@aztec/stdlib 0.0.1-commit.d3ec352c → 0.0.1-commit.d58ff9d0

package/src/gas/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+# Aztec Gas and Fee Model
+
+The minimum fee per mana and its components are computed on L1 in
+`l1-contracts/src/core/libraries/rollup/FeeLib.sol` (`fee_math.ts` in this directory is a
+TypeScript port of those formulas, used to predict fees a few slots ahead). This document
+describes the formulas, the oracle lag/lifetime mechanism, how a transaction's fee is
+derived from them, the gas and data limits, and the TypeScript types in this directory.
+
+## Mana
+
+Aztec meters work as gas in two dimensions: **DA** (data availability, i.e. blob data
+published to L1) and **L2** (execution). The L2 dimension is called **mana** (analogous to
+Ethereum gas): block headers track `totalManaUsed`, and the fee model below prices one unit
+of mana. The total fee is `gasUsed * feePerGas` summed across both dimensions.
+
+### The DA dimension is priced at zero
+
+Only the L2 dimension currently carries a price. When building checkpoint global variables,
+the sequencer sets `feePerDaGas = 0` and sets `feePerL2Gas` to the L1-computed minimum fee
+per mana (`sequencer-client/src/global_variable_builder/global_builder.ts` and
+`fee_provider.ts` in the same directory). The cost of publishing data is still recovered:
+the blob gas a checkpoint pays on L1 is part of the *sequencer cost* component of the mana
+fee below. DA gas remains fully metered and limited (see
+[Gas and Data Limits](#gas-and-data-limits)) — it bounds how much data a tx or checkpoint
+may publish — it just contributes nothing to the fee today.
+
+## Fee Components
+
+The minimum fee per mana has four components. All are computed in ETH (wei) per mana and
+converted to the fee asset at the end (see [Fee Asset Price](#fee-asset-price)).
+
+### Sequencer Cost
+
+L1 cost to propose a checkpoint (calldata gas + blob data), amortized over `manaTarget`:
+
+```
+sequencerCost = ceil(((L1_GAS_PER_CHECKPOINT_PROPOSED * baseFee)
+              + (BLOBS_PER_CHECKPOINT * BLOB_GAS_PER_BLOB * blobFee))
+              / manaTarget)
+```
+
+Note that `BLOBS_PER_CHECKPOINT` here is FeeLib's own constant (3), not the protocol blob
+capacity of the same name (6) — see the note under [Key Constants](#key-constants).
+
+### Prover Cost
+
+L1 cost to verify an epoch proof, amortized over epoch duration and `manaTarget`, plus a
+governance-set proving cost that compensates for off-chain proof generation:
+
+```
+proverCost = ceil(ceil((L1_GAS_PER_EPOCH_VERIFIED * baseFee) / epochDuration) / manaTarget)
+           + provingCostPerMana
+```
+
+Updates to `provingCostPerMana` are rate-limited on L1 (`FeeLib.updateProvingCostPerMana`):
+at most one update every 30 days, each moving the value by at most ×1.5 (or ÷1.5), with a
+floor of 2 wei per mana.
+
+### Congestion Cost
+
+An exponential surcharge when the network is congested (inspired by EIP-1559; the
+implementation uses the `fakeExponential` Taylor series approximation from EIP-4844):
+
+```
+baseCost       = sequencerCost + proverCost
+congestionCost = floor(baseCost * congestionMultiplier / MINIMUM_CONGESTION_MULTIPLIER) - baseCost
+```
+
+When there is no congestion the multiplier equals `MINIMUM_CONGESTION_MULTIPLIER` (1e9)
+and congestion cost is zero.
+
+### Congestion Multiplier
+
+```
+excessMana           = max(0, prevExcessMana + prevManaUsed - manaTarget)
+denominator          = manaTarget * 854,700,854 / 1e8    ≈ 8.547 * manaTarget
+congestionMultiplier = fakeExponential(MINIMUM_CONGESTION_MULTIPLIER,
+                                       min(excessMana, 100 * denominator), denominator)
+```
+
+Each additional `manaTarget` of excess mana multiplies the fee by `e^(1/8.547) ≈ 1.124`,
+i.e. ~12.5%. The exponent is capped at 100 (multiplier ≤ ~2.7e43 × the minimum) to keep
+the Taylor series from overflowing.
+
+### Total
+
+```
+minFeePerMana = sequencerCost + proverCost + congestionCost
+```
+
+Each component is converted from ETH to the fee asset individually (rounding up) before
+summing. The sum is capped at `type(uint128).max` (`FeeLib.summedMinFee`) so it always fits
+the proposal header's `feePerL2Gas` field — without the cap, extreme congestion could
+produce a fee no valid header can represent, halting the chain.
+
+## L1 Gas Oracle: Lag and Lifetime
+
+The oracle feeds Ethereum's `baseFee` and `blobFee` into the fee model using a two-phase
