@aztec/stdlib 0.0.1-commit.f1df4d2 → 0.0.1-commit.f2ce05ee

package/src/interfaces/p2p.ts

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ export interface P2PApiWithAttestations extends P2PApiWithoutAttestations {
 
 export interface P2PClient extends P2PApiWithAttestations {
   /** Manually adds checkpoint attestations to the p2p client attestation pool. */
-  addCheckpointAttestations(attestations: CheckpointAttestation[]): Promise<void>;
+  addOwnCheckpointAttestations(attestations: CheckpointAttestation[]): Promise<void>;
 }
 
 export type P2PApi<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> = T extends P2PClientType.Full

package/src/interfaces/slasher.ts

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ export interface SlasherConfig {
   slashDataWithholdingPenalty: bigint;
   slashInactivityPenalty: bigint;
   slashBroadcastedInvalidBlockPenalty: bigint;
+  slashDuplicateProposalPenalty: bigint;
   slashProposeInvalidAttestationsPenalty: bigint;
   slashAttestDescendantOfInvalidPenalty: bigint;
   slashUnknownPenalty: bigint;
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ export const SlasherConfigSchema = zodFor<SlasherConfig>()(
     slashInactivityConsecutiveEpochThreshold: z.number(),
     slashInactivityPenalty: schemas.BigInt,
     slashProposeInvalidAttestationsPenalty: schemas.BigInt,
+    slashDuplicateProposalPenalty: schemas.BigInt,
     slashAttestDescendantOfInvalidPenalty: schemas.BigInt,
     slashUnknownPenalty: schemas.BigInt,
     slashOffenseExpirationRounds: z.number(),

package/src/interfaces/validator.ts

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ export type ValidatorClientConfig = ValidatorHASignerConfig & {
 
 export type ValidatorClientFullConfig = ValidatorClientConfig &
   Pick<SequencerConfig, 'txPublicSetupAllowList' | 'broadcastInvalidBlockProposal'> &
-  Pick<SlasherConfig, 'slashBroadcastedInvalidBlockPenalty'> & {
+  Pick<SlasherConfig, 'slashBroadcastedInvalidBlockPenalty' | 'slashDuplicateProposalPenalty'> & {
     /**
      * Whether transactions are disabled for this node
      * @remarks This should match the property in P2PConfig. It's not picked from there to avoid circular dependencies.
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ export const ValidatorClientFullConfigSchema = zodFor<Omit<ValidatorClientFullCo
     txPublicSetupAllowList: z.array(AllowedElementSchema).optional(),
     broadcastInvalidBlockProposal: z.boolean().optional(),
     slashBroadcastedInvalidBlockPenalty: schemas.BigInt,
+    slashDuplicateProposalPenalty: schemas.BigInt,
     disableTransactions: z.boolean().optional(),
   }),
 );

package/src/logs/log_id.ts

@@ -8,20 +8,17 @@ import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import { BlockHash } from '../block/block_hash.js';
 import { schemas } from '../schemas/index.js';
+import { TxHash } from '../tx/tx_hash.js';
 
 /** A globally unique log id. */
 export class LogId {
-  /**
-   * Parses a log id from a string.
-   * @param blockNumber - The block number.
-   * @param txIndex - The transaction index.
-   * @param logIndex - The log index.
-   */
   constructor(
     /** The block number the log was emitted in. */
     public readonly blockNumber: BlockNumber,
     /** The hash of the block the log was emitted in. */
     public readonly blockHash: BlockHash,
+    /** The hash of the transaction the log was emitted in. */
+    public readonly txHash: TxHash,
     /** The index of a tx in a block the log was emitted in. */
     public readonly txIndex: number,
     /** The index of a log the tx was emitted in. */
@@ -42,6 +39,7 @@ export class LogId {
     return new LogId(
       BlockNumber(Math.floor(Math.random() * 1000) + 1),
       BlockHash.random(),
+      TxHash.random(),
       Math.floor(Math.random() * 1000),
       Math.floor(Math.random() * 100),
     );
@@ -52,11 +50,13 @@ export class LogId {
       .object({
         blockNumber: BlockNumberSchema,
         blockHash: BlockHash.schema,
+        txHash: TxHash.schema,
         txIndex: schemas.Integer,
         logIndex: schemas.Integer,
       })
       .transform(
-        ({ blockNumber, blockHash, txIndex, logIndex }) => new LogId(blockNumber, blockHash, txIndex, logIndex),
+        ({ blockNumber, blockHash, txHash, txIndex, logIndex }) =>
+          new LogId(blockNumber, blockHash, txHash, txIndex, logIndex),
       );
   }
 
