@aztec/simulator 0.0.1-commit.934299a21 → 0.0.1-commit.949a33fd8

package/dest/public/public_tx_simulator/public_tx_simulator.js

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import { AvmSimulator } from '../avm/index.js';
 import { getPublicFunctionDebugName } from '../debug_fn_name.js';
 import { HintingMerkleWriteOperations, HintingPublicContractsDB } from '../hinting_db_sources.js';
 import { PublicTreesDB } from '../public_db_sources.js';
-import { L2ToL1MessageLimitReachedError, NoteHashLimitReachedError, NullifierCollisionError, NullifierLimitReachedError } from '../side_effect_errors.js';
+import { L2ToL1MessageLimitReachedError, NoteHashLimitReachedError, NullifierLimitReachedError } from '../side_effect_errors.js';
 import { PublicTxContext } from './public_tx_context.js';
 // The errors below are only thrown here in the public tx simulator,
 // and only during revertible phases (revertible insertions, app logic and teardown).
@@ -90,7 +90,8 @@ export class PublicTxSimulator {
         await context.state.fork();
         hintingContractsDB.createCheckpoint();
         try {
-            // This will throw if there is a nullifier collision or other insertion error (limit reached).
+            // This may throw: a side-effect limit error triggers a soft revert (caught below), while a
+            // nullifier collision is unrecoverable and propagates out of simulate() to throw out the tx.
             await this.insertRevertiblesFromPrivate(context);
             // Only proceed with app logic if there was no revert during revertible insertion.
             if (context.hasPhase(TxExecutionPhase.APP_LOGIC)) {
@@ -255,16 +256,20 @@ export class PublicTxSimulator {
         // However, things work as expected because later calls to getters on the hintingContractsDB
         // will pick up the new contracts and will generate the necessary hints.
         // So, a consumer of the hints will always see the new contracts.
-        await this.contractsDB.addContracts(context.nonRevertibleContractDeploymentData);
+        this.contractsDB.addContracts(context.nonRevertibleContractDeploymentData);
     }
     /**
    * Insert the revertible accumulated data from private into the public state.
    * Throws TxSimRevertibleInsertionsRevert if there is some checked error during revertible insertions.
    * This function checks for the following errors:
    * - NullifierLimitReachedError
-   * - NullifierCollisionError
    * - NoteHashLimitReachedError
    * - L2ToL1MessageLimitReachedError
+   *
+   * Note: NullifierCollisionError is intentionally NOT caught here. A nullifier collision
+   * during revertible insertions is unprovable (the nullifier originated from private, so
+   * a collision indicates the tx should never have been proposed). It propagates as-is to
+   * make the transaction unrecoverable, matching the AVM circuit behavior.
    */ async insertRevertiblesFromPrivate(context) {
         const stateManager = context.state.getActiveStateManager();
         try {
@@ -272,11 +277,11 @@ export class PublicTxSimulator {
                 await stateManager.writeSiloedNullifier(siloedNullifier);
             }
         } catch (e) {
-            if (e instanceof NullifierLimitReachedError || e instanceof NullifierCollisionError) {
+            if (e instanceof NullifierLimitReachedError) {
                 context.revert(TxExecutionPhase.APP_LOGIC, new SimulationError(`Error encountered when inserting revertible nullifiers from private.\nDetails: ${e.message}`, []));
                 throw new TxSimRevertibleInsertionsRevert();
             } else {
-                // Unchecked/unknown error - re-throw as-is
+                // Unchecked/unknown error or NullifierCollisionError (unrecoverable) - re-throw as-is
                 throw e;
             }
         }
@@ -316,7 +321,7 @@ export class PublicTxSimulator {
         // However, things work as expected because later calls to getters on the hintingContractsDB
         // will pick up the new contracts and will generate the necessary hints.
         // So, a consumer of the hints will always see the new contracts.
-        await this.contractsDB.addContracts(context.revertibleContractDeploymentData);
+        this.contractsDB.addContracts(context.revertibleContractDeploymentData);
     }
     async payFee(context) {
         const txFee = context.getTransactionFee(TxExecutionPhase.TEARDOWN);

