@aztec/stdlib 0.85.0-nightly.20250417 → 0.85.0-nightly.20250418

package/dest/kernel/private_kernel_data.d.ts

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { VK_TREE_HEIGHT } from '@aztec/constants';
 import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
 import { BufferReader, type Tuple } from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
 import type { UInt32 } from '../types/shared.js';
-import { VerificationKeyAsFields } from '../vks/verification_key.js';
+import { VerificationKeyData } from '../vks/verification_key.js';
 import { PrivateKernelCircuitPublicInputs } from './private_kernel_circuit_public_inputs.js';
 /**
  * Data of the previous kernel iteration in the chain of kernels.
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ export declare class PrivateKernelData {
     /**
      * Verification key of the previous kernel.
      */
-    vk: VerificationKeyAsFields;
+    verificationKey: VerificationKeyData;
     /**
      * Index of the previous kernel's vk in a tree of vks.
      */
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ export declare class PrivateKernelData {
     /**
      * Verification key of the previous kernel.
      */
-    vk: VerificationKeyAsFields, 
+    verificationKey: VerificationKeyData, 
     /**
      * Index of the previous kernel's vk in a tree of vks.
      */

package/dest/kernel/private_kernel_data.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"private_kernel_data.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/kernel/private_kernel_data.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":";;AAAA,OAAO,EAAgD,cAAc,EAAE,MAAM,kBAAkB,CAAC;AAEhG,OAAO,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,MAAM,0BAA0B,CAAC;AAC9C,OAAO,EAAE,YAAY,EAAE,KAAK,KAAK,EAAqB,MAAM,6BAA6B,CAAC;AAE1F,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,oBAAoB,CAAC;AACjD,OAAO,EAAE,uBAAuB,EAAE,MAAM,4BAA4B,CAAC;AACrE,OAAO,EAAE,gCAAgC,EAAE,MAAM,2CAA2C,CAAC;AAE7F;;GAEG;AACH,qBAAa,iBAAiB;IAI1B;;OAEG;IACI,YAAY,EAAE,gCAAgC;IACrD;;OAEG;IACI,EAAE,EAAE,uBAAuB;IAClC;;OAEG;IACI,OAAO,EAAE,MAAM;IACtB;;OAEG;IACI,MAAM,EAAE,KAAK,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE,OAAO,cAAc,CAAC;;IAf/C;;OAEG;IACI,YAAY,EAAE,gCAAgC;IACrD;;OAEG;IACI,EAAE,EAAE,uBAAuB;IAClC;;OAEG;IACI,OAAO,EAAE,MAAM;IACtB;;OAEG;IACI,MAAM,EAAE,KAAK,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE,OAAO,cAAc,CAAC;IAGjD;;;OAGG;IACH,QAAQ;IAIR,MAAM,CAAC,UAAU,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,YAAY,GAAG,iBAAiB;IAUnE,MAAM,CAAC,KAAK,IAAI,iBAAiB;CAQlC"}
+{"version":3,"file":"private_kernel_data.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/kernel/private_kernel_data.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":";;AAAA,OAAO,EAAE,cAAc,EAAE,MAAM,kBAAkB,CAAC;AAElD,OAAO,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,MAAM,0BAA0B,CAAC;AAC9C,OAAO,EAAE,YAAY,EAAE,KAAK,KAAK,EAAqB,MAAM,6BAA6B,CAAC;AAE1F,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,oBAAoB,CAAC;AACjD,OAAO,EAAE,mBAAmB,EAAE,MAAM,4BAA4B,CAAC;AACjE,OAAO,EAAE,gCAAgC,EAAE,MAAM,2CAA2C,CAAC;AAE7F;;GAEG;AACH,qBAAa,iBAAiB;IAI1B;;OAEG;IACI,YAAY,EAAE,gCAAgC;IACrD;;OAEG;IACI,eAAe,EAAE,mBAAmB;IAC3C;;OAEG;IACI,OAAO,EAAE,MAAM;IACtB;;OAEG;IACI,MAAM,EAAE,KAAK,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE,OAAO,cAAc,CAAC;;IAf/C;;OAEG;IACI,YAAY,EAAE,gCAAgC;IACrD;;OAEG;IACI,eAAe,EAAE,mBAAmB;IAC3C;;OAEG;IACI,OAAO,EAAE,MAAM;IACtB;;OAEG;IACI,MAAM,EAAE,KAAK,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE,OAAO,cAAc,CAAC;IAGjD;;;OAGG;IACH,QAAQ;IAIR,MAAM,CAAC,UAAU,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,YAAY,GAAG,iBAAiB;IAUnE,MAAM,CAAC,KAAK,IAAI,iBAAiB;CAQlC"}

