@aztec/simulator 0.0.1-commit.d1f2d6c → 0.0.1-commit.e61ad554

package/dest/public/avm/opcodes/external_calls.d.ts

@@ -56,4 +56,4 @@ export declare class Revert extends Instruction {
     handlesPC(): boolean;
 }
 export {};
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package/dest/public/avm/opcodes/external_calls.d.ts.map

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package/dest/public/avm/opcodes/external_calls.js

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { TypeTag, Uint1 } from '../avm_memory_types.js';
+import { CallDataMemory, ReturnDataMemory } from '../calldata.js';
 import { Opcode, OperandType } from '../serialization/instruction_serialization.js';
 import { Addressing } from './addressing_mode.js';
 import { Instruction } from './instruction.js';
@@ -39,8 +40,7 @@ class ExternalCall extends Instruction {
         memory.checkTag(TypeTag.FIELD, addrOffset);
         memory.checkTag(TypeTag.UINT32, argsSizeOffset);
         const calldataSize = memory.get(argsSizeOffset).toNumber();
-        // This is a DOS vector. CalldataSize is chosen by the bytecode, and can be arbitrarily large leading to a OOM here.
-        const calldata = memory.getSlice(argsOffset, calldataSize).map((f)=>f.toFr());
+        const calldata = new CallDataMemory(memory, argsOffset, calldataSize);
         const callAddress = memory.getAs(addrOffset);
         // If we are already in a static call, we propagate the environment.
         const callType = context.environment.isStaticCall ? 'STATICCALL' : this.type;
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ class ExternalCall extends Instruction {
         const nestedCallResults = await simulator.execute();
         const success = !nestedCallResults.reverted;
         // Save return/revert data for later.
-        const fullReturnData = nestedCallResults.output;
-        context.machineState.nestedReturndata = fullReturnData;
+        const returnData = nestedCallResults.output;
+        context.machineState.nestedReturndata = returnData;
         // Track the success status directly
         context.machineState.nestedCallSuccess = success;
         // Account for all instructions executed in the nested call
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class ExternalCall extends Instruction {
         // (in Noir code).
         if (!success) {
             context.machineState.collectedRevertInfo = {
-                revertDataRepresentative: fullReturnData,
+                revertDataRepresentative: returnData.bestEffortReadAll(),
                 recursiveRevertReason: nestedCallResults.revertReason
             };
         }
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ export class Return extends Instruction {
         const [returnSizeOffset, returnOffset] = addressing.resolve(operands, memory);
         memory.checkTag(TypeTag.UINT32, returnSizeOffset);
         const returnSize = memory.get(returnSizeOffset).toNumber();
-        const output = memory.getSlice(returnOffset, returnSize).map((word)=>word.toFr());
+        const output = new ReturnDataMemory(memory, returnOffset, returnSize);
         context.machineState.return(output);
     }
     handlesPC() {
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ export class Revert extends Instruction {
         const [retSizeOffset, returnOffset] = addressing.resolve(operands, memory);
         memory.checkTag(TypeTag.UINT32, retSizeOffset);
         const retSize = memory.get(retSizeOffset).toNumber();
-        const output = memory.getSlice(returnOffset, retSize).map((word)=>word.toFr());
+        const output = new ReturnDataMemory(memory, returnOffset, retSize);
         context.machineState.revert(output);
     }
     // We don't want to increase the PC after reverting because it breaks messages.

package/dest/public/avm/opcodes/memory.js

@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ export class ReturndataSize extends Instruction {
             this.dstOffset
         ];
         const [dstOffset] = addressing.resolve(operands, memory);
-        memory.set(dstOffset, new Uint32(context.machineState.nestedReturndata.length));
+        memory.set(dstOffset, new Uint32(context.machineState.nestedReturndata.length()));
     }
 }
 export class ReturndataCopy extends Instruction {

