@aztec/sequencer-client 5.0.0-private.20260318 → 5.0.0-rc.1

package/dest/sequencer/sequencer.js

@@ -372,29 +372,30 @@ function _apply_decs_2203_r(targetClass, memberDecs, classDecs, parentClass) {
 }
 var _dec, _dec1, _dec2, _dec3, _initProto;
 import { getKzg } from '@aztec/blob-lib';
-import { INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM } from '@aztec/constants';
+import { PROPOSER_PIPELINING_SLOT_OFFSET } from '@aztec/epoch-cache';
 import { NoCommitteeError } from '@aztec/ethereum/contracts';
-import { BlockNumber, CheckpointNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
+import { CheckpointNumber, SlotNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
 import { merge, omit, pick } from '@aztec/foundation/collection';
-import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { EthAddress } from '@aztec/foundation/eth-address';
 import { createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 import { RunningPromise } from '@aztec/foundation/running-promise';
-import { getSlotStartBuildTimestamp } from '@aztec/stdlib/epoch-helpers';
+import { getEpochAtSlot } from '@aztec/stdlib/epoch-helpers';
+import { MIN_PER_BLOCK_ALLOCATION_MULTIPLIER, MIN_PER_BLOCK_DA_ALLOCATION_MULTIPLIER, computeNetworkTxGasLimits } from '@aztec/stdlib/gas';
 import { SequencerConfigSchema } from '@aztec/stdlib/interfaces/server';
 import { pickFromSchema } from '@aztec/stdlib/schemas';
-import { MerkleTreeId } from '@aztec/stdlib/trees';
+import { buildProposerTimetable } from '@aztec/stdlib/timetable';
 import { Attributes, getTelemetryClient, trackSpan } from '@aztec/telemetry-client';
 import EventEmitter from 'node:events';
 import { DefaultSequencerConfig } from '../config.js';
+import { buildCheckpointSimulationOverridesPlan } from './chain_state_overrides.js';
 import { CheckpointProposalJob } from './checkpoint_proposal_job.js';
+import { CheckpointProposalJobMetrics } from './checkpoint_proposal_job_metrics.js';
 import { CheckpointVoter } from './checkpoint_voter.js';
-import { SequencerInterruptedError, SequencerTooSlowError } from './errors.js';
+import { SequencerInterruptedError } from './errors.js';
 import { SequencerMetrics } from './metrics.js';
-import { SequencerTimetable } from './timetable.js';
 import { SequencerState } from './utils.js';
 export { SequencerState };
-_dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpointProposal'), _dec2 = trackSpan('Seqeuencer.tryVoteWhenSyncFails', ({ slot })=>({
+_dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpointProposal'), _dec2 = trackSpan('Sequencer.tryVoteWhenCannotBuild', ({ slot })=>({
         [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: slot
     })), _dec3 = trackSpan('Sequencer.tryVoteWhenEscapeHatchOpen', ({ slot })=>({
         [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: slot
@@ -437,7 +438,7 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
             [
                 _dec2,
                 2,
-                "tryVoteWhenSyncFails"
+                "tryVoteWhenCannotBuild"
             ],
             [
                 _dec3,
@@ -448,35 +449,133 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
     }
     runningPromise;
     state;
+    stateSlotNumber;
+    /** Wall-clock time (ms, via the date provider) at which the current state was entered. */ stateEnteredAtMs;
     metrics;
+    checkpointProposalJobMetrics;
+    stateLog;
     /** The last slot for which we attempted to perform our voting duties with degraded block production */ lastSlotForFallbackVote;
+    /** The (checkpoint, slot) of the last invalidation request we successfully simulated, to prevent
+   * re-simulating and re-submitting the same invalidation across the many ticks within a single slot. */ lastInvalidationAttempt;
     /** The last slot for which we logged "no committee" warning, to avoid spam */ lastSlotForNoCommitteeWarning;
     /** The last slot for which we triggered a checkpoint proposal job, to prevent duplicate attempts. */ lastSlotForCheckpointProposalJob;
     /** Last successful checkpoint proposed */ lastCheckpointProposed;
     /** The last epoch for which we logged strategy comparison in fisherman mode. */ lastEpochForStrategyComparison;
-    /** The maximum number of seconds that the sequencer can be into a slot to transition to a particular state. */ timetable;
+    /** The last checkpoint proposal job, tracked so we can await its pending L1 submission during shutdown. */ lastCheckpointProposalJob;
+    /** Proposer schedule and block sub-slot timetable for the sequencer, rebuilt on every config update. */ timetable;
     /** Config for the sequencer */ config;
+    signatureContext;
     constructor(publisherFactory, validatorClient, globalsBuilder, p2pClient, worldState, slasherClient, l2BlockSource, l1ToL2MessageSource, checkpointsBuilder, l1Constants, dateProvider, epochCache, rollupContract, config, telemetry = getTelemetryClient(), log = createLogger('sequencer')){
         super(), this.publisherFactory = publisherFactory, this.validatorClient = validatorClient, this.globalsBuilder = globalsBuilder, this.p2pClient = p2pClient, this.worldState = worldState, this.slasherClient = slasherClient, this.l2BlockSource = l2BlockSource, this.l1ToL2MessageSource = l1ToL2MessageSource, this.checkpointsBuilder = checkpointsBuilder, this.l1Constants = l1Constants, this.dateProvider = dateProvider, this.epochCache = epochCache, this.rollupContract = rollupContract, this.telemetry = telemetry, this.log = log, this.state = (_initProto(this), SequencerState.STOPPED), this.config = DefaultSequencerConfig;
+        this.stateLog = log.createChild('state');
+        this.stateEnteredAtMs = this.dateProvider.now();
         // Add [FISHERMAN] prefix to logger if in fisherman mode
         if (config.fishermanMode) {
             this.log = log.createChild('[FISHERMAN]');
         }
+        this.signatureContext = {
+            chainId: config.l1ChainId,
+            rollupAddress: config.rollupAddress
+        };
         this.metrics = new SequencerMetrics(telemetry, this.rollupContract, 'Sequencer');
+        this.checkpointProposalJobMetrics = new CheckpointProposalJobMetrics(telemetry);
         this.updateConfig(config);
     }
-    /** Updates sequencer config by the defined values and updates the timetable */ updateConfig(config) {
+    /**
+   * Updates sequencer config by the defined values and rebuilds the timetable.
+   *
+   * The merged config is validated against a candidate before being committed: {@link buildTimetable} may
+   * reject the candidate (invalid timing geometry, or per-block allocation multipliers below the network
+   * minimums). On rejection we leave `this.config` and `this.timetable` untouched and rethrow, so a bad update
+   * never leaves the sequencer running with a rejected config and a stale timetable.
+   */ updateConfig(config) {
         const filteredConfig = pickFromSchema(config, SequencerConfigSchema);
+        const candidate = merge(this.config, filteredConfig);
+        let timetable;
+        try {
+            timetable = this.buildTimetable(candidate);
+        } catch (err) {
+            this.log.warn(`Rejecting sequencer config update: ${err.message}`, {
+                rejectedConfig: omit(filteredConfig, 'txPublicSetupAllowListExtend')
+            });
+            throw err;
+        }
+        this.config = candidate;
+        this.timetable = timetable;
         this.log.info(`Updated sequencer config`, omit(filteredConfig, 'txPublicSetupAllowListExtend'));
-        this.config = merge(this.config, filteredConfig);
-        this.timetable = new SequencerTimetable({
-            ethereumSlotDuration: this.l1Constants.ethereumSlotDuration,
-            aztecSlotDuration: this.aztecSlotDuration,
-            l1PublishingTime: this.l1PublishingTime,
-            p2pPropagationTime: this.config.attestationPropagationTime,
-            blockDurationMs: this.config.blockDurationMs,
-            enforce: this.config.enforceTimeTable
-        }, this.metrics, this.log);
+    }
+    /**
+   * Builds the proposer timetable from the given config and L1 constants via the shared
+   * {@link buildProposerTimetable} helper, so the sequencer derives the same blocks-per-checkpoint as the p2p
+   * layer and `getNodeInfo`. The fast local/e2e profile and budget clamping happen inside
+   * {@link ProposerTimetable}.
