@backstage/plugin-events-backend 0.6.7-next.1 → 0.6.7-next.2

package/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 # @backstage/plugin-events-backend
 
+## 0.6.7-next.2
+
+### Patch Changes
+
+- 02fd3bf: Improve database event cleanup under large backlogs and speed up reading events for subscriptions with many retained events.
+- Updated dependencies
+  - @backstage/backend-openapi-utils@0.7.3-next.2
+
 ## 0.6.7-next.1
 
 ### Patch Changes

package/README.md

@@ -56,6 +56,16 @@ in combination with suitable event subscribers.
 
 However, it is not limited to these use cases.
 
+## Database event retention
+
+The database-backed event bus uses PostgreSQL. Events are retained for at least
+10 minutes. Beyond that window, cleanup aims to keep the newest 10,000 events;
+events older than one day are eligible for deletion regardless of count.
+Cleanup runs every minute in batches, so bursts and backlogs can temporarily
+leave more than 10,000 events. Subscriptions that have fallen behind the
+retained events are also removed; consumers should be ready to recreate their
+subscriptions if they have been inactive for too long.
+
 ## Use Cases
 
 ### Request Validator

package/dist/service/hub/DatabaseEventBusStore.cjs.js

@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ const WINDOW_MAX_COUNT_DEFAULT = 1e4;
 const WINDOW_MIN_AGE_DEFAULT = { minutes: 10 };
 const WINDOW_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT = { days: 1 };
 const MAX_BATCH_SIZE = 10;
+const CLEANUP_BATCH_SIZE = 1e3;
+const CLEANUP_STATEMENT_TIMEOUT_MS = 2e4;
+const CLEANUP_RUN_DURATION_MS = 5e4;
 const LISTENER_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_MS = 6e4;
 const KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL_MS = 6e4;
 const TABLE_EVENTS = "event_bus_events";
@@ -196,10 +199,11 @@ class DatabaseEventBusStore {
     );
     await options.scheduler.scheduleTask({
       id: "event-bus-cleanup",
-      frequency: { seconds: 10 },
+      scope: "global",
+      frequency: { minutes: 1 },
       timeout: { minutes: 1 },
       initialDelay: { seconds: 10 },
-      fn: () => store.#cleanup()
+      fn: (signal) => store.#cleanup(signal)
     });
     options.lifecycle.addShutdownHook(async () => {
       await listener.shutdown();
@@ -222,7 +226,9 @@ class DatabaseEventBusStore {
       minAge,
       maxAge
     );
-    return Object.assign(store, { clean: () => store.#cleanup() });
+    return Object.assign(store, {
+      clean: (signal) => store.#cleanup(signal)
+    });
   }
   #db;
   #logger;
@@ -308,20 +314,30 @@ class DatabaseEventBusStore {
         FOR UPDATE
       ),
       selected_events AS (
-        SELECT event_bus_events.*
-        FROM event_bus_events
-        INNER JOIN subscription
-        ON event_bus_events.topic = ANY(subscription.topics)
-        WHERE event_bus_events.id > subscription.read_until
-        AND NOT :id = ANY(event_bus_events.notified_subscribers)
-        ORDER BY event_bus_events.id ASC LIMIT :limit
+        SELECT event.*
+        FROM subscription
+        CROSS JOIN LATERAL (
+          SELECT DISTINCT topic
+          FROM unnest(subscription.topics) AS subscribed(topic)
+        ) AS subscribed_topics
+        CROSS JOIN LATERAL (
+          SELECT event_bus_events.*
+          FROM event_bus_events
+          WHERE event_bus_events.topic = subscribed_topics.topic
+            AND event_bus_events.id > subscription.read_until
+            AND NOT :id = ANY(event_bus_events.notified_subscribers)
+          ORDER BY event_bus_events.id ASC
+          LIMIT :limit
+        ) AS event
+        ORDER BY event.id ASC
+        LIMIT :limit
       ),
       last_event_id AS (
         SELECT max(id) AS last_event_id
         FROM selected_events
       ),
       events_array AS (
-        SELECT json_agg(row_to_json(selected_events)) AS events
+        SELECT json_agg(row_to_json(selected_events) ORDER BY id) AS events
         FROM selected_events
       )
       UPDATE event_bus_subscriptions
@@ -367,41 +383,134 @@ class DatabaseEventBusStore {
       options.signal
     );
   }
-  async #cleanup() {
-    try {
-      const eventCount = await this.#db(TABLE_EVENTS).delete().orWhere(
-        (inner) => inner.whereIn(
-          "id",
-          this.#db.select("id").from(TABLE_EVENTS).orderBy("id", "desc").offset(this.#windowMaxCount)
-        ).andWhere(
-          "created_at",
-          "<",
-          new Date(Date.now() - this.#windowMinAge)
-        )
-      ).orWhere("created_at", "<", new Date(Date.now() - this.#windowMaxAge));
-      if (eventCount > 0) {
-        this.#logger.info(
-          `Event cleanup resulted in ${eventCount} old events being deleted`
-        );
-      }
-    } catch (error) {
-      this.#logger.error("Event cleanup failed", error);
+  async #cleanup(signal) {
+    if (signal?.aborted) {
+      return;
     }
-    try {
-      const [{ min: minId }] = await this.#db(TABLE_EVENTS).min("id");
-      let subscriberCount;
-      if (minId === null) {
-        subscriberCount = await this.#db(TABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS).where("updated_at", "<", new Date(Date.now() - this.#windowMaxAge)).delete();
-      } else {
-        subscriberCount = await this.#db(TABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS).delete().where("read_until", "<", minId - 1);
+    const stopAt = Date.now() + CLEANUP_RUN_DURATION_MS;
+    let eventCount = 0;
+    let subscriberCount = 0;
+    const setStatementTimeout = async (trx) => {
+      const remainingMs = stopAt - Date.now();
+      if (remainingMs <= 0) {
+        return false;
       }
-      if (subscriberCount > 0) {
-        this.#logger.info(
-          `Subscription cleanup resulted in ${subscriberCount} stale subscribers being deleted`
+      await trx.raw(
+        `SET LOCAL statement_timeout = '${Math.min(
+          CLEANUP_STATEMENT_TIMEOUT_MS,
+          remainingMs
+        )}ms'`
+      );
+      return true;
+    };
+    const deleteEventBatch = (createdBefore, maxId) => {
+      const bindings = [createdBefore];
+      if (maxId !== void 0) {
+        bindings.push(maxId);
+      }
+      bindings.push(CLEANUP_BATCH_SIZE);
+      return this.#db.transaction(async (trx) => {
+        if (!await setStatementTimeout(trx)) {
+          return 0;
+        }
+        const result = await trx.raw(
+          `WITH candidates AS (
+              SELECT id FROM event_bus_events
+              WHERE created_at < ? ${maxId === void 0 ? "" : "AND id <= ?"}
+              ORDER BY created_at, id
+              LIMIT ? FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
+            )
+            DELETE FROM event_bus_events
+            WHERE id = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT id FROM candidates))`,
+          bindings
         );