package/dest/kernel/private_kernel_data.js

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-import { CLIENT_IVC_VERIFICATION_KEY_LENGTH_IN_FIELDS, VK_TREE_HEIGHT } from '@aztec/constants';
+import { VK_TREE_HEIGHT } from '@aztec/constants';
 import { makeTuple } from '@aztec/foundation/array';
 import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
 import { BufferReader, serializeToBuffer } from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
-import { VerificationKeyAsFields } from '../vks/verification_key.js';
+import { VerificationKeyData } from '../vks/verification_key.js';
 import { PrivateKernelCircuitPublicInputs } from './private_kernel_circuit_public_inputs.js';
 /**
  * Data of the previous kernel iteration in the chain of kernels.
  */ export class PrivateKernelData {
     publicInputs;
-    vk;
+    verificationKey;
     vkIndex;
     vkPath;
     // NOTE: as of move to honk and client IVC, previous private kernels no longer come with their proof
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ import { PrivateKernelCircuitPublicInputs } from './private_kernel_circuit_publi
      * Public inputs of the previous kernel.
      */ publicInputs, /**
      * Verification key of the previous kernel.
-     */ vk, /**
+     */ verificationKey, /**
      * Index of the previous kernel's vk in a tree of vks.
      */ vkIndex, /**
      * Sibling path of the previous kernel's vk in a tree of vks.
      */ vkPath){
         this.publicInputs = publicInputs;
-        this.vk = vk;
+        this.verificationKey = verificationKey;
         this.vkIndex = vkIndex;
         this.vkPath = vkPath;
     }
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ import { PrivateKernelCircuitPublicInputs } from './private_kernel_circuit_publi
    * Serialize this as a buffer.
    * @returns The buffer.
    */ toBuffer() {
-        return serializeToBuffer(this.publicInputs, this.vk, this.vkIndex, this.vkPath);
+        return serializeToBuffer(this.publicInputs, this.verificationKey, this.vkIndex, this.vkPath);
     }
     static fromBuffer(buffer) {
         const reader = BufferReader.asReader(buffer);
-        return new this(reader.readObject(PrivateKernelCircuitPublicInputs), reader.readObject(VerificationKeyAsFields), reader.readNumber(), reader.readArray(VK_TREE_HEIGHT, Fr));
+        return new this(reader.readObject(PrivateKernelCircuitPublicInputs), reader.readObject(VerificationKeyData), reader.readNumber(), reader.readArray(VK_TREE_HEIGHT, Fr));
     }
     static empty() {
-        return new PrivateKernelData(PrivateKernelCircuitPublicInputs.empty(), VerificationKeyAsFields.makeFake(CLIENT_IVC_VERIFICATION_KEY_LENGTH_IN_FIELDS), 0, makeTuple(VK_TREE_HEIGHT, Fr.zero));
+        return new PrivateKernelData(PrivateKernelCircuitPublicInputs.empty(), VerificationKeyData.empty(), 0, makeTuple(VK_TREE_HEIGHT, Fr.zero));
     }
 }