+   *
+   * Throws if the timing geometry is invalid or the per-block allocation multipliers are below the network
+   * minimums; callers must treat a throw as a rejected config and not commit it.
+   */ buildTimetable(config) {
+        const timetable = buildProposerTimetable(config, this.l1Constants);
+        const maxNumberOfBlocks = timetable.getMaxBlocksPerCheckpoint();
+        this.log.info(`Sequencer timetable initialized with ${maxNumberOfBlocks} blocks per slot`, {
+            aztecSlotDuration: timetable.aztecSlotDuration,
+            ethereumSlotDuration: timetable.ethereumSlotDuration,
+            blockDuration: timetable.blockDuration,
+            minBlockDuration: timetable.minBlockDuration,
+            p2pPropagationTime: timetable.p2pPropagationTime,
+            checkpointProposalPrepareTime: timetable.checkpointProposalPrepareTime,
+            maxNumberOfBlocks
+        });
+        this.assertConfigMeetsNetworkTxLimits(config, maxNumberOfBlocks);
+        return timetable;
+    }
+    /**
+   * Checks this node's configured per-block allocation against the network admission limit. A node
+   * advertises and admits txs up to the limit derived from the network-minimum multipliers (see
+   * {@link computeNetworkTxGasLimits}).
+   *
+   * Fails startup (and runtime config updates) only when the configured per-block allocation *multipliers*
+   * (`perBlockAllocationMultiplier` / `perBlockDAAllocationMultiplier`) are below the network minimums: such
+   * a node would accept txs over RPC/gossip that its builder can never pack into a block regardless of block
+   * size. Operators may configure a higher (more generous) multiplier, but not a lower one.
+   *
+   * When the multipliers meet the floor but an absolute per-block gas cap (`maxDABlockGas` / `maxL2BlockGas`)
+   * shrinks the builder's effective grant below the network limit, this is legitimate operator
+   * restrictiveness — the node simply builds smaller blocks and such txs stay in the pool for other
+   * proposers — so we only log a warning rather than failing startup. Restrictive tx-count caps
+   * (`maxTxsPerBlock` / `maxTxsPerCheckpoint`) can likewise make the builder skip admitted txs; they are
+   * intentionally not modeled here for the same reason.
+   */ assertConfigMeetsNetworkTxLimits(config, maxBlocksPerCheckpoint) {
+        // Mirror CheckpointBuilder.capLimitsByCheckpointBudgets: DA falls back to the general multiplier.
+        const l2Multiplier = config.perBlockAllocationMultiplier;
+        const daMultiplier = config.perBlockDAAllocationMultiplier ?? l2Multiplier;
+        // The allocation is monotonic in the multiplier, so a multiplier at or above the network minimum
+        // guarantees the builder grants at least the network admission limit. Checking the multipliers directly
+        // is sufficient (and strictly more conservative than modeling the resulting gas grant).
+        if (daMultiplier < MIN_PER_BLOCK_DA_ALLOCATION_MULTIPLIER) {
+            throw new Error(`perBlockDAAllocationMultiplier (${daMultiplier}) is below the network minimum ` + `${MIN_PER_BLOCK_DA_ALLOCATION_MULTIPLIER}; the node would admit txs its own builder can never include.`);
+        }
+        if (l2Multiplier < MIN_PER_BLOCK_ALLOCATION_MULTIPLIER) {
+            throw new Error(`perBlockAllocationMultiplier (${l2Multiplier}) is below the network minimum ` + `${MIN_PER_BLOCK_ALLOCATION_MULTIPLIER}; the node would admit txs its own builder can never include.`);
+        }
+        // Absolute per-block gas caps below the network admission limit are legitimate operator restrictiveness:
+        // the node simply builds smaller blocks and such txs stay in the pool for other proposers. Warn only.
+        const networkLimit = computeNetworkTxGasLimits({
+            maxBlocksPerCheckpoint,
+            manaCheckpointBudget: this.l1Constants.rollupManaLimit
+        });
+        if (config.maxDABlockGas !== undefined && config.maxDABlockGas < networkLimit.daGas) {
+            this.log.warn(`Sequencer maxDABlockGas (${config.maxDABlockGas}) is below the network DA admission limit ` + `(${networkLimit.daGas}): txs declaring more DA gas are admitted over RPC/gossip but will be skipped ` + `by this proposer's own blocks and left in the pool for other proposers.`, {
+                maxDABlockGas: config.maxDABlockGas,
+                networkDaGas: networkLimit.daGas,
+                maxBlocksPerCheckpoint
+            });
+        }
+        if (config.maxL2BlockGas !== undefined && config.maxL2BlockGas < networkLimit.l2Gas) {
+            this.log.warn(`Sequencer maxL2BlockGas (${config.maxL2BlockGas}) is below the network L2 admission limit ` + `(${networkLimit.l2Gas}): txs declaring more L2 gas are admitted over RPC/gossip but will be skipped ` + `by this proposer's own blocks and left in the pool for other proposers.`, {
+                maxL2BlockGas: config.maxL2BlockGas,
+                networkL2Gas: networkLimit.l2Gas,
+                maxBlocksPerCheckpoint
+            });
+        }
     }
     /** Initializes the sequencer (precomputes tables). Takes about 3s. */ init() {
         getKzg();
@@ -489,13 +588,18 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
         this.runningPromise.start();
         this.log.info('Started sequencer');
     }
+    /** Triggers an immediate run of the sequencer, bypassing the polling interval. */ trigger() {
+        return this.runningPromise?.trigger();
+    }
     /** Stops the sequencer from building blocks and moves to STOPPED state. */ async stop() {
         this.log.info(`Stopping sequencer`);
         this.setState(SequencerState.STOPPING, undefined, {
             force: true
         });
-        this.publisherFactory.interruptAll();
+        this.lastCheckpointProposalJob?.interrupt();
+        await this.publisherFactory.stopAll();
         await this.runningPromise?.stop();
+        await this.lastCheckpointProposalJob?.awaitPendingSubmission();
         this.setState(SequencerState.STOPPED, undefined, {
             force: true
         });
@@ -508,19 +612,7 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
             this.emit('checkpoint-error', {
                 error: err
             });
-            if (err instanceof SequencerTooSlowError) {
-                // Log as warn only if we had to abort halfway through the block proposal
-                const logLvl = [
-                    SequencerState.INITIALIZING_CHECKPOINT,
-                    SequencerState.PROPOSER_CHECK
-                ].includes(err.proposedState) ? 'debug' : 'warn';
-                this.log[logLvl](err.message, {
-                    now: this.dateProvider.nowInSeconds()
-                });
-            } else {
-                // Re-throw other errors
-                throw err;
-            }
+            throw err;
         } finally{
             this.setState(SequencerState.IDLE, undefined);
         }
@@ -539,63 +631,76 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
    * - Submit checkpoint
    */ async work() {
         this.setState(SequencerState.SYNCHRONIZING, undefined);
-        const { slot, ts, now, epoch } = this.epochCache.getEpochAndSlotInNextL1Slot();
+        const { slot, targetSlot, epoch, targetEpoch, ts, nowSeconds } = this.getSlotContextInNextL1Slot();
         // Check if we are synced and it's our slot, grab a publisher, check previous block invalidation, etc
-        const checkpointProposalJob = await this.prepareCheckpointProposal(epoch, slot, ts, now);
+        const checkpointProposalJob = await this.prepareCheckpointProposal(slot, targetSlot, epoch, targetEpoch, ts, nowSeconds);
         if (!checkpointProposalJob) {
             return;
         }
+        // Track the job so we can await its pending L1 submission during shutdown
+        this.lastCheckpointProposalJob = checkpointProposalJob;
         // Execute the checkpoint proposal job
         const checkpoint = await checkpointProposalJob.execute();
         // Update last checkpoint proposed (currently unused)
         if (checkpoint) {
             this.lastCheckpointProposed = checkpoint;
         }
-        // Log fee strategy comparison if on fisherman
-        if (this.config.fishermanMode && (this.lastEpochForStrategyComparison === undefined || epoch > this.lastEpochForStrategyComparison)) {
-            this.logStrategyComparison(epoch, checkpointProposalJob.getPublisher());
-            this.lastEpochForStrategyComparison = epoch;
+        // Log fee strategy comparison if on fisherman (uses target epoch since we mirror the proposer's perspective)
+        if (this.config.fishermanMode && (this.lastEpochForStrategyComparison === undefined || targetEpoch > this.lastEpochForStrategyComparison)) {
+            this.logStrategyComparison(targetEpoch, checkpointProposalJob.getPublisher());
+            this.lastEpochForStrategyComparison = targetEpoch;
         }
         return checkpoint;
     }
+    /** Returns slot and target slot from a single clock snapshot. */ getSlotContextInNextL1Slot() {
+        const { slot, ts, nowSeconds, epoch } = this.epochCache.getEpochAndSlotInNextL1Slot();
+        const targetSlot = SlotNumber(slot + PROPOSER_PIPELINING_SLOT_OFFSET);
+        return {
+            slot,
+            targetSlot,
+            epoch,
+            targetEpoch: getEpochAtSlot(targetSlot, this.l1Constants),
+            ts,
+            nowSeconds
+        };
+    }
     /**
    * Prepares the checkpoint proposal by performing all necessary checks and setup.