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ export class LogId {
     return Buffer.concat([
       toBufferBE(BigInt(this.blockNumber), 4),
       this.blockHash.toBuffer(),
+      this.txHash.toBuffer(),
       toBufferBE(BigInt(this.txIndex), 4),
       toBufferBE(BigInt(this.logIndex), 4),
     ]);
@@ -83,10 +84,11 @@ export class LogId {
 
     const blockNumber = BlockNumber(reader.readNumber());
     const blockHash = new BlockHash(reader.readObject(Fr));
+    const txHash = reader.readObject(TxHash);
     const txIndex = reader.readNumber();
     const logIndex = reader.readNumber();
 
-    return new LogId(blockNumber, blockHash, txIndex, logIndex);
+    return new LogId(blockNumber, blockHash, txHash, txIndex, logIndex);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ export class LogId {
    * @returns A string representation of the log id.
    */
   public toString(): string {
-    return `${this.blockNumber}-${this.txIndex}-${this.logIndex}-${this.blockHash.toString()}`;
+    return `${this.blockNumber}-${this.txIndex}-${this.logIndex}-${this.blockHash.toString()}-${this.txHash.toString()}`;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -103,13 +105,14 @@ export class LogId {
    * @returns A log id.
    */
   static fromString(data: string): LogId {
-    const [rawBlockNumber, rawTxIndex, rawLogIndex, rawBlockHash] = data.split('-');
+    const [rawBlockNumber, rawTxIndex, rawLogIndex, rawBlockHash, rawTxHash] = data.split('-');
     const blockNumber = BlockNumber(Number(rawBlockNumber));
     const blockHash = BlockHash.fromString(rawBlockHash);
+    const txHash = TxHash.fromString(rawTxHash);
     const txIndex = Number(rawTxIndex);
     const logIndex = Number(rawLogIndex);
 
-    return new LogId(blockNumber, blockHash, txIndex, logIndex);
+    return new LogId(blockNumber, blockHash, txHash, txIndex, logIndex);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -117,6 +120,6 @@ export class LogId {
    * @returns A human readable representation of the log id.
    */
   public toHumanReadable(): string {
-    return `logId: (blockNumber: ${this.blockNumber}, blockHash: ${this.blockHash.toString()}, txIndex: ${this.txIndex}, logIndex: ${this.logIndex})`;
+    return `logId: (blockNumber: ${this.blockNumber}, blockHash: ${this.blockHash.toString()}, txHash: ${this.txHash.toString()}, txIndex: ${this.txIndex}, logIndex: ${this.logIndex})`;
   }
 }

package/src/messaging/l2_to_l1_membership.ts

@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ import { SiblingPath, UnbalancedMerkleTreeCalculator, computeUnbalancedShaRoot }
  *    - Compression: If a block has no messages (out hash = 0), that branch is ignored
  *
  * 4. **Epoch Tree**
- *    - Leaves: Checkpoint out hashes from all checkpoints in an epoch (padded to AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION)
+ *    - Leaves: Checkpoint out hashes from all checkpoints in an epoch (padded to OUT_HASH_TREE_LEAF_COUNT)
  *    - Root: Epoch out hash (set in the root rollup's public inputs and inserted into the Outbox on L1 when the epoch is proven)
  *    - Type: Unbalanced, non-compressed
- *    - **Important**: Padded with zeros up to AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION to allow for proofs of partial epochs
+ *    - **Important**: Padded with zeros up to OUT_HASH_TREE_LEAF_COUNT to allow for proofs of partial epochs
  *
  * ## Combined Membership Proof
  * To prove a message exists in an epoch, we combine the sibling paths from all 4 trees:
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ export function computeL2ToL1MembershipWitnessFromMessagesInEpoch(
     }
     return buildCheckpointTree(messagesInCheckpoint).getRoot();
   });
-  // Pad to AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION with zeros.
+  // Pad to OUT_HASH_TREE_LEAF_COUNT with zeros.
   checkpointOutHashes = checkpointOutHashes.concat(
     Array.from({ length: OUT_HASH_TREE_LEAF_COUNT - messagesInEpoch.length }, () => Buffer.alloc(32)),
   );

package/src/p2p/checkpoint_proposal.ts

@@ -148,6 +148,16 @@ export class CheckpointProposal extends Gossipable {
     };
   }
 
