@aztec/sequencer-client 0.0.1-commit.c31f2472 → 0.0.1-commit.c52d6e7

package/dest/sequencer/checkpoint_proposal_job.js

@@ -435,22 +435,24 @@ function applyDecs2203RFactory() {
 function _apply_decs_2203_r(targetClass, memberDecs, classDecs, parentClass) {
     return (_apply_decs_2203_r = applyDecs2203RFactory())(targetClass, memberDecs, classDecs, parentClass);
 }
-var _dec, _dec1, _dec2, _dec3, _dec4, _dec5, _dec6, _dec7, _initProto;
-import { NUM_CHECKPOINT_END_MARKER_FIELDS, getNumBlockEndBlobFields } from '@aztec/blob-lib/encoding';
-import { BLOBS_PER_CHECKPOINT, FIELDS_PER_BLOB } from '@aztec/constants';
-import { BlockNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
+var _dec, _dec1, _dec2, _dec3, _dec4, _dec5, _dec6, _initProto;
+import { PROPOSER_PIPELINING_SLOT_OFFSET } from '@aztec/epoch-cache';
+import { BlockNumber, CheckpointNumber, IndexWithinCheckpoint, SlotNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
 import { randomInt } from '@aztec/foundation/crypto/random';
-import { Signature } from '@aztec/foundation/eth-signature';
+import { flipSignature, generateRecoverableSignature, generateUnrecoverableSignature } from '@aztec/foundation/crypto/secp256k1-signer';
+import { InterruptError, TimeoutError } from '@aztec/foundation/error';
 import { filter } from '@aztec/foundation/iterator';
 import { createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
-import { sleep, sleepUntil } from '@aztec/foundation/sleep';
+import { InterruptibleSleep } from '@aztec/foundation/sleep';
 import { Timer } from '@aztec/foundation/timer';
-import { unfreeze } from '@aztec/foundation/types';
-import { CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners, MaliciousCommitteeAttestationsAndSigners } from '@aztec/stdlib/block';
-import { getSlotStartBuildTimestamp } from '@aztec/stdlib/epoch-helpers';
+import { isErrorClass, unfreeze } from '@aztec/foundation/types';
+import { CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners, MaliciousCommitteeAttestationsAndSigners, MaliciousYParityCommitteeAttestationsAndSigners } from '@aztec/stdlib/block';
+import { buildCheckpointSimulationOverridesPlan, getPreviousCheckpointOutHashes, validateCheckpoint } from '@aztec/stdlib/checkpoint';
+import { computeQuorum, getTimestampForSlot } from '@aztec/stdlib/epoch-helpers';
 import { Gas } from '@aztec/stdlib/gas';
+import { InsufficientValidTxsError } from '@aztec/stdlib/interfaces/server';
 import { computeInHashFromL1ToL2Messages } from '@aztec/stdlib/messaging';
-import { orderAttestations } from '@aztec/stdlib/p2p';
+import { orderAttestations, trimAttestations } from '@aztec/stdlib/p2p';
 import { AttestationTimeoutError } from '@aztec/stdlib/validators';
 import { Attributes, trackSpan } from '@aztec/telemetry-client';
 import { DutyAlreadySignedError, SlashingProtectionError } from '@aztec/validator-ha-signer/errors';
@@ -458,23 +460,25 @@ import { CheckpointVoter } from './checkpoint_voter.js';
 import { SequencerInterruptedError } from './errors.js';
 import { SequencerState } from './utils.js';
 /** How much time to sleep while waiting for min transactions to accumulate for a block */ const TXS_POLLING_MS = 500;
+const ARCHIVER_SYNC_POLLING_MS = 200;
 _dec = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.execute'), _dec1 = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.proposeCheckpoint', function() {
     return {
         // nullish operator needed for tests
         [Attributes.COINBASE]: this.validatorClient.getCoinbaseForAttestor(this.attestorAddress)?.toString(),
-        [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: this.slot
+        [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: this.targetSlot
     };
-}), _dec2 = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.buildBlocksForCheckpoint'), _dec3 = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.waitUntilNextSubslot'), _dec4 = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.buildSingleBlock'), _dec5 = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.waitForMinTxs'), _dec6 = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.waitForAttestations'), _dec7 = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.waitUntilTimeInSlot');
+}), _dec2 = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.buildBlocksForCheckpoint'), _dec3 = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.waitUntilNextSubslot'), _dec4 = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.buildSingleBlock'), _dec5 = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.waitForMinTxs'), _dec6 = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.waitForAttestations');
 /**
  * Handles the execution of a checkpoint proposal after the initial preparation phase.