package/dest/kernel/private_kernel_prover_output.d.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 import type { WitnessMap } from '@aztec/noir-acvm_js';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 import type { ClientIvcProof } from '../proofs/client_ivc_proof.js';
-import type { VerificationKeyAsFields } from '../vks/verification_key.js';
 import type { PrivateKernelCircuitPublicInputs } from './private_kernel_circuit_public_inputs.js';
 import type { PrivateKernelTailCircuitPublicInputs } from './private_kernel_tail_circuit_public_inputs.js';
 export declare const PrivateExecutionStepSchema: z.ZodObject<{
@@ -11,13 +10,16 @@ export declare const PrivateExecutionStepSchema: z.ZodObject<{
     gateCount: z.ZodOptional<z.ZodNumber>;
     bytecode: z.ZodEffects<z.ZodEffects<z.ZodString, string, string>, Buffer, string>;
     witness: import("@aztec/foundation/schemas").ZodFor<Map<number, string>>;
+    vk: z.ZodEffects<z.ZodEffects<z.ZodString, string, string>, Buffer, string>;
 }, "strip", z.ZodTypeAny, {
     bytecode: Buffer;
+    vk: Buffer;
     functionName: string;
     witness: Map<number, string>;
     gateCount?: number | undefined;
 }, {
     bytecode: string;
+    vk: string;
     functionName: string;
     gateCount?: number | undefined;
     witness?: any;
@@ -30,6 +32,7 @@ export interface PrivateExecutionStep {
     gateCount?: number;
     bytecode: Buffer;
     witness: WitnessMap;
+    vk: Buffer;
 }
 /** Represents the output of proven PrivateKernelSimulateOutput.*/
 export interface PrivateKernelExecutionProofOutput<PublicInputsType extends PrivateKernelCircuitPublicInputs | PrivateKernelTailCircuitPublicInputs> {
@@ -38,7 +41,7 @@ export interface PrivateKernelExecutionProofOutput<PublicInputsType extends Priv
     /** The private IVC proof optimized for user devices. It will be consumed by an Aztec prover,
      * which recursively verifies it through the "tube" circuit.*/
     clientIvcProof: ClientIvcProof;
-    verificationKey: VerificationKeyAsFields;
+    vk: Buffer;
     /**
      * The trace the clientIvcProof corresponds to.
      * A trace of app circuits interleaved with private kernel circuits.
@@ -46,4 +49,5 @@ export interface PrivateKernelExecutionProofOutput<PublicInputsType extends Priv
      */
     executionSteps: PrivateExecutionStep[];
 }
+export declare function serializePrivateExecutionSteps(steps: PrivateExecutionStep[]): Buffer;
 //# sourceMappingURL=private_kernel_prover_output.d.ts.map

package/dest/kernel/private_kernel_prover_output.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"private_kernel_prover_output.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/kernel/private_kernel_prover_output.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":";;AACA,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,UAAU,EAAE,MAAM,qBAAqB,CAAC;AAEtD,OAAO,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,KAAK,CAAC;AAExB,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,cAAc,EAAE,MAAM,+BAA+B,CAAC;AACpE,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,uBAAuB,EAAE,MAAM,4BAA4B,CAAC;AAC1E,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,gCAAgC,EAAE,MAAM,2CAA2C,CAAC;AAClG,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,oCAAoC,EAAE,MAAM,gDAAgD,CAAC;AAE3G,eAAO,MAAM,0BAA0B;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;EAKrC,CAAC;AAEH;;GAEG;AACH,MAAM,WAAW,oBAAoB;IACnC,YAAY,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACrB,SAAS,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACnB,QAAQ,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACjB,OAAO,EAAE,UAAU,CAAC;CACrB;AAED,kEAAkE;AAClE,MAAM,WAAW,iCAAiC,CAChD,gBAAgB,SAAS,gCAAgC,GAAG,oCAAoC;IAEhG,8DAA8D;IAC9D,YAAY,EAAE,gBAAgB,CAAC;IAC/B;kEAC8D;IAC9D,cAAc,EAAE,cAAc,CAAC;IAC/B,eAAe,EAAE,uBAAuB,CAAC;IACzC;;;;OAIG;IACH,cAAc,EAAE,oBAAoB,EAAE,CAAC;CACxC"}
+{"version":3,"file":"private_kernel_prover_output.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/kernel/private_kernel_prover_output.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":";;AACA,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,UAAU,EAAE,MAAM,qBAAqB,CAAC;AAItD,OAAO,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,KAAK,CAAC;AAExB,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,cAAc,EAAE,MAAM,+BAA+B,CAAC;AACpE,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,gCAAgC,EAAE,MAAM,2CAA2C,CAAC;AAClG,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,oCAAoC,EAAE,MAAM,gDAAgD,CAAC;AAE3G,eAAO,MAAM,0BAA0B;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;EAMrC,CAAC;AAEH;;GAEG;AACH,MAAM,WAAW,oBAAoB;IACnC,YAAY,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACrB,SAAS,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACnB,QAAQ,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACjB,OAAO,EAAE,UAAU,CAAC;IAEpB,EAAE,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;CACZ;AAED,kEAAkE;AAClE,MAAM,WAAW,iCAAiC,CAChD,gBAAgB,SAAS,gCAAgC,GAAG,oCAAoC;IAEhG,8DAA8D;IAC9D,YAAY,EAAE,gBAAgB,CAAC;IAC/B;kEAC8D;IAC9D,cAAc,EAAE,cAAc,CAAC;IAC/B,EAAE,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACX;;;;OAIG;IACH,cAAc,EAAE,oBAAoB,EAAE,CAAC;CACxC;AAED,wBAAgB,8BAA8B,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,oBAAoB,EAAE,UAU3E"}