+        return result.rowCount;
+      });
+    };
+    const deleteSubscriberBatch = () => this.#db.transaction(async (trx) => {
+      if (!await setStatementTimeout(trx)) {
+        return 0;
       }
-    } catch (error) {
-      this.#logger.error("Subscription cleanup failed", error);
+      const [{ min: minId }] = await trx(TABLE_EVENTS).min("id");
+      if (!await setStatementTimeout(trx)) {
+        return 0;
+      }
+      const where = minId === null ? "updated_at < ?" : "read_until < CAST(? AS bigint) - 1";
+      const binding = minId === null ? new Date(Date.now() - this.#windowMaxAge) : minId;
+      const result = await trx.raw(
+        `WITH candidates AS (
+            SELECT id FROM event_bus_subscriptions
+            WHERE ${where}
+            ORDER BY id
+            LIMIT ? FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
+          )
+          DELETE FROM event_bus_subscriptions
+          WHERE id = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT id FROM candidates))`,
+        [binding, CLEANUP_BATCH_SIZE]
+      );
+      return result.rowCount;
+    });
+    let eventCleanupPhase = "maxAge";
+    let countCutoff;
+    let failed = false;
+    while (!failed && !signal?.aborted && Date.now() < stopAt) {
+      let subscriberDeleted = 0;
+      try {
+        if (eventCleanupPhase === "maxAge") {
+          const deleted = await deleteEventBatch(
+            new Date(Date.now() - this.#windowMaxAge)
+          );
+          eventCount += deleted;
+          if (deleted < CLEANUP_BATCH_SIZE) {
+            eventCleanupPhase = "maxCount";
+          }
+        } else if (eventCleanupPhase === "maxCount") {
+          if (countCutoff === void 0) {
+            const cutoff = await this.#db.transaction(async (trx) => {
+              if (!await setStatementTimeout(trx)) {
+                return void 0;
+              }
+              return trx(TABLE_EVENTS).select("id").orderBy("id", "desc").offset(this.#windowMaxCount).first();
+            });
+            countCutoff = cutoff?.id;
+          }
+          if (countCutoff === void 0) {
+            eventCleanupPhase = "complete";
+          } else {
+            const deleted = await deleteEventBatch(
+              new Date(Date.now() - this.#windowMinAge),
+              countCutoff
+            );
+            eventCount += deleted;
+            if (deleted < CLEANUP_BATCH_SIZE) {
+              eventCleanupPhase = "complete";
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      } catch (error) {
+        this.#logger.error("Event cleanup failed", error);
+        failed = true;
+      }
+      try {
+        subscriberDeleted = await deleteSubscriberBatch();
+        subscriberCount += subscriberDeleted;
+      } catch (error) {
+        this.#logger.error("Subscription cleanup failed", error);
+        failed = true;
+      }
+      if (eventCleanupPhase === "complete" && subscriberDeleted < CLEANUP_BATCH_SIZE) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (eventCount > 0) {
+      this.#logger.info(
+        `Event cleanup resulted in ${eventCount} old events being deleted`
+      );
+    }
+    if (subscriberCount > 0) {
+      this.#logger.info(
+        `Subscription cleanup resulted in ${subscriberCount} stale subscribers being deleted`
+      );
     }
   }
 }

package/dist/service/hub/DatabaseEventBusStore.cjs.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"DatabaseEventBusStore.cjs.js","sources":["../../../src/service/hub/DatabaseEventBusStore.ts"],"sourcesContent":["/*\n * Copyright 2024 The Backstage Authors\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.\n */\nimport { EventParams } from '@backstage/plugin-events-node';\nimport { EventBusStore } from './types';\nimport { Knex } from 'knex';\nimport {\n  BackstageCredentials,\n  BackstageServicePrincipal,\n  DatabaseService,\n  LifecycleService,\n  LoggerService,\n  SchedulerService,\n  resolvePackagePath,\n} from '@backstage/backend-plugin-api';\nimport { ForwardedError, NotFoundError } from '@backstage/errors';\nimport { HumanDuration, durationToMilliseconds } from '@backstage/types';\n\nconst WINDOW_MAX_COUNT_DEFAULT = 10_000;\nconst WINDOW_MIN_AGE_DEFAULT = { minutes: 10 };\nconst WINDOW_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT = { days: 1 };\n\nconst MAX_BATCH_SIZE = 10;\nconst LISTENER_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_MS = 60_000;\nconst KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL_MS = 60_000;\n\nconst TABLE_EVENTS = 'event_bus_events';\nconst TABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS = 'event_bus_subscriptions';\nconst TOPIC_PUBLISH = 'event_bus_publish';\n\ntype EventsRow = {\n  id: string;\n  created_by: string;\n  created_at: Date;\n  topic: string;\n  data_json: string;\n  notified_subscribers: string[];\n};\n\ntype SubscriptionsRow = {\n  id: string;\n  created_by: string;\n  created_at: Date;\n  updated_at: Date;\n  read_until: string;\n  topics: string[];\n};\n\nfunction creatorId(\n  credentials: BackstageCredentials<BackstageServicePrincipal>,\n) {\n  return `service=${credentials.principal.subject}`;\n}\n\nconst migrationsDir = resolvePackagePath(\n  '@backstage/plugin-events-backend',\n  'migrations',\n);\n\ninterface InternalDbClient {\n  acquireRawConnection(): Promise<InternalDbConnection>;\n  destroyRawConnection(conn: InternalDbConnection): Promise<void>;\n}\n\ninterface InternalDbConnection {\n  query(sql: string): Promise<void>;\n  end(): Promise<void>;\n  on(\n    event: 'notification',\n    listener: (event: { channel: string; payload: string }) => void,\n  ): void;\n  on(event: 'error', listener: (error: Error) => void): void;\n  on(event: 'end', listener: (error?: Error) => void): void;\n  removeAllListeners(): void;\n}\n\n// This internal class manages a single connection to the database that all listeners share\nclass DatabaseEventBusListener {\n  readonly #client: InternalDbClient;\n  readonly #logger: LoggerService;\n\n  readonly #listeners = new Set<{\n    topics: Set<string>;\n    resolve: (result: { topic: string }) => void;\n    reject: (error: Error) => void;\n  }>();\n\n  #isShuttingDown = false;\n  #connPromise?: Promise<InternalDbConnection>;\n  #connTimeout?: NodeJS.Timeout;\n  #keepaliveInterval?: NodeJS.Timeout;\n\n  constructor(client: InternalDbClient, logger: LoggerService) {\n    this.#client = client;\n    this.#logger = logger.child({ type: 'DatabaseEventBusListener' });\n  }\n\n  async setupListener(\n    topics: Set<string>,\n    signal: AbortSignal,\n  ): Promise<{ waitForUpdate(): Promise<{ topic: string }> }> {\n    if (this.#connTimeout) {\n      clearTimeout(this.#connTimeout);\n      this.#connTimeout = undefined;\n    }\n\n    await this.