@baselane/packs 0.1.4 → 0.1.5

package/packs/database-review/rendered/GEMINI.md

@@ -1,3 +1,990 @@
 # GEMINI.md
 
 @AGENTS.md
+
+## Skills
+
+### postgres-patterns
+
+PostgreSQL indexing, schema, RLS, pagination, and configuration patterns. Use when writing SQL queries or migrations, designing schemas, troubleshooting slow queries, implementing Row Level Security, or setting up connection pooling.
+
+# PostgreSQL Patterns
+
+Quick reference for PostgreSQL best practices. For detailed guidance, use the `database-reviewer` agent.
+
+## When to Activate
+
+- Writing SQL queries or migrations
+- Designing database schemas
+- Troubleshooting slow queries
+- Implementing Row Level Security
+- Setting up connection pooling
+
+## Quick Reference
+
+### Index Cheat Sheet
+
+| Query Pattern | Index Type | Example |
+|--------------|------------|---------|
+| `WHERE col = value` | B-tree (default) | `CREATE INDEX idx ON t (col)` |
+| `WHERE col > value` | B-tree | `CREATE INDEX idx ON t (col)` |
+| `WHERE a = x AND b > y` | Composite | `CREATE INDEX idx ON t (a, b)` |
+| `WHERE jsonb @> '{}'` | GIN | `CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING gin (col)` |
+| `WHERE tsv @@ query` | GIN | `CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING gin (col)` |
+| Time-series ranges | BRIN | `CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING brin (col)` |
+
+### Data Type Quick Reference
+
+| Use Case | Correct Type | Avoid |
+|----------|-------------|-------|
+| IDs | `bigint` | `int`, random UUID |
+| Strings | `text` | `varchar(255)` |
+| Timestamps | `timestamptz` | `timestamp` |
+| Money | `numeric(10,2)` | `float` |
+| Flags | `boolean` | `varchar`, `int` |
+
+### Common Patterns
+
+**Composite Index Order:**
+```sql
+-- Equality columns first, then range columns
+CREATE INDEX idx ON orders (status, created_at);
+-- Works for: WHERE status = 'pending' AND created_at > '2024-01-01'
+```
+
+**Covering Index:**
+```sql
+CREATE INDEX idx ON users (email) INCLUDE (name, created_at);
+-- Avoids table lookup for SELECT email, name, created_at
+```
+
+**Partial Index:**
+```sql
+CREATE INDEX idx ON users (email) WHERE deleted_at IS NULL;
+-- Smaller index, only includes active users
+```
+
+**RLS Policy (Optimized):**
+```sql
+CREATE POLICY policy ON orders
+  USING ((SELECT auth.uid()) = user_id);  -- Wrap in SELECT!