    * This is the initial step in the main loop.
    * @returns CheckpointProposalJob if successful, undefined if we are not yet synced or are not the proposer.
-   */ async prepareCheckpointProposal(epoch, slot, ts, now) {
-        // Check we have not already processed this slot (cheapest check)
-        // We only check this if enforce timetable is set, since we want to keep processing the same slot if we are not
-        // running against actual time (eg when we use sandbox-style automining)
-        if (this.lastSlotForCheckpointProposalJob && this.lastSlotForCheckpointProposalJob >= slot && this.config.enforceTimeTable) {
-            this.log.trace(`Slot ${slot} has already been processed`);
+   */ async prepareCheckpointProposal(slot, targetSlot, epoch, targetEpoch, ts, nowSeconds) {
+        // Check we have not already processed this target slot (cheapest check).
+        if (this.lastSlotForCheckpointProposalJob && this.lastSlotForCheckpointProposalJob >= targetSlot) {
+            this.log.trace(`Target slot ${targetSlot} has already been processed`);
             return undefined;
         }
-        // But if we have already proposed for this slot, the we definitely have to skip it, automining or not
-        if (this.lastCheckpointProposed && this.lastCheckpointProposed.header.slotNumber >= slot) {
-            this.log.trace(`Slot ${slot} has already been published as checkpoint ${this.lastCheckpointProposed.number}`);
+        // But if we have already proposed for this slot, then we definitely have to skip it, automining or not
+        if (this.lastCheckpointProposed && this.lastCheckpointProposed.header.slotNumber >= targetSlot) {
+            this.log.trace(`Slot ${targetSlot} has already been published as checkpoint ${this.lastCheckpointProposed.number}`);
             return undefined;
         }
-        // Check all components are synced to latest as seen by the archiver (queries all subsystems)
-        const syncedTo = await this.checkSync({
-            ts,
-            slot
-        });
-        if (!syncedTo) {
-            await this.tryVoteWhenSyncFails({
-                slot,
-                ts
+        // Test-only: skip proposing for explicitly paused slots. Attestation paths run in the validator
+        // client and are not gated by this hook, so paused proposers still attest to others' proposals.
+        if (this.config.pauseProposingForSlots?.some((s)=>s === targetSlot)) {
+            this.log.warn(`Skipping proposal for paused slot ${targetSlot} (test-only pauseProposingForSlots hook)`, {
+                targetSlot
             });
             return undefined;
         }
-        // If escape hatch is open for this epoch, do not start checkpoint proposal work and do not attempt invalidations.
+        // Cheap proposer check first: most nodes are not the proposer for most slots, so gate the
+        // expensive multi-subsystem checkSync (and the rest of the build path) behind it. Computed once
+        // here and reused for the escape-hatch voting path below. No setState/timing gate on this path:
+        // the build-start deadline gate runs only on the proposer build path after a successful checkSync.
+        const [canPropose, proposer] = await this.checkCanPropose(targetSlot);
+        // If escape hatch is open for the target epoch, do not start checkpoint proposal work and do not attempt invalidations.
         // Still perform governance/slashing voting (as proposer) once per slot.
-        const isEscapeHatchOpen = await this.epochCache.isEscapeHatchOpen(epoch);
+        // When pipelining, we check the target epoch (slot+1's epoch) since that's the epoch we're building for.
+        const isEscapeHatchOpen = await this.epochCache.isEscapeHatchOpen(targetEpoch);
         if (isEscapeHatchOpen) {
-            this.setState(SequencerState.PROPOSER_CHECK, slot);
-            const [canPropose, proposer] = await this.checkCanPropose(slot);
             if (canPropose) {
                 await this.tryVoteWhenEscapeHatchOpen({
                     slot,
+                    targetSlot,
                     proposer
                 });
             } else {
@@ -607,27 +712,83 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
             }
             return undefined;
         }
+        // If we are not the proposer, check whether we should invalidate an invalid pending chain (a
+        // liveness backstop) and bail before any sync work or build-timing gate. This reads only the
+        // archiver's pending-chain validation status, which is authoritative on its own, instead of
+        // running the full sync check. Wrapped in try/catch because this leaner path skips the broader
+        // proposed-checkpoint/tip coherence screen that checkSync applied, so transient archiver
+        // incoherence surfaces as a quiet skip rather than a work-loop error.
+        if (!canPropose) {
+            try {
+                const pendingChainValidationStatus = await this.l2BlockSource.getPendingChainValidationStatus();
+                await this.considerInvalidatingCheckpoint(pendingChainValidationStatus, slot);
+            } catch (err) {
+                this.log.warn(`Failed to consider invalidating checkpoint`, {
+                    err,
+                    slot,
+                    targetSlot
+                });
+            }
+            return undefined;
+        }
+        // We are the proposer and the escape hatch is closed: now run the full sync check before building.
+        const syncedTo = await this.checkSync({
+            ts,
+            slot
+        });
+        if (!syncedTo) {
+            await this.tryVoteWhenCannotBuild({
+                slot,
+                targetSlot
+            });
+            return undefined;
+        }
+        // Explicit build-loop entry gate: if we are past the latest useful block-building start for the
+        // target slot, abandon building for this slot. The proposer prioritizes the ideal L1-publish path
+        // and does not plan around the late consensus-handoff path. This is the proposer build path's
+        // timing gate; it runs only after we know we are the synced proposer, so non-proposer invalidation
+        // and escape-hatch voting (which returned above) are never gated by build timing. Vote-only paths
+        // still run when block building is abandoned.