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@aztec/simulator",
-  "version": "0.0.1-commit.934299a21",
+  "version": "0.0.1-commit.949a33fd8",
   "type": "module",
   "exports": {
     "./server": "./dest/server.js",
@@ -64,26 +64,25 @@
     ]
   },
   "dependencies": {
-    "@aztec/constants": "0.0.1-commit.934299a21",
-    "@aztec/foundation": "0.0.1-commit.934299a21",
-    "@aztec/native": "0.0.1-commit.934299a21",
-    "@aztec/noir-acvm_js": "0.0.1-commit.934299a21",
-    "@aztec/noir-noirc_abi": "0.0.1-commit.934299a21",
-    "@aztec/noir-protocol-circuits-types": "0.0.1-commit.934299a21",
-    "@aztec/noir-types": "0.0.1-commit.934299a21",
-    "@aztec/protocol-contracts": "0.0.1-commit.934299a21",
-    "@aztec/stdlib": "0.0.1-commit.934299a21",
-    "@aztec/telemetry-client": "0.0.1-commit.934299a21",
-    "@aztec/world-state": "0.0.1-commit.934299a21",
+    "@aztec/constants": "0.0.1-commit.949a33fd8",
+    "@aztec/foundation": "0.0.1-commit.949a33fd8",
+    "@aztec/native": "0.0.1-commit.949a33fd8",
+    "@aztec/noir-acvm_js": "0.0.1-commit.949a33fd8",
+    "@aztec/noir-noirc_abi": "0.0.1-commit.949a33fd8",
+    "@aztec/noir-protocol-circuits-types": "0.0.1-commit.949a33fd8",
+    "@aztec/noir-types": "0.0.1-commit.949a33fd8",
+    "@aztec/protocol-contracts": "0.0.1-commit.949a33fd8",
+    "@aztec/stdlib": "0.0.1-commit.949a33fd8",
+    "@aztec/telemetry-client": "0.0.1-commit.949a33fd8",
+    "@aztec/world-state": "0.0.1-commit.949a33fd8",
     "lodash.clonedeep": "^4.5.0",
     "lodash.merge": "^4.6.2",
     "tslib": "^2.4.0"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@aztec/kv-store": "0.0.1-commit.934299a21",
-    "@aztec/merkle-tree": "0.0.1-commit.934299a21",
-    "@aztec/noir-contracts.js": "0.0.1-commit.934299a21",
-    "@aztec/noir-test-contracts.js": "0.0.1-commit.934299a21",
+    "@aztec/kv-store": "0.0.1-commit.949a33fd8",
+    "@aztec/noir-contracts.js": "0.0.1-commit.949a33fd8",
+    "@aztec/noir-test-contracts.js": "0.0.1-commit.949a33fd8",
     "@jest/globals": "^30.0.0",
     "@types/jest": "^30.0.0",
     "@types/lodash.clonedeep": "^4.5.7",

package/src/private/circuit_recording/circuit_recorder.ts

@@ -161,11 +161,11 @@ export class CircuitRecorder {
         throw new Error(`Oracle method ${name} not found when setting up recording callback`);
       }
 
-      const isExternalCall = (name as keyof ACIRCallback) === 'privateCallPrivateFunction';
+      const isExternalCall = (name as keyof ACIRCallback) === 'aztec_prv_callPrivateFunction';
 
       recordingCallback[name as keyof ACIRCallback] = (...args: ForeignCallInput[]): ReturnType<typeof fn> => {
         const timer = new Timer();
-        // If we're entering another circuit via `privateCallPrivateFunction`, we increase the stack depth and set the
+        // If we're entering another circuit via `aztec_prv_callPrivateFunction`, we increase the stack depth and set the
         // newCircuit variable to ensure we are creating a new recording object.
         if (isExternalCall) {
           this.stackDepth++;

package/src/public/avm/avm_simulator.ts

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ export class AvmSimulator implements AvmSimulatorInterface {
   public static async build(context: AvmContext): Promise<AvmSimulator> {
     const simulator = new AvmSimulator(context);
     const fnName = await context.persistableState.getPublicFunctionDebugName(context.environment);
-    simulator.log = createLogger(`simulator:avm(f:${fnName})`);
+    simulator.log = createLogger(`simulator:avm(f:${fnName.slice(0, 128)})`);
 