+```
+
+**UPSERT:**
+```sql
+INSERT INTO settings (user_id, key, value)
+VALUES (123, 'theme', 'dark')
+ON CONFLICT (user_id, key)
+DO UPDATE SET value = EXCLUDED.value;
+```
+
+**Cursor Pagination:**
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM products WHERE id > $last_id ORDER BY id LIMIT 20;
+-- O(1) vs OFFSET which is O(n)
+```
+
+**Queue Processing:**
+```sql
+UPDATE jobs SET status = 'processing'
+WHERE id = (
+  SELECT id FROM jobs WHERE status = 'pending'
+  ORDER BY created_at LIMIT 1
+  FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
+) RETURNING *;
+```
+
+### Anti-Pattern Detection
+
+```sql
+-- Find unindexed foreign keys
+SELECT conrelid::regclass, a.attname
+FROM pg_constraint c
+JOIN pg_attribute a ON a.attrelid = c.conrelid AND a.attnum = ANY(c.conkey)
+WHERE c.contype = 'f'
+  AND NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM pg_index i
+    WHERE i.indrelid = c.conrelid AND a.attnum = ANY(i.indkey)
+  );
+
+-- Find slow queries
+SELECT query, mean_exec_time, calls
+FROM pg_stat_statements
+WHERE mean_exec_time > 100
+ORDER BY mean_exec_time DESC;
+
+-- Check table bloat
+SELECT relname, n_dead_tup, last_vacuum
+FROM pg_stat_user_tables
+WHERE n_dead_tup > 1000
+ORDER BY n_dead_tup DESC;
+```
+
+### Configuration Template
+
+```sql
+-- Connection limits (adjust for RAM)
+ALTER SYSTEM SET max_connections = 100;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET work_mem = '8MB';
+
+-- Timeouts
+ALTER SYSTEM SET idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = '30s';
+ALTER SYSTEM SET statement_timeout = '30s';
+
+-- Monitoring
+CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_stat_statements;
+
+-- Security defaults
+REVOKE ALL ON SCHEMA public FROM public;
+
+SELECT pg_reload_conf();
+```
+
+## Related
+
+- Agent: `database-reviewer` - Full database review workflow
+- Skill: `clickhouse-io` - ClickHouse analytics patterns
+- Skill: `backend-patterns` - API and backend patterns
+
+---
+
+*Based on Supabase Agent Skills (credit: Supabase team) (MIT License)*
+
+### mysql-patterns
+
+MySQL and MariaDB schema, query, indexing, transaction, replication, and connection-pool patterns for production backends. Use when designing MySQL/MariaDB tables and indexes, reviewing migrations before they run on large tables, debugging slow queries/lock waits/deadlocks/connection exhaustion, or adding keyset pagination, upserts, full-text search, JSON columns, or queues.
+
+# MySQL Patterns
+
+Use this skill when working on MySQL or MariaDB schema design, migrations,
+slow-query investigation, queue-style transactions, connection pools, or
+production database configuration. Prefer exact version checks before applying a
+feature-specific pattern because MySQL and MariaDB have diverged in several SQL
+details.
+
+## Activation
+
+- Designing MySQL or MariaDB tables, indexes, and constraints
+- Reviewing migrations before they run on large production tables
+- Debugging slow queries, lock waits, deadlocks, or connection exhaustion
+- Adding keyset pagination, upserts, full-text search, JSON columns, or queues
+- Configuring application connection pools, read replicas, TLS, or slow logs
+
+## Version Check
+
+Start by identifying the engine and version:
+
+```sql
+SELECT VERSION();
+SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'version_comment';
+```
+
+Keep MySQL and MariaDB guidance separate when syntax differs:
+
+- MySQL documents row aliases as the replacement for `VALUES(col)` in
+  `ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE`; `VALUES(col)` is deprecated there.
+- MariaDB documents `VALUES(col)` as the supported way to reference inserted
+  values in `ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE`; use it for cross-engine compatibility.
+- `SKIP LOCKED` is appropriate for queue-like work only. It skips locked rows
+  and can return an inconsistent view, so do not use it for general accounting
+  or integrity-sensitive reads.
+
+## Schema Defaults
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE orders (
+    id BIGINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
+    account_id BIGINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
+    status VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL,
+    total DECIMAL(15, 2) NOT NULL,
+    created_at DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+    updated_at DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+    deleted_at DATETIME NULL,
+    PRIMARY KEY (id),
+    KEY idx_orders_account_status_created (account_id, status, created_at),
+    KEY idx_orders_active (account_id, deleted_at)
+) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;
+```
+
+Default choices:
+
+| Use Case | Prefer | Avoid |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| Surrogate primary keys | `BIGINT UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT` | `INT` for tables that can grow beyond 2B rows |
+| UUID lookup keys | `BINARY(16)` with conversion helpers | `VARCHAR(36)` primary keys on hot tables |
+| Money and exact quantities | `DECIMAL(p, s)` | `FLOAT` or `DOUBLE` |
+| User-facing text | `utf8mb4` tables and indexes | MySQL `utf8` / `utf8mb3` defaults |
+| Application timestamps | `DATETIME` with UTC managed by the app | Assuming `DATETIME` stores time zone metadata |
+| Soft deletes | `deleted_at DATETIME NULL` plus scoped indexes | Filtering soft-deleted rows without an index |
+| Extensible status values | lookup table or constrained `VARCHAR` | `ENUM` when values change often |
+
+## Indexing
+
+Composite index order usually follows equality predicates first, then range or
+sort columns:
+
+```sql
+CREATE INDEX idx_orders_account_status_created
+    ON orders (account_id, status, created_at);
+
+SELECT id, total
+FROM orders
+WHERE account_id = ?