+(`pre` / `post`) system that smooths out L1 fee volatility.
+
+- **LAG = 2 slots** — when new L1 fees are observed, they activate `LAG` slots later
+  (`slotOfChange = currentSlot + LAG`). This gives mempool transactions time to land
+  before fees change.
+- **LIFETIME = 5 slots** — after an oracle update, further updates are ignored
+  (`updateL1GasFeeOracle` returns without effect) until `slotOfChange + (LIFETIME - LAG)`
+  = 3 more slots have passed. This rate-limits how frequently L1 fee data can change.
+
+Fee resolution at a given timestamp:
+
+```
+if slot < slotOfChange  →  use pre  (old fees)
+else                    →  use post (new fees)
+```
+
+**Net effect**: L1 fee changes reach L2 with a 2-slot delay and can update at most once
+every 5 slots.
+
+Because queued values only activate `LAG` slots later, the min fee for the next `LAG`
+slots is fully determined by current on-chain state. `fee_math.ts` ports the FeeLib
+formulas so the sequencer can predict min fees over that window (`FeePredictor` in
+`sequencer-client/src/global_variable_builder`), under a configurable mana-usage
+assumption (`ManaUsageEstimate`: none / target / limit).
+
+### Worked Example
+
+Suppose the oracle is updated at slot 10 with new L1 fees. Here is the timeline:
+
+```
+Slot  Oracle state          Active fees   Notes
+────  ────────────────────  ────────────  ──────────────────────────────────
+ 10   pre=A, post=B, soc=12   A           Update queued. slotOfChange = 10 + LAG = 12.
+ 11   (same)                  A           Still before slotOfChange → pre (A).
+ 12   (same)                  B           slot >= slotOfChange → post (B) activates.
+ 13   (same)                  B           B remains active.
+ 14   (same)                  B           B remains active.
+ 15   Update allowed again    B           Earliest next update: soc + (LIFETIME - LAG)
+                                          = 12 + 3 = 15.
+```
+ 
+Key observations:
+
+1. **Slots 10-11**: The old fees (A) are still in effect. Transactions submitted during
+   these slots see the old L1 cost. This is the **LAG** window — it gives pending
+   transactions 2 slots to land before fees change.
+
+2. **Slot 12**: The new fees (B) activate. Any checkpoint proposed at slot >= 12 uses B
+   for its sequencer/prover cost calculation.
+
+3. **Slots 12-14**: No new oracle update is accepted. The system is in a **cooldown**
+   period of `LIFETIME - LAG = 3` slots after the transition.
+
+4. **Slot 15**: A new oracle update can be queued (earliest `acceptableSlot`). If
+   triggered, the new values would activate at slot 15 + LAG = 17.
+
+## Fee Asset Price
+
+Fees are computed in ETH (wei) internally and converted to the fee asset (Fee Juice) via
+`ethPerFeeAsset` (1e12 precision), rounding up (`PriceLib.toFeeAsset` in
+`l1-contracts/src/core/libraries/compressed-data/fees/FeeConfig.sol`).
+
+Each checkpoint proposal carries a fee-asset price modifier (`OracleInput`) chosen by the
+proposer, bounded to ±1% (±100 bps) per checkpoint:
+
+```
+newPrice = currentPrice * (10000 + modifierBps) / 10000
+```
+
+The result is clamped to [`MIN_ETH_PER_FEE_ASSET` = 100, `MAX_ETH_PER_FEE_ASSET` = 1e14],
+i.e. 1e-10 to 100 ETH per fee asset. The floor of 100 guarantees a ±1% step always moves
+the integer price by at least 1.
+
+## Transaction Fees
+
+The checkpoint's `gasFees` (the L1-computed min fee per mana, with DA priced at zero) act
+as a base fee. Senders declare `GasSettings`: gas limits, teardown gas limits,
+`maxFeesPerGas`, and `maxPriorityFeesPerGas`. A tx is only includable if `maxFeesPerGas`
+covers the checkpoint's `gasFees` in both dimensions. The effective fee adds an
+EIP-1559-style priority fee on top of the base, capped by the max
+(`computeEffectiveGasFees` in `stdlib/src/fees/transaction_fee.ts`):
+
+```
+effectiveFeePerGas = gasFees + min(maxPriorityFeePerGas, maxFeesPerGas - gasFees)   (per dimension)
+transactionFee     = billedGas.daGas * effectiveFeePerDaGas + billedGas.l2Gas * effectiveFeePerL2Gas
+```
+
+`billedGas` is actual consumption except for the teardown phase, which is billed at the
+declared `teardownGasLimits` rather than actual usage — the fee is charged during teardown
+itself, before actual teardown consumption is known.
+
+## Maximum Fee Change Rate
+
+| Component              | Bound                                                    |