     return simulator;
   }

package/src/public/avm/calldata.ts

@@ -33,13 +33,14 @@ export class LazyReaderMemory implements LazyReader {
   }
 
   public slice(start: number, end: number): Fr[] {
-    const clampedEnd = Math.min(end, this.size);
+    const clampedEnd = Math.min(end, this.size, TaggedMemory.MAX_MEMORY_SIZE - this.offset);
     const length = Math.max(0, clampedEnd - start);
     return this.memory.getSlice(this.offset + start, length).map(word => word.toFr());
   }
 
   public readAll(): Fr[] {
-    return this.memory.getSlice(this.offset, this.size).map(word => word.toFr());
+    const size = Math.min(this.size, TaggedMemory.MAX_MEMORY_SIZE - this.offset);
+    return this.memory.getSlice(this.offset, size).map(word => word.toFr());
   }
 
   public length(): number {

package/src/public/avm/opcodes/external_calls.ts

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ abstract class ExternalCall extends Instruction {
     OperandType.UINT16, // L2 gas offset
     OperandType.UINT16, // DA gas offset
     OperandType.UINT16, // Address offset
-    OperandType.UINT16, // Args offset
     OperandType.UINT16, // Args size offset
+    OperandType.UINT16, // Args offset
   ];
 
   constructor(

package/src/public/contracts_db_checkpoint.ts

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ export class ContractsDbCheckpoint {
     return this.bytecodeCommitments.get(classId.toString());
   }
 
-  public deepCopy(): ContractsDbCheckpoint {
+  public fork(): ContractsDbCheckpoint {
     const copy = new ContractsDbCheckpoint();
     this.instances.forEach((value, key) => copy.instances.set(key, value));
     this.classes.forEach((value, key) => copy.classes.set(key, value));

package/src/public/fixtures/bulk_test.ts

@@ -30,9 +30,7 @@ export async function bulkTest(
   // for it to use as "expected" values when testing contract instance retrieval.
   const expectContractInstance = avmTestContract;
   const argsField = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10].map(x => new Fr(x));
-  const argsU8 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].map(x => new Fr(x));
-  argsU8.push(new Fr(2n ** 128n + 9n)); // Trigger truncation from large (> 128 bits) value (canonical decomposition event)
-  argsU8.push(new Fr(2n ** 125n + 10n)); // Trigger truncation from small (< 128 bits) value (no canonical decomposition event)
+  const argsU8 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10].map(x => new Fr(x));
   const args = [
     argsField,
     argsU8,
@@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ export async function bulkTest(
       {
         address: avmTestContract.address,
         fnName: 'assert_calldata_copy',
-        args: [argsField.slice(3), /* with_selector: */ true],
+        args: [argsField.slice(0, 3), /* with_selector: */ true],
       },
       {
         address: avmTestContract.address,

package/src/public/fixtures/custom_bytecode_tests.ts

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { strict as assert } from 'assert';
 
 import { TypeTag } from '../avm/avm_memory_types.js';
 import { Addressing, AddressingMode } from '../avm/opcodes/addressing_mode.js';
-import { Add, CalldataCopy, Jump, Return, Set } from '../avm/opcodes/index.js';
+import { Add, CalldataCopy, Cast, Jump, Return, Set } from '../avm/opcodes/index.js';
 import { encodeToBytecode } from '../avm/serialization/bytecode_serialization.js';
 import {
   MAX_OPCODE_VALUE,
@@ -208,6 +208,144 @@ export async function invalidTagValueAndInstructionTruncatedTest(tester: PublicT
   return await deployAndExecuteCustomBytecode(bytecode, tester, txLabel);
 }
 