package/dest/kernel/private_kernel_prover_output.js

@@ -1,8 +1,24 @@
 import { bufferSchema, mapSchema } from '@aztec/foundation/schemas';
+import { serializeWitness } from '@aztec/noir-noirc_abi';
+import { Encoder } from 'msgpackr';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 export const PrivateExecutionStepSchema = z.object({
     functionName: z.string(),
     gateCount: z.number().optional(),
     bytecode: bufferSchema,
-    witness: mapSchema(z.number(), z.string())
+    witness: mapSchema(z.number(), z.string()),
+    vk: bufferSchema
 });
+export function serializePrivateExecutionSteps(steps) {
+    const stepToStruct = (step)=>{
+        return {
+            bytecode: step.bytecode,
+            witness: serializeWitness(step.witness),
+            vk: step.vk,
+            functionName: step.functionName
+        };
+    };
+    return new Encoder({
+        useRecords: false
+    }).pack(steps.map(stepToStruct));
+}

package/dest/kernel/private_kernel_simulated_output.d.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /// <reference types="node" resolution-mode="require"/>
 /// <reference types="node" resolution-mode="require"/>
 import type { WitnessMap } from '@aztec/noir-acvm_js';
-import type { VerificationKeyAsFields } from '../vks/verification_key.js';
+import type { VerificationKeyData } from '../vks/verification_key.js';
 import type { PrivateKernelCircuitPublicInputs } from './private_kernel_circuit_public_inputs.js';
 import type { PrivateKernelTailCircuitPublicInputs } from './private_kernel_tail_circuit_public_inputs.js';
 /**
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ export interface PrivateKernelSimulateOutput<PublicInputsType extends PrivateKer
     /** The public inputs required for the proof generation process. */
     publicInputs: PublicInputsType;
     outputWitness: WitnessMap;
-    verificationKey: VerificationKeyAsFields;
+    verificationKey: VerificationKeyData;
     bytecode: Buffer;
 }
 /**
  * Represents the output of the circuit simulation process for init and inner private kernel circuit.
  */
 export type AppCircuitSimulateOutput = {
-    verificationKey: VerificationKeyAsFields;
+    verificationKey: VerificationKeyData;
 };
 //# sourceMappingURL=private_kernel_simulated_output.d.ts.map

package/dest/kernel/private_kernel_simulated_output.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"private_kernel_simulated_output.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/kernel/private_kernel_simulated_output.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":";;AAAA,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,UAAU,EAAE,MAAM,qBAAqB,CAAC;AAEtD,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,uBAAuB,EAAE,MAAM,4BAA4B,CAAC;AAC1E,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,gCAAgC,EAAE,MAAM,2CAA2C,CAAC;AAClG,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,oCAAoC,EAAE,MAAM,gDAAgD,CAAC;AAE3G;;;GAGG;AACH,MAAM,WAAW,2BAA2B,CAC1C,gBAAgB,SAAS,gCAAgC,GAAG,oCAAoC;IAEhG,mEAAmE;IACnE,YAAY,EAAE,gBAAgB,CAAC;IAC/B,aAAa,EAAE,UAAU,CAAC;IAC1B,eAAe,EAAE,uBAAuB,CAAC;IACzC,QAAQ,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;CAClB;AAED;;GAEG;AACH,MAAM,MAAM,wBAAwB,GAAG;IACrC,eAAe,EAAE,uBAAuB,CAAC;CAC1C,CAAC"}
+{"version":3,"file":"private_kernel_simulated_output.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/kernel/private_kernel_simulated_output.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":";;AAAA,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,UAAU,EAAE,MAAM,qBAAqB,CAAC;AAEtD,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,mBAAmB,EAAE,MAAM,4BAA4B,CAAC;AACtE,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,gCAAgC,EAAE,MAAM,2CAA2C,CAAC;AAClG,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,oCAAoC,EAAE,MAAM,gDAAgD,CAAC;AAE3G;;;GAGG;AACH,MAAM,WAAW,2BAA2B,CAC1C,gBAAgB,SAAS,gCAAgC,GAAG,oCAAoC;IAEhG,mEAAmE;IACnE,YAAY,EAAE,gBAAgB,CAAC;IAC/B,aAAa,EAAE,UAAU,CAAC;IAC1B,eAAe,EAAE,mBAAmB,CAAC;IACrC,QAAQ,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;CAClB;AAED;;GAEG;AACH,MAAM,MAAM,wBAAwB,GAAG;IACrC,eAAe,EAAE,mBAAmB,CAAC;CACtC,CAAC"}

