@aztec/simulator 0.0.1-commit.c7c42ec → 0.0.1-commit.c80b6263

package/dest/public/state_manager/state_manager.js

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { CANONICAL_AUTH_REGISTRY_ADDRESS, CONTRACT_CLASS_REGISTRY_CONTRACT_ADDRESS, CONTRACT_INSTANCE_REGISTRY_CONTRACT_ADDRESS, FEE_JUICE_ADDRESS, MULTI_CALL_ENTRYPOINT_ADDRESS, ROUTER_ADDRESS } from '@aztec/constants';
+import { CONTRACT_INSTANCE_REGISTRY_CONTRACT_ADDRESS, MAX_PROTOCOL_CONTRACTS } from '@aztec/constants';
 import { poseidon2Hash } from '@aztec/foundation/crypto/poseidon';
 import { jsonStringify } from '@aztec/foundation/json-rpc';
 import { createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import { PublicStorage } from './public_storage.js';
     nullifiers;
     log;
     /** Make sure a forked state is never merged twice. */ alreadyMergedIntoParent;
-    constructor(treesDB, contractsDB, trace, firstNullifier, timestamp, doMerkleOperations = true, publicStorage = new PublicStorage(treesDB), nullifiers = new NullifierManager(treesDB)){
+    constructor(treesDB, contractsDB, trace, firstNullifier, timestamp, doMerkleOperations = true, publicStorage = new PublicStorage(treesDB), nullifiers = new NullifierManager(treesDB), bindings){
         this.treesDB = treesDB;
         this.contractsDB = contractsDB;
         this.trace = trace;
@@ -40,19 +40,19 @@ import { PublicStorage } from './public_storage.js';
         this.doMerkleOperations = doMerkleOperations;
         this.publicStorage = publicStorage;
         this.nullifiers = nullifiers;
-        this.log = createLogger('simulator:state_manager');
         this.alreadyMergedIntoParent = false;
+        this.log = createLogger('simulator:state_manager', bindings);
     }
     /**
    * Create a new state manager
-   */ static create(treesDB, contractsDB, trace, firstNullifier, timestamp) {
-        return new PublicPersistableStateManager(treesDB, contractsDB, trace, firstNullifier, timestamp);
+   */ static create(treesDB, contractsDB, trace, firstNullifier, timestamp, bindings) {
+        return new PublicPersistableStateManager(treesDB, contractsDB, trace, firstNullifier, timestamp, undefined, undefined, undefined, bindings);
     }
     /**
    * Create a new state manager forked from this one
    */ async fork() {
         await this.treesDB.createCheckpoint();
-        return new PublicPersistableStateManager(this.treesDB, this.contractsDB, this.trace.fork(), this.firstNullifier, this.timestamp, this.doMerkleOperations, this.publicStorage.fork(), this.nullifiers.fork());
+        return new PublicPersistableStateManager(this.treesDB, this.contractsDB, this.trace.fork(), this.firstNullifier, this.timestamp, this.doMerkleOperations, this.publicStorage.fork(), this.nullifiers.fork(), this.log.getBindings());
     }
     /**
    * Accept forked world state modifications & traced side effects / hints
@@ -171,6 +171,13 @@ import { PublicStorage } from './public_storage.js';
    */ async checkNullifierExists(contractAddress, nullifier) {
         this.log.trace(`Checking existence of nullifier (address=${contractAddress}, nullifier=${nullifier})`);
         const siloedNullifier = await siloNullifier(contractAddress, nullifier);
+        return this.checkSiloedNullifierExists(siloedNullifier);
+    }
+    /**
+   * Check if a siloed nullifier exists.
+   * @param siloedNullifier - the siloed nullifier to check
+   * @returns exists - whether the nullifier exists in the nullifier set
+   */ async checkSiloedNullifierExists(siloedNullifier) {
         if (this.doMerkleOperations) {
             const exists = await this.treesDB.checkNullifierExists(siloedNullifier);
             this.log.trace(`Checked siloed nullifier ${siloedNullifier} (exists=${exists})`);
@@ -391,5 +398,5 @@ import { PublicStorage } from './public_storage.js';
     }
 }
 function contractAddressIsCanonical(contractAddress) {
-    return contractAddress.equals(AztecAddress.fromNumber(CANONICAL_AUTH_REGISTRY_ADDRESS)) || contractAddress.equals(AztecAddress.fromNumber(CONTRACT_INSTANCE_REGISTRY_CONTRACT_ADDRESS)) || contractAddress.equals(AztecAddress.fromNumber(CONTRACT_CLASS_REGISTRY_CONTRACT_ADDRESS)) || contractAddress.equals(AztecAddress.fromNumber(MULTI_CALL_ENTRYPOINT_ADDRESS)) || contractAddress.equals(AztecAddress.fromNumber(FEE_JUICE_ADDRESS)) || contractAddress.equals(AztecAddress.fromNumber(ROUTER_ADDRESS));
+    return contractAddress.toBigInt() >= 1 && contractAddress.toBigInt() <= MAX_PROTOCOL_CONTRACTS;
 }