+// Exercise SET truncation: set values whose widths exceed the target tag and
+// rely on `buildFromTagTruncating` to truncate to the low bits of the tag.
+// Covers sources larger than 128 bits (via SET_FF) and sources in (32, 128]
+// bits (via SET_64) against destination tags U1/U8/U16/U32/U64/U128.
+export async function setTruncationTest(tester: PublicTxSimulationTester) {
+  // 200-bit value: forces truncation for every target tag up to U128.
+  const LARGE_FIELD_VALUE = (1n << 200n) + 0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdefn;
+  // 40-bit value: forces truncation for target tags up to U32.
+  const LARGE_U64_VALUE = (1n << 40n) + 0xdeadbeefn;
+
+  const bytecode = encodeToBytecode([
+    // Zero U32 at offset 0 — used as the Return copy-size slot.
+    new Set(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*dstOffset=*/ 0, TypeTag.UINT32, /*value=*/ 0).as(Opcode.SET_8, Set.wireFormat8),
+
+    // Source >128 bits (via SET_FF) truncated to smaller target tags.
+    new Set(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*dstOffset=*/ 1, TypeTag.UINT128, LARGE_FIELD_VALUE).as(
+      Opcode.SET_FF,
+      Set.wireFormatFF,
+    ),
+    new Set(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*dstOffset=*/ 2, TypeTag.UINT64, LARGE_FIELD_VALUE).as(
+      Opcode.SET_FF,
+      Set.wireFormatFF,
+    ),
+    new Set(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*dstOffset=*/ 3, TypeTag.UINT32, LARGE_FIELD_VALUE).as(
+      Opcode.SET_FF,
+      Set.wireFormatFF,
+    ),
+    new Set(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*dstOffset=*/ 4, TypeTag.UINT16, LARGE_FIELD_VALUE).as(
+      Opcode.SET_FF,
+      Set.wireFormatFF,
+    ),
+    new Set(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*dstOffset=*/ 5, TypeTag.UINT8, LARGE_FIELD_VALUE).as(
+      Opcode.SET_FF,
+      Set.wireFormatFF,
+    ),
+    new Set(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*dstOffset=*/ 6, TypeTag.UINT1, LARGE_FIELD_VALUE).as(
+      Opcode.SET_FF,
+      Set.wireFormatFF,
+    ),
+
+    // Source in (32, 128] bits (via SET_64) truncated to smaller target tags.
+    new Set(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*dstOffset=*/ 7, TypeTag.UINT32, LARGE_U64_VALUE).as(
+      Opcode.SET_64,
+      Set.wireFormat64,
+    ),
+    new Set(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*dstOffset=*/ 8, TypeTag.UINT16, LARGE_U64_VALUE).as(
+      Opcode.SET_64,
+      Set.wireFormat64,
+    ),
+    new Set(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*dstOffset=*/ 9, TypeTag.UINT8, LARGE_U64_VALUE).as(
+      Opcode.SET_64,
+      Set.wireFormat64,
+    ),
+    new Set(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*dstOffset=*/ 10, TypeTag.UINT1, LARGE_U64_VALUE).as(
+      Opcode.SET_64,
+      Set.wireFormat64,
+    ),
+
+    new Return(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*copySizeOffset=*/ 0, /*returnOffset=*/ 0),
+  ]);
+
+  const txLabel = 'SetTruncation';
+  return await deployAndExecuteCustomBytecode(bytecode, tester, txLabel);
+}
+
+// Exercise CAST truncation: store a wide source value in memory then CAST it
+// to smaller destination tags. Covers sources larger than 128 bits (FIELD
+// source) and sources in (32, 128] bits (UINT64 source) against destination
+// tags U1/U8/U16/U32/U64/U128.
+export async function castTruncationTest(tester: PublicTxSimulationTester) {
+  // 200-bit source: stored as FIELD so that CASTs to any integer tag truncate.
+  const LARGE_FIELD_VALUE = (1n << 200n) + 0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdefn;
+  // 40-bit source: stored as UINT64 so CASTs to U1/U8/U16/U32 truncate.
+  const LARGE_U64_VALUE = (1n << 40n) + 0xdeadbeefn;
+
+  const bytecode = encodeToBytecode([
+    // Zero U32 at offset 0 — used as the Return copy-size slot.
+    new Set(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*dstOffset=*/ 0, TypeTag.UINT32, /*value=*/ 0).as(Opcode.SET_8, Set.wireFormat8),
+
+    // Store wide FIELD source at offset 10, then CAST to smaller tags.
+    new Set(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*dstOffset=*/ 10, TypeTag.FIELD, LARGE_FIELD_VALUE).as(
+      Opcode.SET_FF,
+      Set.wireFormatFF,
+    ),
+    new Cast(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*srcOffset=*/ 10, /*dstOffset=*/ 11, TypeTag.UINT128).as(
+      Opcode.CAST_8,
+      Cast.wireFormat8,
+    ),
+    new Cast(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*srcOffset=*/ 10, /*dstOffset=*/ 12, TypeTag.UINT64).as(
+      Opcode.CAST_8,
+      Cast.wireFormat8,
+    ),
+    new Cast(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*srcOffset=*/ 10, /*dstOffset=*/ 13, TypeTag.UINT32).as(
+      Opcode.CAST_8,
+      Cast.wireFormat8,
+    ),
+    new Cast(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*srcOffset=*/ 10, /*dstOffset=*/ 14, TypeTag.UINT16).as(
+      Opcode.CAST_8,
+      Cast.wireFormat8,
+    ),
+    new Cast(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*srcOffset=*/ 10, /*dstOffset=*/ 15, TypeTag.UINT8).as(
+      Opcode.CAST_8,
+      Cast.wireFormat8,
+    ),
+    new Cast(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*srcOffset=*/ 10, /*dstOffset=*/ 16, TypeTag.UINT1).as(
+      Opcode.CAST_8,
+      Cast.wireFormat8,
+    ),
+
+    // Store UINT64 source at offset 20, then CAST to smaller integer tags.
+    new Set(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*dstOffset=*/ 20, TypeTag.UINT64, LARGE_U64_VALUE).as(
+      Opcode.SET_64,
+      Set.wireFormat64,
+    ),
+    new Cast(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*srcOffset=*/ 20, /*dstOffset=*/ 21, TypeTag.UINT32).as(
+      Opcode.CAST_8,
+      Cast.wireFormat8,
+    ),
+    new Cast(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*srcOffset=*/ 20, /*dstOffset=*/ 22, TypeTag.UINT16).as(
+      Opcode.CAST_8,
+      Cast.wireFormat8,
+    ),
+    new Cast(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*srcOffset=*/ 20, /*dstOffset=*/ 23, TypeTag.UINT8).as(
+      Opcode.CAST_8,
+      Cast.wireFormat8,
+    ),
+    new Cast(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*srcOffset=*/ 20, /*dstOffset=*/ 24, TypeTag.UINT1).as(
+      Opcode.CAST_8,
+      Cast.wireFormat8,
+    ),
+
+    new Return(/*addressing_mode=*/ 0, /*copySizeOffset=*/ 0, /*returnOffset=*/ 0),
+  ]);
+
+  const txLabel = 'CastTruncation';
+  return await deployAndExecuteCustomBytecode(bytecode, tester, txLabel);
+}
+
 /**
  * Returns the offset of the tag in an instruction.
  * @details Loops over the wire format operand type entries until it finds the tag.