+  AND status = 'pending'
+  AND created_at >= ?
+ORDER BY created_at DESC
+LIMIT 50;
+```
+
+Use `EXPLAIN` before adding or changing an index:
+
+```sql
+EXPLAIN
+SELECT id, total
+FROM orders
+WHERE account_id = 123 AND status = 'pending'
+ORDER BY created_at DESC
+LIMIT 50;
+```
+
+Signals to investigate:
+
+| Field | Risk Signal |
+| --- | --- |
+| `type` | `ALL` on a large table |
+| `key` | `NULL` when a selective predicate exists |
+| `rows` | Very high row estimate for an interactive path |
+| `Extra` | `Using temporary`, `Using filesort`, or broad `Using where` |
+
+Avoid adding indexes blindly. Each index increases write cost, migration time,
+backup size, and buffer-pool pressure.
+
+## Query Patterns
+
+### Upsert
+
+Cross-engine-compatible form:
+
+```sql
+INSERT INTO user_settings (user_id, setting_key, setting_value)
+VALUES (?, ?, ?)
+ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
+    setting_value = VALUES(setting_value),
+    updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
+```
+
+MySQL row-alias form:
+
+```sql
+INSERT INTO user_settings (user_id, setting_key, setting_value)
+VALUES (?, ?, ?) AS new
+ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
+    setting_value = new.setting_value,
+    updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
+```
+
+Use the row-alias form only after confirming the target is MySQL. Use
+`VALUES(col)` for MariaDB or mixed MySQL/MariaDB fleets.
+
+### Keyset Pagination
+
+```sql
+SELECT id, name, created_at
+FROM products
+WHERE (created_at, id) < (?, ?)
+ORDER BY created_at DESC, id DESC
+LIMIT 50;
+```
+
+Back it with an index that matches the cursor:
+
+```sql
+CREATE INDEX idx_products_created_id ON products (created_at, id);
+```
+
+Do not use deep `OFFSET` pagination on large tables; it makes the server scan
+and discard rows before returning the page.
+
+### JSON Fields
+
+Use JSON columns for extension data, not for fields that need heavy relational
+filtering or constraints.
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE events (
+    id BIGINT UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
+    payload JSON NOT NULL,
+    event_type VARCHAR(64)
+        GENERATED ALWAYS AS (JSON_UNQUOTE(JSON_EXTRACT(payload, '$.type'))) STORED,
+    KEY idx_events_type (event_type)
+) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;
+```
+
+For frequently queried JSON paths, expose a generated column and index that
+column. Keep foreign keys, ownership, tenancy, and lifecycle fields relational.
+
+### Full-Text Search
+
+```sql
+ALTER TABLE articles ADD FULLTEXT KEY ft_articles_title_body (title, body);
+
+SELECT id, title, MATCH(title, body) AGAINST (? IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE) AS score
+FROM articles
+WHERE MATCH(title, body) AGAINST (? IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE)
+ORDER BY score DESC
+LIMIT 20;
+```
+
+Use external search when you need typo tolerance, complex ranking, cross-table
+facets, or language-specific analysis beyond built-in full-text behavior.