package/dest/public/test_executor_metrics.d.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { type LoggerBindings } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 import type { RevertCode } from '@aztec/stdlib/avm';
 import type { GasUsed } from '@aztec/stdlib/gas';
 import type { ExecutorMetricsInterface } from './executor_metrics_interface.js';
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ export declare class TestExecutorMetrics implements ExecutorMetricsInterface {
     private txMetrics;
     private currentTxLabel;
     private txTimer;
-    constructor();
+    constructor(bindings?: LoggerBindings);
     startRecordingTxSimulation(txLabel: string): void;
     stopRecordingTxSimulation(txLabel: string, gasUsed?: GasUsed, revertedCode?: RevertCode): void;
     recordEnqueuedCallSimulation(fnName: string, durationMs: number, manaUsed: number, totalInstructionsExecuted: number): void;
@@ -52,4 +53,4 @@ export declare class TestExecutorMetrics implements ExecutorMetricsInterface {
     toJSON(indent?: number): string;
     toGithubActionBenchmarkJSON(indent?: number): string;
 }
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package/dest/public/test_executor_metrics.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dest/public/test_executor_metrics.js

@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ export class TestExecutorMetrics {
     txMetrics = new Map();
     currentTxLabel;
     txTimer;
-    constructor(){
-        this.logger = createLogger(`simulator:test_executor_metrics`);
+    constructor(bindings){
+        this.logger = createLogger(`simulator:test_executor_metrics`, bindings);
     }
     startRecordingTxSimulation(txLabel) {
         assert(!this.currentTxLabel, 'Cannot start recording tx simulation when another is live');

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@aztec/simulator",
-  "version": "0.0.1-commit.c7c42ec",
+  "version": "0.0.1-commit.c80b6263",
   "type": "module",
   "exports": {
     "./server": "./dest/server.js",
@@ -64,32 +64,32 @@
     ]
   },
   "dependencies": {
-    "@aztec/constants": "0.0.1-commit.c7c42ec",
-    "@aztec/foundation": "0.0.1-commit.c7c42ec",
-    "@aztec/native": "0.0.1-commit.c7c42ec",
-    "@aztec/noir-acvm_js": "0.0.1-commit.c7c42ec",
-    "@aztec/noir-noirc_abi": "0.0.1-commit.c7c42ec",
-    "@aztec/noir-protocol-circuits-types": "0.0.1-commit.c7c42ec",
-    "@aztec/noir-types": "0.0.1-commit.c7c42ec",
-    "@aztec/protocol-contracts": "0.0.1-commit.c7c42ec",
-    "@aztec/stdlib": "0.0.1-commit.c7c42ec",
-    "@aztec/telemetry-client": "0.0.1-commit.c7c42ec",
-    "@aztec/world-state": "0.0.1-commit.c7c42ec",
+    "@aztec/constants": "0.0.1-commit.c80b6263",
+    "@aztec/foundation": "0.0.1-commit.c80b6263",
+    "@aztec/native": "0.0.1-commit.c80b6263",
+    "@aztec/noir-acvm_js": "0.0.1-commit.c80b6263",
+    "@aztec/noir-noirc_abi": "0.0.1-commit.c80b6263",
+    "@aztec/noir-protocol-circuits-types": "0.0.1-commit.c80b6263",
+    "@aztec/noir-types": "0.0.1-commit.c80b6263",
+    "@aztec/protocol-contracts": "0.0.1-commit.c80b6263",
+    "@aztec/stdlib": "0.0.1-commit.c80b6263",
+    "@aztec/telemetry-client": "0.0.1-commit.c80b6263",
+    "@aztec/world-state": "0.0.1-commit.c80b6263",
     "lodash.clonedeep": "^4.5.0",
     "lodash.merge": "^4.6.2",
     "tslib": "^2.4.0"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@aztec/kv-store": "0.0.1-commit.c7c42ec",
-    "@aztec/merkle-tree": "0.0.1-commit.c7c42ec",
-    "@aztec/noir-contracts.js": "0.0.1-commit.c7c42ec",
-    "@aztec/noir-test-contracts.js": "0.0.1-commit.c7c42ec",
+    "@aztec/kv-store": "0.0.1-commit.c80b6263",
+    "@aztec/merkle-tree": "0.0.1-commit.c80b6263",
+    "@aztec/noir-contracts.js": "0.0.1-commit.c80b6263",
+    "@aztec/noir-test-contracts.js": "0.0.1-commit.c80b6263",
     "@jest/globals": "^30.0.0",
     "@types/jest": "^30.0.0",
     "@types/lodash.clonedeep": "^4.5.7",
     "@types/lodash.merge": "^4.6.9",
     "@types/node": "^22.15.17",
-    "@typescript/native-preview": "7.0.0-dev.20251126.1",
+    "@typescript/native-preview": "7.0.0-dev.20260113.1",
     "istanbul-lib-hook": "^3.0.0",
     "istanbul-lib-instrument": "^6.0.3",
     "jest": "^30.0.0",