+  toCheckpointInfo() {
+    return {
+      slotNumber: this.slotNumber,
+      archive: this.archive,
+      lastBlockNumber: this.lastBlock?.blockHeader.getBlockNumber(),
+      lastBlockIndex: this.lastBlock?.indexWithinCheckpoint,
+      blockHeadersHash: this.checkpointHeader.blockHeadersHash,
+    };
+  }
+
   /**
    * Get the payload to sign for this checkpoint proposal.
    * The signature is over the checkpoint header + archive root (for consensus).

package/src/rollup/checkpoint_rollup_public_inputs.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { BlobAccumulator, FinalBlobBatchingChallenges } from '@aztec/blob-lib/types';
-import { AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION } from '@aztec/constants';
+import { MAX_CHECKPOINTS_PER_EPOCH } from '@aztec/constants';
 import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { EthAddress } from '@aztec/foundation/eth-address';
 import { bufferSchemaFor } from '@aztec/foundation/schemas';
@@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ export class CheckpointRollupPublicInputs {
     /**
      * The hashes of the headers of the constituent checkpoints.
      */
-    public checkpointHeaderHashes: Tuple<Fr, typeof AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION>,
+    public checkpointHeaderHashes: Tuple<Fr, typeof MAX_CHECKPOINTS_PER_EPOCH>,
     /**
      * The summed transaction fees and recipients of the constituent checkpoints.
      */
-    public fees: Tuple<FeeRecipient, typeof AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION>,
+    public fees: Tuple<FeeRecipient, typeof MAX_CHECKPOINTS_PER_EPOCH>,
     /**
      * Accumulated opening proofs for all blobs before this checkpoint range.
      */
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ export class CheckpointRollupPublicInputs {
       reader.readObject(AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot),
       reader.readObject(AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot),
       reader.readObject(AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot),
-      reader.readArray(AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION, Fr),
-      reader.readArray(AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION, FeeRecipient),
+      reader.readArray(MAX_CHECKPOINTS_PER_EPOCH, Fr),
+      reader.readArray(MAX_CHECKPOINTS_PER_EPOCH, FeeRecipient),
       reader.readObject(BlobAccumulator),
       reader.readObject(BlobAccumulator),
       reader.readObject(FinalBlobBatchingChallenges),

package/src/rollup/root_rollup_public_inputs.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { FinalBlobAccumulator } from '@aztec/blob-lib/types';
-import { AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION } from '@aztec/constants';
+import { MAX_CHECKPOINTS_PER_EPOCH } from '@aztec/constants';
 import { makeTuple } from '@aztec/foundation/array';
 import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { bufferSchemaFor } from '@aztec/foundation/schemas';
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ export class RootRollupPublicInputs {
      */
     public outHash: Fr,
     /** Hashes of checkpoint headers for this rollup. */
-    public checkpointHeaderHashes: Tuple<Fr, typeof AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION>,
-    public fees: Tuple<FeeRecipient, typeof AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION>,
+    public checkpointHeaderHashes: Tuple<Fr, typeof MAX_CHECKPOINTS_PER_EPOCH>,
+    public fees: Tuple<FeeRecipient, typeof MAX_CHECKPOINTS_PER_EPOCH>,
     public constants: EpochConstantData,
     public blobPublicInputs: FinalBlobAccumulator,
   ) {}
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ export class RootRollupPublicInputs {
       Fr.fromBuffer(reader),
       Fr.fromBuffer(reader),
       Fr.fromBuffer(reader),
-      reader.readArray(AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION, Fr),
-      reader.readArray(AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION, FeeRecipient),
+      reader.readArray(MAX_CHECKPOINTS_PER_EPOCH, Fr),
+      reader.readArray(MAX_CHECKPOINTS_PER_EPOCH, FeeRecipient),
       EpochConstantData.fromBuffer(reader),
       reader.readObject(FinalBlobAccumulator),
     );
@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@ export class RootRollupPublicInputs {
       Fr.random(),
       Fr.random(),
       Fr.random(),
-      makeTuple(AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION, Fr.random),
-      makeTuple(AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION, FeeRecipient.random),
+      makeTuple(MAX_CHECKPOINTS_PER_EPOCH, Fr.random),
+      makeTuple(MAX_CHECKPOINTS_PER_EPOCH, FeeRecipient.random),
       new EpochConstantData(Fr.random(), Fr.random(), Fr.random(), Fr.random(), Fr.random()),
       FinalBlobAccumulator.random(),
     );

