdout: opaque(),
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (command.kind === "test") {
+      command.words.forEach((word) => evaluate(word, scope, depth));
+      return { success: scope, failure: scope, stdout: literal("") };
+    }
+    if (
+      scope.dialect === "bash" &&
+      ["literal", "sh"].includes(scope.braceMode) &&
+      command.kind !== "simple" &&
+      command.redirects.some((item) => item.kind === "file" && ["&>", "&>>"].includes(item.op))
+    ) {
+      const child = childShell(() =>
+        foldCommand(
+          {
+            ...command,
+            redirects: command.redirects.filter(
+              (item) => !(item.kind === "file" && ["&>", "&>>"].includes(item.op)),
+            ),
+          },
+          scope,
+          input,
+          depth + 1,
+        ),
+      );
+      redirects(command.redirects, scope, input, depth, command.span);
+      return { ...child, success: scope, failure: scope };
+    }
+    const redirected = redirects(command.redirects, scope, input, depth, command.span);
+    let flow: Flow;
+    if (command.kind === "simple") {
+      const names = scope.dialect === "bash" ? readTargets(command) : null;
+      const assignments = command.assignments.map((a) => ({
+        ...a,
+        literalValue: wordText(a.value) !== undefined,
+        value:
+          a.operation === "opaque"
+            ? opaque(...mentions(evaluate(a.value, scope, depth)))
+            : evaluate(a.value, scope, depth),
+      }));
+      const executable = command.argv[0];
+      const declaration = executable !== undefined && wordText(executable) === "export";
+      const values = expandWords(command.argv, scope).flatMap((word, index) => {
+        const value = evaluate(word, scope, depth);
+        const first = word.parts[0];
+        const declared =
+          declaration &&
+          index > 0 &&
+          first?.kind === "literal" &&
+          /^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*=/.test(first.text);
+        if (declared || !word.split || value.kind !== "literal") return [value];
+        if (value.texts.length !== 1) return [opaque(...value.texts)];
+        return (value.texts[0] ?? "")
+          .split(/[ \t\n]+/)
+          .filter(Boolean)
+          .map((text) => (/[*?[]/.test(text) ? glob(text) : literal(text)));
+      });
+      if (
+        values.length > MAX_VALUE_ALTERNATIVES &&
+        command.argv.some((word) => word.parts.some((part) => part.kind === "brace"))
+      )
+        emit("analysis-limit", "brace expansion word limit", command.span, true);
+      const bindings = new Map(redirected.scope.bindings);
+      for (const assignment of assignments) {
+        const readSeparator =
+          names !== null && assignment.name === "IFS" && assignment.literalValue;
+        if (
+          startup(assignment.name) &&
+          !readSeparator &&
+          !safeStartup(assignment.name, assignment.value, command.argv.map(wordText))
+        )
+          emit("startup-mutation", assignment.name, command.span, true);
+        bindings.set(bindingName(assignment.name, scope), assignment.value);
+      }
+      if (
+        scope.dialect === "powershell" &&
+        command.argv.length === 1 &&
+        executable?.parts.every((part) => part.kind === "literal" && part.quoted)
+      )
+        return {
+          success: redirected.scope,
+          failure: null,
+          stdout: evaluate(executable, redirected.scope, depth),
+        };
+      const transfer = executable ? wordText(executable) : undefined;
+      if (
+        scope.dialect !== "powershell" &&
+        transfer === "exit" &&
+        redirectsCannotFail(command.redirects) &&
+        !(
+          (scope.braceMode === "literal" || scope.braceMode === "sh") &&
+          command.redirects.some((item) => item.kind === "file" && ["&>", "&>>"].includes(item.op))
+        ) &&
+        command.assignments.length === 0 &&
+        command.argv.length <= 2 &&
+        (command.argv.length === 1 ||
+          /^-?\d+$/.test((command.argv[1] ? wordText(command.argv[1]) : undefined) ?? ""))
+      ) {
+        return { success: null, failure: null, stdout: literal("") };
+      }
+      if (
+        scope.dialect !== "powershell" &&
+        transfer === "return" &&
+        command.assignments.length === 0 &&
+        command.argv.length <= 2 &&
+        (command.argv.length === 1 ||
+          /^-?\d+$/.test((command.argv[1] ? wordText(command.argv[1]) : undefined) ?? ""))
+      )
+        return { success: null, failure: redirected.scope, stdout: literal("") };
+      const frame = loopFrames.at(-1);
+      if (
+        scope.dialect !== "powershell" &&