package/src/private/acvm/acvm.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
+import { type Logger, type LoggerBindings, resolveLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 import {
   type ExecutionError,
   type ForeignCallInput,
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ export interface ACIRExecutionResult {
  * @param acir - The ACIR circuit bytecode to execute.
  * @param initialWitness - The initial witness map defining all of the inputs to `circuit`.
  * @param callback - A callback to process any foreign calls from the circuit.
+ * @param logger - Optional logger for ACVM execution logs.
  * @returns The solved witness calculated by executing the circuit on the provided inputs, as well as the return
  * witness indices as specified by the circuit.
  */
@@ -44,9 +45,9 @@ export async function acvm(
   acir: Buffer,
   initialWitness: ACVMWitness,
   callback: ACIRCallback,
+  loggerOrBindings?: Logger | LoggerBindings,
 ): Promise<ACIRExecutionResult> {
-  const logger = createLogger('simulator:acvm');
-
+  const logger = resolveLogger('simulator:acvm', loggerOrBindings);
   const solvedAndReturnWitness = await executeCircuitWithReturnWitness(
     acir,
     initialWitness,

package/src/private/acvm_native.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { runInDirectory } from '@aztec/foundation/fs';
-import { createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
+import { type Logger, type LoggerBindings, resolveLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 import { Timer } from '@aztec/foundation/timer';
 import type { ForeignCallHandler, WitnessMap } from '@aztec/noir-acvm_js';
 import type { FunctionArtifactWithContractName } from '@aztec/stdlib/abi';
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ import type { ACIRCallback, ACIRExecutionResult } from './acvm/acvm.js';
 import type { ACVMWitness } from './acvm/acvm_types.js';
 import type { CircuitSimulator } from './circuit_simulator.js';
 
-const logger = createLogger('simulator:acvm-native');
-
 export enum ACVM_RESULT {
   SUCCESS,
   FAILURE,
@@ -64,7 +62,9 @@ export async function executeNativeCircuit(
   workingDirectory: string,
   pathToAcvm: string,
   outputFilename?: string,
+  loggerOrBindings?: Logger | LoggerBindings,
 ): Promise<ACVMResult> {
+  const logger = resolveLogger('simulator:acvm-native', loggerOrBindings);
   const bytecodeFilename = 'bytecode';
   const witnessFilename = 'input_witness.toml';
 