package/src/public/fixtures/public_tx_simulation_tester.ts

@@ -1,16 +1,11 @@
-import {
-  DEFAULT_TEARDOWN_DA_GAS_LIMIT,
-  DEFAULT_TEARDOWN_L2_GAS_LIMIT,
-  PUBLIC_TX_L2_GAS_OVERHEAD,
-  TX_DA_GAS_OVERHEAD,
-} from '@aztec/constants';
+import { PUBLIC_TX_L2_GAS_OVERHEAD, TX_DA_GAS_OVERHEAD } from '@aztec/constants';
 import { asyncMap } from '@aztec/foundation/async-map';
 import { BlockNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
 import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { type ContractArtifact, encodeArguments } from '@aztec/stdlib/abi';
 import { PublicSimulatorConfig, type PublicTxResult } from '@aztec/stdlib/avm';
 import type { AztecAddress } from '@aztec/stdlib/aztec-address';
-import { Gas, GasFees } from '@aztec/stdlib/gas';
+import { FALLBACK_TEARDOWN_DA_GAS_LIMIT, FALLBACK_TEARDOWN_L2_GAS_LIMIT, Gas, GasFees } from '@aztec/stdlib/gas';
 import type { MerkleTreeWriteOperations } from '@aztec/stdlib/interfaces/server';
 import { PublicCallRequest } from '@aztec/stdlib/kernel';
 import { GlobalVariables, PublicCallRequestWithCalldata, type Tx } from '@aztec/stdlib/tx';
@@ -117,6 +112,7 @@ export class PublicTxSimulationTester extends BaseAvmSimulationTester {
     feePayer: AztecAddress = sender,
     /* need some unique first nullifier for note-nonce computations */
     privateInsertions: TestPrivateInsertions = { nonRevertible: { nullifiers: [new Fr(420000 + this.txCount)] } },
+    gasLimits?: Gas,
   ): Promise<Tx> {
     const setupCallRequests = await asyncMap(setupCalls, call =>
       this.#createPubicCallRequestForCall(call, call.sender ?? sender),
@@ -137,11 +133,12 @@ export class PublicTxSimulationTester extends BaseAvmSimulationTester {
       feePayer,
       /*gasUsedByPrivate*/ teardownCall
         ? new Gas(
-            DEFAULT_TEARDOWN_DA_GAS_LIMIT + TX_DA_GAS_OVERHEAD,
-            DEFAULT_TEARDOWN_L2_GAS_LIMIT + PUBLIC_TX_L2_GAS_OVERHEAD,
+            FALLBACK_TEARDOWN_DA_GAS_LIMIT + TX_DA_GAS_OVERHEAD,
+            FALLBACK_TEARDOWN_L2_GAS_LIMIT + PUBLIC_TX_L2_GAS_OVERHEAD,
           )
         : new Gas(TX_DA_GAS_OVERHEAD, PUBLIC_TX_L2_GAS_OVERHEAD),
       defaultGlobals(),
+      gasLimits,
     );
   }
 