#ensureConnection();\n\n    const updatePromise = new Promise<{ topic: string }>((resolve, reject) => {\n      const listener = {\n        topics,\n        resolve(result: { topic: string }) {\n          resolve(result);\n          cleanup();\n        },\n        reject(err: Error) {\n          reject(err);\n          cleanup();\n        },\n      };\n      this.#listeners.add(listener);\n\n      const onAbort = () => {\n        this.#listeners.delete(listener);\n        this.#maybeTimeoutConnection();\n        reject(signal.reason);\n        cleanup();\n      };\n\n      function cleanup() {\n        signal.removeEventListener('abort', onAbort);\n      }\n\n      signal.addEventListener('abort', onAbort);\n    });\n\n    // Ignore unhandled rejections\n    updatePromise.catch(() => {});\n\n    return { waitForUpdate: () => updatePromise };\n  }\n\n  async shutdown() {\n    if (this.#isShuttingDown) {\n      return;\n    }\n    this.#isShuttingDown = true;\n    const conn = await this.#connPromise?.catch(() => undefined);\n    if (conn) {\n      this.#destroyConnection(conn);\n    }\n  }\n\n  #handleNotify(topic: string) {\n    this.#logger.debug(`Listener received notification for topic '${topic}'`);\n    for (const l of this.#listeners) {\n      if (l.topics.has(topic)) {\n        l.resolve({ topic });\n        this.#listeners.delete(l);\n      }\n    }\n    this.#maybeTimeoutConnection();\n  }\n\n  // We don't try to reconnect on error, instead we notify all listeners and let\n  // them try to establish a new connection\n  #handleError(error: Error) {\n    this.#logger.error(\n      `Listener connection failed, notifying all listeners`,\n      error,\n    );\n    for (const l of this.#listeners) {\n      l.reject(new Error('Listener connection failed'));\n    }\n    this.#listeners.clear();\n    this.#maybeTimeoutConnection();\n  }\n\n  #maybeTimeoutConnection() {\n    // If we don't have any listeners, destroy the connection after a timeout\n    if (this.#listeners.size === 0 && !this.#connTimeout) {\n      this.#connTimeout = setTimeout(() => {\n        this.#connTimeout = undefined;\n        this.#connPromise?.then(conn => {\n          this.#logger.info('Listener connection timed out, destroying');\n          this.#connPromise = undefined;\n          this.#destroyConnection(conn);\n        });\n      }, LISTENER_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_MS);\n    }\n  }\n\n  #destroyConnection(conn: InternalDbConnection) {\n    if (this.#keepaliveInterval) {\n      clearInterval(this.#keepaliveInterval);\n      this.#keepaliveInterval = undefined;\n    }\n    this.#client.destroyRawConnection(conn).catch(error => {\n      this.#logger.error(`Listener failed to destroy connection`, error);\n    });\n    conn.removeAllListeners();\n  }\n\n  async #ensureConnection() {\n    if (this.#isShuttingDown) {\n      throw new Error('Listener is shutting down');\n    }\n    if (this.#connPromise) {\n      await this.#connPromise;\n      return;\n    }\n    this.#connPromise = Promise.resolve().then(async () => {\n      const conn = await this.#client.acquireRawConnection();\n\n      try {\n        await conn.query(`LISTEN ${TOPIC_PUBLISH}`);\n\n        // Set up a keepalive interval to make sure the connection stays alive\n        if (this.#keepaliveInterval) {\n          clearInterval(this.#keepaliveInterval);\n        }\n        this.#keepaliveInterval = setInterval(() => {\n          conn.query('select 1').catch(error => {\n            this.#connPromise = undefined;\n            this.#destroyConnection(conn);\n            this.#handleError(new ForwardedError('Keepalive failed', error));\n          });\n        }, KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL_MS);\n\n        conn.on('notification', event => {\n          this.#handleNotify(event.payload);\n        });\n        conn.on('error', error => {\n          this.#connPromise = undefined;\n          this.#destroyConnection(conn);\n          this.#handleError(error);\n        });\n        conn.on('end', error => {\n          this.#connPromise = undefined;\n          this.#destroyConnection(conn);\n          this.#handleError(\n            error ?? new Error('Connection ended unexpectedly'),\n          );\n        });\n        return conn;\n      } catch (error) {\n        this.#destroyConnection(conn);\n        throw error;\n      }\n    });\n    try {\n      await this.#connPromise;\n    } catch (error) {\n      this.#connPromise = undefined;\n      throw error;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nexport class DatabaseEventBusStore implements EventBusStore {\n  static async create(options: {\n    database: DatabaseService;\n    logger: LoggerService;\n    scheduler: SchedulerService;\n    lifecycle: LifecycleService;\n    window?: {\n      /** Events within this range will never be deleted */\n      minAge?: HumanDuration;\n      /** Events outside of this age will always be deleted */\n      maxAge?: HumanDuration;\n      /** Events outside of this count will be deleted if they are outside the minAge window */\n      maxCount?: number;\n    };\n  }): Promise<DatabaseEventBusStore> {\n    const db = await options.database.getClient();\n\n    if (db.client.config.client !== 'pg') {\n      throw new Error(\n        `DatabaseEventBusStore only supports PostgreSQL, got '${db.client.config.client}'`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    if (!options.database.migrations?.skip) {\n      await db.migrate.latest({\n        directory: migrationsDir,\n      });\n    }\n\n    const listener = new DatabaseEventBusListener(db.client, options.logger);\n\n    const store = new DatabaseEventBusStore(\n      db,\n      options.logger,\n      listener,\n      options.window?.maxCount ?? WINDOW_MAX_COUNT_DEFAULT,\n      durationToMilliseconds(options.window?.minAge ?? WINDOW_MIN_AGE_DEFAULT),\n      durationToMilliseconds(options.window?.maxAge ?? WINDOW_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT),\n    );\n\n    await options.scheduler.scheduleTask({\n      id: 'event-bus-cleanup',\n      frequency: { seconds: 10 },\n      timeout: { minutes: 1 },\n      initialDelay: { seconds: 10 },\n      fn: () => store.#cleanup(),\n    });\n\n    options.lifecycle.addShutdownHook(async () => {\n      await listener.shutdown();\n    });\n\n    return store;\n  }\n\n  /** @internal */\n  static async forTest({\n    db,\n    logger,\n    minAge = 0,\n    maxAge = 10_000,\n  }: {\n    db: Knex;\n    logger: LoggerService;\n    minAge?: number;\n    maxAge?: number;\n  }) {\n    await db.migrate.latest({ directory: migrationsDir });\n\n    const store = new DatabaseEventBusStore(\n      db,\n      logger,\n      new DatabaseEventBusListener(db.client, logger),\n      5,\n      minAge,\n      maxAge,\n    );\n\n    return Object.assign(store, { clean: () => store.