+
+## Transactions
+
+Keep transactions short and lock rows in a consistent order:
+
+```sql
+START TRANSACTION;
+
+SELECT id, balance
+FROM accounts
+WHERE id IN (?, ?)
+ORDER BY id
+FOR UPDATE;
+
+UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - ? WHERE id = ?;
+UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + ? WHERE id = ?;
+
+COMMIT;
+```
+
+Deadlock and lock-wait checklist:
+
+- Lock rows in a deterministic order across code paths.
+- Do external API calls before opening the transaction, not inside it.
+- Add indexes for predicates used in `UPDATE`, `DELETE`, and locking reads.
+- On deadlock, roll back and retry the whole transaction with a bounded retry
+  budget.
+- Capture `SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS\G` soon after a deadlock; it is overwritten
+  by later events.
+
+Queue-style worker claim:
+
+```sql
+START TRANSACTION;
+
+SELECT id
+FROM jobs
+WHERE status = 'pending'
+ORDER BY created_at
+LIMIT 1
+FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED;
+
+UPDATE jobs
+SET status = 'processing', started_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+WHERE id = ?;
+
+COMMIT;
+```
+
+Use `SKIP LOCKED` only for queue-like workloads where skipping a locked row is
+acceptable. It is not a replacement for normal transactional consistency.
+
+## Connection Pools
+
+SQLAlchemy example:
+
+```python
+from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+engine = create_engine(
+    "mysql+mysqlconnector://app:secret@db.internal/app",
+    pool_size=10,
+    max_overflow=5,
+    pool_timeout=30,
+    pool_recycle=240,
+    pool_pre_ping=True,
+    connect_args={"connect_timeout": 5},
+)
+```
+
+Node.js `mysql2` example:
+
+```javascript
+import mysql from 'mysql2/promise';
+
+const pool = mysql.createPool({
+  host: process.env.DB_HOST,
+  user: process.env.DB_USER,
+  password: process.env.DB_PASSWORD,
+  database: process.env.DB_NAME,
+  waitForConnections: true,
+  connectionLimit: 10,
+  queueLimit: 0,
+  enableKeepAlive: true,
+  keepAliveInitialDelay: 30000,
+});
+
+const [rows] = await pool.execute(
+  'SELECT id, total FROM orders WHERE account_id = ? LIMIT 50',
+  [accountId],
+);
+```
+
+Keep application pool recycling below the server `wait_timeout`. If the server
+uses `wait_timeout = 300`, a `pool_recycle` around 240 seconds is coherent;
+`pool_pre_ping` still helps recover from network and failover events.
+
+## Diagnostics
+
+Useful first-pass commands:
+
+```sql
+SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST;
+SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS\G;
+SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'slow_query_log';
+SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'long_query_time';
+```
+
+Enable the slow log in a controlled environment:
+
+```sql
+SET GLOBAL slow_query_log = 'ON';
+SET GLOBAL long_query_time = 1;
+SET GLOBAL log_queries_not_using_indexes = 'ON';
+```
+
+Use `EXPLAIN ANALYZE` only when it is safe to execute the query. It runs the
+statement and can be expensive on production-sized data.
+
+## Replication
+
+Read replicas can lag. Do not route read-your-own-write paths, checkout flows,
+permission checks, or idempotency-key reads to a replica immediately after a
+write.
+
+```sql
+-- MySQL legacy terminology, still common in existing fleets
+SHOW SLAVE STATUS\G;
+
+-- Newer terminology where supported
+SHOW REPLICA STATUS\G;
+```
+
+Check the engine/version before standardizing on one command. Monitor replica
+SQL thread health, IO thread health, and lag, not just whether the TCP
+connection is alive.
+
+## Security
+
+```sql
+CREATE USER 'app'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'use-a-secret-manager';
+GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON appdb.* TO 'app'@'%';
+
+ALTER USER 'app'@'%' REQUIRE SSL;
+
+SELECT user, host
+FROM mysql.user
+WHERE user = '';
+
+DROP USER IF EXISTS ''@'localhost';
+DROP USER IF EXISTS ''@'%';
+```
+
+Security review points:
+
+- Do not grant `ALL PRIVILEGES` or `*.*` to application users.