package/dest/public/debug_fn_name.d.ts

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-import type { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { FunctionSelector } from '@aztec/stdlib/abi';
 import type { AztecAddress } from '@aztec/stdlib/aztec-address';
+import type { CallData } from './avm/calldata.js';
 import type { PublicContractsDBInterface } from './db_interfaces.js';
-export declare function getPublicFunctionDebugName(db: PublicContractsDBInterface, contractAddress: AztecAddress, calldata: Fr[]): Promise<string>;
+export declare function getPublicFunctionDebugName(db: PublicContractsDBInterface, contractAddress: AztecAddress, calldata: CallData): Promise<string>;
 /**
  * Get the function selector and optional debug name for a public function.
  * Returns the selector and name separately, with name only populated if a debug name is available.
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ export declare function getPublicFunctionDebugName(db: PublicContractsDBInterfac
  * @param calldata - The calldata (selector is in calldata[0])
  * @returns An object with functionSelector (always if calldata[0] exists) and functionName (only if debug name found)
  */
-export declare function getPublicFunctionSelectorAndName(db: PublicContractsDBInterface, contractAddress: AztecAddress, calldata: Fr[]): Promise<{
+export declare function getPublicFunctionSelectorAndName(db: PublicContractsDBInterface, contractAddress: AztecAddress, calldata: CallData): Promise<{
     functionSelector?: FunctionSelector;
     functionName?: string;
 }>;
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package/dest/public/debug_fn_name.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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+{"version":3,"file":"debug_fn_name.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/public/debug_fn_name.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA,OAAO,EAAE,gBAAgB,EAAE,MAAM,mBAAmB,CAAC;AACrD,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,YAAY,EAAE,MAAM,6BAA6B,CAAC;AAEhE,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,MAAM,mBAAmB,CAAC;AAClD,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,0BAA0B,EAAE,MAAM,oBAAoB,CAAC;AAErE,wBAAsB,0BAA0B,CAC9C,EAAE,EAAE,0BAA0B,EAC9B,eAAe,EAAE,YAAY,EAC7B,QAAQ,EAAE,QAAQ,GACjB,OAAO,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,CAYjB;AAED;;;;;;;GAOG;AACH,wBAAsB,gCAAgC,CACpD,EAAE,EAAE,0BAA0B,EAC9B,eAAe,EAAE,YAAY,EAC7B,QAAQ,EAAE,QAAQ,GACjB,OAAO,CAAC;IAAE,gBAAgB,CAAC,EAAE,gBAAgB,CAAC;IAAC,YAAY,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;CAAE,CAAC,CAezE"}

package/dest/public/debug_fn_name.js

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 import { FunctionSelector } from '@aztec/stdlib/abi';
 export async function getPublicFunctionDebugName(db, contractAddress, calldata) {
     // Public function is dispatched and therefore the target function is passed in the first argument.
-    if (!calldata[0]) {
+    const selectorField = calldata.read(0);
+    if (!selectorField) {
         return `<calldata[0] undefined> (Contract Address: ${contractAddress})`;
     }
-    const fallbackName = `<calldata[0]:${calldata[0].toString()}> (Contract Address: ${contractAddress})`;
-    const selector = FunctionSelector.fromFieldOrUndefined(calldata[0]);
+    const fallbackName = `<calldata[0]:${selectorField.toString()}> (Contract Address: ${contractAddress})`;
+    const selector = FunctionSelector.fromFieldOrUndefined(selectorField);
     if (!selector) {
         return fallbackName;
     }
@@ -20,10 +21,11 @@ export async function getPublicFunctionDebugName(db, contractAddress, calldata)
  * @returns An object with functionSelector (always if calldata[0] exists) and functionName (only if debug name found)
  */ export async function getPublicFunctionSelectorAndName(db, contractAddress, calldata) {
     // Public function is dispatched and therefore the target function is passed in the first argument.
-    if (!calldata[0]) {
+    const selectorField = calldata.read(0);
+    if (!selectorField) {
         return {};
     }
-    const selector = FunctionSelector.fromFieldOrUndefined(calldata[0]);
+    const selector = FunctionSelector.fromFieldOrUndefined(selectorField);
     if (!selector) {
         return {};
     }

package/dest/public/public_tx_simulator/public_tx_simulator.d.ts

@@ -78,4 +78,4 @@ export declare class PublicTxSimulator implements PublicTxSimulatorInterface {
     private payFee;
 }
 export {};
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package/dest/public/public_tx_simulator/public_tx_simulator.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dest/public/public_tx_simulator/public_tx_simulator.js