+| ---------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- |
+| L1 base fee / blob fee | At most once every 5 slots (oracle LIFETIME)             |
+| Fee asset price        | ±1% per checkpoint                                       |
+| Proving cost per mana  | At most ×1.5 (or ÷1.5) per update, one update per 30 days |
+| Congestion multiplier  | Depends on excess mana accumulation/drain per checkpoint |
+| Sequencer/prover costs | Scale linearly with L1 fees                              |
+
+## Key Constants
+
+| Constant                        | Value          |
+| ------------------------------- | -------------- |
+| `L1_GAS_PER_CHECKPOINT_PROPOSED` | 300,000       |
+| `L1_GAS_PER_EPOCH_VERIFIED`     | 3,600,000      |
+| `BLOBS_PER_CHECKPOINT` (FeeLib) | 3              |
+| `BLOB_GAS_PER_BLOB`             | 2^17           |
+| `MINIMUM_CONGESTION_MULTIPLIER` | 1e9            |
+| `LAG`                           | 2 slots        |
+| `LIFETIME`                      | 5 slots        |
+| `MIN_ETH_PER_FEE_ASSET`         | 100 (1e-10 ETH) |
+| `MAX_ETH_PER_FEE_ASSET`         | 1e14 (100 ETH) |
+
+⚠️ Name clash: `FeeLib.sol` (and its port `fee_math.ts`) defines `BLOBS_PER_CHECKPOINT = 3`,
+used only to price the sequencer's blob costs. The protocol constant of the same name in
+`@aztec/constants` is **6** — the actual blob capacity of a checkpoint, used throughout the
+limits section below. The FeeLib value is a holdover from the pre-checkpoint
+`BLOBS_PER_BLOCK`, so the fee model prices half of a full checkpoint's blobs.
+
+## Gas and Data Limits
+
+The fee model above is *how much you pay* per unit of gas; this section is *how much you may use*. Limits
+form a hierarchy from a single transaction up to a whole checkpoint, and a tx that is admissible for relay
+must also be buildable into a block and fit a valid checkpoint.
+
+### Per-tx protocol maxima
+
+Hard ceilings on what any single tx may declare, independent of network configuration. Declaring more is
+rejected everywhere a tx is validated.
+
+- **`MAX_TX_DA_GAS`** (271,200) — `MAX_TX_BLOB_DATA_SIZE_IN_FIELDS` (8,475) × `DA_GAS_PER_FIELD` (32). This
+  is the most DA a single tx's effects can encode into a blob, so it is the most DA gas a tx could ever use.
+  Defined in `constants/src/constants.ts`.
+- **`MAX_PROCESSABLE_L2_GAS`** (6,540,000) — the AVM's maximum processable L2 gas, derived in Noir as
+  `PUBLIC_TX_L2_GAS_OVERHEAD + AVM_MAX_PROCESSABLE_L2_GAS` (`constants/src/constants.gen.ts`).
+
+### Network admission limits
+
+The most a single tx may *declare* and still be relayed across the network. Computed by
+`computeNetworkTxGasLimits` in `tx_gas_limits.ts` per dimension as:
+
+```
+min(per-tx max, ceil(checkpointBudget / blocksPerCheckpoint * minMultiplier))
+```
+
+The per-block share mirrors what a proposer grants the first block of a checkpoint
+(`CheckpointBuilder.capLimitsByCheckpointBudgets`), so a tx declaring this much is packable into a block.
+The network-minimum multipliers are `MIN_PER_BLOCK_ALLOCATION_MULTIPLIER` (1.2, L2 and tx count) and
+`MIN_PER_BLOCK_DA_ALLOCATION_MULTIPLIER` (1.5, DA). DA's is higher so a maximal contract class
+registration (~97k DA gas) fits a single block at mainnet geometry (72s slots, 6s blocks → 10 blocks per
+checkpoint).
+
+The DA budget is `getDaCheckpointBudgetForTxs(maxBlocksPerCheckpoint)`, not the raw
+`MAX_PROCESSABLE_DA_GAS_PER_CHECKPOINT` (786,432). Blob encoding spends overhead fields that no tx pays DA
+gas for — one checkpoint-end marker field and the per-block block-end fields (7 for the first block, 6 for
+each subsequent block, `blob-lib/src/encoding/block_blob_data.ts`) — so the raw constant is unattainable. The
+getter nets out the full overhead for a checkpoint of `maxBlocksPerCheckpoint` blocks: at mainnet geometry
+(10 blocks) that is `(24,576 − 1 − 7 − 9×6) × 32 = 24,514 × 32 = 784,448` DA gas. Subtracting every block's
+overhead (not just the first) keeps admission at or below the builder's first-block blob-field cap at every
+geometry — the builder is the most generous for the first block (it only reserves that block's own block-end
+overhead), so being conservative here is what guarantees admitted ⇒ buildable. Without this netting a tx
+near the raw limit would be admitted but never buildable.
+
+These limits depend on network-wide inputs only (timetable-derived blocks-per-checkpoint, checkpoint