+- Require TLS for application users when traffic crosses hosts or networks.
+- Store credentials in the platform secret manager, not in examples, scripts, or
+  repository files.
+- Separate migration/admin users from runtime application users.
+- Audit public network exposure and bind addresses before tuning performance.
+
+## Configuration
+
+Example starting point for a dedicated database host:
+
+```ini
+[mysqld]
+innodb_buffer_pool_size = 4G
+innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1
+sync_binlog = 1
+
+max_connections = 300
+thread_cache_size = 50
+
+wait_timeout = 300
+interactive_timeout = 300
+innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 10
+
+slow_query_log = ON
+long_query_time = 1
+log_queries_not_using_indexes = ON
+
+log_bin = mysql-bin
+binlog_format = ROW
+binlog_expire_logs_seconds = 604800
+```
+
+Treat configuration values as a prompt for review, not a universal preset. Size
+memory, connections, log retention, and durability settings from workload,
+hardware, backup policy, and recovery objectives.
+
+## Anti-Patterns
+
+| Anti-Pattern | Risk | Better Pattern |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `SELECT *` in hot paths | Over-fetching and brittle clients | Select explicit columns |
+| Deep `OFFSET` pagination | Linear scans and slow pages | Keyset pagination |
+| No index on foreign-key joins | Slow joins and lock-heavy deletes | Index FK columns intentionally |
+| Long transactions | Lock waits and large undo history | Commit small units of work |
+| Direct DML against `mysql.user` | Grant-table corruption risk | Use `CREATE USER`, `ALTER USER`, `DROP USER` |
+| Application user with admin grants | High blast radius | Least-privilege runtime user |
+| Pool recycle above `wait_timeout` | Stale pooled connections | Recycle below timeout and pre-ping |
+| Replica reads after writes | Stale user-facing state | Pin read-after-write flows to primary |
+
+## Output Expectations
+
+When this skill is used for review, return:
+
+1. Engine/version assumptions.
+2. Highest-risk correctness, lock, security, and migration issues.
+3. Exact SQL or code changes for the safe path.
+4. Validation plan: `EXPLAIN`, migration dry run, lock/deadlock check, and
+   rollback criteria.
+5. Any MySQL/MariaDB syntax differences that affect the recommendation.
+
+## Related
+
+- Skill: `postgres-patterns` - PostgreSQL-specific schema and query patterns
+- Skill: `database-migrations` - migration planning and rollout safety
+- Skill: `backend-patterns` - API and service-layer patterns
+- Skill: `security-review` - secret handling, auth, and least privilege
+- Agent: `database-reviewer` - broader database review workflow
+
+### database-migrations
+
+Safe, reversible database schema-change patterns across PostgreSQL, MySQL, and common ORMs (Prisma, Drizzle, Kysely, Django, golang-migrate). Use when creating or altering tables, adding/removing columns or indexes, running data migrations, or planning zero-downtime schema changes.
+
+# Database Migration Patterns
+
+Safe, reversible database schema changes for production systems.