+        const startDeadline = this.timetable.getBuildStartDeadline(targetSlot);
+        const nowForStartGate = this.dateProvider.now() / 1000;
+        if (nowForStartGate > startDeadline) {
+            this.log.debug(`Past start deadline for slot ${targetSlot}, abandoning block building`, {
+                targetSlot,
+                nowForStartGate,
+                startDeadline
+            });
+            // Mark the slot as attempted so a deadline abort is not retried within the same slot. Vote-only actions
+            // still need to run because sync can succeed even when it is too late to start building a checkpoint.
+            await this.tryVoteWhenCannotBuild({
+                slot,
+                targetSlot
+            });
+            this.lastSlotForCheckpointProposalJob = targetSlot;
+            return undefined;
+        }
         // Next checkpoint follows from the last synced one
         const checkpointNumber = CheckpointNumber(syncedTo.checkpointNumber + 1);
         const logCtx = {
-            now,
+            nowSeconds,
             syncedToL2Slot: syncedTo.syncedL2Slot,
             slot,
+            targetSlot,
             slotTs: ts,
             checkpointNumber,
             isPendingChainValid: pick(syncedTo.pendingChainValidationStatus, 'valid', 'reason', 'invalidIndex')
         };
-        // Check that we are a proposer for the next slot
-        this.setState(SequencerState.PROPOSER_CHECK, slot);
-        const [canPropose, proposer] = await this.checkCanPropose(slot);
-        // If we are not a proposer check if we should invalidate an invalid checkpoint, and bail
-        if (!canPropose) {
-            await this.considerInvalidatingCheckpoint(syncedTo, slot);
+        // We are the synced proposer within the build window; enter the proposer-check state and build.
+        this.setState(SequencerState.PROPOSER_CHECK, targetSlot);
+        // Guard: don't exceed 1-deep pipeline. Without a proposed checkpoint, we can only build
+        // confirmed + 1. With a proposed checkpoint, we can build confirmed + 2.
+        const confirmedCkpt = syncedTo.checkpointedCheckpointNumber;
+        if (checkpointNumber > confirmedCkpt + 2) {
+            this.log.verbose(`Skipping slot ${targetSlot}: checkpoint ${checkpointNumber} exceeds max pipeline depth (confirmed=${confirmedCkpt})`);
             return undefined;
         }
-        // Check that the slot is not taken by a block already (should never happen, since only us can propose for this slot)
-        if (syncedTo.blockData && syncedTo.blockData.header.getSlot() >= slot) {
-            this.log.warn(`Cannot propose block at next L2 slot ${slot} since that slot was taken by block ${syncedTo.blockNumber}`, {
+        // Check that the target slot is not taken by a block already (should never happen, since only us can propose for this slot)
+        if (syncedTo.blockData && syncedTo.blockData.header.getSlot() >= targetSlot) {
+            this.log.warn(`Cannot propose block at target slot ${targetSlot} since that slot was taken by block ${syncedTo.blockNumber}`, {
                 ...logCtx,
                 block: syncedTo.blockData.header.toInspect()
             });
@@ -641,18 +802,84 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
         const proposerForPublisher = this.config.fishermanMode ? undefined : proposer;
         const { attestorAddress, publisher } = await this.publisherFactory.create(proposerForPublisher);
         this.log.verbose(`Created publisher at address ${publisher.getSenderAddress()} for attestor ${attestorAddress}`);
-        // In fisherman mode, set the actual proposer's address for simulations
-        if (this.config.fishermanMode && proposer) {
-            publisher.setProposerAddressForSimulation(proposer);
-            this.log.debug(`Set proposer address ${proposer} for simulation in fisherman mode`);
-        }
-        // Prepare invalidation request if the pending chain is invalid (returns undefined if no need)
-        const invalidateCheckpoint = await publisher.simulateInvalidateCheckpoint(syncedTo.pendingChainValidationStatus);
-        // Check with the rollup contract if we can indeed propose at the next L2 slot. This check should not fail
-        // if all the previous checks are good, but we do it just in case.
-        const canProposeCheck = await publisher.canProposeAtNextEthBlock(syncedTo.archive, proposer ?? EthAddress.ZERO, invalidateCheckpoint);
+        // Prepare invalidation request if the pending chain is invalid (returns undefined if no need).
+        // Only simulate invalidation when there's no proposed parent, since we assume the proposed parent
+        // will invalidate the currently invalid checkpoint on L1.
+        const invalidateCheckpoint = syncedTo.hasProposedCheckpoint || syncedTo.pendingChainValidationStatus.valid ? undefined : await publisher.simulateInvalidateCheckpoint(syncedTo.pendingChainValidationStatus);
+        // Determine the correct archive and L1 state overrides for the canProposeAt check.
+        // The L1 contract reads archives[proposedCheckpointNumber] and compares it with the provided archive.
+        // When invalidating or pipelining, the local archive may differ from L1's, so we adjust accordingly.
+        let archiveForCheck = syncedTo.archive;
+        if (syncedTo.hasProposedCheckpoint) {
+            this.metrics.recordPipelineDepth(syncedTo.checkpointNumber - syncedTo.checkpointedCheckpointNumber);
+            this.log.verbose(`Building on top of proposed checkpoint (pending=${syncedTo.proposedCheckpointData?.checkpointNumber}) for target slot ${targetSlot}`, {
+                targetSlot,
+                parentCheckpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(checkpointNumber - 1)
+            });
+            // Match what L1 will see at archives[pending] once the proposed parent lands: the parent's
+            // own archive root from the gossiped proposal. `syncedTo.archive` is the world-state-local
+            // view and can transiently diverge from the proposed parent (e.g. before the proposed
+            // parent's blocks have been applied locally); diverging here would cause the canProposeAt
+            // override to set archives[pending] to one value while we present another for comparison.
+            archiveForCheck = syncedTo.proposedCheckpointData.archive.root;
+        } else if (invalidateCheckpoint) {
+            // After invalidation, L1 will roll back to checkpoint N-1. The archive at N-1 already
+            // exists on L1, so we just pass the matching archive (the lastArchive of the invalid checkpoint).
+            archiveForCheck = invalidateCheckpoint.lastArchive;
+            this.metrics.recordPipelineDepth(0);
+        } else {
+            this.metrics.recordPipelineDepth(0);
+        }
+        // Build the simulation plan: pending/proven override from pipelining or invalidation (or the
+        // current snapshot when neither applies, to short-circuit any pending prune in simulation),
+        // plus the parent checkpoint cell and fee header when pipelining.
+        const simulationOverridesPlan = await buildCheckpointSimulationOverridesPlan({
+            checkpointNumber,
+            proposedCheckpointData: syncedTo.hasProposedCheckpoint ? syncedTo.proposedCheckpointData : undefined,
+            invalidateToPendingCheckpointNumber: invalidateCheckpoint?.forcePendingCheckpointNumber,
+            checkpointedCheckpointNumber: syncedTo.checkpointedCheckpointNumber,
+            rollup: this.rollupContract,
+            signatureContext: this.signatureContext,
+            log: this.log
+        });
+        // The plan always pins both pending/proven (to short-circuit `canPruneAtTime` in simulation),
+        // so `provenOverride` always reflects the assumed proven checkpoint we are pinning the
+        // simulation to. We additionally warn when the pin is load-bearing — i.e. when a prune would
+        // actually fire at the target slot without it — so observers can spot "we are building
+        // optimistically across a pruning boundary" in the logs.