@@ -145,11 +145,16 @@ export async function executeNativeCircuit(
 }
 
 export class NativeACVMSimulator implements CircuitSimulator {
+  private logger: Logger;
+
   constructor(
     private workingDirectory: string,
     private pathToAcvm: string,
     private witnessFilename?: string,
-  ) {}
+    loggerOrBindings?: Logger | LoggerBindings,
+  ) {
+    this.logger = resolveLogger('simulator:acvm-native', loggerOrBindings);
+  }
 
   async executeProtocolCircuit(
     input: ACVMWitness,
@@ -172,6 +177,7 @@ export class NativeACVMSimulator implements CircuitSimulator {
         directory,
         this.pathToAcvm,
         this.witnessFilename,
+        this.logger,
       );
 
       if (result.status == ACVM_RESULT.FAILURE) {
@@ -181,7 +187,7 @@ export class NativeACVMSimulator implements CircuitSimulator {
       return result;
     };
 
-    return await runInDirectory(this.workingDirectory, operation, false, logger);
+    return await runInDirectory(this.workingDirectory, operation, false, this.logger);
   }
 
   executeUserCircuit(

package/src/private/acvm_wasm.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
+import { type Logger, type LoggerBindings, resolveLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 import { Timer } from '@aztec/foundation/timer';
 import initACVM, { type ExecutionError, type ForeignCallHandler, executeCircuit } from '@aztec/noir-acvm_js';
 import initAbi from '@aztec/noir-noirc_abi';
@@ -11,7 +11,11 @@ import type { ACVMSuccess } from './acvm_native.js';
 import { type CircuitSimulator, enrichNoirError } from './circuit_simulator.js';
 
 export class WASMSimulator implements CircuitSimulator {
-  constructor(protected log = createLogger('wasm-simulator')) {}
+  protected log: Logger;
+
+  constructor(loggerOrBindings?: Logger | LoggerBindings) {
+    this.log = resolveLogger('wasm-simulator', loggerOrBindings);
+  }
 
   async init(): Promise<void> {
     // If these are available, then we are in the
@@ -67,6 +71,6 @@ export class WASMSimulator implements CircuitSimulator {
     callback: ACIRCallback,
   ): Promise<ACIRExecutionResult> {
     await this.init();
-    return acvm(artifact.bytecode, input, callback);
+    return acvm(artifact.bytecode, input, callback, this.log.createChild('acvm'));
   }
 }

package/src/private/circuit_recording/circuit_recorder.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { sha512 } from '@aztec/foundation/crypto/sha512';
-import { createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
+import { type Logger, type LoggerBindings, resolveLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 import { Timer } from '@aztec/foundation/timer';
 import type { ForeignCallHandler, ForeignCallInput, ForeignCallOutput } from '@aztec/noir-acvm_js';
 