package/src/slashing/empire.ts

@@ -83,7 +83,8 @@ export function getFirstEligibleRoundForOffense(
     case OffenseType.PROPOSED_INSUFFICIENT_ATTESTATIONS:
     case OffenseType.PROPOSED_INCORRECT_ATTESTATIONS:
     case OffenseType.ATTESTED_DESCENDANT_OF_INVALID:
-    case OffenseType.BROADCASTED_INVALID_BLOCK_PROPOSAL: {
+    case OffenseType.BROADCASTED_INVALID_BLOCK_PROPOSAL:
+    case OffenseType.DUPLICATE_PROPOSAL: {
       const slot = offense.epochOrSlot;
       const detectedSlot = SlotNumber.fromBigInt(slot + 1n);
       return getRoundForSlot(detectedSlot, constants).round + 1n;

package/src/slashing/helpers.ts

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ export function getPenaltyForOffense(
     SlasherConfig,
     | 'slashAttestDescendantOfInvalidPenalty'
     | 'slashBroadcastedInvalidBlockPenalty'
+    | 'slashDuplicateProposalPenalty'
     | 'slashPrunePenalty'
     | 'slashDataWithholdingPenalty'
     | 'slashUnknownPenalty'
@@ -71,6 +72,8 @@ export function getPenaltyForOffense(
       return config.slashAttestDescendantOfInvalidPenalty;
     case OffenseType.BROADCASTED_INVALID_BLOCK_PROPOSAL:
       return config.slashBroadcastedInvalidBlockPenalty;
+    case OffenseType.DUPLICATE_PROPOSAL:
+      return config.slashDuplicateProposalPenalty;
     case OffenseType.UNKNOWN:
       return config.slashUnknownPenalty;
     default: {
@@ -85,6 +88,7 @@ export function getTimeUnitForOffense(offense: OffenseType): 'epoch' | 'slot' {
   switch (offense) {
     case OffenseType.ATTESTED_DESCENDANT_OF_INVALID:
     case OffenseType.BROADCASTED_INVALID_BLOCK_PROPOSAL:
+    case OffenseType.DUPLICATE_PROPOSAL:
     case OffenseType.PROPOSED_INCORRECT_ATTESTATIONS:
     case OffenseType.PROPOSED_INSUFFICIENT_ATTESTATIONS:
       return 'slot';

package/src/slashing/tally.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { sumBigint } from '@aztec/foundation/bigint';
+import { padArrayEnd } from '@aztec/foundation/collection';
 import { EthAddress } from '@aztec/foundation/eth-address';
 import type { PartialBy } from '@aztec/foundation/types';
 
@@ -20,9 +21,10 @@ export function getSlashConsensusVotesFromOffenses(
   settings: {
     slashingAmounts: [bigint, bigint, bigint];
     epochDuration: number;
+    targetCommitteeSize: number;
   },
 ): ValidatorSlashVote[] {
-  const { slashingAmounts } = settings;
+  const { slashingAmounts, targetCommitteeSize } = settings;
 
   if (committees.length !== epochsForCommittees.length) {
     throw new Error('committees and epochsForCommittees must have the same length');
@@ -31,7 +33,9 @@ export function getSlashConsensusVotesFromOffenses(
   const votes = committees.flatMap((committee, committeeIndex) => {
     const committeeEpoch = epochsForCommittees[committeeIndex];
 