+budgets, the network-minimum multipliers), never on a node's local restrictiveness. Every node always
+advertises them in `NodeInfo.txsLimits` (a required field); wallets read it and pass `txsLimits.gas` to
+`GasSettings.fallback` as the default gas limits when sending without explicit limits, and they are enforced
+by `GasLimitsValidator` (clamped to the per-tx protocol maxima) at three points: RPC tx acceptance
+(`aztec-node/src/aztec-node/server.ts`), gossip validation (`p2p/src/services/libp2p/libp2p_service.ts`),
+and pending-pool admission (`p2p/src/client/factory.ts`). They are deliberately *not* enforced at req/resp or
+block-proposal validation — admission is relay policy, not block validity.
+
+### Per-block builder budgets
+
+While packing a checkpoint, `CheckpointBuilder.capLimitsByCheckpointBudgets`
+(`validator-client/src/checkpoint_builder.ts`) computes each block's budget as a fair share of the remaining
+checkpoint budget across the remaining blocks, scaled by the configured multipliers. Operators may raise the
+multipliers above the network minimums but not lower them — the sequencer fails startup otherwise
+(`assertConfigMeetsNetworkTxLimits` in `sequencer-client/src/sequencer/sequencer.ts`), since a node that
+allocates less than it admits would accept txs over RPC/gossip that its builder can never pack.
+
+The fair share is then min'ed with the operator's absolute per-block caps `maxL2BlockGas` / `maxDABlockGas`
+and the blob-field cap (checkpoint capacity net of the checkpoint-end marker and this block's block-end
+overhead). The absolute caps are allowed to be restrictive: a cap below the network admission limit only
+produces a startup warning, not a failure, because such txs simply stay in the pool for other proposers to
+include.
+
+### Per-checkpoint budgets
+
+The outermost limits, enforced as proposal validity in `validateCheckpointLimits`
+(`stdlib/src/checkpoint/validate.ts`) and physically by blob encoding:
+
+- **Mana** — total L2 gas across all blocks ≤ `rollupManaLimit` (= `manaTarget × 2` on L1,
+  `l1-contracts/src/core/libraries/rollup/FeeLib.sol`).
+- **DA gas** — total DA gas ≤ raw `MAX_PROCESSABLE_DA_GAS_PER_CHECKPOINT` (786,432).
+- **Blob fields** — total ≤ `BLOBS_PER_CHECKPOINT × FIELDS_PER_BLOB` (6 × 4,096 = 24,576).
+- **Tx counts** — total txs ≤ `maxTxsPerCheckpoint` when configured.
+
+### Summary
+
+| Limit                                   | Value (mainnet defaults)        | Scope         | Where enforced                                              |
+| --------------------------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `MAX_TX_DA_GAS`                         | 271,200                         | per-tx        | every gas validator (hard ceiling)                          |
+| `MAX_PROCESSABLE_L2_GAS`                | 6,540,000                       | per-tx        | every gas validator (hard ceiling)                          |
+| Network DA admission limit              | min(271,200, ceil(784,448/10×1.5)) = 117,668 | per-tx (relay) | RPC, gossip, pending pool (`GasLimitsValidator`)         |
+| Network L2 admission limit              | min(6,540,000, ceil(manaLimit/10×1.2)) | per-tx (relay) | RPC, gossip, pending pool (`GasLimitsValidator`)         |
+| Per-block fair share + caps             | remaining budget / blocks × multiplier, min absolute caps & blob-field cap | per-block | `CheckpointBuilder.capLimitsByCheckpointBudgets`         |
+| `rollupManaLimit`                       | `manaTarget × 2`                | per-checkpoint | `validateCheckpointLimits`                                |
+| `MAX_PROCESSABLE_DA_GAS_PER_CHECKPOINT` | 786,432                         | per-checkpoint | `validateCheckpointLimits` + blob encoding                |
+| `BLOBS_PER_CHECKPOINT × FIELDS_PER_BLOB`| 24,576                          | per-checkpoint | `validateCheckpointLimits` + blob encoding                |
+
+## TypeScript Types
+
+- **`Gas`** — gas quantity in two dimensions (`daGas`, `l2Gas`).
+- **`GasFees`** — per-unit price in each dimension (`feePerDaGas`, `feePerL2Gas`).
+- **`GasSettings`** — sender-chosen fee parameters: gas limits, teardown limits, max fees, priority fees.
+- **`GasUsed`** — actual consumption after execution. Note: `billedGas` uses the teardown gas *limit*, not actual usage.
+- **`fee_math.ts`** — TypeScript port of the FeeLib formulas, used for fee prediction over the oracle LAG window.