@@ -89,14 +89,16 @@ export class CircuitRecording {
  * ```
  */
 export class CircuitRecorder {
-  protected readonly logger = createLogger('simulator:acvm:recording');
+  protected readonly logger: Logger;
 
   protected recording?: CircuitRecording;
 
   private stackDepth: number = 0;
   private newCircuit: boolean = true;
 
-  protected constructor() {}
+  protected constructor(loggerOrBindings?: Logger | LoggerBindings) {
+    this.logger = resolveLogger('simulator:acvm:recording', loggerOrBindings);
+  }
 
   /**
    * Initializes a new circuit recording session.
@@ -108,16 +110,16 @@ export class CircuitRecorder {
    * contracts as protocol circuits artifacts always contain a single entrypoint function called 'main'.
    */
   start(input: ACVMWitness, circuitBytecode: Buffer, circuitName: string, functionName: string): Promise<void> {
-    const parentRef = this.recording;
     if (this.newCircuit) {
+      const parentRef = this.recording;
       this.recording = new CircuitRecording(
         circuitName,
         functionName,
         sha512(circuitBytecode).toString('hex'),
         Object.fromEntries(input),
       );
+      this.recording.setParent(parentRef);
     }
-    this.recording!.setParent(parentRef);
 
     return Promise.resolve();
   }
@@ -173,22 +175,22 @@ export class CircuitRecorder {
         if (result instanceof Promise) {
           return result.then(async r => {
             // Once we leave the nested circuit, we decrease the stack depth and set newCircuit to false
-            // since we are going back to the "parent" circuit which can never be new
+            // so that the parent circuit continues with its existing recording
+            // Note: recording restoration is handled by finish()
             if (isExternalCall) {
               this.stackDepth--;
               this.newCircuit = false;
-              this.recording = this.recording!.parent;
             }
             await this.recordCall(name, args, r, timer.ms(), this.stackDepth);
             return r;
           }) as ReturnType<typeof fn>;
         }
         // Once we leave the nested circuit, we decrease the stack depth and set newCircuit to false
-        // since we are going back to the "parent" circuit which can never be new
+        // so that the parent circuit continues with its existing recording
+        // Note: recording restoration is handled by finish()
         if (isExternalCall) {
           this.stackDepth--;
           this.newCircuit = false;
-          this.recording = this.recording!.parent;
         }
         void this.recordCall(name, args, result, timer.ms(), this.stackDepth);
         return result;
@@ -239,6 +241,12 @@ export class CircuitRecorder {
     if (!result!.parent) {
       this.newCircuit = true;
       this.recording = undefined;
+    } else {
+      // For nested circuits (utility calls, nested contract calls), restore to parent recording
+      // Note: we don't set newCircuit=false here because:
+      // - For privateCallPrivateFunction, the callback wrapper will set it to false
+      // - For utility calls, we want newCircuit to remain true so the next circuit creates its own recording
+      this.recording = result!.parent;
     }
     return Promise.resolve(result!);
   }
@@ -247,14 +255,9 @@ export class CircuitRecorder {
    * Finalizes the recording by resetting the state and returning the recording object with an attached error.
    * @param error - The error that occurred during circuit execution
    */
-  finishWithError(error: unknown): Promise<CircuitRecording> {
-    const result = this.recording;
-    // If this is the top-level circuit recording, we reset the state for the next simulator call
-    if (!result!.parent) {
-      this.newCircuit = true;
-      this.recording = undefined;
-    }
-    result!.error = JSON.stringify(error);
-    return Promise.resolve(result!);
+  async finishWithError(error: unknown): Promise<CircuitRecording> {
+    const result = await this.finish();
+    result.error = JSON.stringify(error);
+    return result;
   }
 }

package/src/private/circuit_recording/file_circuit_recorder.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import type { Logger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
+
 import fs from 'fs/promises';
 import path from 'path';
 
@@ -7,8 +9,11 @@ import { CircuitRecorder, type CircuitRecording } from './circuit_recorder.js';
 export class FileCircuitRecorder extends CircuitRecorder {
   declare recording?: CircuitRecording & { filePath: string; isFirstCall: boolean };
 
-  constructor(private readonly recordDir: string) {
-    super();
+  constructor(
+    private readonly recordDir: string,
+    logger?: Logger,
+  ) {
+    super(logger);
   }
 
   override async start(

package/src/private/circuit_recording/memory_circuit_recorder.ts

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
+import type { Logger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