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { AvmExecutionHints, AvmTxHint, PublicSimulatorConfig, PublicTxEffect, Pu
 import { SimulationError } from '@aztec/stdlib/errors';
 import { NestedProcessReturnValues, TxExecutionPhase } from '@aztec/stdlib/tx';
 import { strict as assert } from 'assert';
+import { CallDataArray } from '../avm/calldata.js';
 import { AvmSimulator } from '../avm/index.js';
 import { getPublicFunctionDebugName } from '../debug_fn_name.js';
 import { HintingMerkleWriteOperations, HintingPublicContractsDB } from '../hinting_db_sources.js';
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@ export class PublicTxSimulator {
             }
             const callRequest = callRequests[i];
             const enqueuedCallResult = await this.simulateEnqueuedCall(phase, context, callRequest);
-            returnValues.push(new NestedProcessReturnValues(enqueuedCallResult.output));
+            returnValues.push(new NestedProcessReturnValues(enqueuedCallResult.output.bestEffortReadAll()));
             if (enqueuedCallResult.reverted) {
                 reverted = true;
                 revertReason = enqueuedCallResult.revertReason;
@@ -198,7 +199,7 @@ export class PublicTxSimulator {
    */ async simulateEnqueuedCall(phase, context, callRequest) {
         const stateManager = context.state.getActiveStateManager();
         const contractAddress = callRequest.request.contractAddress;
-        const fnName = await getPublicFunctionDebugName(this.contractsDB, contractAddress, callRequest.calldata);
+        const fnName = await getPublicFunctionDebugName(this.contractsDB, contractAddress, new CallDataArray(callRequest.calldata));
         const allocatedGas = context.getGasLeftAtPhase(phase);
         const result = await this.simulateEnqueuedCallInternal(stateManager, callRequest, allocatedGas, /*transactionFee=*/ context.getTransactionFee(phase), fnName);
         const gasUsed = allocatedGas.sub(result.gasLeft); // by enqueued call
@@ -226,7 +227,7 @@ export class PublicTxSimulator {
         const address = request.contractAddress;
         const sender = request.msgSender;
         this.log.debug(`Executing enqueued public call to external function ${fnName}@${address} with ${allocatedGas.l2Gas} allocated L2 gas.`);
-        const simulator = await AvmSimulator.create(stateManager, address, sender, transactionFee, this.globalVariables, request.isStaticCall, calldata, allocatedGas, this.config);
+        const simulator = await AvmSimulator.create(stateManager, address, sender, transactionFee, this.globalVariables, request.isStaticCall, new CallDataArray(calldata), allocatedGas, this.config);
         const avmCallResult = await simulator.execute();
         return avmCallResult.finalize();
     }