+
+## When to Activate
+
+- Creating or altering database tables
+- Adding/removing columns or indexes
+- Running data migrations (backfill, transform)
+- Planning zero-downtime schema changes
+- Setting up migration tooling for a new project
+
+## Core Principles
+
+1. **Every change is a migration** — never alter production databases manually
+2. **Migrations are forward-only in production** — rollbacks use new forward migrations
+3. **Schema and data migrations are separate** — never mix DDL and DML in one migration
+4. **Test migrations against production-sized data** — a migration that works on 100 rows may lock on 10M
+5. **Migrations are immutable once deployed** — never edit a migration that has run in production
+
+## Migration Safety Checklist
+
+Before applying any migration:
+
+- [ ] Migration has both UP and DOWN (or is explicitly marked irreversible)
+- [ ] No full table locks on large tables (use concurrent operations)
+- [ ] New columns have defaults or are nullable (never add NOT NULL without default)
+- [ ] Indexes created concurrently (not inline with CREATE TABLE for existing tables)
+- [ ] Data backfill is a separate migration from schema change
+- [ ] Tested against a copy of production data
+- [ ] Rollback plan documented
+
+## PostgreSQL Patterns
+
+### Adding a Column Safely
+
+```sql
+-- GOOD: Nullable column, no lock
+ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN avatar_url TEXT;
+
+-- GOOD: Column with default (Postgres 11+ is instant, no rewrite)
+ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN is_active BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT true;
+
+-- BAD: NOT NULL without default on existing table (requires full rewrite)
+ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN role TEXT NOT NULL;
+-- This locks the table and rewrites every row
+```
+
+### Adding an Index Without Downtime
+
+```sql
+-- BAD: Blocks writes on large tables
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users (email);
+
+-- GOOD: Non-blocking, allows concurrent writes
+CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY idx_users_email ON users (email);
+
+-- Note: CONCURRENTLY cannot run inside a transaction block
+-- Most migration tools need special handling for this
+```
+
+### Renaming a Column (Zero-Downtime)
+
+Never rename directly in production. Use the expand-contract pattern:
+
+```sql
+-- Step 1: Add new column (migration 001)
+ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN display_name TEXT;
+
+-- Step 2: Backfill data (migration 002, data migration)
+UPDATE users SET display_name = username WHERE display_name IS NULL;
+
+-- Step 3: Update application code to read/write both columns
+-- Deploy application changes
+
+-- Step 4: Stop writing to old column, drop it (migration 003)
+ALTER TABLE users DROP COLUMN username;
+```
+
+### Removing a Column Safely
+
+```sql
+-- Step 1: Remove all application references to the column
+-- Step 2: Deploy application without the column reference
+-- Step 3: Drop column in next migration
+ALTER TABLE orders DROP COLUMN legacy_status;
+
+-- For Django: use SeparateDatabaseAndState to remove from model
+-- without generating DROP COLUMN (then drop in next migration)
+```
+
+### Large Data Migrations
+
+```sql
+-- BAD: Updates all rows in one transaction (locks table)
+UPDATE users SET normalized_email = LOWER(email);
+
+-- GOOD: Batch update with progress
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+  batch_size INT := 10000;
+  rows_updated INT;
+BEGIN
+  LOOP
+    UPDATE users
+    SET normalized_email = LOWER(email)
+    WHERE id IN (
+      SELECT id FROM users
+      WHERE normalized_email IS NULL
+      LIMIT batch_size
+      FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
+    );
+    GET DIAGNOSTICS rows_updated = ROW_COUNT;
+    RAISE NOTICE 'Updated % rows', rows_updated;
+    EXIT WHEN rows_updated = 0;
+    COMMIT;
+  END LOOP;
+END $$;
+```
+
+## Prisma (TypeScript/Node.js)
+
+### Workflow
+
+```bash
+# Create migration from schema changes
+npx prisma migrate dev --name add_user_avatar
+
+# Apply pending migrations in production
+npx prisma migrate deploy
+
+# Reset database (dev only)
+npx prisma migrate reset
+
+# Generate client after schema changes
+npx prisma generate
+```
+
+### Schema Example
+
+```prisma
+model User {
+  id        String   @id @default(cuid())
+  email     String   @unique
+  name      String?