  * This includes building blocks, collecting attestations, and publishing the checkpoint to L1,
  * as well as enqueueing votes for slashing and governance proposals. This class is created from
  * the Sequencer once the check for being the proposer for the slot has succeeded.
  */ export class CheckpointProposalJob {
-    epoch;
-    slot;
+    targetSlot;
+    targetEpoch;
     checkpointNumber;
     syncedToBlockNumber;
+    checkpointedCheckpointNumber;
     proposer;
     publisher;
     attestorAddress;
@@ -488,15 +492,19 @@ _dec = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.execute'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Checkpoint
     checkpointsBuilder;
     blockSink;
     l1Constants;
+    signatureContext;
     config;
     timetable;
     slasherClient;
     epochCache;
     dateProvider;
     metrics;
+    checkpointMetrics;
     eventEmitter;
+    pendingRequests;
     setStateFn;
     tracer;
+    proposedCheckpointData;
     static{
         ({ e: [_initProto] } = _apply_decs_2203_r(this, [
             [
@@ -533,21 +541,31 @@ _dec = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.execute'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Checkpoint
                 _dec6,
                 2,
                 "waitForAttestations"
-            ],
-            [
-                _dec7,
-                2,
-                "waitUntilTimeInSlot"
             ]
         ], []));
     }
     log;
-    constructor(epoch, slot, checkpointNumber, syncedToBlockNumber, // TODO(palla/mbps): Can we remove the proposer in favor of attestorAddress? Need to check fisherman-node flows.
-    proposer, publisher, attestorAddress, invalidateCheckpoint, validatorClient, globalsBuilder, p2pClient, worldState, l1ToL2MessageSource, l2BlockSource, checkpointsBuilder, blockSink, l1Constants, config, timetable, slasherClient, epochCache, dateProvider, metrics, eventEmitter, setStateFn, tracer, bindings){
-        this.epoch = epoch;
-        this.slot = slot;
+    checkpointEventLog;
+    interruptibleSleep;
+    interrupted;
+    /**
+   * Chain state overrides built once per slot in proposeCheckpoint after the checkpoint is
+   * complete. Carries the pending parent override (archive + slot + fee header) for pipelining,
+   * or the invalidation pending override when rolling back. Consumed by
+   * publisher.validateBlockHeader before broadcast.
+   */ checkpointSimulationOverridesPlan;
+    getSignatureContext() {
+        return this.signatureContext;
+    }
+    constructor(targetSlot, targetEpoch, checkpointNumber, syncedToBlockNumber, checkpointedCheckpointNumber, // TODO(palla/mbps): Can we remove the proposer in favor of attestorAddress? Need to check fisherman-node flows.
+    proposer, publisher, attestorAddress, invalidateCheckpoint, validatorClient, globalsBuilder, p2pClient, worldState, l1ToL2MessageSource, l2BlockSource, checkpointsBuilder, blockSink, l1Constants, signatureContext, config, timetable, slasherClient, epochCache, dateProvider, metrics, checkpointMetrics, eventEmitter, // Shared with the owning sequencer, which drains it during shutdown; the fire-and-forget L1
+    // submission this job backgrounds is tracked here rather than in a job-local tracker.