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@aztec/simulator",
-  "version": "0.0.1-commit.d1f2d6c",
+  "version": "0.0.1-commit.e61ad554",
   "type": "module",
   "exports": {
     "./server": "./dest/server.js",
@@ -64,26 +64,26 @@
     ]
   },
   "dependencies": {
-    "@aztec/constants": "0.0.1-commit.d1f2d6c",
-    "@aztec/foundation": "0.0.1-commit.d1f2d6c",
-    "@aztec/native": "0.0.1-commit.d1f2d6c",
-    "@aztec/noir-acvm_js": "0.0.1-commit.d1f2d6c",
-    "@aztec/noir-noirc_abi": "0.0.1-commit.d1f2d6c",
-    "@aztec/noir-protocol-circuits-types": "0.0.1-commit.d1f2d6c",
-    "@aztec/noir-types": "0.0.1-commit.d1f2d6c",
-    "@aztec/protocol-contracts": "0.0.1-commit.d1f2d6c",
-    "@aztec/stdlib": "0.0.1-commit.d1f2d6c",
-    "@aztec/telemetry-client": "0.0.1-commit.d1f2d6c",
-    "@aztec/world-state": "0.0.1-commit.d1f2d6c",
+    "@aztec/constants": "0.0.1-commit.e61ad554",
+    "@aztec/foundation": "0.0.1-commit.e61ad554",
+    "@aztec/native": "0.0.1-commit.e61ad554",
+    "@aztec/noir-acvm_js": "0.0.1-commit.e61ad554",
+    "@aztec/noir-noirc_abi": "0.0.1-commit.e61ad554",
+    "@aztec/noir-protocol-circuits-types": "0.0.1-commit.e61ad554",
+    "@aztec/noir-types": "0.0.1-commit.e61ad554",
+    "@aztec/protocol-contracts": "0.0.1-commit.e61ad554",
+    "@aztec/stdlib": "0.0.1-commit.e61ad554",
+    "@aztec/telemetry-client": "0.0.1-commit.e61ad554",
+    "@aztec/world-state": "0.0.1-commit.e61ad554",
     "lodash.clonedeep": "^4.5.0",
     "lodash.merge": "^4.6.2",
     "tslib": "^2.4.0"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@aztec/kv-store": "0.0.1-commit.d1f2d6c",
-    "@aztec/merkle-tree": "0.0.1-commit.d1f2d6c",
-    "@aztec/noir-contracts.js": "0.0.1-commit.d1f2d6c",
-    "@aztec/noir-test-contracts.js": "0.0.1-commit.d1f2d6c",
+    "@aztec/kv-store": "0.0.1-commit.e61ad554",
+    "@aztec/merkle-tree": "0.0.1-commit.e61ad554",
+    "@aztec/noir-contracts.js": "0.0.1-commit.e61ad554",
+    "@aztec/noir-test-contracts.js": "0.0.1-commit.e61ad554",
     "@jest/globals": "^30.0.0",
     "@types/jest": "^30.0.0",
     "@types/lodash.clonedeep": "^4.5.7",

package/src/public/avm/avm_context.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import type { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import type { AztecAddress } from '@aztec/stdlib/aztec-address';
 
 import type { PublicPersistableStateManager } from '../state_manager/state_manager.js';
@@ -6,6 +5,7 @@ import type { AvmExecutionEnvironment } from './avm_execution_environment.js';
 import { type Gas, gasToGasLeft } from './avm_gas.js';
 import { AvmMachineState } from './avm_machine_state.js';
 import type { AvmSimulatorInterface } from './avm_simulator_interface.js';
+import type { CallData } from './calldata.js';
 
 /**
  * An execution context includes the information necessary to initiate AVM
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ export class AvmContext {
    */
   public async createNestedContractCallContext(
     address: AztecAddress,
-    calldata: Fr[],
+    calldata: CallData,
     allocatedGas: Gas,
     callType: 'CALL' | 'STATICCALL',
   ): Promise<AvmContext> {

package/src/public/avm/avm_contract_call_result.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import type { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import type { SimulationError } from '@aztec/stdlib/errors';
 import { Gas } from '@aztec/stdlib/gas';
 
@@ -6,6 +5,7 @@ import { inspect } from 'util';
 
 import { createSimulationError } from '../../common/errors.js';
 import type { Gas as AvmGas } from './avm_gas.js';
+import type { ReturnData } from './calldata.js';
 import type { AvmRevertReason } from './errors.js';
 
 /**
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ import type { AvmRevertReason } from './errors.js';
 export class AvmContractCallResult {
   constructor(
     public reverted: boolean,
-    public output: Fr[],
+    public output: ReturnData,
     public gasLeft: AvmGas,
     public revertReason?: AvmRevertReason,
     public totalInstructions: number = 0, // including nested calls
   ) {}
 
   toString(): string {
-    let resultsStr = `reverted: ${this.reverted}, output: ${this.output}, gasLeft: ${inspect(
+    let resultsStr = `reverted: ${this.reverted}, output: ${this.output.bestEffortReadAll(10)}${this.output.length() > 10 ? ' ...' : ''}, gasLeft: ${inspect(
       this.gasLeft,
     )}, totalInstructions: ${this.totalInstructions}`;
     if (this.revertReason) {
@@ -31,7 +31,9 @@ export class AvmContractCallResult {
   }
 