@@ -154,8 +151,9 @@ export class PublicTxSimulationTester extends BaseAvmSimulationTester {
     /* need some unique first nullifier for note-nonce computations */
     privateInsertions?: TestPrivateInsertions,
     txLabel: string = 'unlabeledTx',
+    gasLimits?: Gas,
   ): Promise<PublicTxResult> {
-    const tx = await this.createTx(sender, setupCalls, appCalls, teardownCall, feePayer, privateInsertions);
+    const tx = await this.createTx(sender, setupCalls, appCalls, teardownCall, feePayer, privateInsertions, gasLimits);
 
     await this.setFeePayerBalance(feePayer);
 
@@ -200,8 +198,18 @@ export class PublicTxSimulationTester extends BaseAvmSimulationTester {
     teardownCall?: TestEnqueuedCall,
     feePayer?: AztecAddress,
     privateInsertions?: TestPrivateInsertions,
+    gasLimits?: Gas,
   ): Promise<PublicTxResult> {
-    return await this.simulateTx(sender, setupCalls, appCalls, teardownCall, feePayer, privateInsertions, txLabel);
+    return await this.simulateTx(
+      sender,
+      setupCalls,
+      appCalls,
+      teardownCall,
+      feePayer,
+      privateInsertions,
+      txLabel,
+      gasLimits,
+    );
   }
 
   /**
@@ -219,6 +227,7 @@ export class PublicTxSimulationTester extends BaseAvmSimulationTester {
     teardownCall?: TestEnqueuedCall,
     feePayer?: AztecAddress,
     privateInsertions?: TestPrivateInsertions,
+    gasLimits?: Gas,
   ): Promise<PublicTxResult> {
     return await this.simulateTxWithLabel(
       txLabel,
@@ -228,6 +237,7 @@ export class PublicTxSimulationTester extends BaseAvmSimulationTester {
       teardownCall,
       feePayer,
       privateInsertions,
+      gasLimits,
     );
   }
 

package/src/public/fixtures/utils.ts

@@ -2,10 +2,8 @@ import {
   CONTRACT_CLASS_PUBLISHED_MAGIC_VALUE,
   CONTRACT_CLASS_REGISTRY_CONTRACT_ADDRESS,
   CONTRACT_INSTANCE_REGISTRY_CONTRACT_ADDRESS,
-  DEFAULT_DA_GAS_LIMIT,
-  DEFAULT_L2_GAS_LIMIT,
-  DEFAULT_TEARDOWN_DA_GAS_LIMIT,
-  DEFAULT_TEARDOWN_L2_GAS_LIMIT,
+  MAX_PROCESSABLE_DA_GAS_PER_CHECKPOINT,
+  MAX_PROCESSABLE_L2_GAS,
   PRIVATE_LOG_SIZE_IN_FIELDS,
 } from '@aztec/constants';
 import { padArrayEnd } from '@aztec/foundation/collection';
@@ -14,7 +12,13 @@ import { CONTRACT_INSTANCE_PUBLISHED_EVENT_TAG } from '@aztec/protocol-contracts
 import { bufferAsFields } from '@aztec/stdlib/abi';
 import { AztecAddress } from '@aztec/stdlib/aztec-address';
 import type { ContractClassPublic, ContractInstanceWithAddress } from '@aztec/stdlib/contract';
-import { Gas, GasFees, GasSettings } from '@aztec/stdlib/gas';
+import {
+  FALLBACK_TEARDOWN_DA_GAS_LIMIT,
+  FALLBACK_TEARDOWN_L2_GAS_LIMIT,
+  Gas,
+  GasFees,
+  GasSettings,
+} from '@aztec/stdlib/gas';
 import { siloNullifier } from '@aztec/stdlib/hash';
 import {
   LogHash,
@@ -62,13 +66,14 @@ export async function createTxForPublicCalls(
   feePayer = AztecAddress.zero(),
   gasUsedByPrivate: Gas = Gas.empty(),
   globals: GlobalVariables = GlobalVariables.empty(),
+  gasLimits?: Gas,
 ): Promise<Tx> {
   assert(
     setupCallRequests.length > 0 || appCallRequests.length > 0 || teardownCallRequest !== undefined,
     "Can't create public tx with no enqueued calls",
   );
   // use max limits
-  const gasLimits = new Gas(DEFAULT_DA_GAS_LIMIT, DEFAULT_L2_GAS_LIMIT);
+  gasLimits = gasLimits ?? new Gas(MAX_PROCESSABLE_DA_GAS_PER_CHECKPOINT, MAX_PROCESSABLE_L2_GAS);
 