+    pendingRequests, setStateFn, tracer, bindings, proposedCheckpointData){
+        this.targetSlot = targetSlot;
+        this.targetEpoch = targetEpoch;
         this.checkpointNumber = checkpointNumber;
         this.syncedToBlockNumber = syncedToBlockNumber;
+        this.checkpointedCheckpointNumber = checkpointedCheckpointNumber;
         this.proposer = proposer;
         this.publisher = publisher;
         this.attestorAddress = attestorAddress;
@@ -561,58 +579,351 @@ _dec = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.execute'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Checkpoint
         this.checkpointsBuilder = checkpointsBuilder;
         this.blockSink = blockSink;
         this.l1Constants = l1Constants;
+        this.signatureContext = signatureContext;
         this.config = config;
         this.timetable = timetable;
         this.slasherClient = slasherClient;
         this.epochCache = epochCache;
         this.dateProvider = dateProvider;
         this.metrics = metrics;
+        this.checkpointMetrics = checkpointMetrics;
         this.eventEmitter = eventEmitter;
+        this.pendingRequests = pendingRequests;
         this.setStateFn = setStateFn;
         this.tracer = tracer;
-        _initProto(this);
+        this.proposedCheckpointData = proposedCheckpointData;
+        this.interruptibleSleep = (_initProto(this), new InterruptibleSleep());
+        this.interrupted = false;
         this.log = createLogger('sequencer:checkpoint-proposal', {
             ...bindings,
-            instanceId: `slot-${slot}`
+            instanceId: `slot-${this.getBuildSlot()}`
+        });
+        this.checkpointEventLog = createLogger('sequencer:checkpoint-events', {
+            ...bindings,
+            instanceId: `slot-${this.getBuildSlot()}`
+        });
+    }
+    /**
+   * The wall-clock slot during which this job builds, i.e. the slot one before {@link targetSlot} under
+   * proposer pipelining. Also the slot of the parent checkpoint this job builds on top of.
+   */ getBuildSlot() {
+        return SlotNumber(this.targetSlot - PROPOSER_PIPELINING_SLOT_OFFSET);
+    }
+    /**
+   * Sets the sequencer state for this job, reporting the target slot the checkpoint is being proposed for
+   * (not the wall-clock build slot). The slot is informational on the event payload/metrics; the job knows
+   * its own target slot, so callers only pass the state.
+   */ setState(state) {
+        this.setStateFn(state, this.targetSlot);
+    }
+    /** Interrupts job-owned waits, including the publisher's send-at-slot sleep, so shutdown can finish. */ interrupt() {
+        this.interrupted = true;
+        this.interruptibleSleep.interrupt(true);
+        this.publisher.interrupt();
+    }
+    async awaitInterruptibleSleep(ms) {
+        if (this.interrupted) {
+            throw new SequencerInterruptedError();
+        }
+        if (ms <= 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            await this.interruptibleSleep.sleep(ms);
+        } catch (err) {
+            if (err instanceof InterruptError) {
+                throw new SequencerInterruptedError();
+            }
+            throw err;
+        }
+    }
+    logCheckpointEvent(eventName, message, fields) {
+        this.checkpointEventLog.debug(message, {
+            eventName: `sequencer-checkpoint-${eventName}`,
+            ...fields
         });
     }
     /**
    * Executes the checkpoint proposal job.
-   * Returns the published checkpoint if successful, undefined otherwise.
+   * Builds blocks, assembles checkpoint, and broadcasts the proposal (blocking).
+   * Attestation collection, signing, and L1 submission are backgrounded so the
+   * work loop can return to IDLE immediately for consecutive slot proposals.
+   * Returns the built checkpoint if successful, undefined otherwise.
    */ async execute() {
         // Enqueue governance and slashing votes (returns promises that will be awaited later)
         // In fisherman mode, we simulate slashing but don't actually publish to L1
         // These are constant for the whole slot, so we only enqueue them once
-        const votesPromises = new CheckpointVoter(this.slot, this.publisher, this.attestorAddress, this.validatorClient, this.slasherClient, this.l1Constants, this.config, this.metrics, this.log).enqueueVotes();
-        // Build and propose the checkpoint. This will enqueue the request on the publisher if a checkpoint is built.