   finalize(): AvmFinalizedCallResult {
-    const revertReason = this.revertReason ? createSimulationError(this.revertReason, this.output) : undefined;
+    const revertReason = this.revertReason
+      ? createSimulationError(this.revertReason, this.output.bestEffortReadAll())
+      : undefined;
     return new AvmFinalizedCallResult(
       this.reverted,
       this.output,
@@ -49,14 +51,14 @@ export class AvmContractCallResult {
 export class AvmFinalizedCallResult {
   constructor(
     public reverted: boolean,
-    public output: Fr[],
+    public output: ReturnData,
     public gasLeft: Gas,
     public revertReason?: SimulationError,
     public totalInstructions: number = 0, // including nested calls
   ) {}
 
   toString(): string {
-    let resultsStr = `reverted: ${this.reverted}, output: ${this.output}, gasLeft: ${inspect(
+    let resultsStr = `reverted: ${this.reverted}, output: ${this.output.bestEffortReadAll(10)}${this.output.length() > 10 ? ' ...' : ''}, gasLeft: ${inspect(
       this.gasLeft,
     )}, totalInstructions: ${this.totalInstructions}`;
     if (this.revertReason) {

package/src/public/avm/avm_execution_environment.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ import type { PublicSimulatorConfig } from '@aztec/stdlib/avm';
 import type { AztecAddress } from '@aztec/stdlib/aztec-address';
 import type { GlobalVariables } from '@aztec/stdlib/tx';
 
+import type { CallData } from './calldata.js';
+
 /**
  * Contains variables that remain constant during AVM execution
  * These variables are provided by the public kernel circuit
@@ -15,13 +17,13 @@ export class AvmExecutionEnvironment {
     public readonly transactionFee: Fr,
     public readonly globals: GlobalVariables,
     public readonly isStaticCall: boolean,
-    public readonly calldata: Fr[],
+    public readonly calldata: CallData,
     public readonly config: PublicSimulatorConfig,
   ) {}
 
   private deriveEnvironmentForNestedCallInternal(
     targetAddress: AztecAddress,
-    calldata: Fr[],
+    calldata: CallData,
     isStaticCall: boolean,
   ): AvmExecutionEnvironment {
     return new AvmExecutionEnvironment(
@@ -36,11 +38,14 @@ export class AvmExecutionEnvironment {
     );
   }
 
-  public deriveEnvironmentForNestedCall(targetAddress: AztecAddress, calldata: Fr[]): AvmExecutionEnvironment {
+  public deriveEnvironmentForNestedCall(targetAddress: AztecAddress, calldata: CallData): AvmExecutionEnvironment {
     return this.deriveEnvironmentForNestedCallInternal(targetAddress, calldata, /*isStaticCall=*/ false);
   }
 
-  public deriveEnvironmentForNestedStaticCall(targetAddress: AztecAddress, calldata: Fr[]): AvmExecutionEnvironment {
+  public deriveEnvironmentForNestedStaticCall(
+    targetAddress: AztecAddress,
+    calldata: CallData,
+  ): AvmExecutionEnvironment {
     return this.deriveEnvironmentForNestedCallInternal(targetAddress, calldata, /*isStaticCall=*/ true);
   }
 }

package/src/public/avm/avm_machine_state.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 
 import type { Gas } from './avm_gas.js';
 import { TaggedMemory } from './avm_memory_types.js';
+import { type ReturnData, ReturnDataArray } from './calldata.js';
 import { type AvmRevertReason, OutOfGasError } from './errors.js';
 
 /**
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ export class AvmMachineState {
   /** program counter of the next instruction, byte based */
   public nextPc: number = 0;
   /** return/revertdata of the last nested call. */
-  public nestedReturndata: Fr[] = [];
+  public nestedReturndata: ReturnData = new ReturnDataArray([]);
   /** Tracks whether the last external call was successful */
   public nestedCallSuccess: boolean = false;
   /**
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ export class AvmMachineState {
   /** Signals that execution has reverted normally (this does not cover exceptional halts) */
   private reverted: boolean = false;
   /** Output data must NOT be modified once it is set */
-  private output: Fr[] = [];
+  private output: ReturnData = new ReturnDataArray([]);
 