+  avatarUrl String?  @map("avatar_url")
+  createdAt DateTime @default(now()) @map("created_at")
+  updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt @map("updated_at")
+  orders    Order[]
+
+  @@map("users")
+  @@index([email])
+}
+```
+
+### Custom SQL Migration
+
+For operations Prisma cannot express (concurrent indexes, data backfills):
+
+```bash
+# Create empty migration, then edit the SQL manually
+npx prisma migrate dev --create-only --name add_email_index
+```
+
+```sql
+-- migrations/20240115_add_email_index/migration.sql
+-- Prisma cannot generate CONCURRENTLY, so we write it manually
+CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS idx_users_email ON users (email);
+```
+
+## Drizzle (TypeScript/Node.js)
+
+### Workflow
+
+```bash
+# Generate migration from schema changes
+npx drizzle-kit generate
+
+# Apply migrations
+npx drizzle-kit migrate
+
+# Push schema directly (dev only, no migration file)
+npx drizzle-kit push
+```
+
+### Schema Example
+
+```typescript
+import { pgTable, text, timestamp, uuid, boolean } from "drizzle-orm/pg-core";
+
+export const users = pgTable("users", {
+  id: uuid("id").primaryKey().defaultRandom(),
+  email: text("email").notNull().unique(),
+  name: text("name"),
+  isActive: boolean("is_active").notNull().default(true),
+  createdAt: timestamp("created_at").notNull().defaultNow(),
+  updatedAt: timestamp("updated_at").notNull().defaultNow(),
+});
+```
+
+## Kysely (TypeScript/Node.js)
+
+### Workflow (kysely-ctl)
+
+```bash
+# Initialize config file (kysely.config.ts)
+kysely init
+
+# Create a new migration file
+kysely migrate make add_user_avatar
+
+# Apply all pending migrations
+kysely migrate latest
+
+# Rollback last migration
+kysely migrate down
+
+# Show migration status
+kysely migrate list
+```
+
+### Migration File
+
+```typescript
+// migrations/2024_01_15_001_create_user_profile.ts
+import { type Kysely, sql } from 'kysely'
+
+// IMPORTANT: Always use Kysely<any>, not your typed DB interface.
+// Migrations are frozen in time and must not depend on current schema types.
+export async function up(db: Kysely<any>): Promise<void> {
+  await db.schema
+    .createTable('user_profile')
+    .addColumn('id', 'serial', (col) => col.primaryKey())
+    .addColumn('email', 'varchar(255)', (col) => col.notNull().unique())
+    .addColumn('avatar_url', 'text')
+    .addColumn('created_at', 'timestamp', (col) =>
+      col.defaultTo(sql`now()`).notNull()
+    )
+    .execute()
+
+  await db.schema
+    .createIndex('idx_user_profile_avatar')
+    .on('user_profile')
+    .column('avatar_url')
+    .execute()
+}
+
+export async function down(db: Kysely<any>): Promise<void> {
+  await db.schema.dropTable('user_profile').execute()
+}
+```
+
+### Programmatic Migrator
+
+```typescript
+import { Migrator, FileMigrationProvider } from 'kysely'
+import { promises as fs } from 'fs'
+import * as path from 'path'
+// ESM only — CJS can use __dirname directly
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'url'
+const migrationFolder = path.join(
+  path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)),
+  './migrations',
+)
+
+// `db` is your Kysely<any> database instance
+const migrator = new Migrator({
+  db,
+  provider: new FileMigrationProvider({
+    fs,
+    path,
+    migrationFolder,
+  }),
+  // WARNING: Only enable in development. Disables timestamp-ordering
+  // validation, which can cause schema drift between environments.