+        frame?.allowed &&
+        (transfer === "break" || transfer === "continue") &&
+        command.assignments.length === 0 &&
+        command.redirects.length === 0 &&
+        (command.argv.length === 1 ||
+          (command.argv.length === 2 && command.argv[1] && wordText(command.argv[1]) === "1"))
+      ) {
+        if (transfer === "break") frame.breaks = merge(frame.breaks, redirected.scope);
+        else frame.continues = merge(frame.continues, redirected.scope);
+        return { success: null, failure: null, stdout: literal("") };
+      }
+      let readFlow: Flow | undefined;
+      if (names) {
+        const readBindings = new Map(bindings);
+        for (const name of names) {
+          if (
+            startup(name) ||
+            /^[A-Z_]/.test(name) ||
+            scope.exported.has(name) ||
+            /^(?:path|cdpath|fpath|manpath|module_path|mailpath|watch|psvar|argv|status|pipestatus|reply|commands|functions|options|parameters|history|dirstack|aliases|signals|zsh_eval_context|galiases|keymaps|jobdirs|patchars|functrace|funcsourcetrace|zsh_scheduled_events|terminfo|reswords|modules|histchars|fignore|usergroups|saliases|funcstack|widgets|userdirs|historywords|nameddirs|termcap|functions_source|jobtexts|funcfiletrace|builtins|prompt|rprompt|jobstates|http_proxy|https_proxy|all_proxy|no_proxy|dis_.*|.*_functions)$/.test(
+              name,
+            )
+          )
+            emit(
+              "startup-mutation",
+              "read into shell control or exported variable " + name,
+              command.span,
+              true,
+            );
+          readBindings.set(name, opaque());
+        }
+        const success = { ...redirected.scope, bindings: readBindings };
+        const failure = merge({ ...redirected.scope, bindings }, success);
+        readFlow = { success, failure, stdout: opaque() };
+      }
+      flow =
+        readFlow ??
+        (values.length
+          ? invoke(
+              values,
+              {
+                ...redirected.scope,
+                bindings,
+                exported: new Set([
+                  ...scope.exported,
+                  ...assignments.map((assignment) => bindingName(assignment.name, scope)),
+                ]),
+              },
+              redirected.input,
+              command.span,
+              depth,
+            )
+          : {
+              success: { ...redirected.scope, bindings },
+              failure:
+                command.redirects.length ||
+                command.assignments.some((a) =>
+                  a.value.parts.some((part) => part.kind === "command-substitution"),
+                )
+                  ? { ...redirected.scope, bindings }
+                  : null,
+              stdout: literal(""),
+            });
+      if (values.length && assignments.length) {
+        const restore = (state: Scope | null): Scope | null => {
+          if (!state) return null;
+          const restored = new Map(state.bindings);
+          for (const assignment of assignments) {
+            const name = bindingName(assignment.name, scope);
+            const old = scope.bindings.get(name);
+            const persistent = [
+              ":",
+              "export",
+              "readonly",
+              "eval",
+              "set",
+              "shift",
+              "times",
+              "trap",
+              ".",
+              "exec",
+              "return",
+              "break",
+              "continue",
+              "unset",
+            ].includes(transfer ?? "");
+            if (old)
+              restored.set(
+                name,
+                persistent ? join(old, state.bindings.get(name) ?? opaque()) : old,
+              );
+            else restored.delete(name);
+          }
+          return { ...state, bindings: restored, exported: scope.exported };
+        };
+        flow = { ...flow, success: restore(flow.success), failure: restore(flow.failure) };
+      }
+    } else if (command.kind === "group") {
+      const run = (): Flow => foldList(command.body, redirected.scope, redirected.input, depth + 1);
+      flow = command.subshell ? childShell(run) : run();
+      if (command.subshell) flow = { ...flow, success: scope, failure: scope };
+    } else if (command.kind === "for") {
+      if (startup(command.name)) emit("startup-mutation", command.name, command.span, true);
+      const items: Value[] = [];
+      for (const word of expandWords(command.items, scope)) {
+        const value = evaluate(word, scope, depth);
+        if (value.kind === "literal" && value.texts.length === 1) {
+          const text = value.texts[0] ?? "";
+          if (!word.split) items.push(literal(text));