-        const checkpoint = await this.proposeCheckpoint();
-        // Wait until the voting promises have resolved, so all requests are enqueued (not sent)
-        await Promise.all(votesPromises);
-        if (checkpoint) {
-            this.metrics.recordBlockProposalSuccess();
+        const votesPromises = new CheckpointVoter(this.targetSlot, this.publisher, this.attestorAddress, this.validatorClient, this.slasherClient, this.l1Constants, this.config, this.metrics, this.log).enqueueVotes();
+        // Build blocks, assemble checkpoint, and broadcast proposal (BLOCKING).
+        // Returns after broadcast — attestation collection is deferred.
+        const broadcast = await this.proposeCheckpoint();
+        if (!broadcast) {
+            await Promise.all(votesPromises);
+            // Still submit votes even without a checkpoint.
+            // Under proposer pipelining, vote-offenses signatures are EIP-712-bound to `targetSlot`
+            // (the pipelined slot in which the multicall is expected to mine). Submitting at the
+            // wall-clock time would let the multicall mine in a different L2 slot, causing
+            // signature verification to fail silently inside Multicall3. Delay submission to the
+            // start of `targetSlot` so the tx mines in the slot the vote was signed for.
+            if (!this.config.fishermanMode) {
+                this.pendingRequests.trackRequest(this.publisher.sendRequestsAt(this.targetSlot), ()=>this.interrupt());
+            }
+            return undefined;
         }
+        const { checkpoint } = broadcast;
+        this.metrics.recordCheckpointProposalSuccess();
         // Do not post anything to L1 if we are fishermen, but do perform L1 fee analysis
         if (this.config.fishermanMode) {
             await this.handleCheckpointEndAsFisherman(checkpoint);
-            return;
+            return checkpoint;
         }
-        // Then send everything to L1
-        const l1Response = await this.publisher.sendRequests();
-        const proposedAction = l1Response?.successfulActions.find((a)=>a === 'propose');
-        if (proposedAction) {
-            this.eventEmitter.emit('checkpoint-published', {
-                checkpoint: this.checkpointNumber,
-                slot: this.slot
+        // Background the attestation → signing → L1 pipeline so the work loop is unblocked
+        this.pendingRequests.trackRequest(this.waitForAttestationsAndEnqueueSubmissionAsync(broadcast, votesPromises), ()=>this.interrupt());
+        // Return the built checkpoint immediately — the work loop is now unblocked
+        return checkpoint;
+    }
+    /**
+   * Background pipeline: collects attestations, signs them, enqueues the checkpoint, and submits to L1.
+   * Runs as a fire-and-forget task tracked in the sequencer's shared tracker so the work loop is unblocked.
+   */ async waitForAttestationsAndEnqueueSubmissionAsync(broadcast, votesPromises) {
+        const { checkpoint } = broadcast;
+        try {
+            // Wait for all votes actions, enqueued at the beginning, to resolve
+            await Promise.all(votesPromises);
+            // Try to collect attestations from the committee
+            const signedAttestations = await this.getSignedCommitteeAttestations(broadcast);
+            // Wait for the previous checkpoint to land on L1 before submitting, so we can check it
+            // matches the proposed checkpoint we used as parent, and has valid attestations.
+            if (signedAttestations && await this.waitForValidParentCheckpointOnL1()) {
+                await this.enqueueCheckpointForSubmission({
+                    checkpoint,
+                    ...signedAttestations
+                });
+            }
+            // If we failed to collect attestations, at least check if we need to issue an invalidation
+            if (!signedAttestations && await this.waitForSyncedL2SlotNumber(this.getBuildSlot())) {
+                const validationStatus = await this.l2BlockSource.getPendingChainValidationStatus();
+                if (!validationStatus.valid) {
+                    this.log.warn(`Checkpoint ${validationStatus.checkpoint.checkpointNumber} has invalid attestations, enqueuing invalidation in spite of attestation collection failure`, {
+                        checkpoint: validationStatus.checkpoint,
+                        reason: validationStatus.reason
+                    });
+                    await this.enqueueInvalidation(validationStatus);
+                }
+            }
+            // Send whatever was enqueued: votes + (propose | invalidation | nothing).