+        const provenOverride = simulationOverridesPlan?.chainTipsOverride?.proven;
+        if (provenOverride !== undefined && await this.l2BlockSource.isPruneDueAtSlot(targetSlot)) {
+            this.log.warn(`Assuming proof for epoch ending at checkpoint ${provenOverride} lands by target slot ${targetSlot}`, {
+                checkpointNumber,
+                slot,
+                targetSlot,
+                provenOverride
+            });
+        }
+        this.emit('preparing-checkpoint', {
+            targetSlot,
+            checkpointNumber,
+            hadProposedParent: syncedTo.hasProposedCheckpoint,
+            provenOverride,
+            simulatedPending: simulationOverridesPlan?.chainTipsOverride?.pending
+        });
+        const canProposeCheck = await publisher.canProposeAt(archiveForCheck, proposer ?? EthAddress.ZERO, simulationOverridesPlan);
+        const proposeContext = {
+            hasProposedCheckpoint: syncedTo.hasProposedCheckpoint,
+            proposedCheckpointNumber: syncedTo.proposedCheckpointData?.checkpointNumber,
+            checkpointedCheckpointNumber: syncedTo.checkpointedCheckpointNumber,
+            isInvalidating: !!invalidateCheckpoint,
+            invalidatingCheckpointNumber: invalidateCheckpoint?.checkpointNumber,
+            archiveForCheck: archiveForCheck.toString(),
+            overridePendingCheckpointNumber: simulationOverridesPlan?.chainTipsOverride?.pending,
+            overrideArchive: simulationOverridesPlan?.pendingCheckpointState?.archive,
+            overrideFeeHeader: simulationOverridesPlan?.pendingCheckpointState?.feeHeader
+        };
         if (canProposeCheck === undefined) {
-            this.log.warn(`Cannot propose checkpoint ${checkpointNumber} at slot ${slot} due to failed rollup contract check`, logCtx);
+            this.log.warn(`Cannot propose checkpoint ${checkpointNumber} at slot ${slot} due to failed rollup contract check`, {
+                ...logCtx,
+                ...proposeContext
+            });
             this.emit('proposer-rollup-check-failed', {
                 reason: 'Rollup contract check failed',
                 slot
@@ -660,11 +887,12 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
             this.metrics.recordCheckpointPrecheckFailed('rollup_contract_check_failed');
             return undefined;
         }
-        if (canProposeCheck.slot !== slot) {
-            this.log.warn(`Cannot propose block due to slot mismatch with rollup contract (this can be caused by a clock out of sync). Expected slot ${slot} but got ${canProposeCheck.slot}.`, {
+        if (canProposeCheck.slot !== targetSlot) {
+            this.log.warn(`Cannot propose block due to slot mismatch with rollup contract (this can be caused by a clock out of sync). Expected slot ${targetSlot} but got ${canProposeCheck.slot}.`, {
                 ...logCtx,
+                ...proposeContext,
                 rollup: canProposeCheck,
-                expectedSlot: slot
+                expectedSlot: targetSlot
             });
             this.emit('proposer-rollup-check-failed', {
                 reason: 'Slot mismatch',
@@ -676,6 +904,7 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
         if (canProposeCheck.checkpointNumber !== checkpointNumber) {
             this.log.warn(`Cannot propose due to block mismatch with rollup contract (this can be caused by a pending archiver sync). Expected checkpoint ${checkpointNumber} but got ${canProposeCheck.checkpointNumber}.`, {
                 ...logCtx,
+                ...proposeContext,
                 rollup: canProposeCheck,
                 expectedSlot: slot
             });
@@ -686,17 +915,18 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
             this.metrics.recordCheckpointPrecheckFailed('block_number_mismatch');
             return undefined;
         }
-        this.lastSlotForCheckpointProposalJob = slot;
-        await this.p2pClient.prepareForSlot(slot);
-        this.log.info(`Preparing checkpoint proposal ${checkpointNumber} at slot ${slot}`, {
+        this.lastSlotForCheckpointProposalJob = targetSlot;
+        await this.p2pClient.prepareForSlot(targetSlot);
+        this.log.info(`Preparing checkpoint proposal ${checkpointNumber} for target slot ${targetSlot} during wall-clock slot ${slot}`, {
             ...logCtx,
+            ...proposeContext,
             proposer
         });
         // Create and return the checkpoint proposal job
-        return this.createCheckpointProposalJob(epoch, slot, checkpointNumber, syncedTo.blockNumber, proposer, publisher, attestorAddress, invalidateCheckpoint);
+        return this.createCheckpointProposalJob(targetSlot, targetEpoch, checkpointNumber, syncedTo.blockNumber, syncedTo.checkpointedCheckpointNumber, proposer, publisher, attestorAddress, invalidateCheckpoint, syncedTo.proposedCheckpointData);
     }
-    createCheckpointProposalJob(epoch, slot, checkpointNumber, syncedToBlockNumber, proposer, publisher, attestorAddress, invalidateCheckpoint) {
-        return new CheckpointProposalJob(epoch, slot, checkpointNumber, syncedToBlockNumber, proposer, publisher, attestorAddress, invalidateCheckpoint, this.validatorClient, this.globalsBuilder, this.p2pClient, this.worldState, this.l1ToL2MessageSource, this.l2BlockSource, this.checkpointsBuilder, this.l2BlockSource, this.l1Constants, this.config, this.timetable, this.slasherClient, this.epochCache, this.dateProvider, this.metrics, this, this.setState.bind(this), this.tracer, this.log.getBindings());
+    createCheckpointProposalJob(targetSlot, targetEpoch, checkpointNumber, syncedToBlockNumber, checkpointedCheckpointNumber, proposer, publisher, attestorAddress, invalidateCheckpoint, proposedCheckpointData) {
+        return new CheckpointProposalJob(targetSlot, targetEpoch, checkpointNumber, syncedToBlockNumber, checkpointedCheckpointNumber, proposer, publisher, attestorAddress, invalidateCheckpoint, this.validatorClient, this.globalsBuilder, this.p2pClient, this.worldState, this.l1ToL2MessageSource, this.l2BlockSource, this.checkpointsBuilder, this.l2BlockSource, this.l1Constants, this.signatureContext, this.config, this.timetable, this.slasherClient, this.epochCache, this.dateProvider, this.metrics, this.checkpointProposalJobMetrics.createRecorder(), this, this.setState.bind(this), this.tracer, this.log.getBindings(), proposedCheckpointData);
     }
     /**
    * Returns the current sequencer state.
@@ -704,9 +934,11 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
         return this.state;
     }
     /**
-   * Internal helper for setting the sequencer state and checks if we have enough time left in the slot to transition to the new state.
+   * Internal helper for setting the sequencer state. Pure: sets the state, emits `state-changed`, and
+   * records metrics. Timing deadlines are queried explicitly at the relevant call sites, not gated here.
    * @param proposedState - The new state to transition to.
-   * @param slotNumber - The current slot number.
+   * @param slotNumber - The target slot being proposed for, emitted as `targetSlot` on the event payload
+   * and used to anchor `secondsIntoBuildFrame`. Undefined for lifecycle states with no associated slot.
    * @param force - Whether to force the transition even if the sequencer is stopped.
    */ setState(proposedState, slotNumber, opts = {}) {
         if (this.state === SequencerState.STOPPING && proposedState !== SequencerState.STOPPED && !opts.force) {
@@ -717,26 +949,40 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
             this.log.warn(`Cannot set sequencer from ${this.state} to ${proposedState} as it is stopped.`);
             return;
         }
-        let secondsIntoSlot = undefined;
-        if (slotNumber !== undefined) {
-            secondsIntoSlot = this.getSecondsIntoSlot(slotNumber);
-            this.timetable.assertTimeLeft(proposedState, secondsIntoSlot);
-        }
+        const secondsIntoBuildFrame = slotNumber !== undefined ? this.getSecondsIntoBuildFrame(slotNumber) : undefined;
+        const oldState = this.state;
+        const oldStateSlotNumber = this.stateSlotNumber;
+        const stateChanged = proposedState !== oldState;
+        // Wall-clock time spent in the previous state: the delta between consecutive state-changing setState
+        // calls, read from the date provider so it tracks simulated time under a test/manual clock.