package/src/gas/fee_math.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+/**
+ * TypeScript port of fee computation logic from FeeLib.sol.
+ * Used to predict worst-case min fees over a future window of L2 slots.
+ */
+
+// Constants matching FeeLib.sol
+export const MINIMUM_CONGESTION_MULTIPLIER = 1_000_000_000n;
+export const L1_GAS_PER_CHECKPOINT_PROPOSED = 300_000n;
+export const L1_GAS_PER_EPOCH_VERIFIED = 3_600_000n;
+export const BLOBS_PER_CHECKPOINT = 3n;
+export const BLOB_GAS_PER_BLOB = 2n ** 17n;
+export const MAGIC_CONGESTION_VALUE_MULTIPLIER = 854_700_854n;
+export const MAGIC_CONGESTION_VALUE_DIVISOR = 100_000_000n;
+export const ETH_PER_FEE_ASSET_PRECISION = 1_000_000_000_000n;
+export const MIN_ETH_PER_FEE_ASSET = 100n;
+
+/** Number of L2 slots of lag before new oracle values activate. Defines the prediction window. */
+export const FEE_ORACLE_LAG = 2;
+
+/** Expected mana usage per checkpoint for fee prediction. */
+export enum ManaUsageEstimate {
+  /** No usage — fees decrease as congestion drains. */
+  None = 'none',
+  /** Target usage — congestion stays roughly flat (steady state). */
+  Target = 'target',
+  /** Limit usage (2x target) — worst case, congestion grows maximally. */
+  Limit = 'limit',
+}
+
+/** Parameters for computing the mana min fee at a given point in time. */
+export type ManaMinFeeParams = {
+  l1BaseFee: bigint;
+  l1BlobFee: bigint;
+  manaTarget: bigint;
+  epochDuration: bigint;
+  provingCostPerManaEth: bigint;
+  excessMana: bigint;
+  ethPerFeeAsset: bigint;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Taylor series approximation of `factor * e^(numerator/denominator)`.
+ * Direct port of FeeLib.sol fakeExponential (EIP-4844 style).
+ */
+export function fakeExponential(factor: bigint, numerator: bigint, denominator: bigint): bigint {
+  let i = 1n;
+  let output = 0n;
+  let numeratorAccumulator = factor * denominator;
+  while (numeratorAccumulator > 0n) {
+    output += numeratorAccumulator;
+    numeratorAccumulator = (numeratorAccumulator * numerator) / (denominator * i);
+    i += 1n;
+  }
+  return output / denominator;
+}
+
+/** Computes excess mana for the next checkpoint, clamped to zero. */
+export function computeExcessMana(prevExcessMana: bigint, prevManaUsed: bigint, manaTarget: bigint): bigint {
+  const sum = prevExcessMana + prevManaUsed;
+  return sum > manaTarget ? sum - manaTarget : 0n;
+}
+
+/** Computes the congestion multiplier from excess mana (1e9 = no congestion). */
+export function computeCongestionMultiplier(excessMana: bigint, manaTarget: bigint): bigint {
+  const denominator = (manaTarget * MAGIC_CONGESTION_VALUE_MULTIPLIER) / MAGIC_CONGESTION_VALUE_DIVISOR;
+  const cappedNumerator = excessMana < denominator * 100n ? excessMana : denominator * 100n;
+  return fakeExponential(MINIMUM_CONGESTION_MULTIPLIER, cappedNumerator, denominator);
+}
+
+/** Ceiling division for positive bigints. */
+function ceilDiv(a: bigint, b: bigint): bigint {
+  return (a + b - 1n) / b;
+}
+
+/** Converts an ETH value to fee asset value using ethPerFeeAsset (1e12 precision). */
+function toFeeAsset(ethValue: bigint, ethPerFeeAsset: bigint): bigint {
+  if (ethPerFeeAsset === 0n) {
+    return 0n;
+  }
+  return ceilDiv(ethValue * ETH_PER_FEE_ASSET_PRECISION, ethPerFeeAsset);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Computes the full mana min fee (sequencer + prover + congestion) in fee asset terms.
+ * Mirrors FeeLib.getManaMinFeeComponentsAt + summedMinFee.
+ */
+export function computeManaMinFee(params: ManaMinFeeParams): bigint {
+  const { l1BaseFee, l1BlobFee, manaTarget, epochDuration, provingCostPerManaEth, excessMana, ethPerFeeAsset } = params;
+
+  if (manaTarget === 0n) {
+    return 0n;
+  }
+
+  // Sequencer cost per mana (in ETH)
+  const ethUsed = L1_GAS_PER_CHECKPOINT_PROPOSED * l1BaseFee + BLOBS_PER_CHECKPOINT * BLOB_GAS_PER_BLOB * l1BlobFee;
+  const sequencerCostEth = ceilDiv(ethUsed, manaTarget);
+
+  // Prover cost per mana (in ETH): L1 verification gas + governance-set proving cost
+  const proverCostEth =
+    ceilDiv(ceilDiv(L1_GAS_PER_EPOCH_VERIFIED * l1BaseFee, epochDuration), manaTarget) + provingCostPerManaEth;
+
+  // Total base cost in ETH (congestion is computed on this)
+  const totalEth = sequencerCostEth + proverCostEth;
+
+  // Congestion multiplier and cost (in ETH)
+  const congestionMul = computeCongestionMultiplier(excessMana, manaTarget);
+  const congestionCostEth = (totalEth * congestionMul) / MINIMUM_CONGESTION_MULTIPLIER - totalEth;
+
+  // Convert all components to fee asset
+  const clampedEthPerFeeAsset = ethPerFeeAsset < MIN_ETH_PER_FEE_ASSET ? MIN_ETH_PER_FEE_ASSET : ethPerFeeAsset;
+  const sequencerCost = toFeeAsset(sequencerCostEth, clampedEthPerFeeAsset);
+  const proverCost = toFeeAsset(proverCostEth, clampedEthPerFeeAsset);
+  const congestionCost = toFeeAsset(congestionCostEth, clampedEthPerFeeAsset);
+
+  const total = sequencerCost + proverCost + congestionCost;
+
+  // Cap at uint128 max (matching FeeLib.summedMinFee)
+  const UINT128_MAX = (1n << 128n) - 1n;
+  return total < UINT128_MAX ? total : UINT128_MAX;
+}