   const forPublic = PartialPrivateTailPublicInputsForPublic.empty();
 
@@ -128,7 +133,7 @@ export async function createTxForPublicCalls(
 
   const maxFeesPerGas = feePayer.isZero() ? GasFees.empty() : new GasFees(10, 10);
   const teardownGasLimits = teardownCallRequest
-    ? new Gas(DEFAULT_TEARDOWN_DA_GAS_LIMIT, DEFAULT_TEARDOWN_L2_GAS_LIMIT)
+    ? new Gas(FALLBACK_TEARDOWN_DA_GAS_LIMIT, FALLBACK_TEARDOWN_L2_GAS_LIMIT)
     : Gas.empty();
   const gasSettings = new GasSettings(gasLimits, teardownGasLimits, maxFeesPerGas, GasFees.empty());
   const txContext = new TxContext(Fr.zero(), Fr.zero(), gasSettings);
@@ -163,7 +168,7 @@ export async function createTxForPrivateOnly(
   gasUsedByPrivate: Gas = new Gas(10, 10),
 ): Promise<Tx> {
   // use max limits
-  const gasLimits = new Gas(DEFAULT_DA_GAS_LIMIT, DEFAULT_L2_GAS_LIMIT);
+  const gasLimits = new Gas(MAX_PROCESSABLE_DA_GAS_PER_CHECKPOINT, MAX_PROCESSABLE_L2_GAS);
 
   const forRollup = PartialPrivateTailPublicInputsForRollup.empty();
 

package/src/public/hinting_db_sources.ts

@@ -410,12 +410,12 @@ export class HintingMerkleWriteOperations implements MerkleTreeWriteOperations {
     }
   }
 
-  public async createCheckpoint(): Promise<void> {
+  public async createCheckpoint(): Promise<number> {
     const actionCounter = this.checkpointActionCounter++;
     const oldCheckpointId = this.getCurrentCheckpointId();
     const treesStateHash = await this.getTreesStateHash();
 
-    await this.db.createCheckpoint();
+    const depth = await this.db.createCheckpoint();
     this.checkpointStack.push(this.nextCheckpointId++);
     const newCheckpointId = this.getCurrentCheckpointId();
 
@@ -424,14 +424,16 @@ export class HintingMerkleWriteOperations implements MerkleTreeWriteOperations {
     HintingMerkleWriteOperations.log.trace(
       `[createCheckpoint:${actionCounter}] Checkpoint evolved ${oldCheckpointId} -> ${newCheckpointId} at trees state ${treesStateHash}.`,
     );
+
+    return depth;
   }
 
-  public commitAllCheckpoints(): Promise<void> {
-    throw new Error('commitAllCheckpoints is not supported in HintingMerkleWriteOperations.');
+  public commitAllCheckpointsTo(_depth: number): Promise<void> {
+    throw new Error('commitAllCheckpointsTo is not supported in HintingMerkleWriteOperations.');
   }
 