+            const l1Response = await this.publisher.sendRequestsAt(this.targetSlot);
+            const proposedAction = l1Response?.successfulActions.find((a)=>a === 'propose');
+            if (proposedAction) {
+                this.logCheckpointEvent('published', `Checkpoint published for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+                    slot: this.targetSlot,
+                    checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                    successfulActions: l1Response?.successfulActions,
+                    sentActions: l1Response?.sentActions
+                });
+                this.eventEmitter.emit('checkpoint-published', {
+                    checkpoint: this.checkpointNumber,
+                    slot: this.targetSlot
+                });
+                const coinbase = checkpoint.header.coinbase;
+                await this.metrics.incFilledSlot(this.publisher.getSenderAddress().toString(), coinbase);
+            } else {
+                this.logCheckpointEvent('publish-failed', `Checkpoint publish failed for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+                    slot: this.targetSlot,
+                    checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                    successfulActions: l1Response?.successfulActions,
+                    failedActions: l1Response?.failedActions,
+                    sentActions: l1Response?.sentActions,
+                    expiredActions: l1Response?.expiredActions,
+                    reason: 'propose_action_not_successful'
+                });
+                this.log.warn(`Checkpoint publish failed for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+                    slot: this.targetSlot,
+                    checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                    successfulActions: l1Response?.successfulActions,
+                    failedActions: l1Response?.failedActions,
+                    sentActions: l1Response?.sentActions,
+                    expiredActions: l1Response?.expiredActions,
+                    reason: 'propose_action_not_successful'
+                });
+                this.eventEmitter.emit('checkpoint-publish-failed', {
+                    ...l1Response,
+                    slot: this.targetSlot
+                });
+                this.metrics.recordPipelineDiscard();
+            }
+        } catch (err) {
+            if (err instanceof SequencerInterruptedError) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.logCheckpointEvent('publish-failed', `Checkpoint publish failed for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+                slot: this.targetSlot,
+                checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                reason: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
+            });
+            this.log.error(`Background attestation/L1 pipeline failed for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, err, {
+                slot: this.targetSlot,
+                checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                reason: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
             });
-            const coinbase = checkpoint?.header.coinbase;
-            await this.metrics.incFilledSlot(this.publisher.getSenderAddress().toString(), coinbase);
-            return checkpoint;
-        } else if (checkpoint) {
             this.eventEmitter.emit('checkpoint-publish-failed', {
-                ...l1Response,
-                slot: this.slot
+                slot: this.targetSlot
+            });
+            this.metrics.recordPipelineDiscard();
+        }
+    }
+    /** Enqueues the checkpoint for L1 submission. Called after pipeline sleep in execute(). */ async enqueueCheckpointForSubmission(result) {
+        const { checkpoint, attestations, attestationsSignature } = result;
+        this.setState(SequencerState.PUBLISHING_CHECKPOINT);
+        // Latest L1 block the propose can still land in for the target slot: the last Ethereum block inside
+        // the target slot (`target_slot_start + S - E`). This is one ethereum slot later than
+        // `attestation_deadline` (= last_ethereum_block_in_target_slot - E), which bounds when validators must
+        // have signed, not when the proposer must have sent. Using the attestation deadline here is too tight:
+        // attestations are collected up to (and, when not enforcing, past) it, so the propose tx would be
+        // enqueued already expired and time out before it can mine.
+        const lastL1BlockInTargetSlot = Number(getTimestampForSlot(this.targetSlot, this.l1Constants)) + this.l1Constants.slotDuration - this.l1Constants.ethereumSlotDuration;
+        const txTimeoutAt = new Date(lastL1BlockInTargetSlot * 1000);
+        // If we have been configured to potentially skip publishing checkpoint then roll the dice here
+        if (this.config.skipPublishingCheckpointsPercent !== undefined && this.config.skipPublishingCheckpointsPercent > 0) {
+            const roll = Math.max(0, randomInt(100));
+            if (roll < this.config.skipPublishingCheckpointsPercent) {
+                this.log.warn(`Skipping publishing proposal for checkpoint ${checkpoint.number}. Configured percentage: ${this.config.skipPublishingCheckpointsPercent}, generated value: ${roll}`);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        await this.publisher.enqueueProposeCheckpoint(checkpoint, attestations, attestationsSignature, {
+            txTimeoutAt
+        });
+    }
+    /**
+   * Wait until the archiver syncs past the given L2 slot number.