+  // allowUnorderedMigrations: true,
+})
+
+const { error, results } = await migrator.migrateToLatest()
+
+results?.forEach((it) => {
+  if (it.status === 'Success') {
+    console.log(`migration "${it.migrationName}" executed successfully`)
+  } else if (it.status === 'Error') {
+    console.error(`failed to execute migration "${it.migrationName}"`)
+  }
+})
+
+if (error) {
+  console.error('migration failed', error)
+  process.exit(1)
+}
+```
+
+## Django (Python)
+
+### Workflow
+
+```bash
+# Generate migration from model changes
+python manage.py makemigrations
+
+# Apply migrations
+python manage.py migrate
+
+# Show migration status
+python manage.py showmigrations
+
+# Generate empty migration for custom SQL
+python manage.py makemigrations --empty app_name -n description
+```
+
+### Data Migration
+
+```python
+from django.db import migrations
+
+def backfill_display_names(apps, schema_editor):
+    User = apps.get_model("accounts", "User")
+    batch_size = 5000
+    users = User.objects.filter(display_name="")
+    while users.exists():
+        batch = list(users[:batch_size])
+        for user in batch:
+            user.display_name = user.username
+        User.objects.bulk_update(batch, ["display_name"], batch_size=batch_size)
+
+def reverse_backfill(apps, schema_editor):
+    pass  # Data migration, no reverse needed
+
+class Migration(migrations.Migration):
+    dependencies = [("accounts", "0015_add_display_name")]
+
+    operations = [
+        migrations.RunPython(backfill_display_names, reverse_backfill),
+    ]
+```
+
+### SeparateDatabaseAndState
+
+Remove a column from the Django model without dropping it from the database immediately:
+
+```python
+class Migration(migrations.Migration):
+    operations = [
+        migrations.SeparateDatabaseAndState(
+            state_operations=[
+                migrations.RemoveField(model_name="user", name="legacy_field"),
+            ],
+            database_operations=[],  # Don't touch the DB yet
+        ),
+    ]
+```
+
+## golang-migrate (Go)
+
+### Workflow
+
+```bash
+# Create migration pair
+migrate create -ext sql -dir migrations -seq add_user_avatar
+
+# Apply all pending migrations
+migrate -path migrations -database "$DATABASE_URL" up
+
+# Rollback last migration
+migrate -path migrations -database "$DATABASE_URL" down 1
+
+# Force version (fix dirty state)
+migrate -path migrations -database "$DATABASE_URL" force VERSION
+```
+
+### Migration Files
+
+```sql
+-- migrations/000003_add_user_avatar.up.sql
+ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN avatar_url TEXT;
+CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY idx_users_avatar ON users (avatar_url) WHERE avatar_url IS NOT NULL;
+
+-- migrations/000003_add_user_avatar.down.sql
+DROP INDEX IF EXISTS idx_users_avatar;
+ALTER TABLE users DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS avatar_url;
+```
+
+## Zero-Downtime Migration Strategy
+
+For critical production changes, follow the expand-contract pattern:
+
+```
+Phase 1: EXPAND
+  - Add new column/table (nullable or with default)
+  - Deploy: app writes to BOTH old and new
+  - Backfill existing data
+
+Phase 2: MIGRATE
+  - Deploy: app reads from NEW, writes to BOTH
+  - Verify data consistency
+
+Phase 3: CONTRACT
+  - Deploy: app only uses NEW
+  - Drop old column/table in separate migration
+```
+
+### Timeline Example
+
+```
+Day 1: Migration adds new_status column (nullable)
+Day 1: Deploy app v2 — writes to both status and new_status
+Day 2: Run backfill migration for existing rows
+Day 3: Deploy app v3 — reads from new_status only
+Day 7: Migration drops old status column
+```
+
+## Anti-Patterns
+
+| Anti-Pattern | Why It Fails | Better Approach |
+|-------------|-------------|-----------------|
+| Manual SQL in production | No audit trail, unrepeatable | Always use migration files |
+| Editing deployed migrations | Causes drift between environments | Create new migration instead |
+| NOT NULL without default | Locks table, rewrites all rows | Add nullable, backfill, then add constraint |
+| Inline index on large table | Blocks writes during build | CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY |
+| Schema + data in one migration | Hard to rollback, long transactions | Separate migrations |
+| Dropping column before removing code | Application errors on missing column | Remove code first, drop column next deploy |