-  public revertAllCheckpoints(): Promise<void> {
-    throw new Error('revertAllCheckpoints is not supported in HintingMerkleWriteOperations.');
+  public revertAllCheckpointsTo(_depth: number): Promise<void> {
+    throw new Error('revertAllCheckpointsTo is not supported in HintingMerkleWriteOperations.');
   }
 
   public async commitCheckpoint(): Promise<void> {

package/src/public/public_db_sources.ts

@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ export class PublicContractsDB implements PublicContractsDBInterface {
     this.log = createLogger('simulator:contracts-data-source', bindings);
   }
 
-  public async addContracts(contractDeploymentData: ContractDeploymentData): Promise<void> {
+  public addContracts(contractDeploymentData: ContractDeploymentData): void {
     const currentState = this.getCurrentState();
 
-    await this.addContractClassesFromEvents(
+    this.addContractClassesFromEvents(
       ContractClassPublishedEvent.extractContractClassEvents(contractDeploymentData.getContractClassLogs()),
       currentState,
     );
@@ -69,10 +69,10 @@ export class PublicContractsDB implements PublicContractsDBInterface {
     );
   }
 
-  public async addNewContracts(tx: Tx): Promise<void> {
+  public addNewContracts(tx: Tx): void {
     const contractDeploymentData = AllContractDeploymentData.fromTx(tx);
-    await this.addContracts(contractDeploymentData.getNonRevertibleContractDeploymentData());
-    await this.addContracts(contractDeploymentData.getRevertibleContractDeploymentData());
+    this.addContracts(contractDeploymentData.getNonRevertibleContractDeploymentData());
+    this.addContracts(contractDeploymentData.getRevertibleContractDeploymentData());
   }
 
   /**
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ export class PublicContractsDB implements PublicContractsDBInterface {
    */
   public createCheckpoint(): void {
     const currentState = this.getCurrentState();
-    const newState = currentState.deepCopy();
+    const newState = currentState.fork();
     this.contractStateStack.push(newState);
   }
 
@@ -174,17 +174,15 @@ export class PublicContractsDB implements PublicContractsDBInterface {
     return await this.dataSource.getDebugFunctionName(address, selector);
   }
 
-  private async addContractClassesFromEvents(
+  private addContractClassesFromEvents(
     contractClassEvents: ContractClassPublishedEvent[],
     state: ContractsDbCheckpoint,
   ) {
-    await Promise.all(
-      contractClassEvents.map(async (event: ContractClassPublishedEvent) => {
-        this.log.debug(`Adding class ${event.contractClassId.toString()} to contract state`);
-        const contractClass = await event.toContractClassPublic();
-        state.addClass(event.contractClassId, contractClass);
-      }),
-    );
+    for (const event of contractClassEvents) {
+      this.log.debug(`Adding class ${event.contractClassId.toString()} to contract state`);
+      const contractClass = event.toContractClassPublic();
+      state.addClass(event.contractClassId, contractClass);
+    }
   }
 
   private addContractInstancesFromEvents(

package/src/public/public_processor/guarded_merkle_tree.ts

@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ export class GuardedMerkleTreeOperations implements MerkleTreeWriteOperations {
   ): Promise<(BlockNumber | undefined)[]> {
     return this.guardAndPush(() => this.target.getBlockNumbersForLeafIndices(treeId, leafIndices));
   }
-  createCheckpoint(): Promise<void> {
+  createCheckpoint(): Promise<number> {
     return this.guardAndPush(() => this.target.createCheckpoint());
   }
   commitCheckpoint(): Promise<void> {
@@ -143,11 +143,11 @@ export class GuardedMerkleTreeOperations implements MerkleTreeWriteOperations {
   revertCheckpoint(): Promise<void> {
     return this.guardAndPush(() => this.target.revertCheckpoint());
   }
-  commitAllCheckpoints(): Promise<void> {
-    return this.guardAndPush(() => this.target.commitAllCheckpoints());
+  commitAllCheckpointsTo(depth: number): Promise<void> {
+    return this.guardAndPush(() => this.target.commitAllCheckpointsTo(depth));
   }
-  revertAllCheckpoints(): Promise<void> {
-    return this.guardAndPush(() => this.target.revertAllCheckpoints());
+  revertAllCheckpointsTo(depth: number): Promise<void> {
+    return this.guardAndPush(() => this.target.revertAllCheckpointsTo(depth));
   }
   findSiblingPaths<ID extends MerkleTreeId>(
     treeId: ID,