   // Metrics only - not needed for execution
   /** instruction counter, including nested calls */
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ export class AvmMachineState {
    * Output data must NOT be modified once it is set
    * @param output
    */
-  public return(output: Fr[]) {
+  public return(output: ReturnData) {
     this.halted = true;
     this.output = output;
   }
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ export class AvmMachineState {
    * Output data must NOT be modified once it is set
    * @param output
    */
-  public revert(output: Fr[]) {
+  public revert(output: ReturnData) {
     this.halted = true;
     this.reverted = true;
     this.output = output;
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ export class AvmMachineState {
     return this.reverted;
   }
 
-  public getOutput(): Fr[] {
+  public getOutput(): ReturnData {
     return this.output;
   }
 

package/src/public/avm/avm_simulator.ts

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import { AvmExecutionEnvironment } from './avm_execution_environment.js';
 import type { Gas } from './avm_gas.js';
 import { AvmMachineState } from './avm_machine_state.js';
 import type { AvmSimulatorInterface } from './avm_simulator_interface.js';
+import { type CallData, ReturnDataArray } from './calldata.js';
 import { AvmRevertReason, InvalidProgramCounterError } from './errors.js';
 import type { Instruction } from './opcodes/instruction.js';
 import { revertReasonFromExceptionalHalt, revertReasonFromExplicitRevert } from './revert_reason.js';
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ export class AvmSimulator implements AvmSimulatorInterface {
     // This will be used by the CALL opcode to create a new simulator. It is required to
     // avoid a dependency cycle.
     context.provideSimulator = AvmSimulator.build;
-    this.log = createLogger(`simulator:avm(calldata[0]: ${context.environment.calldata[0]})`);
+    this.log = createLogger(`simulator:avm(calldata[0]: ${context.environment.calldata.read(0)})`);
     // Turn on tallying if explicitly enabled or if trace logging
     if (enableTallying || this.log.isLevelEnabled('trace')) {
       this.tallyPrintFunction = this.printOpcodeTallies;
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ export class AvmSimulator implements AvmSimulatorInterface {
     transactionFee: Fr,
     globals: GlobalVariables,
     isStaticCall: boolean,
-    calldata: Fr[],
+    calldata: CallData,
     allocatedGas: Gas,
     config: PublicSimulatorConfig,
   ) {
@@ -183,7 +184,9 @@ export class AvmSimulator implements AvmSimulatorInterface {
 
       const output = machineState.getOutput();
       const reverted = machineState.getReverted();
-      const revertReason = reverted ? await revertReasonFromExplicitRevert(output, this.context) : undefined;
+      const revertReason = reverted
+        ? await revertReasonFromExplicitRevert(output.bestEffortReadAll(), this.context)
+        : undefined;
       const results = new AvmContractCallResult(
         reverted,
         output,
@@ -220,7 +223,7 @@ export class AvmSimulator implements AvmSimulatorInterface {
       // Note: "exceptional halts" cannot return data, hence [].
       const results = new AvmContractCallResult(
         /*reverted=*/ true,
-        /*output=*/ [],
+        /*output=*/ new ReturnDataArray([]),
         noGasLeft,
         revertReason,
         machineState.instrCounter,
@@ -250,7 +253,7 @@ export class AvmSimulator implements AvmSimulatorInterface {
     this.log.warn(message);
     return new AvmContractCallResult(
       /*reverted=*/ true,
-      /*output=*/ [],
+      /*output=*/ new ReturnDataArray([]),
       /*gasLeft=*/ { l2Gas: 0, daGas: 0 }, // consumes all allocated gas
       revertReason,
     );