package/dest/tx/profiled_tx.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"profiled_tx.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/tx/profiled_tx.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,2BAA2B,CAAC;AAIxD,OAAO,EAAE,KAAK,oBAAoB,EAA8B,MAAM,2CAA2C,CAAC;AAElH,qBAAa,eAAe;IACP,cAAc,EAAE,oBAAoB,EAAE;gBAAtC,cAAc,EAAE,oBAAoB,EAAE;IAEzD,MAAM,KAAK,MAAM,IAAI,MAAM,CAAC,eAAe,CAAC,CAM3C;IAED,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,IAAI,eAAe;CASjC"}
+{"version":3,"file":"profiled_tx.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/tx/profiled_tx.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,2BAA2B,CAAC;AAIxD,OAAO,EAAE,KAAK,oBAAoB,EAA8B,MAAM,2CAA2C,CAAC;AAElH,qBAAa,eAAe;IACP,cAAc,EAAE,oBAAoB,EAAE;gBAAtC,cAAc,EAAE,oBAAoB,EAAE;IAEzD,MAAM,KAAK,MAAM,IAAI,MAAM,CAAC,eAAe,CAAC,CAM3C;IAED,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,IAAI,eAAe;CAUjC"}

package/dest/tx/profiled_tx.js

@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ export class TxProfileResult {
                         1,
                         'random'
                     ]
-                ])
+                ]),
+                vk: Buffer.from('random')
             }
         ]);
     }

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@aztec/stdlib",
-  "version": "0.85.0-nightly.20250417",
+  "version": "0.85.0-nightly.20250418",
   "type": "module",
   "inherits": [
     "../package.common.json",
@@ -66,11 +66,12 @@
     "test": "NODE_NO_WARNINGS=1 node --experimental-vm-modules ../node_modules/.bin/jest --passWithNoTests --maxWorkers=${JEST_MAX_WORKERS:-8}"
   },
   "dependencies": {
-    "@aztec/bb.js": "0.85.0-nightly.20250417",
-    "@aztec/blob-lib": "0.85.0-nightly.20250417",
-    "@aztec/constants": "0.85.0-nightly.20250417",
-    "@aztec/ethereum": "0.85.0-nightly.20250417",
-    "@aztec/foundation": "0.85.0-nightly.20250417",
+    "@aztec/bb.js": "0.85.0-nightly.20250418",
+    "@aztec/blob-lib": "0.85.0-nightly.20250418",
+    "@aztec/constants": "0.85.0-nightly.20250418",
+    "@aztec/ethereum": "0.85.0-nightly.20250418",
+    "@aztec/foundation": "0.85.0-nightly.20250418",
+    "@aztec/noir-noirc_abi": "0.85.0-nightly.20250418",
     "@google-cloud/storage": "^7.15.0",
     "lodash.chunk": "^4.2.0",
     "lodash.isequal": "^4.5.0",

package/src/kernel/private_kernel_data.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-import { CLIENT_IVC_VERIFICATION_KEY_LENGTH_IN_FIELDS, VK_TREE_HEIGHT } from '@aztec/constants';
+import { VK_TREE_HEIGHT } from '@aztec/constants';
 import { makeTuple } from '@aztec/foundation/array';
 import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
 import { BufferReader, type Tuple, serializeToBuffer } from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
 
 import type { UInt32 } from '../types/shared.js';
-import { VerificationKeyAsFields } from '../vks/verification_key.js';
+import { VerificationKeyData } from '../vks/verification_key.js';
 import { PrivateKernelCircuitPublicInputs } from './private_kernel_circuit_public_inputs.js';
 
 /**
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ export class PrivateKernelData {
     /**
      * Verification key of the previous kernel.
      */
-    public vk: VerificationKeyAsFields,
+    public verificationKey: VerificationKeyData,
     /**
      * Index of the previous kernel's vk in a tree of vks.
      */
@@ -37,14 +37,14 @@ export class PrivateKernelData {
    * @returns The buffer.
    */
   toBuffer() {
-    return serializeToBuffer(this.publicInputs, this.vk, this.vkIndex, this.vkPath);
+    return serializeToBuffer(this.publicInputs, this.verificationKey, this.vkIndex, this.vkPath);
   }
 