+
 import { CircuitRecorder } from './circuit_recorder.js';
 
-/*
+/**
  * In memory circuit recorder uses the default implementation. This is kept
- * while we decide the fate of the FileCircuitRecorder
+ * while we decide the fate of the FileCircuitRecorder.
  */
 export class MemoryCircuitRecorder extends CircuitRecorder {
-  constructor() {
-    super();
+  constructor(logger?: Logger) {
+    super(logger);
   }
 }

package/src/private/factory.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { type Logger, createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
+import { type Logger, type LoggerBindings, resolveLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 
 import { promises as fs } from 'fs';
 
@@ -21,18 +21,21 @@ export function getSimulatorConfigFromEnv() {
 
 export async function createSimulator(
   config: SimulatorConfig,
-  logger: Logger = createLogger('simulator'),
+  loggerOrBindings?: Logger | LoggerBindings,
 ): Promise<CircuitSimulator> {
+  const logger = resolveLogger('simulator', loggerOrBindings);
   if (config.acvmBinaryPath && config.acvmWorkingDirectory) {
     try {
       await fs.access(config.acvmBinaryPath, fs.constants.R_OK);
       await fs.mkdir(config.acvmWorkingDirectory, { recursive: true });
       logger.info(`Using native ACVM at ${config.acvmBinaryPath} and working directory ${config.acvmWorkingDirectory}`);
-      return new NativeACVMSimulator(config.acvmWorkingDirectory, config.acvmBinaryPath);
+      const acvmLogger = logger.createChild('acvm-native');
+      return new NativeACVMSimulator(config.acvmWorkingDirectory, config.acvmBinaryPath, undefined, acvmLogger);
     } catch {
       logger.warn(`Failed to access ACVM at ${config.acvmBinaryPath}, falling back to WASM`);
     }
   }
   logger.info('Using WASM ACVM simulation');
-  return new WASMSimulator();
+  const wasmLogger = logger.createChild('wasm');
+  return new WASMSimulator(wasmLogger);
 }

package/src/public/avm/avm_context.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import type { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import type { AztecAddress } from '@aztec/stdlib/aztec-address';
 
 import type { PublicPersistableStateManager } from '../state_manager/state_manager.js';
@@ -6,6 +5,7 @@ import type { AvmExecutionEnvironment } from './avm_execution_environment.js';
 import { type Gas, gasToGasLeft } from './avm_gas.js';
 import { AvmMachineState } from './avm_machine_state.js';
 import type { AvmSimulatorInterface } from './avm_simulator_interface.js';
+import type { CallData } from './calldata.js';
 
 /**
  * An execution context includes the information necessary to initiate AVM
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ export class AvmContext {
    */
   public async createNestedContractCallContext(
     address: AztecAddress,
-    calldata: Fr[],
+    calldata: CallData,
     allocatedGas: Gas,
     callType: 'CALL' | 'STATICCALL',
   ): Promise<AvmContext> {

package/src/public/avm/avm_contract_call_result.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import type { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import type { SimulationError } from '@aztec/stdlib/errors';
 import { Gas } from '@aztec/stdlib/gas';
 
@@ -6,6 +5,7 @@ import { inspect } from 'util';
 
 import { createSimulationError } from '../../common/errors.js';
 import type { Gas as AvmGas } from './avm_gas.js';
+import type { ReturnData } from './calldata.js';
 import type { AvmRevertReason } from './errors.js';
 
 /**
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ import type { AvmRevertReason } from './errors.js';
 export class AvmContractCallResult {
   constructor(
     public reverted: boolean,
-    public output: Fr[],
+    public output: ReturnData,
     public gasLeft: AvmGas,
     public revertReason?: AvmRevertReason,
     public totalInstructions: number = 0, // including nested calls
   ) {}
 
   toString(): string {
-    let resultsStr = `reverted: ${this.reverted}, output: ${this.output}, gasLeft: ${inspect(
+    let resultsStr = `reverted: ${this.reverted}, output: ${this.output.bestEffortReadAll(10)}${this.output.length() > 10 ? ' ...' : ''}, gasLeft: ${inspect(
       this.gasLeft,
     )}, totalInstructions: ${this.totalInstructions}`;
     if (this.revertReason) {
@@ -31,7 +31,9 @@ export class AvmContractCallResult {
   }
 
   finalize(): AvmFinalizedCallResult {
-    const revertReason = this.revertReason ? createSimulationError(this.revertReason, this.output) : undefined;
+    const revertReason = this.revertReason
+      ? createSimulationError(this.revertReason, this.output.bestEffortReadAll())
+      : undefined;
     return new AvmFinalizedCallResult(
       this.reverted,
       this.output,
@@ -49,14 +51,14 @@ export class AvmContractCallResult {
 export class AvmFinalizedCallResult {
   constructor(
     public reverted: boolean,
-    public output: Fr[],
+    public output: ReturnData,