#cleanup() });\n  }\n\n  readonly #db: Knex;\n  readonly #logger: LoggerService;\n  readonly #listener: DatabaseEventBusListener;\n  readonly #windowMaxCount: number;\n  readonly #windowMinAge: number;\n  readonly #windowMaxAge: number;\n\n  private constructor(\n    db: Knex,\n    logger: LoggerService,\n    listener: DatabaseEventBusListener,\n    windowMaxCount: number,\n    windowMinAge: number,\n    windowMaxAge: number,\n  ) {\n    this.#db = db;\n    this.#logger = logger;\n    this.#listener = listener;\n    this.#windowMaxCount = windowMaxCount;\n    this.#windowMinAge = windowMinAge;\n    this.#windowMaxAge = windowMaxAge;\n  }\n\n  async publish(options: {\n    event: EventParams;\n    notifiedSubscribers?: string[];\n    credentials: BackstageCredentials<BackstageServicePrincipal>;\n  }): Promise<{ eventId: string } | undefined> {\n    const topic = options.event.topic;\n    const notifiedSubscribers = options.notifiedSubscribers ?? [];\n    // This query inserts a new event into the database, but only if there are\n    // subscribers to the topic that have not already been notified\n    const result = await this.#db\n      // There's no clean way to create a INSERT INTO .. SELECT with knex, so we end up with quite a lot of .raw(...)\n      .into(\n        this.#db.raw('?? (??, ??, ??, ??)', [\n          TABLE_EVENTS,\n          // These are the rows that we insert, and should match the SELECT below\n          'created_by',\n          'topic',\n          'data_json',\n          'notified_subscribers',\n        ]),\n      )\n      .insert<EventsRow>(\n        (q: Knex.QueryBuilder) =>\n          q\n            // We're not reading data to insert from anywhere else, just raw data\n            .select(\n              this.#db.raw('?', [creatorId(options.credentials)]),\n              this.#db.raw('?', [topic]),\n              this.#db.raw('?', [\n                JSON.stringify({\n                  payload: options.event.eventPayload,\n                  metadata: options.event.metadata,\n                }),\n              ]),\n              this.#db.raw('?', [notifiedSubscribers]),\n            )\n            // The rest of this query is to check whether there are any\n            // subscribers that have not been notified yet\n            .from(TABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS)\n            .whereNotIn('id', notifiedSubscribers) // Skip notified subscribers\n            .andWhere(this.#db.raw('? = ANY(topics)', [topic])) // Match topic\n            .having(this.#db.raw('count(*)'), '>', 0), // Check if there are any results\n      )\n      .returning<{ id: string }[]>('id');\n\n    if (result.length === 0) {\n      return undefined;\n    }\n    if (result.length > 1) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Failed to insert event, unexpectedly updated ${result.length} rows`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    const [{ id }] = result;\n\n    // Notify other event bus instances that an event is available on the topic\n    const notifyResult = await this.#db.select(\n      this.#db.raw(`pg_notify(?, ?)`, [TOPIC_PUBLISH, topic]),\n    );\n    if (notifyResult?.length !== 1) {\n      this.#logger.warn(\n        `Failed to notify subscribers of event with ID '${id}' on topic '${topic}'`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    return { eventId: id };\n  }\n\n  async upsertSubscription(\n    id: string,\n    topics: string[],\n    credentials: BackstageCredentials<BackstageServicePrincipal>,\n  ): Promise<void> {\n    const [{ max: maxId }] = await this.#db(TABLE_EVENTS).max('id');\n    const result = await this.#db<SubscriptionsRow>(TABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS)\n      .insert({\n        id,\n        created_by: creatorId(credentials),\n        updated_at: this.#db.fn.now(),\n        topics,\n        read_until: maxId || 0,\n      })\n      .onConflict('id')\n      .merge(['created_by', 'topics', 'updated_at'])\n      .returning('*');\n\n    if (result.length !== 1) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Failed to upsert subscription, updated ${result.length} rows`,\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  async readSubscription(id: string): Promise<{ events: EventParams[] }> {\n    // The below query selects the subscription we're reading from, locks it for\n    // an update, reads events for the subscription up to the limit, and then\n    // updates the pointer to the last read event.\n    //\n    // This is written as a plain SQL query to spare us all the horrors of\n    // expressing this in knex.\n\n    const { rows: result } = await this.#db.raw<{\n      rows: [] | [{ events: EventsRow[] }];\n    }>(\n      `\n      WITH subscription AS (\n        SELECT topics, read_until\n        FROM event_bus_subscriptions\n        WHERE id = :id\n        FOR UPDATE\n      ),\n      selected_events AS (\n        SELECT event_bus_events.*\n        FROM event_bus_events\n        INNER JOIN subscription\n        ON event_bus_events.topic = ANY(subscription.topics)\n        WHERE event_bus_events.id > subscription.read_until\n        AND NOT :id = ANY(event_bus_events.notified_subscribers)\n        ORDER BY event_bus_events.id ASC LIMIT :limit\n      ),\n      last_event_id AS (\n        SELECT max(id) AS last_event_id\n        FROM selected_events\n      ),\n      events_array AS (\n        SELECT json_agg(row_to_json(selected_events)) AS events\n        FROM selected_events\n      )\n      UPDATE event_bus_subscriptions\n      SET read_until = COALESCE(last_event_id, (SELECT MAX(id) FROM event_bus_events), 0)\n      FROM events_array, last_event_id\n      WHERE event_bus_subscriptions.id = :id\n      RETURNING events_array.events\n    `,\n      { id, limit: MAX_BATCH_SIZE },\n    );\n\n    if (result.length === 0) {\n      throw new NotFoundError(`Subscription with ID '${id}' not found`);\n    } else if (result.length > 1) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Failed to read subscription, unexpectedly updated ${result.length} rows`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    const rows = result[0].events;\n    if (!rows || rows.length === 0) {\n      return { events: [] };\n    }\n\n    return {\n      events: rows.map(row => {\n        const { payload, metadata } = JSON.parse(row.data_json);\n        return {\n          topic: row.topic,\n          eventPayload: payload,\n          metadata,\n        };\n      }),\n    };\n  }\n\n  async setupListener(\n    subscriptionId: string,\n    options: {\n      signal: AbortSignal;\n    },\n  ): Promise<{ waitForUpdate(): Promise<{ topic: string }> }> {\n    const result = await this.#db<SubscriptionsRow>(TABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS)\n      .select('topics')\n      .where({ id: subscriptionId })\n      .first();\n\n    if (!result) {\n      throw new NotFoundError(\n        `Subscription with ID '${subscriptionId}' not found`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    options.signal.throwIfAborted();\n\n    return this.