+        const transitionAtMs = this.dateProvider.now();
+        const stateDurationMs = transitionAtMs - this.stateEnteredAtMs;
         const boringStates = [
             SequencerState.IDLE,
             SequencerState.SYNCHRONIZING
         ];
-        const logLevel = boringStates.includes(proposedState) && boringStates.includes(this.state) ? 'trace' : 'debug';
-        this.log[logLevel](`Transitioning from ${this.state} to ${proposedState}`, {
+        const logLevel = boringStates.includes(proposedState) && boringStates.includes(oldState) ? 'trace' : 'debug';
+        this.stateLog[logLevel](`Transitioning from ${oldState} to ${proposedState}`, {
+            oldState,
+            newState: proposedState,
             slotNumber,
-            secondsIntoSlot
+            stateSlotNumber: oldStateSlotNumber,
+            secondsIntoBuildFrame,
+            ...stateChanged && {
+                stateDurationMs: Math.ceil(stateDurationMs)
+            }
         });
         this.emit('state-changed', {
-            oldState: this.state,
+            oldState,
             newState: proposedState,
-            secondsIntoSlot,
-            slot: slotNumber
+            secondsIntoBuildFrame,
+            targetSlot: slotNumber
         });
+        if (stateChanged) {
+            this.metrics.recordStateDuration(stateDurationMs, oldState);
+            this.stateEnteredAtMs = transitionAtMs;
+            this.stateSlotNumber = slotNumber;
+        }
         this.state = proposedState;
     }
     /**
@@ -744,8 +990,8 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
    * We don't check against the previous block submitted since it may have been reorg'd out.
    */ async checkSync(args) {
         // Check that the archiver has fully synced the L2 slot before the one we want to propose in.
-        // TODO(#14766): Archiver reports L1 timestamp based on L1 blocks seen, which means that a missed L1 block will
-        // cause the archiver L1 timestamp to fall behind, and cause this sequencer to start processing one L1 slot later.
+        // The archiver reports sync progress via L1 block timestamps and synced checkpoint slots.
+        // See getSyncedL2SlotNumber for how missed L1 blocks are handled.
         const syncedL2Slot = await this.l2BlockSource.getSyncedL2SlotNumber();
         const { slot } = args;
         if (syncedL2Slot === undefined || syncedL2Slot + 1 < slot) {
@@ -760,48 +1006,98 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
                     number: syncSummary.latestBlockNumber,
                     hash: syncSummary.latestBlockHash
                 })),
-            this.l2BlockSource.getL2Tips().then((t)=>t.proposed),
+            this.l2BlockSource.getL2Tips().then((t)=>({
+                    proposed: t.proposed,
+                    checkpointed: t.checkpointed,
+                    proposedCheckpoint: t.proposedCheckpoint
+                })),
             this.p2pClient.getStatus().then((p2p)=>p2p.syncedToL2Block),
-            this.l1ToL2MessageSource.getL2Tips().then((t)=>t.proposed),
-            this.l2BlockSource.getPendingChainValidationStatus()
+            this.l1ToL2MessageSource.getL2Tips().then((t)=>({
+                    proposed: t.proposed,
+                    checkpointed: t.checkpointed
+                })),
+            this.l2BlockSource.getPendingChainValidationStatus(),
+            this.l2BlockSource.getProposedCheckpointData()
         ]);
-        const [worldState, l2BlockSource, p2p, l1ToL2MessageSource, pendingChainValidationStatus] = syncedBlocks;
-        // Handle zero as a special case, since the block hash won't match across services if we're changing the prefilled data for the genesis block,
-        // as the world state can compute the new genesis block hash, but other components use the hardcoded constant.
-        // TODO(palla/mbps): Fix the above. All components should be able to handle dynamic genesis block hashes.
-        const result = l2BlockSource.number === 0 && worldState.number === 0 && p2p.number === 0 && l1ToL2MessageSource.number === 0 || worldState.hash === l2BlockSource.hash && p2p.hash === l2BlockSource.hash && l1ToL2MessageSource.hash === l2BlockSource.hash;
+        const [worldState, l2Tips, p2p, l1ToL2MessageSourceTips, pendingChainValidationStatus, proposedCheckpointData] = syncedBlocks;
+        const result = worldState.hash === l2Tips.proposed.hash && p2p.hash === l2Tips.proposed.hash && l1ToL2MessageSourceTips.proposed.hash === l2Tips.proposed.hash && l1ToL2MessageSourceTips.checkpointed.block.hash === l2Tips.checkpointed.block.hash && l1ToL2MessageSourceTips.checkpointed.checkpoint.hash === l2Tips.checkpointed.checkpoint.hash;
         if (!result) {
             this.log.debug(`Sequencer sync check failed`, {
                 worldState,
-                l2BlockSource,
+                l2BlockSource: l2Tips.proposed,
                 p2p,
-                l1ToL2MessageSource
+                l1ToL2MessageSourceTips
             });
             return undefined;
         }
-        // Special case for genesis state
         const blockNumber = worldState.number;
-        if (blockNumber < INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM) {
-            const archive = new Fr((await this.worldState.getCommitted().getTreeInfo(MerkleTreeId.ARCHIVE)).root);
-            return {
-                checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber.ZERO,
-                blockNumber: BlockNumber.ZERO,
-                archive,
+        const blockData = await this.l2BlockSource.getBlockData({
+            number: blockNumber
+        });
+        if (!blockData) {
+            this.log.warn(`Sequencer sync check failed: failed to get L2 block data ${blockNumber} from the archiver`, {
+                blockNumber,
+                l2Tips,
                 syncedL2Slot,
-                pendingChainValidationStatus
+                ...args
+            });
+            return undefined;
+        }
+        // Refuse to build a checkpoint on top of a proposed block whose enclosing checkpoint was never
+        // proposed. Under pipelining we may have received and reexecuted such a block locally — advancing
+        // our world-state tip past the checkpointed tip — while the proposing node never published the
+        // matching proposed checkpoint (e.g. it crashed before assembling it). Building on this orphan block
+        // would fork the chain off a tip no other node can follow. The archiver prunes these orphan blocks
+        // once their build slot ends; this guard is the correctness barrier during the grace window before.
+        if (blockData.checkpointNumber > l2Tips.checkpointed.checkpoint.number && (l2Tips.proposedCheckpoint.checkpoint.number !== blockData.checkpointNumber || proposedCheckpointData?.checkpointNumber !== blockData.checkpointNumber)) {
+            const logCtx = {
+                blockCheckpointNumber: blockData.checkpointNumber,
+                checkpointedCheckpointNumber: l2Tips.checkpointed.checkpoint.number,
+                proposedCheckpointTipNumber: l2Tips.proposedCheckpoint.checkpoint.number,
+                proposedCheckpointDataNumber: proposedCheckpointData?.checkpointNumber,
+                blockNumber: blockData.header.getBlockNumber(),
+                blockSlot: blockData.header.getSlot(),
+                syncedL2Slot,
+                ...args
             };
+            this.log.debug(`Waiting for proposed checkpoint to catch up with reexecuted block`, logCtx);
+            return undefined;
         }
-        const blockData = await this.l2BlockSource.getBlockData(blockNumber);
-        if (!blockData) {
-            // this shouldn't really happen because a moment ago we checked that all components were in sync
-            this.log.error(`Failed to get L2 block data ${blockNumber} from the archiver with all components in sync`);
+        const hasProposedCheckpoint = l2Tips.proposedCheckpoint.checkpoint.number > l2Tips.checkpointed.checkpoint.number;
+        // The l2Tips and proposedCheckpointData reads above come from independent archiver snapshots
+        // (a JS-side tips cache vs. a direct store read on `#proposedCheckpoints`). A concurrent archiver
+        // write that mutates both can be observed split, leaving us with `hasProposedCheckpoint=true` but
+        // no proposedCheckpointData (or one whose number doesn't match the tip). Refuse to proceed in that
+        // window — the next checkSync tick will see a coherent snapshot.