+          else
+            for (const part of text.split(/[ \t\n]+/).filter(Boolean))
+              items.push(/[*?[]/.test(part) ? glob(part) : literal(part));
+        } else items.push(opaque(...mentions(value)));
+      }
+      if (items.length > MAX_VALUE_ALTERNATIVES) {
+        emit("analysis-limit", "loop item limit", command.span, true);
+        flow = { success: scope, failure: scope, stdout: opaque() };
+      } else {
+        let current: Scope | null = redirected.scope;
+        const frame: LoopFrame = {
+          allowed: items.every((item) => item.kind === "literal"),
+          breaks: null,
+          continues: null,
+        };
+        loopFrames.push(frame);
+        for (const item of items) {
+          if (!current) break;
+          const bindings = new Map(current.bindings);
+          bindings.set(bindingName(command.name, scope), item);
+          const step = foldList(
+            command.body,
+            { ...current, bindings },
+            redirected.input,
+            depth + 1,
+          );
+          current = merge(after(step), frame.continues);
+          frame.continues = null;
+        }
+        loopFrames.pop();
+        const exit = merge(current, frame.breaks);
+        flow = { success: exit, failure: exit, stdout: opaque() };
+      }
+    } else if (command.kind === "while" || command.kind === "until") {
+      let current = redirected.scope;
+      let stable = false;
+      let conditionExits: Scope | null = null;
+      const frame: LoopFrame = { allowed: true, breaks: null, continues: null };
+      loopFrames.push(frame);
+      for (let pass = 0; pass < MAX_LOOP_PASSES; pass++) {
+        const condition = foldList(command.condition, current, redirected.input, depth + 1);
+        const entry = command.kind === "while" ? condition.success : condition.failure;
+        conditionExits = merge(
+          conditionExits,
+          command.kind === "while" ? condition.failure : condition.success,
+        );
+        const body = entry ? foldList(command.body, entry, redirected.input, depth + 1) : null;
+        const next =
+          merge(redirected.scope, merge(body ? after(body) : null, frame.continues)) ?? current;
+        frame.continues = null;
+        if (stateKey(next) === stateKey(current)) {
+          stable = true;
+          break;
+        }
+        current = next;
+      }
+      loopFrames.pop();
+      if (!stable) emit("analysis-limit", "loop state did not converge", command.span, true);
+      const exit = merge(merge(current, frame.breaks), conditionExits);
+      flow = { success: exit, failure: exit, stdout: opaque() };
+    } else {
+      const branches: Flow[] = [];
+      if (command.kind === "if") {
+        let entry = redirected.scope;
+        for (const branch of command.branches) {
+          const condition = foldList(branch.condition, entry, redirected.input, depth + 1);
+          if (condition.success)
+            branches.push(foldList(branch.body, condition.success, redirected.input, depth + 1));
+          entry = condition.failure ?? entry;
+        }
+        branches.push(
+          command.otherwise
+            ? foldList(command.otherwise, entry, redirected.input, depth + 1)
+            : { success: entry, failure: null, stdout: literal("") },
+        );
+      } else {
+        evaluate(command.subject, scope, depth);
+        for (const arm of command.arms) {
+          arm.patterns.forEach((word) => evaluate(word, scope, depth));
+          branches.push(foldList(arm.body, redirected.scope, redirected.input, depth + 1));
+        }
+        branches.push({ success: scope, failure: null, stdout: literal("") });
+      }
+      flow = branches.reduce<Flow>(
+        (a, b) => ({
+          success: merge(a.success, b.success),
+          failure: merge(a.failure, b.failure),
+          stdout: join(a.stdout, b.stdout),
+        }),
+        { success: null, failure: null, stdout: literal() },
+      );
+    }
+    if (
+      !["simple", "group", "test"].includes(command.kind) ||
+      (command.kind === "simple" &&
+        command.argv.some((word) => word.parts.some((part) => part.kind !== "literal")))
+    )
+      flow = { ...flow, stdout: opaque() };
+    if (redirected.outputs.length) {
+      if (!after(flow))
+        for (const output of redirected.outputs) observeWrite(output.path, opaque());
+      const remember = (state: Scope | null): Scope | null => {
+        if (!state) return null;
+        const written = new Map(state.written);
+        for (const output of redirected.outputs) {
+          const contents =
+            output.append ||
+            output.fd !== 1 ||