#listener.setupListener(\n      new Set(result.topics ?? []),\n      options.signal,\n    );\n  }\n\n  async #cleanup() {\n    try {\n      const eventCount = await this.#db(TABLE_EVENTS)\n        .delete()\n        // Delete any events that are outside both the min age and size window\n        .orWhere(inner =>\n          inner\n            .whereIn(\n              'id',\n              this.#db\n                .select('id')\n                .from(TABLE_EVENTS)\n                .orderBy('id', 'desc')\n                .offset(this.#windowMaxCount),\n            )\n            .andWhere(\n              'created_at',\n              '<',\n              new Date(Date.now() - this.#windowMinAge),\n            ),\n        )\n        // If events are outside the max age they will always be deleted\n        .orWhere('created_at', '<', new Date(Date.now() - this.#windowMaxAge));\n\n      if (eventCount > 0) {\n        this.#logger.info(\n          `Event cleanup resulted in ${eventCount} old events being deleted`,\n        );\n      }\n    } catch (error) {\n      this.#logger.error('Event cleanup failed', error);\n    }\n\n    try {\n      // Delete any subscribers that aren't keeping up with current events\n      const [{ min: minId }] = await this.#db(TABLE_EVENTS).min('id');\n\n      let subscriberCount;\n      if (minId === null) {\n        // No events left, remove all subscribers. 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+{"version":3,"file":"DatabaseEventBusStore.cjs.js","sources":["../../../src/service/hub/DatabaseEventBusStore.ts"],"sourcesContent":["/*\n * Copyright 2024 The Backstage Authors\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.\n */\nimport { EventParams } from '@backstage/plugin-events-node';\nimport { EventBusStore } from './types';\nimport { Knex } from 'knex';\nimport {\n  BackstageCredentials,\n  BackstageServicePrincipal,\n  DatabaseService,\n  LifecycleService,\n  LoggerService,\n  SchedulerService,\n  resolvePackagePath,\n} from '@backstage/backend-plugin-api';\nimport { ForwardedError, NotFoundError } from '@backstage/errors';\nimport { HumanDuration, durationToMilliseconds } from '@backstage/types';\n\nconst WINDOW_MAX_COUNT_DEFAULT = 10_000;\nconst WINDOW_MIN_AGE_DEFAULT = { minutes: 10 };\nconst WINDOW_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT = { days: 1 };\n\nconst MAX_BATCH_SIZE = 10;\nconst CLEANUP_BATCH_SIZE = 1_000;\nconst CLEANUP_STATEMENT_TIMEOUT_MS = 20_000;\nconst CLEANUP_RUN_DURATION_MS = 50_000;\nconst LISTENER_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_MS = 60_000;\nconst KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL_MS = 60_000;\n\nconst TABLE_EVENTS = 'event_bus_events';\nconst TABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS = 'event_bus_subscriptions';\nconst TOPIC_PUBLISH = 'event_bus_publish';\n\ntype EventsRow = {\n  id: string;\n  created_by: string;\n  created_at: Date;\n  topic: string;\n  data_json: string;\n  notified_subscribers: string[];\n};\n\ntype SubscriptionsRow = {\n  id: string;\n  created_by: string;\n  created_at: Date;\n  updated_at: Date;\n  read_until: string;\n  topics: string[];\n};\n\nfunction creatorId(\n  credentials: BackstageCredentials<BackstageServicePrincipal>,\n) {\n  return `service=${credentials.principal.subject}`;\n}\n\nconst migrationsDir = resolvePackagePath(\n  '@backstage/plugin-events-backend',\n  'migrations',\n);\n\ninterface InternalDbClient {\n  acquireRawConnection(): Promise<InternalDbConnection>;\n  destroyRawConnection(conn: InternalDbConnection): Promise<void>;\n}\n\ninterface InternalDbConnection {\n  query(sql: string): Promise<void>;\n  end(): Promise<void>;\n  on(\n    event: 'notification',\n    listener: (event: { channel: string; payload: string }) => void,\n  ): void;\n  on(event: 'error', listener: (error: Error) => void): void;\n  on(event: 'end', listener: (error?: Error) => void): void;\n  removeAllListeners(): void;\n}\n\n// This internal class manages a single connection to the database that all listeners share\nclass DatabaseEventBusListener {\n  readonly #client: InternalDbClient;\n  readonly #logger: LoggerService;\n\n  readonly #listeners = new Set<{\n    topics: Set<string>;\n    resolve: (result: { topic: string }) => void;\n    reject: (error: Error) => void;\n  }>();\n\n  #isShuttingDown = false;\n  #connPromise?: Promise<InternalDbConnection>;\n  #connTimeout?: NodeJS.Timeout;\n  #keepaliveInterval?: NodeJS.Timeout;\n\n  constructor(client: InternalDbClient, logger: LoggerService) {\n    this.#client = client;\n    this.#logger = logger.child({ type: 'DatabaseEventBusListener' });\n  }\n\n  async setupListener(\n    topics: Set<string>,\n    signal: AbortSignal,\n  ): Promise<{ waitForUpdate(): Promise<{ topic: string }> }> {\n    if (this.#connTimeout) {\n      clearTimeout(this.#connTimeout);\n      this.#connTimeout = undefined;\n    }\n\n    await this.#ensureConnection();\n\n    const updatePromise = new Promise<{ topic: string }>((resolve, reject) => {\n      const listener = {\n        topics,\n        resolve(result: { topic: string }) {\n          resolve(result);\n          cleanup();\n        },\n        reject(err: Error) {\n          reject(err);\n          cleanup();\n        },\n      };\n      this.#listeners.add(listener);\n\n      const onAbort = () => {\n        this.#listeners.delete(listener);\n        this.#maybeTimeoutConnection();\n        reject(signal.reason);\n        cleanup();\n      };\n\n      function cleanup() {\n        signal.removeEventListener('abort', onAbort);\n      }\n\n      signal.addEventListener('abort', onAbort);\n    });\n\n    // Ignore unhandled rejections\n    updatePromise.catch(() => {});\n\n    return { waitForUpdate: () => updatePromise };\n  }\n\n  async shutdown() {\n    if (this.#isShuttingDown) {\n      return;\n    }\n    this.#isShuttingDown = true;\n    const conn = await this.#connPromise?.catch(() => undefined);\n    if (conn) {\n      this.#destroyConnection(conn);\n    }\n  }\n\n  #handleNotify(topic: string) {\n    this.#logger.debug(`Listener received notification for topic '${topic}'`);\n    for (const l of this.#listeners) {\n      if (l.topics.has(topic)) {\n        l.resolve({ topic });\n        this.#listeners.delete(l);\n      }\n    }\n    this.#maybeTimeoutConnection();\n  }\n\n  // We don't try to reconnect on error, instead we notify all listeners and let\n  // them try to establish a new connection\n  #handleError(error: Error) {\n    this.#logger.error(\n      `Listener connection failed, notifying all listeners`,\n      error,\n    );\n    for (const l of this.#listeners) {\n      l.reject(new Error('Listener connection failed'));\n    }\n    this.