     public gasLeft: Gas,
     public revertReason?: SimulationError,
     public totalInstructions: number = 0, // including nested calls
   ) {}
 
   toString(): string {
-    let resultsStr = `reverted: ${this.reverted}, output: ${this.output}, gasLeft: ${inspect(
+    let resultsStr = `reverted: ${this.reverted}, output: ${this.output.bestEffortReadAll(10)}${this.output.length() > 10 ? ' ...' : ''}, gasLeft: ${inspect(
       this.gasLeft,
     )}, totalInstructions: ${this.totalInstructions}`;
     if (this.revertReason) {

package/src/public/avm/avm_execution_environment.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ import type { PublicSimulatorConfig } from '@aztec/stdlib/avm';
 import type { AztecAddress } from '@aztec/stdlib/aztec-address';
 import type { GlobalVariables } from '@aztec/stdlib/tx';
 
+import type { CallData } from './calldata.js';
+
 /**
  * Contains variables that remain constant during AVM execution
  * These variables are provided by the public kernel circuit
@@ -15,13 +17,13 @@ export class AvmExecutionEnvironment {
     public readonly transactionFee: Fr,
     public readonly globals: GlobalVariables,
     public readonly isStaticCall: boolean,
-    public readonly calldata: Fr[],
+    public readonly calldata: CallData,
     public readonly config: PublicSimulatorConfig,
   ) {}
 
   private deriveEnvironmentForNestedCallInternal(
     targetAddress: AztecAddress,
-    calldata: Fr[],
+    calldata: CallData,
     isStaticCall: boolean,
   ): AvmExecutionEnvironment {
     return new AvmExecutionEnvironment(
@@ -36,11 +38,14 @@ export class AvmExecutionEnvironment {
     );
   }
 
-  public deriveEnvironmentForNestedCall(targetAddress: AztecAddress, calldata: Fr[]): AvmExecutionEnvironment {
+  public deriveEnvironmentForNestedCall(targetAddress: AztecAddress, calldata: CallData): AvmExecutionEnvironment {
     return this.deriveEnvironmentForNestedCallInternal(targetAddress, calldata, /*isStaticCall=*/ false);
   }
 
-  public deriveEnvironmentForNestedStaticCall(targetAddress: AztecAddress, calldata: Fr[]): AvmExecutionEnvironment {
+  public deriveEnvironmentForNestedStaticCall(
+    targetAddress: AztecAddress,
+    calldata: CallData,
+  ): AvmExecutionEnvironment {
     return this.deriveEnvironmentForNestedCallInternal(targetAddress, calldata, /*isStaticCall=*/ true);
   }
 }

package/src/public/avm/avm_machine_state.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 
 import type { Gas } from './avm_gas.js';
 import { TaggedMemory } from './avm_memory_types.js';
+import { type ReturnData, ReturnDataArray } from './calldata.js';
 import { type AvmRevertReason, OutOfGasError } from './errors.js';
 
 /**
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ export class AvmMachineState {
   /** program counter of the next instruction, byte based */
   public nextPc: number = 0;
   /** return/revertdata of the last nested call. */
-  public nestedReturndata: Fr[] = [];
+  public nestedReturndata: ReturnData = new ReturnDataArray([]);
   /** Tracks whether the last external call was successful */
   public nestedCallSuccess: boolean = false;
   /**
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ export class AvmMachineState {
   /** Signals that execution has reverted normally (this does not cover exceptional halts) */
   private reverted: boolean = false;
   /** Output data must NOT be modified once it is set */
-  private output: Fr[] = [];
+  private output: ReturnData = new ReturnDataArray([]);
 
   // Metrics only - not needed for execution
   /** instruction counter, including nested calls */
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ export class AvmMachineState {
    * Output data must NOT be modified once it is set
    * @param output
    */
-  public return(output: Fr[]) {
+  public return(output: ReturnData) {
     this.halted = true;
     this.output = output;
   }
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ export class AvmMachineState {
    * Output data must NOT be modified once it is set
    * @param output
    */
-  public revert(output: Fr[]) {
+  public revert(output: ReturnData) {
     this.halted = true;
     this.reverted = true;
     this.output = output;
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ export class AvmMachineState {
     return this.reverted;
   }
 
-  public getOutput(): Fr[] {
+  public getOutput(): ReturnData {
     return this.output;
   }
 

package/src/public/avm/avm_memory_types.ts

@@ -369,6 +369,10 @@ export class TaggedMemory implements TaggedMemoryInterface {
    * Check tags for all memory in the specified range.
    */
   public checkTagsRange(tag: TypeTag, startOffset: number, size: number) {
+    if (startOffset + size > TaggedMemory.MAX_MEMORY_SIZE) {
+      throw new MemorySliceOutOfRangeError(startOffset, size);
+    }
+
     for (let offset = startOffset; offset < startOffset + size; offset++) {
       this.checkTag(tag, offset);
     }