+        if (hasProposedCheckpoint && (!proposedCheckpointData || proposedCheckpointData.checkpointNumber !== l2Tips.proposedCheckpoint.checkpoint.number)) {
+            this.log.warn(`Sequencer sync check failed: inconsistent proposed-checkpoint state`, {
+                proposedCheckpointTipNumber: l2Tips.proposedCheckpoint.checkpoint.number,
+                checkpointedTipNumber: l2Tips.checkpointed.checkpoint.number,
+                proposedCheckpointDataNumber: proposedCheckpointData?.checkpointNumber,
+                syncedL2Slot,
+                ...args
+            });
+            return undefined;
+        }
+        // Check that the proposed checkpoint is indeed the parent of the checkpoint we'll be building
+        // The checkpoint number to build is derived as blockData.checkpointNumber + 1
+        if (proposedCheckpointData && proposedCheckpointData.checkpointNumber !== blockData.checkpointNumber) {
+            this.log.warn(`Sequencer sync check failed: proposed checkpoint number mismatch`, {
+                proposedCheckpointNumber: proposedCheckpointData.checkpointNumber,
+                blockCheckpointNumber: blockData.checkpointNumber,
+                syncedL2Slot,
+                ...args
+            });
             return undefined;
         }
         return {
             blockData,
             blockNumber: blockData.header.getBlockNumber(),
             checkpointNumber: blockData.checkpointNumber,
+            checkpointedCheckpointNumber: l2Tips.checkpointed.checkpoint.number,
             archive: blockData.archive.root,
+            hasProposedCheckpoint,
+            proposedCheckpointData,
             syncedL2Slot,
             pendingChainValidationStatus
         };
@@ -809,22 +1105,22 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
     /**
    * Checks if we are the proposer for the next slot.
    * @returns True if we can propose, and the proposer address (undefined if anyone can propose)
-   */ async checkCanPropose(slot) {
+   */ async checkCanPropose(targetSlot) {
         let proposer;
         try {
-            proposer = await this.epochCache.getProposerAttesterAddressInSlot(slot);
+            proposer = await this.epochCache.getProposerAttesterAddressInSlot(targetSlot);
         } catch (e) {
             if (e instanceof NoCommitteeError) {
-                if (this.lastSlotForNoCommitteeWarning !== slot) {
-                    this.lastSlotForNoCommitteeWarning = slot;
-                    this.log.warn(`Cannot propose at next L2 slot ${slot} since the committee does not exist on L1`);
+                if (this.lastSlotForNoCommitteeWarning !== targetSlot) {
+                    this.lastSlotForNoCommitteeWarning = targetSlot;
+                    this.log.warn(`Cannot propose at target slot ${targetSlot} since the committee does not exist on L1`);
                 }
                 return [
                     false,
                     undefined
                 ];
             }
-            this.log.error(`Error getting proposer for slot ${slot}`, e);
+            this.log.error(`Error getting proposer for target slot ${targetSlot}`, e);
             return [
                 false,
                 undefined
@@ -847,7 +1143,8 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
         const validatorAddresses = this.validatorClient.getValidatorAddresses();
         const weAreProposer = validatorAddresses.some((addr)=>addr.equals(proposer));
         if (!weAreProposer) {
-            this.log.debug(`Cannot propose at slot ${slot} since we are not a proposer`, {
+            this.log.debug(`Cannot propose at target slot ${targetSlot} since we are not a proposer`, {
+                targetSlot,
                 validatorAddresses,
                 proposer
             });
@@ -856,39 +1153,36 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
                 proposer
             ];
         }
+        this.log.info(`We are the proposer for pipeline slot ${targetSlot}`, {
+            targetSlot,
+            proposer
+        });
         return [
             true,
             proposer
         ];
     }
     /**
-   * Tries to vote on slashing actions and governance when the sync check fails but we're past the max time for initializing a proposal.
+   * Tries to vote on slashing actions and governance when we cannot build and are past the block-building window.
    * This allows the sequencer to participate in governance/slashing votes even when it cannot build blocks.
-   */ async tryVoteWhenSyncFails(args) {
-        const { slot } = args;
+   */ async tryVoteWhenCannotBuild(args) {
+        const { slot, targetSlot } = args;
         // Prevent duplicate attempts in the same slot
         if (this.lastSlotForFallbackVote === slot) {
             this.log.trace(`Already attempted to vote in slot ${slot} (skipping)`);
             return;
         }
-        // Check if we're past the max time for initializing a proposal
-        const secondsIntoSlot = this.getSecondsIntoSlot(slot);
-        const maxAllowedTime = this.timetable.getMaxAllowedTime(SequencerState.INITIALIZING_CHECKPOINT);
-        // If we haven't exceeded the time limit for initializing a proposal, don't proceed with voting
-        // We use INITIALIZING_PROPOSAL time limit because if we're past that, we can't build a block anyway
-        if (maxAllowedTime === undefined || secondsIntoSlot <= maxAllowedTime) {
-            this.log.trace(`Not attempting to vote since there is still time for block building`, {
-                secondsIntoSlot,
-                maxAllowedTime
-            });
-            return;
-        }
-        this.log.trace(`Sync for slot ${slot} failed, checking for voting opportunities`, {
-            secondsIntoSlot,
-            maxAllowedTime
+        // Vote-only actions do not give up the slot: if sync recovers, a later work-loop iteration can still build.
+        // Under proposer pipelining the work loop reasons about the next L1 slot, so waiting for the target slot's
+        // build-start deadline can miss the whole fallback window when the target advances with the clock.
+        const nowSeconds = this.dateProvider.now() / 1000;
+        const startDeadline = this.timetable.getBuildStartDeadline(targetSlot);
+        this.log.trace(`Cannot build for slot ${slot}, checking for voting opportunities`, {
+            nowSeconds,
+            startDeadline
         });
         // Check if we're a proposer or proposal is open
-        const [canPropose, proposer] = await this.checkCanPropose(slot);
+        const [canPropose, proposer] = await this.checkCanPropose(targetSlot);
         if (!canPropose) {
             this.log.trace(`Cannot vote in slot ${slot} since we are not a proposer`, {
                 slot,
@@ -904,8 +1198,8 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
             attestorAddress,
             slot
         });
-        // Enqueue governance and slashing votes
-        const voter = new CheckpointVoter(slot, publisher, attestorAddress, this.validatorClient, this.slasherClient, this.l1Constants, this.config, this.metrics, this.log);
+        // Enqueue governance and slashing votes (voter uses the target slot for L1 submission)
+        const voter = new CheckpointVoter(targetSlot, publisher, attestorAddress, this.validatorClient, this.slasherClient, this.l1Constants, this.config, this.metrics, this.log);
         const votesPromises = voter.enqueueVotes();
         const votes = await Promise.all(votesPromises);
         if (votes.every((p)=>!p)) {
@@ -915,13 +1209,21 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
         this.log.info(`Voting in slot ${slot} despite sync failure`, {
             slot
         });
-        await publisher.sendRequests();
+        // Votes are EIP-712-signed for `targetSlot` (the pipelined slot in which the multicall is
+        // expected to mine). Delay submission to the start of `targetSlot` so the tx mines in the
+        // slot the votes were signed for. We fire-and-forget so we don't block the sequencer's
+        // work loop while waiting for the target slot to start.