package/src/gas/gas.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
+import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { schemas } from '@aztec/foundation/schemas';
-import { BufferReader, FieldReader, serializeToBuffer, serializeToFields } from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
+import { BufferReader, BufferSink, FieldReader, serializeToFields, serializeToSink } from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
 import type { FieldsOf } from '@aztec/foundation/types';
 
 import { inspect } from 'util';
@@ -79,8 +79,13 @@ export class Gas {
     return new Gas(reader.readNumber(), reader.readNumber());
   }
 
-  toBuffer() {
-    return serializeToBuffer(this.daGas, this.l2Gas);
+  toBuffer(): Buffer;
+  toBuffer(sink: BufferSink): void;
+  toBuffer(sink?: BufferSink): Buffer | void {
+    if (!sink) {
+      return BufferSink.serialize(this);
+    }
+    serializeToSink(sink, this.daGas, this.l2Gas);
   }
 
   [inspect.custom]() {

package/src/gas/gas_fees.ts

@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
-import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
+import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { schemas } from '@aztec/foundation/schemas';
-import {
-  BufferReader,
-  FieldReader,
-  bigintToUInt128BE,
-  serializeToBuffer,
-  serializeToFields,
-} from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
+import { BufferReader, BufferSink, FieldReader, serializeToFields } from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
 import type { FieldsOf } from '@aztec/foundation/types';
 
 import { inspect } from 'util';
@@ -15,6 +9,17 @@ import { z } from 'zod';
 import type { UInt128 } from '../types/shared.js';
 import type { GasDimensions } from './gas.js';
 