+   * The deadline is the end of `this.targetSlot`, beyond which any pipelined work would miss its
+   * L1 submission window and is no longer useful.
+   */ async waitForSyncedL2SlotNumber(waitForSlot) {
+        const targetSlotStart = Number(getTimestampForSlot(this.targetSlot, this.l1Constants));
+        const targetSlotEndMs = (targetSlotStart + this.l1Constants.slotDuration) * 1000;
+        const syncDelayTolerance = this.l1Constants.ethereumSlotDuration * 2 * 1000;
+        const timeoutSeconds = Math.max(0.1, (targetSlotEndMs + syncDelayTolerance - this.dateProvider.now()) / 1000);
+        try {
+            const timer = new Timer();
+            while(true){
+                const syncedSlot = await this.l2BlockSource.getSyncedL2SlotNumber();
+                if (syncedSlot !== undefined && syncedSlot >= waitForSlot) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+                if (timeoutSeconds && timer.s() > timeoutSeconds) {
+                    throw new TimeoutError(`Timeout awaiting archiver sync past slot ${waitForSlot}`);
+                }
+                await this.awaitInterruptibleSleep(ARCHIVER_SYNC_POLLING_MS);
+            }
+        } catch (err) {
+            if (err instanceof SequencerInterruptedError) {
+                throw err;
+            }
+            this.log.warn(`Archiver did not sync L1 past slot ${waitForSlot} before slot ${this.targetSlot} expired, discarding pipelined work`, {
+                checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber
+            });
+            this.emitPipelinedCheckpointDiscarded('archiver-sync-timeout');
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+   * Waits for the parent checkpoint to land on L1 before submitting a pipelined checkpoint.
+   * Polls until the archiver has synced L1 past the parent's slot, then verifies:
+   * - If we built on a proposed parent: it must have landed on L1 with matching hash and valid attestations.
+   * - If we built without a proposed parent: no new checkpoint must have appeared for that slot.
+   * If the parent has invalid attestations, enqueues an invalidation. Returns whether to proceed with the proposal.
+   */ async waitForValidParentCheckpointOnL1() {
+        if (this.config.skipWaitForValidParentCheckpointOnL1) {
+            this.log.warn(`Skipping waitForValidParentCheckpointOnL1 due to test configuration`, {
+                checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber
+            });
+            return true;
+        }
+        const parentCheckpointNumber = CheckpointNumber(this.checkpointNumber - 1);
+        // Wait until archiver has synced L1 past the parent's slot (the build slot, one before targetSlot)
+        if (!await this.waitForSyncedL2SlotNumber(this.getBuildSlot())) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        const tips = await this.l2BlockSource.getL2Tips();
+        const checkpointedNumber = tips.checkpointed.checkpoint.number;
+        // We built on top of a proposed checkpoint. Verify it landed on L1 as expected.
+        if (this.proposedCheckpointData) {
+            // After syncing from L1 we see the chain tip has invalid attestations. This means the parent checkpoint was posted
+            // with invalid attestations, or it built on top of something with invalid attestations and didnt invalidate them.
+            // Either way, we thought our parent would be valid, so we have to throw away our work. But at least we'll try and
+            // invalidate on L1 so we clean up the chain for the next proposer. And we'll slash them, but that's handled elsewhere.
+            const validationStatus = await this.l2BlockSource.getPendingChainValidationStatus();
+            if (!validationStatus.valid) {
+                this.log.warn(`Parent checkpoint ${parentCheckpointNumber} has invalid attestations, discarding pipelined work`, {
+                    checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                    reason: validationStatus.reason
+                });
+                this.emitPipelinedCheckpointDiscarded('parent-invalid-attestations');
+                await this.enqueueInvalidation(validationStatus);
+                return false;
+            }
+            // The pending chain is valid. But did the parent checkpoint land on L1 at all?