+        void publisher.sendRequestsAt(targetSlot).catch((err)=>{
+            this.log.error(`Failed to publish votes despite sync failure for slot ${slot}`, err, {
+                slot
+            });
+        });
     }
     /**
    * Tries to vote on slashing actions and governance proposals when escape hatch is open.
    * This allows the sequencer to participate in voting without performing checkpoint proposal work.
    */ async tryVoteWhenEscapeHatchOpen(args) {
-        const { slot, proposer } = args;
+        const { slot, targetSlot, proposer } = args;
         // Prevent duplicate attempts in the same slot
         if (this.lastSlotForFallbackVote === slot) {
             this.log.trace(`Already attempted to vote in slot ${slot} (escape hatch open, skipping)`);
@@ -932,9 +1234,14 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
         const { attestorAddress, publisher } = await this.publisherFactory.create(proposer);
         this.log.debug(`Escape hatch open for slot ${slot}, attempting vote-only actions`, {
             slot,
+            targetSlot,
             attestorAddress
         });
-        const voter = new CheckpointVoter(slot, publisher, attestorAddress, this.validatorClient, this.slasherClient, this.l1Constants, this.config, this.metrics, this.log);
+        // Under proposer pipelining, the multicall is expected to mine in `targetSlot` (slot + 1).
+        // Governance and slashing votes are EIP-712-signed against the slot they will mine in, and the
+        // L1 contract checks `msg.sender == getCurrentProposer()` using the mining slot. So we must
+        // sign for `targetSlot` and delay submission to the start of `targetSlot`.
+        const voter = new CheckpointVoter(targetSlot, publisher, attestorAddress, this.validatorClient, this.slasherClient, this.l1Constants, this.config, this.metrics, this.log);
         const votesPromises = voter.enqueueVotes();
         const votes = await Promise.all(votesPromises);
         if (votes.every((p)=>!p)) {
@@ -942,28 +1249,50 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
             return;
         }
         this.log.info(`Voting in slot ${slot} (escape hatch open)`, {
-            slot
+            slot,
+            targetSlot
+        });
+        // Votes are EIP-712-signed for `targetSlot`. Delay submission to the start of `targetSlot` so
+        // the multicall mines in the slot the votes were signed for; otherwise the L1 contract reads
+        // `signaler = getCurrentProposer()` against the wrong slot and signature verification fails
+        // silently inside Multicall3. Fire-and-forget so we don't block the sequencer's work loop while
+        // waiting for the target slot to start, mirroring tryVoteWhenCannotBuild.
+        void publisher.sendRequestsAt(targetSlot).catch((err)=>{
+            this.log.error(`Failed to publish escape-hatch votes for slot ${slot}`, err, {
+                slot,
+                targetSlot
+            });
         });
-        await publisher.sendRequests();
     }
     /**
    * Considers invalidating a block if the pending chain is invalid. Depends on how long the invalid block
    * has been there without being invalidated and whether the sequencer is in the committee or not. We always
    * have the proposer try to invalidate, but if they fail, the sequencers in the committee are expected to try,
    * and if they fail, any sequencer will try as well.
-   */ async considerInvalidatingCheckpoint(syncedTo, currentSlot) {
-        const { pendingChainValidationStatus, syncedL2Slot } = syncedTo;
+   * @param pendingChainValidationStatus - The archiver's pending-chain validation status, authoritative on its own.
+   * @param currentSlot - The wall-clock slot, used for committee lookup, the per-(checkpoint, slot) dedup guard, and logging.
+   */ async considerInvalidatingCheckpoint(pendingChainValidationStatus, currentSlot) {
         if (pendingChainValidationStatus.valid) {
             return;
         }
         const invalidCheckpointNumber = pendingChainValidationStatus.checkpoint.checkpointNumber;
+        // Avoid re-running the committee lookup, simulation, and submission on every tick within a slot.
+        // The guard is keyed by (checkpoint, slot) — so a different invalid checkpoint surfacing later in
+        // the same slot is not suppressed — and is set only after a request is successfully simulated below,
+        // so a transient simulation failure (or thresholds not yet met) still retries on the next tick.
+        if (this.lastInvalidationAttempt?.slot === currentSlot && this.lastInvalidationAttempt.checkpointNumber === invalidCheckpointNumber) {
+            this.log.trace(`Already attempted to invalidate checkpoint ${invalidCheckpointNumber} in slot ${currentSlot}`, {
+                currentSlot,
+                invalidCheckpointNumber
+            });
+            return;
+        }
         const invalidCheckpointTimestamp = pendingChainValidationStatus.checkpoint.timestamp;
         const timeSinceChainInvalid = this.dateProvider.nowInSeconds() - Number(invalidCheckpointTimestamp);
         const ourValidatorAddresses = this.validatorClient.getValidatorAddresses();
         const { secondsBeforeInvalidatingBlockAsCommitteeMember, secondsBeforeInvalidatingBlockAsNonCommitteeMember } = this.config;
         const logData = {
             invalidL1Timestamp: invalidCheckpointTimestamp,
-            syncedL2Slot,
             invalidCheckpoint: pendingChainValidationStatus.checkpoint,
             secondsBeforeInvalidatingBlockAsCommitteeMember,
             secondsBeforeInvalidatingBlockAsNonCommitteeMember,
@@ -997,6 +1326,12 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
             this.log.warn(`Failed to simulate invalidate checkpoint`, logData);
             return;
         }
+        // We produced a valid invalidation request; record it so further ticks within this slot skip the
+        // committee lookup, simulation, and submission above for this same invalid checkpoint.
+        this.lastInvalidationAttempt = {
+            slot: currentSlot,
+            checkpointNumber: invalidCheckpointNumber
+        };
         this.log.info(invalidateAsCommitteeMember ? `Invalidating checkpoint ${invalidCheckpointNumber} as committee member` : `Invalidating checkpoint ${invalidCheckpointNumber} as non-committee member`, logData);
         publisher.enqueueInvalidateCheckpoint(invalidateCheckpoint);
         if (!this.config.fishermanMode) {
@@ -1032,12 +1367,12 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
                 }))
         });
     }
-    getSlotStartBuildTimestamp(slotNumber) {
-        return getSlotStartBuildTimestamp(slotNumber, this.l1Constants);
-    }
-    getSecondsIntoSlot(slotNumber) {
-        const slotStartTimestamp = this.getSlotStartBuildTimestamp(slotNumber);
-        return Number((this.dateProvider.now() / 1000 - slotStartTimestamp).toFixed(3));
+    /**
+   * Wall-clock seconds elapsed since the build-frame start of the given target slot
+   * (`now − getBuildFrameStart(targetSlot)`). May be negative if called before the build frame opens.
+   */ getSecondsIntoBuildFrame(targetSlot) {
+        const buildFrameStart = this.timetable.getBuildFrameStart(targetSlot);
+        return Number((this.dateProvider.now() / 1000 - buildFrameStart).toFixed(3));
     }
     get aztecSlotDuration() {
         return this.l1Constants.slotDuration;
@@ -1060,7 +1395,4 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Sequencer.work'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpoi
     getConfig() {
         return this.config;
     }
-    get l1PublishingTime() {
-        return this.config.l1PublishingTime ?? this.l1Constants.ethereumSlotDuration;
-    }
 }