+            redirected.outputs.length !== 1 ||
+            command.redirects.some((redirect) => redirect.kind === "duplicate")
+              ? opaque()
+              : flow.stdout;
+          written.set(output.path, contents);
+          observeWrite(output.path, contents);
+        }
+        return { ...state, written };
+      };
+      flow = { ...flow, success: remember(flow.success), failure: remember(flow.failure) };
+    }
+    if (
+      command.redirects.some(
+        (redirect) =>
+          redirect.kind === "duplicate" || (redirect.kind === "file" && redirect.op !== "<"),
+      )
+    )
+      flow = { ...flow, stdout: opaque() };
+    return flow;
+  };
+  const foldPipeline = (pipeline: Pipeline, scope: Scope, input: Value, depth: number): Flow => {
+    let current: Flow = { success: scope, failure: null, stdout: input };
+    for (const [index, command] of pipeline.commands.entries()) {
+      const incoming = pipeline.stderr
+        ? { ...opaque(), supplied: true }
+        : index > 0 && current.stdout.kind === "opaque"
+          ? { ...current.stdout, supplied: true }
+          : current.stdout;
+      current =
+        pipeline.commands.length > 1
+          ? childShell(() => foldCommand(command, scope, incoming, depth))
+          : foldCommand(command, scope, incoming, depth);
+    }
+    if (pipeline.stderr) current = { ...current, stdout: opaque() };
+    if (pipeline.commands.length > 1)
+      current = {
+        ...current,
+        success: merge(scope, current.success),
+        failure: merge(scope, current.failure),
+      };
+    return pipeline.negated
+      ? { ...current, success: current.failure, failure: current.success }
+      : current;
+  };
+  function foldList(list: List, scope: Scope, input: Value, depth: number): Flow {
+    if (depth > MAX_PARSE_DEPTH) {
+      emit("analysis-limit", "composition depth", { start: 0, end: 0 }, true);
+      return { success: scope, failure: scope, stdout: opaque() };
+    }
+    let current: Flow = { success: scope, failure: null, stdout: literal() };
+    let output: Value = literal();
+    for (const item of list.items) {
+      const entry = after(current);
+      if (!entry) break;
+      const last = (item.rest.at(-1)?.pipeline ?? item.first).commands.at(-1);
+      const background =
+        item.background ||
+        (scope.dialect === "bash" &&
+          ["literal", "sh"].includes(scope.braceMode) &&
+          last?.kind !== "test" &&
+          last?.redirects.some(
+            (redirect) => redirect.kind === "file" && ["&>", "&>>"].includes(redirect.op),
+          ));
+      const run = (pipeline: Pipeline, state: Scope): Flow =>
+        background
+          ? childShell(() => foldPipeline(pipeline, state, input, depth))
+          : foldPipeline(pipeline, state, input, depth);
+      current = run(item.first, entry);
+      for (const part of item.rest) {
+        const selected = part.op === "&&" ? current.success : current.failure;
+        if (!selected) continue;
+        const next = run(part.pipeline, selected);
+        current =
+          part.op === "&&"
+            ? {
+                success: next.success,
+                failure: merge(current.failure, next.failure),
+                stdout: join(current.stdout, next.stdout),
+              }
+            : {
+                success: merge(current.success, next.success),
+                failure: next.failure,
+                stdout: join(current.stdout, next.stdout),
+              };
+      }
+      if (background) current = { ...current, success: entry, failure: entry };
+      output = join(output, current.stdout);
+    }
+    const single =
+      list.items.length === 1 && list.items[0]?.rest.length === 0 && !list.items[0]?.background;
+    return { ...current, stdout: single ? output : opaque() };
+  }
+  if (script.kind === "parse-error")
+    emit(
+      script.code === "work-limit" ? "analysis-limit" : "unparseable",
+      script.code,
+      script.span,
+      true,
+    );
+  else {
+    const scope: Scope = {
+      bindings: new Map(),
+      cwd: literal(normalizePath(context.cwd, context.home, "/")),
+      positional: null,
+      written: new Map(),
+      exported: new Set(),
+      dirtyStartup: [],
+      dialect: script.dialect,
+      braceMode: "host",
+    };
+    foldList(script.body, scope, opaque(), 0);
+    if (herdrSeen || context.chainCopyDestinations?.length) for (const prove of copyProofs) prove();
+    checkConfigured(script.source, script.span);
+  }
+  const [first, ...rest] = findings;
+  return first
+    ? { kind: detected ? "violation" : "missing-knowledge", findings: [first, ...rest] }
+    : { kind: "pass" };
+}