+            if (checkpointedNumber < parentCheckpointNumber) {
+                this.log.warn(`Parent checkpoint ${parentCheckpointNumber} did not land on L1, discarding pipelined work`, {
+                    checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                    checkpointedNumber
+                });
+                this.emitPipelinedCheckpointDiscarded('parent-not-on-l1');
+                return false;
+            }
+            // It landed. But is it the one we were expecting?
+            const expectedHash = this.proposedCheckpointData.header.hash().toString();
+            if (tips.checkpointed.checkpoint.hash !== expectedHash) {
+                this.log.warn(`Parent checkpoint ${parentCheckpointNumber} hash mismatch on L1, discarding pipelined work`, {
+                    checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                    expectedHash,
+                    actualHash: tips.checkpointed.checkpoint.hash
+                });
+                this.emitPipelinedCheckpointDiscarded('parent-hash-mismatch');
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            // We didn't see a proposed checkpoint at build time, so we built on checkpointed parent from two slots ago.
+            // But if a new checkpoint for the previous slot appeared on L1 in the meantime, our checkpoint assumed the wrong parent,
+            // so we have to discard our work. This can happen if we're somehow cut off from p2p and fail to see the checkpoint
+            // proposal for the previous slot.
+            if (checkpointedNumber > parentCheckpointNumber) {
+                this.log.warn(`Unexpected checkpoint ${checkpointedNumber} landed on L1 after we built on top of parent ${parentCheckpointNumber}, discarding pipelined work`, {
+                    checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                    checkpointedNumber
+                });
+                this.emitPipelinedCheckpointDiscarded('unexpected-parent-appeared');
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    /** Emits the pipelined-checkpoint-discarded event and records the metric. */ emitPipelinedCheckpointDiscarded(reason) {
+        this.metrics.recordPipelineParentCheckpointMismatch(reason);
+        this.eventEmitter.emit('pipelined-checkpoint-discarded', {
+            slot: this.targetSlot,
+            checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+            reason
+        });
+    }
+    /** Simulates and enqueues an invalidation request for the invalid parent checkpoint. */ async enqueueInvalidation(validationStatus) {
+        if (this.config.skipInvalidateBlockAsProposer) {
+            this.log.warn(`Skipping checkpoint invalidation as proposer due to test configuration`);
+            return;
+        }
+        const invalidateRequest = await this.publisher.simulateInvalidateCheckpoint(validationStatus);
+        if (invalidateRequest) {
+            const submissionSlotStart = Number(getTimestampForSlot(this.targetSlot, this.l1Constants));
+            const txTimeoutAt = new Date((submissionSlotStart + this.l1Constants.slotDuration) * 1000);
+            this.publisher.enqueueInvalidateCheckpoint(invalidateRequest, {
+                txTimeoutAt
+            });
+        } else {
+            this.log.info(`Invalidation simulation returned undefined, checkpoint may have been removed already`, {
+                checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber
             });
-            return undefined;
         }
     }
     async proposeCheckpoint() {
@@ -623,29 +934,75 @@ _dec = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.execute'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Checkpoint
                 hasError: false
             };
             try {
+                const now = this.dateProvider.now();
+                if (this.proposedCheckpointData) {
+                    // Measure against the wall-clock slot whose build window we are currently using.
+                    // In pipelining mode `targetSlot` is intentionally one slot ahead, which makes the
+                    // target-slot boundary a full slot away from the actual build start time.