+/**
+ * Multiplies a bigint by a non-integer scalar and returns the ceiling of the result.
+ * Avoids converting the bigint to Number (which loses precision above 2^53) by instead
+ * scaling the scalar into a bigint rational and performing ceiling division.
+ */
+function bigintMulCeil(value: bigint, scalar: number): bigint {
+  const SCALE = 1_000_000_000_000n; // 1e12
+  const scaledScalar = BigInt(Math.round(scalar * 1e12));
+  return (value * scaledScalar + SCALE - 1n) / SCALE;
+}
+
 /** Gas prices for each dimension. */
 export class GasFees {
   public readonly feePerDaGas: UInt128;
@@ -56,8 +61,11 @@ export class GasFees {
       return this.clone();
     } else if (typeof scalar === 'bigint') {
       return new GasFees(this.feePerDaGas * scalar, this.feePerL2Gas * scalar);
+    } else if (Number.isInteger(scalar)) {
+      const s = BigInt(scalar);
+      return new GasFees(this.feePerDaGas * s, this.feePerL2Gas * s);
     } else {
-      return new GasFees(Number(this.feePerDaGas) * scalar, Number(this.feePerL2Gas) * scalar);
+      return new GasFees(bigintMulCeil(this.feePerDaGas, scalar), bigintMulCeil(this.feePerL2Gas, scalar));
     }
   }
 
@@ -96,8 +104,14 @@ export class GasFees {
     return new GasFees(reader.readUInt128(), reader.readUInt128());
   }
 
-  toBuffer() {
-    return serializeToBuffer(bigintToUInt128BE(this.feePerDaGas), bigintToUInt128BE(this.feePerL2Gas));
+  toBuffer(): Buffer;
+  toBuffer(sink: BufferSink): void;
+  toBuffer(sink?: BufferSink): Buffer | void {
+    if (!sink) {
+      return BufferSink.serialize(this);
+    }
+    sink.writeBigInt(this.feePerDaGas, 16);
+    sink.writeBigInt(this.feePerL2Gas, 16);
   }
 
   static fromFields(fields: Fr[] | FieldReader) {
@@ -120,3 +134,8 @@ export class GasFees {
     return `GasFees { feePerDaGas=${this.feePerDaGas} feePerL2Gas=${this.feePerL2Gas} }`;
   }
 }
+
+/** Provides projected minimum gas fees for the next block. */
+export interface BlockMinFeesProvider {
+  getCurrentMinFees(): Promise<GasFees>;
+}

package/src/gas/gas_settings.ts

@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
-import {
-  DEFAULT_DA_GAS_LIMIT,
-  DEFAULT_L2_GAS_LIMIT,
-  DEFAULT_TEARDOWN_DA_GAS_LIMIT,
-  DEFAULT_TEARDOWN_L2_GAS_LIMIT,
-  GAS_SETTINGS_LENGTH,
-} from '@aztec/constants';
-import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
-import { BufferReader, FieldReader, serializeToBuffer, serializeToFields } from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
+import { GAS_SETTINGS_LENGTH, MAX_PROCESSABLE_DA_GAS_PER_CHECKPOINT, MAX_PROCESSABLE_L2_GAS } from '@aztec/constants';
+import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
+import { BufferReader, BufferSink, FieldReader, serializeToFields, serializeToSink } from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
 import type { FieldsOf } from '@aztec/foundation/types';
 
 import { z } from 'zod';
@@ -14,6 +8,14 @@ import { z } from 'zod';
 import { Gas, GasDimensions } from './gas.js';
 import { GasFees } from './gas_fees.js';
 
+// For gas estimation, we use intentionally high limits above what the network can process,
+// so the simulation runs without hitting gas caps. Since teardown gas is counted towards total,
+// the total estimation limit is teardown + max processable.
+export const GAS_ESTIMATION_TEARDOWN_L2_GAS_LIMIT = MAX_PROCESSABLE_L2_GAS;
+export const GAS_ESTIMATION_L2_GAS_LIMIT = GAS_ESTIMATION_TEARDOWN_L2_GAS_LIMIT + MAX_PROCESSABLE_L2_GAS;
+export const GAS_ESTIMATION_TEARDOWN_DA_GAS_LIMIT = MAX_PROCESSABLE_DA_GAS_PER_CHECKPOINT;
+export const GAS_ESTIMATION_DA_GAS_LIMIT = GAS_ESTIMATION_TEARDOWN_DA_GAS_LIMIT + MAX_PROCESSABLE_DA_GAS_PER_CHECKPOINT;
+
 // docs:start:gas_settings_vars
 /** Gas usage and fees limits set by the transaction sender for different dimensions and phases. */
 export class GasSettings {
@@ -95,18 +97,59 @@ export class GasSettings {
     return new GasSettings(Gas.empty(), Gas.empty(), GasFees.empty(), GasFees.empty());
   }
 