#listeners.clear();\n    this.#maybeTimeoutConnection();\n  }\n\n  #maybeTimeoutConnection() {\n    // If we don't have any listeners, destroy the connection after a timeout\n    if (this.#listeners.size === 0 && !this.#connTimeout) {\n      this.#connTimeout = setTimeout(() => {\n        this.#connTimeout = undefined;\n        this.#connPromise?.then(conn => {\n          this.#logger.info('Listener connection timed out, destroying');\n          this.#connPromise = undefined;\n          this.#destroyConnection(conn);\n        });\n      }, LISTENER_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_MS);\n    }\n  }\n\n  #destroyConnection(conn: InternalDbConnection) {\n    if (this.#keepaliveInterval) {\n      clearInterval(this.#keepaliveInterval);\n      this.#keepaliveInterval = undefined;\n    }\n    this.#client.destroyRawConnection(conn).catch(error => {\n      this.#logger.error(`Listener failed to destroy connection`, error);\n    });\n    conn.removeAllListeners();\n  }\n\n  async #ensureConnection() {\n    if (this.#isShuttingDown) {\n      throw new Error('Listener is shutting down');\n    }\n    if (this.#connPromise) {\n      await this.#connPromise;\n      return;\n    }\n    this.#connPromise = Promise.resolve().then(async () => {\n      const conn = await this.#client.acquireRawConnection();\n\n      try {\n        await conn.query(`LISTEN ${TOPIC_PUBLISH}`);\n\n        // Set up a keepalive interval to make sure the connection stays alive\n        if (this.#keepaliveInterval) {\n          clearInterval(this.#keepaliveInterval);\n        }\n        this.#keepaliveInterval = setInterval(() => {\n          conn.query('select 1').catch(error => {\n            this.#connPromise = undefined;\n            this.#destroyConnection(conn);\n            this.#handleError(new ForwardedError('Keepalive failed', error));\n          });\n        }, KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL_MS);\n\n        conn.on('notification', event => {\n          this.#handleNotify(event.payload);\n        });\n        conn.on('error', error => {\n          this.#connPromise = undefined;\n          this.#destroyConnection(conn);\n          this.#handleError(error);\n        });\n        conn.on('end', error => {\n          this.#connPromise = undefined;\n          this.#destroyConnection(conn);\n          this.#handleError(\n            error ?? new Error('Connection ended unexpectedly'),\n          );\n        });\n        return conn;\n      } catch (error) {\n        this.#destroyConnection(conn);\n        throw error;\n      }\n    });\n    try {\n      await this.#connPromise;\n    } catch (error) {\n      this.#connPromise = undefined;\n      throw error;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nexport class DatabaseEventBusStore implements EventBusStore {\n  static async create(options: {\n    database: DatabaseService;\n    logger: LoggerService;\n    scheduler: SchedulerService;\n    lifecycle: LifecycleService;\n    window?: {\n      /** Events within this range will never be deleted */\n      minAge?: HumanDuration;\n      /** Events outside of this age will always be deleted */\n      maxAge?: HumanDuration;\n      /** Events outside of this count will be deleted if they are outside the minAge window */\n      maxCount?: number;\n    };\n  }): Promise<DatabaseEventBusStore> {\n    const db = await options.database.getClient();\n\n    if (db.client.config.client !== 'pg') {\n      throw new Error(\n        `DatabaseEventBusStore only supports PostgreSQL, got '${db.client.config.client}'`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    if (!options.database.migrations?.skip) {\n      await db.migrate.latest({\n        directory: migrationsDir,\n      });\n    }\n\n    const listener = new DatabaseEventBusListener(db.client, options.logger);\n\n    const store = new DatabaseEventBusStore(\n      db,\n      options.logger,\n      listener,\n      options.window?.maxCount ?? WINDOW_MAX_COUNT_DEFAULT,\n      durationToMilliseconds(options.window?.minAge ?? WINDOW_MIN_AGE_DEFAULT),\n      durationToMilliseconds(options.window?.maxAge ?? WINDOW_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT),\n    );\n\n    await options.scheduler.scheduleTask({\n      id: 'event-bus-cleanup',\n      scope: 'global',\n      frequency: { minutes: 1 },\n      timeout: { minutes: 1 },\n      initialDelay: { seconds: 10 },\n      fn: signal => store.#cleanup(signal),\n    });\n\n    options.lifecycle.addShutdownHook(async () => {\n      await listener.shutdown();\n    });\n\n    return store;\n  }\n\n  /** @internal */\n  static async forTest({\n    db,\n    logger,\n    minAge = 0,\n    maxAge = 10_000,\n  }: {\n    db: Knex;\n    logger: LoggerService;\n    minAge?: number;\n    maxAge?: number;\n  }) {\n    await db.migrate.latest({ directory: migrationsDir });\n\n    const store = new DatabaseEventBusStore(\n      db,\n      logger,\n      new DatabaseEventBusListener(db.client, logger),\n      5,\n      minAge,\n      maxAge,\n    );\n\n    return Object.assign(store, {\n      clean: (signal?: AbortSignal) => store.#cleanup(signal),\n    });\n  }\n\n  readonly #db: Knex;\n  readonly #logger: LoggerService;\n  readonly #listener: DatabaseEventBusListener;\n  readonly #windowMaxCount: number;\n  readonly #windowMinAge: number;\n  readonly #windowMaxAge: number;\n\n  private constructor(\n    db: Knex,\n    logger: LoggerService,\n    listener: DatabaseEventBusListener,\n    windowMaxCount: number,\n    windowMinAge: number,\n    windowMaxAge: number,\n  ) {\n    this.#db = db;\n    this.#logger = logger;\n    this.#listener = listener;\n    this.#windowMaxCount = windowMaxCount;\n    this.#windowMinAge = windowMinAge;\n    this.#windowMaxAge = windowMaxAge;\n  }\n\n  async publish(options: {\n    event: EventParams;\n    notifiedSubscribers?: string[];\n    credentials: BackstageCredentials<BackstageServicePrincipal>;\n  }): Promise<{ eventId: string } | undefined> {\n    const topic = options.event.topic;\n    const notifiedSubscribers = options.notifiedSubscribers ?? [];\n    // This query inserts a new event into the database, but only if there are\n    // subscribers to the topic that have not already been notified\n    const result = await this.#db\n      // There's no clean way to create a INSERT INTO .. SELECT with knex, so we end up with quite a lot of .raw(...)\n      .into(\n        this.#db.raw('?? (??, ??, ??, ??)', [\n          TABLE_EVENTS,\n          // These are the rows that we insert, and should match the SELECT below\n          'created_by',\n          'topic',\n          'data_json',\n          'notified_subscribers',\n        ]),\n      )\n      .insert<EventsRow>(\n        (q: Knex.QueryBuilder) =>\n          q\n            // We're not reading data to insert from anywhere else, just raw data\n            .select(\n              this.