-    return committee.map(validator => {
+    // Map over actual committee members, then pad to targetCommitteeSize.
+    // Padding handles cases where committees may be empty (e.g., when there aren't enough validators to fill the committee size during network startup).
+    const votes = committee.map(validator => {
       // Find offenses for this validator in this specific epoch.
       // If an offense has no epoch, it is considered for all epochs due to a slashAlways setting.
       const validatorOffenses = offenses.filter(
@@ -45,6 +49,8 @@ export function getSlashConsensusVotesFromOffenses(
       const slashUnits = getSlashUnitsForAmount(slashAmount, slashingAmounts);
       return Number(slashUnits);
     });
+
+    return padArrayEnd(votes, 0, targetCommitteeSize);
   });
 
   return votes;

package/src/slashing/types.ts

@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ export enum OffenseType {
   PROPOSED_INCORRECT_ATTESTATIONS = 6,
   /** A committee member attested to a block that was built as a descendent of an invalid block (as in a block with invalid attestations) */
   ATTESTED_DESCENDANT_OF_INVALID = 7,
+  /** A proposer sent duplicate proposals for the same position (slot, indexWithinCheckpoint for blocks or slot for checkpoints) */
+  DUPLICATE_PROPOSAL = 8,
 }
 
 export function getOffenseTypeName(offense: OffenseType) {
@@ -40,6 +42,8 @@ export function getOffenseTypeName(offense: OffenseType) {
       return 'proposed_incorrect_attestations';
     case OffenseType.ATTESTED_DESCENDANT_OF_INVALID:
       return 'attested_descendant_of_invalid';
+    case OffenseType.DUPLICATE_PROPOSAL:
+      return 'duplicate_proposal';
     default:
       throw new Error(`Unknown offense type: ${offense}`);
   }
@@ -56,6 +60,7 @@ export const OffenseToBigInt: Record<OffenseType, bigint> = {
   [OffenseType.PROPOSED_INSUFFICIENT_ATTESTATIONS]: 5n,
   [OffenseType.PROPOSED_INCORRECT_ATTESTATIONS]: 6n,
   [OffenseType.ATTESTED_DESCENDANT_OF_INVALID]: 7n,
+  [OffenseType.DUPLICATE_PROPOSAL]: 8n,
 };
 
 export function bigIntToOffense(offense: bigint): OffenseType {
@@ -76,6 +81,8 @@ export function bigIntToOffense(offense: bigint): OffenseType {
       return OffenseType.PROPOSED_INCORRECT_ATTESTATIONS;
     case 7n:
       return OffenseType.ATTESTED_DESCENDANT_OF_INVALID;
+    case 8n:
+      return OffenseType.DUPLICATE_PROPOSAL;
     default:
       throw new Error(`Unknown offense: ${offense}`);
   }

package/src/tests/factories.ts

@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ import {
 import {
   ARCHIVE_HEIGHT,
   AVM_V2_PROOF_LENGTH_IN_FIELDS_PADDED,
-  AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION,
   CHONK_PROOF_LENGTH,
   CONTRACT_CLASS_LOG_SIZE_IN_FIELDS,
   GeneratorIndex,
   L1_TO_L2_MSG_SUBTREE_ROOT_SIBLING_PATH_LENGTH,
+  MAX_CHECKPOINTS_PER_EPOCH,
   MAX_CONTRACT_CLASS_LOGS_PER_TX,
   MAX_ENQUEUED_CALLS_PER_CALL,
   MAX_ENQUEUED_CALLS_PER_TX,
@@ -851,8 +851,8 @@ export function makeCheckpointRollupPublicInputs(seed = 0) {
     makeAppendOnlyTreeSnapshot(seed + 0x200),
     makeAppendOnlyTreeSnapshot(seed + 0x300),
     makeAppendOnlyTreeSnapshot(seed + 0x350),
-    makeTuple(AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION, () => fr(seed), 0x400),
-    makeTuple(AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION, () => makeFeeRecipient(seed), 0x500),
+    makeTuple(MAX_CHECKPOINTS_PER_EPOCH, () => fr(seed), 0x400),
+    makeTuple(MAX_CHECKPOINTS_PER_EPOCH, () => makeFeeRecipient(seed), 0x500),
     makeBlobAccumulator(seed + 0x600),
     makeBlobAccumulator(seed + 0x700),
     makeFinalBlobBatchingChallenges(seed + 0x800),
@@ -888,8 +888,8 @@ export function makeRootRollupPublicInputs(seed = 0): RootRollupPublicInputs {
     fr(seed + 0x100),
     fr(seed + 0x200),
     fr(seed + 0x300),
-    makeTuple(AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION, () => fr(seed), 0x400),
-    makeTuple(AZTEC_MAX_EPOCH_DURATION, () => makeFeeRecipient(seed), 0x500),
+    makeTuple(MAX_CHECKPOINTS_PER_EPOCH, () => fr(seed), 0x400),
+    makeTuple(MAX_CHECKPOINTS_PER_EPOCH, () => makeFeeRecipient(seed), 0x500),
     makeEpochConstantData(seed + 0x600),
     makeFinalBlobAccumulator(seed + 0x700),
   );