   static fromBuffer(buffer: Buffer | BufferReader): PrivateKernelData {
     const reader = BufferReader.asReader(buffer);
     return new this(
       reader.readObject(PrivateKernelCircuitPublicInputs),
-      reader.readObject(VerificationKeyAsFields),
+      reader.readObject(VerificationKeyData),
       reader.readNumber(),
       reader.readArray(VK_TREE_HEIGHT, Fr),
     );
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ export class PrivateKernelData {
   static empty(): PrivateKernelData {
     return new PrivateKernelData(
       PrivateKernelCircuitPublicInputs.empty(),
-      VerificationKeyAsFields.makeFake(CLIENT_IVC_VERIFICATION_KEY_LENGTH_IN_FIELDS),
+      VerificationKeyData.empty(),
       0,
       makeTuple(VK_TREE_HEIGHT, Fr.zero),
     );

package/src/kernel/private_kernel_prover_output.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 import { bufferSchema, mapSchema } from '@aztec/foundation/schemas';
 import type { WitnessMap } from '@aztec/noir-acvm_js';
+import { serializeWitness } from '@aztec/noir-noirc_abi';
 
+import { Encoder } from 'msgpackr';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import type { ClientIvcProof } from '../proofs/client_ivc_proof.js';
-import type { VerificationKeyAsFields } from '../vks/verification_key.js';
 import type { PrivateKernelCircuitPublicInputs } from './private_kernel_circuit_public_inputs.js';
 import type { PrivateKernelTailCircuitPublicInputs } from './private_kernel_tail_circuit_public_inputs.js';
 
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ export const PrivateExecutionStepSchema = z.object({
   gateCount: z.number().optional(),
   bytecode: bufferSchema,
   witness: mapSchema(z.number(), z.string()),
+  vk: bufferSchema,
 });
 
 /**
@@ -23,6 +25,8 @@ export interface PrivateExecutionStep {
   gateCount?: number;
   bytecode: Buffer;
   witness: WitnessMap;
+  /* TODO(https://github.com/AztecProtocol/barretenberg/issues/1328) this should get its own proper class. */
+  vk: Buffer;
 }
 
 /** Represents the output of proven PrivateKernelSimulateOutput.*/
@@ -34,7 +38,7 @@ export interface PrivateKernelExecutionProofOutput<
   /** The private IVC proof optimized for user devices. It will be consumed by an Aztec prover,
    * which recursively verifies it through the "tube" circuit.*/
   clientIvcProof: ClientIvcProof;
-  verificationKey: VerificationKeyAsFields;
+  vk: Buffer;
   /**
    * The trace the clientIvcProof corresponds to.
    * A trace of app circuits interleaved with private kernel circuits.
@@ -42,3 +46,15 @@ export interface PrivateKernelExecutionProofOutput<
    */
   executionSteps: PrivateExecutionStep[];
 }
+
+export function serializePrivateExecutionSteps(steps: PrivateExecutionStep[]) {
+  const stepToStruct = (step: PrivateExecutionStep) => {
+    return {
+      bytecode: step.bytecode,
+      witness: serializeWitness(step.witness),
+      vk: step.vk,
+      functionName: step.functionName,
+    };
+  };
+  return new Encoder({ useRecords: false }).pack(steps.map(stepToStruct));
+}

package/src/kernel/private_kernel_simulated_output.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import type { WitnessMap } from '@aztec/noir-acvm_js';
 
-import type { VerificationKeyAsFields } from '../vks/verification_key.js';
+import type { VerificationKeyData } from '../vks/verification_key.js';
 import type { PrivateKernelCircuitPublicInputs } from './private_kernel_circuit_public_inputs.js';
 import type { PrivateKernelTailCircuitPublicInputs } from './private_kernel_tail_circuit_public_inputs.js';
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ export interface PrivateKernelSimulateOutput<
   /** The public inputs required for the proof generation process. */
   publicInputs: PublicInputsType;
   outputWitness: WitnessMap;
-  verificationKey: VerificationKeyAsFields;
+  verificationKey: VerificationKeyData;
   bytecode: Buffer;
 }
 
@@ -22,5 +22,5 @@ export interface PrivateKernelSimulateOutput<
  * Represents the output of the circuit simulation process for init and inner private kernel circuit.
  */
 export type AppCircuitSimulateOutput = {
-  verificationKey: VerificationKeyAsFields;
+  verificationKey: VerificationKeyData;
 };

package/src/tx/profiled_tx.ts

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ export class TxProfileResult {
         functionName: 'random',
         bytecode: Buffer.from('random'),
         witness: new Map([[1, 'random']]),
+        vk: Buffer.from('random'),
       },
     ]);
   }