-  /** Default gas settings to use when user has not provided them. Requires explicit max fees per gas. */
-  static default(overrides: {
+  /**
+   * Fills in gas limits high enough for transactions to be included in most cases.
+   * Callers must supply `gasLimits` — typically the most a single tx may declare on the network
+   * (`min(per-tx max, per-block allocation)`), i.e. a node's advertised `txsLimits.gas`. Since teardown gas
+   * is reserved from gasLimits during private execution (see gas_meter.nr), the effective gas available for
+   * app logic is gasLimits - teardownGasLimits - privateOverhead; the teardown default is derived from the
+   * effective total so it always stays below it.
+   * These values won't work if:
+   *  - Teardown consumes more than the arbitrarily assigned fallback limits
+   *  - The rest of the transaction consumes more than the remaining gas after teardown
+   *  - The DA gas limit is too low for the transaction, while still within the checkpoint limit
+   */
+  static fallback(overrides: {
+    gasLimits: Gas;
+    teardownGasLimits?: Gas;
+    maxFeesPerGas: GasFees;
+    maxPriorityFeesPerGas?: GasFees;
+  }) {
+    const gasLimits = overrides.gasLimits;
+    const teardownGasLimits =
+      overrides.teardownGasLimits ?? new Gas(Math.floor(gasLimits.daGas / 2), Math.floor(gasLimits.l2Gas / 8));
+    return GasSettings.from({
+      gasLimits,
+      teardownGasLimits,
+      maxFeesPerGas: overrides.maxFeesPerGas,
+      maxPriorityFeesPerGas: overrides.maxPriorityFeesPerGas ?? GasFees.empty(),
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gas settings for simulation/estimation only.
+   * Since teardown gas is reserved upfront from gasLimits during private execution (see gas_meter.nr),
+   * the effective gas available for app logic is gasLimits - teardownGasLimits - privateOverhead.
+   * To ensure estimation never hits gas caps, we set both limits above what the protocol allows:
+   * teardown gets MAX_PROCESSABLE and gasLimits gets teardown + MAX_PROCESSABLE, so the full
+   * processable amount remains available for each phase independently. To be used in conjunction
+   * with skipTxValidation: true during public simulation, or the node would reject the transaction
+   * outright due to gas limits being above protocol max.
+   */
+  static forEstimation(overrides: {
     gasLimits?: Gas;
     teardownGasLimits?: Gas;
     maxFeesPerGas: GasFees;
     maxPriorityFeesPerGas?: GasFees;
   }) {
     return GasSettings.from({
-      gasLimits: overrides.gasLimits ?? { l2Gas: DEFAULT_L2_GAS_LIMIT, daGas: DEFAULT_DA_GAS_LIMIT },
+      gasLimits: overrides.gasLimits ?? {
+        l2Gas: GAS_ESTIMATION_L2_GAS_LIMIT,
+        daGas: GAS_ESTIMATION_DA_GAS_LIMIT,
+      },
       teardownGasLimits: overrides.teardownGasLimits ?? {
-        l2Gas: DEFAULT_TEARDOWN_L2_GAS_LIMIT,
-        daGas: DEFAULT_TEARDOWN_DA_GAS_LIMIT,
+        l2Gas: GAS_ESTIMATION_TEARDOWN_L2_GAS_LIMIT,
+        daGas: GAS_ESTIMATION_TEARDOWN_DA_GAS_LIMIT,
       },
       maxFeesPerGas: overrides.maxFeesPerGas,
       maxPriorityFeesPerGas: overrides.maxPriorityFeesPerGas ?? GasFees.empty(),
@@ -141,8 +184,13 @@ export class GasSettings {
     );
   }
 
-  toBuffer() {
-    return serializeToBuffer(...GasSettings.getFields(this));
+  toBuffer(): Buffer;
+  toBuffer(sink: BufferSink): void;
+  toBuffer(sink?: BufferSink): Buffer | void {
+    if (!sink) {
+      return BufferSink.serialize(this);
+    }
+    serializeToSink(sink, ...GasSettings.getFields(this));
   }
 
   static fromFields(fields: Fr[] | FieldReader): GasSettings {

package/src/gas/index.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+export * from './fee_math.js';
 export * from './gas.js';
 export * from './gas_fees.js';
 export * from './gas_settings.js';
 export * from './gas_used.js';
+export * from './tx_gas_limits.js';