#db.raw('?', [creatorId(options.credentials)]),\n              this.#db.raw('?', [topic]),\n              this.#db.raw('?', [\n                JSON.stringify({\n                  payload: options.event.eventPayload,\n                  metadata: options.event.metadata,\n                }),\n              ]),\n              this.#db.raw('?', [notifiedSubscribers]),\n            )\n            // The rest of this query is to check whether there are any\n            // subscribers that have not been notified yet\n            .from(TABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS)\n            .whereNotIn('id', notifiedSubscribers) // Skip notified subscribers\n            .andWhere(this.#db.raw('? = ANY(topics)', [topic])) // Match topic\n            .having(this.#db.raw('count(*)'), '>', 0), // Check if there are any results\n      )\n      .returning<{ id: string }[]>('id');\n\n    if (result.length === 0) {\n      return undefined;\n    }\n    if (result.length > 1) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Failed to insert event, unexpectedly updated ${result.length} rows`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    const [{ id }] = result;\n\n    // Notify other event bus instances that an event is available on the topic\n    const notifyResult = await this.#db.select(\n      this.#db.raw(`pg_notify(?, ?)`, [TOPIC_PUBLISH, topic]),\n    );\n    if (notifyResult?.length !== 1) {\n      this.#logger.warn(\n        `Failed to notify subscribers of event with ID '${id}' on topic '${topic}'`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    return { eventId: id };\n  }\n\n  async upsertSubscription(\n    id: string,\n    topics: string[],\n    credentials: BackstageCredentials<BackstageServicePrincipal>,\n  ): Promise<void> {\n    const [{ max: maxId }] = await this.#db(TABLE_EVENTS).max('id');\n    const result = await this.#db<SubscriptionsRow>(TABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS)\n      .insert({\n        id,\n        created_by: creatorId(credentials),\n        updated_at: this.#db.fn.now(),\n        topics,\n        read_until: maxId || 0,\n      })\n      .onConflict('id')\n      .merge(['created_by', 'topics', 'updated_at'])\n      .returning('*');\n\n    if (result.length !== 1) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Failed to upsert subscription, updated ${result.length} rows`,\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  async readSubscription(id: string): Promise<{ events: EventParams[] }> {\n    // The below query selects the subscription we're reading from, locks it for\n    // an update, reads events for the subscription up to the limit, and then\n    // updates the pointer to the last read event.\n    //\n    // This is written as a plain SQL query to spare us all the horrors of\n    // expressing this in knex.\n\n    const { rows: result } = await this.#db.raw<{\n      rows: [] | [{ events: EventsRow[] }];\n    }>(\n      `\n      WITH subscription AS (\n        SELECT topics, read_until\n        FROM event_bus_subscriptions\n        WHERE id = :id\n        FOR UPDATE\n      ),\n      selected_events AS (\n        SELECT event.*\n        FROM subscription\n        CROSS JOIN LATERAL (\n          SELECT DISTINCT topic\n          FROM unnest(subscription.topics) AS subscribed(topic)\n        ) AS subscribed_topics\n        CROSS JOIN LATERAL (\n          SELECT event_bus_events.*\n          FROM event_bus_events\n          WHERE event_bus_events.topic = subscribed_topics.topic\n            AND event_bus_events.id > subscription.read_until\n            AND NOT :id = ANY(event_bus_events.notified_subscribers)\n          ORDER BY event_bus_events.id ASC\n          LIMIT :limit\n        ) AS event\n        ORDER BY event.id ASC\n        LIMIT :limit\n      ),\n      last_event_id AS (\n        SELECT max(id) AS last_event_id\n        FROM selected_events\n      ),\n      events_array AS (\n        SELECT json_agg(row_to_json(selected_events) ORDER BY id) AS events\n        FROM selected_events\n      )\n      UPDATE event_bus_subscriptions\n      SET read_until = COALESCE(last_event_id, (SELECT MAX(id) FROM event_bus_events), 0)\n      FROM events_array, last_event_id\n      WHERE event_bus_subscriptions.id = :id\n      RETURNING events_array.events\n    `,\n      { id, limit: MAX_BATCH_SIZE },\n    );\n\n    if (result.length === 0) {\n      throw new NotFoundError(`Subscription with ID '${id}' not found`);\n    } else if (result.length > 1) {\n      throw new Error(\n        `Failed to read subscription, unexpectedly updated ${result.length} rows`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    const rows = result[0].events;\n    if (!rows || rows.length === 0) {\n      return { events: [] };\n    }\n\n    return {\n      events: rows.map(row => {\n        const { payload, metadata } = JSON.parse(row.data_json);\n        return {\n          topic: row.topic,\n          eventPayload: payload,\n          metadata,\n        };\n      }),\n    };\n  }\n\n  async setupListener(\n    subscriptionId: string,\n    options: {\n      signal: AbortSignal;\n    },\n  ): Promise<{ waitForUpdate(): Promise<{ topic: string }> }> {\n    const result = await this.#db<SubscriptionsRow>(TABLE_SUBSCRIPTIONS)\n      .select('topics')\n      .where({ id: subscriptionId })\n      .first();\n\n    if (!result) {\n      throw new NotFoundError(\n        `Subscription with ID '${subscriptionId}' not found`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    options.signal.throwIfAborted();\n\n    return this.#listener.setupListener(\n      new Set(result.topics ?? []),\n      options.signal,\n    );\n  }\n\n  async #cleanup(signal?: AbortSignal) {\n    if (signal?.aborted) {\n      return;\n    }\n\n    const stopAt = Date.now() + CLEANUP_RUN_DURATION_MS;\n    let eventCount = 0;\n    let subscriberCount = 0;\n\n    const setStatementTimeout = async (trx: Knex.Transaction) => {\n      const remainingMs = stopAt - Date.now();\n      if (remainingMs <= 0) {\n        return false;\n      }\n\n      await trx.raw(\n        `SET LOCAL statement_timeout = '${Math.min(\n          CLEANUP_STATEMENT_TIMEOUT_MS,\n          remainingMs,\n        )}ms'`,\n      );\n      return true;\n    };\n\n    const deleteEventBatch = (createdBefore: Date, maxId?: string) => {\n      const bindings: (Date | string | number)[] = [createdBefore];\n      if (maxId !== undefined) {\n        bindings.push(maxId);\n      }\n      bindings.push(CLEANUP_BATCH_SIZE);\n\n      return this.#db.transaction(async trx => {\n        if (!(await setStatementTimeout(trx))) {\n          return 0;\n        }\n        const result = await trx.raw<{ rowCount: number }>(\n          `WITH candidates AS (\n              SELECT id FROM event_bus_events\n              WHERE created_at < ? ${maxId === undefined ? '' : 'AND id <= ?'