package/src/public/avm/calldata.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+import type { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/schemas';
+
+import { TaggedMemory } from './avm_memory_types.js';
+
+// Allow reading up to 300 kB of return data when unspecified.
+const DEFAULT_BEST_EFFORT_READ_CAP = 10000;
+
+export interface LazyReader {
+  bestEffortReadAll(readCap?: number): Fr[];
+  readAll(): Fr[];
+  read(idx: number): Fr | undefined;
+  slice(start: number, end: number): Fr[];
+  length(): number;
+}
+
+export class LazyReaderMemory implements LazyReader {
+  constructor(
+    private memory: TaggedMemory,
+    private offset: number,
+    private size: number,
+  ) {}
+
+  public bestEffortReadAll(readCap = DEFAULT_BEST_EFFORT_READ_CAP): Fr[] {
+    const size = Math.min(this.size, readCap, TaggedMemory.MAX_MEMORY_SIZE - this.offset);
+    return this.memory.getSlice(this.offset, size).map(word => word.toFr());
+  }
+
+  public read(idx: number): Fr | undefined {
+    if (idx >= this.size) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    return this.memory.get(this.offset + idx).toFr();
+  }
+
+  public slice(start: number, end: number): Fr[] {
+    const clampedEnd = Math.min(end, this.size);
+    const length = Math.max(0, clampedEnd - start);
+    return this.memory.getSlice(this.offset + start, length).map(word => word.toFr());
+  }
+
+  public readAll(): Fr[] {
+    return this.memory.getSlice(this.offset, this.size).map(word => word.toFr());
+  }
+
+  public length(): number {
+    return this.size;
+  }
+}
+
+export class LazyReaderArray implements LazyReader {
+  constructor(private array: Fr[]) {}
+
+  public bestEffortReadAll(readCap = DEFAULT_BEST_EFFORT_READ_CAP): Fr[] {
+    return this.array.slice(0, readCap);
+  }
+
+  public read(idx: number): Fr | undefined {
+    return this.array[idx];
+  }
+
+  public slice(start: number, end: number): Fr[] {
+    return this.array.slice(start, end);
+  }
+
+  public readAll(): Fr[] {
+    return this.array;
+  }
+
+  public length(): number {
+    return this.array.length;
+  }
+}
+
+// Compile time branding to avoid swapping CallData and ReturnData by accident.
+declare const CallDataBrand: unique symbol;
+declare const ReturnDataBrand: unique symbol;
+
+export type CallData = LazyReader & {
+  readonly [CallDataBrand]: true;
+};
+
+export type ReturnData = LazyReader & {
+  readonly [ReturnDataBrand]: true;
+};
+
+export class CallDataArray extends LazyReaderArray implements CallData {
+  declare readonly [CallDataBrand]: true;
+}
+
+export class CallDataMemory extends LazyReaderMemory implements CallData {
+  declare readonly [CallDataBrand]: true;
+}
+
+export class ReturnDataArray extends LazyReaderArray implements ReturnData {
+  declare readonly [ReturnDataBrand]: true;
+}
+
+export class ReturnDataMemory extends LazyReaderMemory implements ReturnData {
+  declare readonly [ReturnDataBrand]: true;
+}

package/src/public/avm/fixtures/avm_simulation_tester.ts

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import { SimpleContractDataSource } from '../../fixtures/simple_contract_data_so
 import { PublicContractsDB, PublicTreesDB } from '../../public_db_sources.js';
 import { PublicPersistableStateManager } from '../../state_manager/state_manager.js';
 import { AvmSimulator } from '../avm_simulator.js';
+import { CallDataArray } from '../calldata.js';
 import { BaseAvmSimulationTester } from './base_avm_simulation_tester.js';
 import { initContext, initExecutionEnvironment } from './initializers.js';
 import {
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ export class AvmSimulationTester extends BaseAvmSimulationTester {
       collectCallMetadata: true,
     });
     const environment = initExecutionEnvironment({
-      calldata,
+      calldata: new CallDataArray(calldata),
       globals,
       address,
       sender,
@@ -105,7 +106,12 @@ export class AvmSimulationTester extends BaseAvmSimulationTester {
     if (result.reverted) {
       this.logger.error(`Error in ${fnName}:`);
       this.logger.error(
-        resolveContractAssertionMessage(fnName, result.revertReason!, result.output, contractArtifact)!,
+        resolveContractAssertionMessage(
+          fnName,
+          result.revertReason!,
+          result.output.bestEffortReadAll(),
+          contractArtifact,
+        )!,
       );
     } else {
       this.logger.info(`Simulation of function ${fnName} succeeded!`);