package/src/timetable/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/**
+ * Timetable constants used for sequencer timing calculations.
+ * These define the time budgets for various phases of block production.
+ *
+ * The sequencer slot is divided into phases:
+ * 1. Checkpoint initialization (sync + proposer check)
+ * 2. Block building (execution)
+ * 3. Checkpoint assembly
+ * 4. P2P propagation for proposal and attestations (round-trip)
+ * 5. L1 publishing
+ */
+
+/** Time budget for checkpoint initialization (sync + proposer check) in seconds */
+export const CHECKPOINT_INITIALIZATION_TIME = 1;
+
+/** Time budget for assembling a checkpoint after building the last block in seconds */
+export const CHECKPOINT_ASSEMBLE_TIME = 1;
+
+/** Default one-way P2P propagation time for proposals and attestations in seconds */
+export const DEFAULT_P2P_PROPAGATION_TIME = 2;
+
+/** Default L1 publishing time (matches Ethereum slot duration on mainnet) in seconds */
+export const DEFAULT_L1_PUBLISHING_TIME = 12;
+
+/** Minimum execution time for building a block in seconds */
+export const MIN_EXECUTION_TIME = 2;
+
+/**
+ * Calculates the maximum number of blocks that can be built in a slot.
+ * Used by both the sequencer timetable and p2p gossipsub scoring.
+ *
+ * @param aztecSlotDurationSec - Aztec slot duration in seconds
+ * @param blockDurationSec - Duration per block in seconds (undefined = single block mode)
+ * @param opts - Optional overrides for timing constants
+ * @returns Maximum number of blocks per slot
+ */
+export function calculateMaxBlocksPerSlot(
+  aztecSlotDurationSec: number,
+  blockDurationSec: number | undefined,
+  opts: {
+    checkpointInitializationTime?: number;
+    checkpointAssembleTime?: number;
+    p2pPropagationTime?: number;
+    l1PublishingTime?: number;
+  } = {},
+): number {
+  if (!blockDurationSec) {
+    return 1; // Single block per slot
+  }
+
+  const initOffset = opts.checkpointInitializationTime ?? CHECKPOINT_INITIALIZATION_TIME;
+  const assembleTime = opts.checkpointAssembleTime ?? CHECKPOINT_ASSEMBLE_TIME;
+  const p2pTime = opts.p2pPropagationTime ?? DEFAULT_P2P_PROPAGATION_TIME;
+  const l1Time = opts.l1PublishingTime ?? DEFAULT_L1_PUBLISHING_TIME;
+
+  // Calculate checkpoint finalization time (assembly + round-trip propagation + L1 publishing)
+  const checkpointFinalizationTime = assembleTime + p2pTime * 2 + l1Time;
+
+  // Time reserved at end for last sub-slot (validator re-execution) + finalization
+  const timeReservedAtEnd = blockDurationSec + checkpointFinalizationTime;
+
+  // Time available for building blocks
+  const timeAvailableForBlocks = aztecSlotDurationSec - initOffset - timeReservedAtEnd;
+
+  return Math.max(1, Math.floor(timeAvailableForBlocks / blockDurationSec));
+}