}\n              ORDER BY created_at, id\n              LIMIT ? FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED\n            )\n            DELETE FROM event_bus_events\n            WHERE id = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT id FROM candidates))`,\n          bindings,\n        );\n        return result.rowCount;\n      });\n    };\n\n    const deleteSubscriberBatch = () =>\n      this.#db.transaction<number>(async trx => {\n        if (!(await setStatementTimeout(trx))) {\n          return 0;\n        }\n        const [{ min: minId }] = await trx(TABLE_EVENTS).min('id');\n\n        if (!(await setStatementTimeout(trx))) {\n          return 0;\n        }\n\n        const where =\n          minId === null\n            ? 'updated_at < ?'\n            : 'read_until < CAST(? AS bigint) - 1';\n        const binding =\n          minId === null ? new Date(Date.now() - this.#windowMaxAge) : minId;\n        const result = await trx.raw<{ rowCount: number }>(\n          `WITH candidates AS (\n            SELECT id FROM event_bus_subscriptions\n            WHERE ${where}\n            ORDER BY id\n            LIMIT ? FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED\n          )\n          DELETE FROM event_bus_subscriptions\n          WHERE id = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT id FROM candidates))`,\n          [binding, CLEANUP_BATCH_SIZE],\n        );\n        return result.rowCount;\n      });\n\n    // Expire events past maxAge first, then trim older events past maxCount.\n    let eventCleanupPhase: 'maxAge' | 'maxCount' | 'complete' = 'maxAge';\n    let countCutoff: string | undefined;\n    let failed = false;\n\n    // Finish one bounded event batch and one bounded subscriber batch before\n    // checking cancellation or the run budget, so neither can starve the other.\n    while (!failed && !signal?.aborted && Date.now() < stopAt) {\n      let subscriberDeleted = 0;\n\n      try {\n        if (eventCleanupPhase === 'maxAge') {\n          const deleted = await deleteEventBatch(\n            new Date(Date.now() - this.#windowMaxAge),\n          );\n          eventCount += deleted;\n          if (deleted < CLEANUP_BATCH_SIZE) {\n      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package/migrations/20260930120000_event_bus_cleanup_indices.js

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2026 The Backstage Authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// @ts-check
+
+/**
+ * The event bus currently creates its tables only for PostgreSQL. Build these
+ * indexes concurrently so upgrading a busy event bus does not block writes.
+ * The old topic index is replaced by (topic, id), which also serves topic-only
+ * lookups while letting subscription reads start at their cursor.
+ *
+ * This migration runs outside a transaction because PostgreSQL forbids
+ * CREATE/DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY inside one. An interrupted concurrent build
+ * can leave an invalid index, so retries repair it before continuing.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @param {import('knex').Knex} knex
+ * @param {string} name
+ * @param {string[]} columns
+ */
+async function ensureIndex(knex, name, columns) {
+  const { rows } = await knex.raw(
+    `SELECT i.indisvalid, i.indisunique,
+            pg_get_indexdef(i.indexrelid, 1, true) AS first_column,
+            pg_get_indexdef(i.indexrelid, 2, true) AS second_column
+     FROM pg_class index_table
+     JOIN pg_namespace namespace ON namespace.oid = index_table.relnamespace
+     JOIN pg_index i ON i.indexrelid = index_table.oid
+     JOIN pg_class event_table ON event_table.oid = i.indrelid
+     WHERE index_table.relname = ?
+       AND namespace.nspname = current_schema()
+       AND event_table.relname = 'event_bus_events'`,
+    [name],
+  );
+
+  if (rows.length > 0) {
+    const index = rows[0];
+    if (index.indisvalid) {
+      const actualColumns = [index.first_column, index.second_column].filter(
+        Boolean,
+      );
+      if (index.indisunique || actualColumns.join(',') !== columns.join(',')) {
+        throw new Error(`Existing index ${name} has an unexpected definition`);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+
+    await knex.raw(`DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF EXISTS ${name}`);
+  }
+
+  await knex.raw(
+    `CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY ${name} ON event_bus_events (${columns.join(
+      ', ',
+    )})`,
+  );
+}
+
+/** @param {import('knex').Knex} knex */
+exports.up = async function up(knex) {
+  if (knex.client.config.client !== 'pg') {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  await ensureIndex(knex, 'event_bus_events_created_at_id_idx', [
+    'created_at',
+    'id',
+  ]);
+  await ensureIndex(knex, 'event_bus_events_topic_id_idx', ['topic', 'id']);
+  await knex.raw(
+    'DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF EXISTS event_bus_events_topic_idx',
+  );
+};
+
+/** @param {import('knex').Knex} knex */
+exports.down = async function down(knex) {
+  if (knex.client.config.client !== 'pg') {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  await ensureIndex(knex, 'event_bus_events_topic_idx', ['topic']);
+  await knex.raw(
+    'DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF EXISTS event_bus_events_topic_id_idx',
+  );
+  await knex.raw(
+    'DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF EXISTS event_bus_events_created_at_id_idx',
+  );
+};
+
+exports.config = { transaction: false };

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@backstage/plugin-events-backend",
-  "version": "0.6.7-next.1",
+  "version": "0.6.7-next.2",
   "backstage": {
     "role": "backend-plugin",
     "pluginId": "events",
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
     "test": "backstage-cli package test"
   },
   "dependencies": {
-    "@backstage/backend-openapi-utils": "0.7.3-next.1",
+    "@backstage/backend-openapi-utils": "0.7.3-next.2",
     "@backstage/backend-plugin-api": "1.11.0-next.1",
     "@backstage/config": "1.3.10-next.0",
     "@backstage/errors": "1.3.2-next.0",
@@ -81,11 +81,11 @@
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "@backstage/backend-app-api": "1.8.0-next.1",
-    "@backstage/backend-defaults": "0.18.1-next.1",
+    "@backstage/backend-defaults": "0.18.1-next.2",
     "@backstage/backend-test-utils": "1.11.8-next.1",
     "@backstage/cli": "0.36.7-next.0",
     "@backstage/plugin-events-backend-test-utils": "0.1.60-next.0",
-    "@backstage/repo-tools": "0.19.2-next.1",
+    "@backstage/repo-tools": "0.19.2-next.2",
     "@types/content-type": "^1.1.8",
     "supertest": "^7.0.0"
   },