+                    const slotBoundaryMs = Number(getTimestampForSlot(this.getBuildSlot(), this.l1Constants)) * 1000;
+                    this.checkpointMetrics.recordPipelinedCheckpointBuildStartOffsetFromSlotBoundary(now - slotBoundaryMs);
+                }
+                this.checkpointMetrics.startCheckpointTiming(now);
                 // Get operator configured coinbase and fee recipient for this attestor
                 const coinbase = this.validatorClient.getCoinbaseForAttestor(this.attestorAddress);
                 const feeRecipient = this.validatorClient.getFeeRecipientForAttestor(this.attestorAddress);
                 // Start the checkpoint
-                this.setStateFn(SequencerState.INITIALIZING_CHECKPOINT, this.slot);
-                this.metrics.incOpenSlot(this.slot, this.proposer?.toString() ?? 'unknown');
+                this.setState(SequencerState.INITIALIZING_CHECKPOINT);
+                this.logCheckpointEvent('slot-started', `Starting checkpoint proposal for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+                    buildSlot: this.getBuildSlot(),
+                    submissionSlot: this.targetSlot,
+                    slot: this.targetSlot,
+                    checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                    proposer: this.proposer?.toString(),
+                    attestorAddress: this.attestorAddress.toString(),
+                    publisherAddress: this.publisher.getSenderAddress().toString(),
+                    coinbase: coinbase.toString()
+                });
+                this.metrics.incOpenSlot(this.targetSlot, this.proposer?.toString() ?? 'unknown');
                 // Enqueues checkpoint invalidation (constant for the whole slot)
                 if (this.invalidateCheckpoint && !this.config.skipInvalidateBlockAsProposer) {
                     this.publisher.enqueueInvalidateCheckpoint(this.invalidateCheckpoint);
                 }
-                // Create checkpoint builder for the slot
-                const checkpointGlobalVariables = await this.globalsBuilder.buildCheckpointGlobalVariables(coinbase, feeRecipient, this.slot);
+                // Build the simulation plan for this slot. When pipelining, this overrides L1's view of
+                // pending/archive/fee-header to "as if the proposed parent had landed", so both the
+                // mana-min-fee simulation (in the globals builder) and the pre-broadcast
+                // validateBlockHeader see the chain tip the eventual L1 send will see.
+                this.checkpointSimulationOverridesPlan = await buildCheckpointSimulationOverridesPlan({
+                    checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                    proposedCheckpointData: this.proposedCheckpointData,
+                    invalidateToPendingCheckpointNumber: this.invalidateCheckpoint?.forcePendingCheckpointNumber,
+                    checkpointedCheckpointNumber: this.checkpointedCheckpointNumber,
+                    rollup: this.publisher.rollupContract,
+                    signatureContext: this.signatureContext,
+                    log: this.log
+                });
+                const checkpointGlobalVariables = await this.globalsBuilder.buildCheckpointGlobalVariables(coinbase, feeRecipient, this.targetSlot, this.checkpointSimulationOverridesPlan);
                 // Collect L1 to L2 messages for the checkpoint and compute their hash
                 const l1ToL2Messages = await this.l1ToL2MessageSource.getL1ToL2Messages(this.checkpointNumber);
                 const inHash = computeInHashFromL1ToL2Messages(l1ToL2Messages);
-                // Collect the out hashes of all the checkpoints before this one in the same epoch
-                const previousCheckpoints = (await this.l2BlockSource.getCheckpointsForEpoch(this.epoch)).filter((c)=>c.number < this.checkpointNumber);
-                const previousCheckpointOutHashes = previousCheckpoints.map((c)=>c.getCheckpointOutHash());
+                // Collect the out hashes of all the checkpoints before this one in the same epoch.
+                // Under pipelining the parent checkpoint may not be on L1 yet at build time, so the helper
+                // splices in the parent's checkpointOutHash from the locally-known proposed checkpoint so
+                // the resulting `epochOutHash` matches what validators (and L1) compute once the parent
+                // lands on L1.
+                const previousCheckpointOutHashes = await getPreviousCheckpointOutHashes({
+                    blockSource: this.l2BlockSource,
+                    epoch: this.targetEpoch,
+                    checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                    l1Constants: this.epochCache.getL1Constants(),
+                    pipeliningEnabled: true,
+                    proposedCheckpointData: this.proposedCheckpointData,
+                    log: this.log
+                });
+                // Anchor the modifier to the predicted parent fee header: L1 will apply it against
+                // that, not against the latest published checkpoint (which lags by one under pipelining).
+                const predictedParentEthPerFeeAssetE12 = this.checkpointSimulationOverridesPlan?.pendingCheckpointState?.feeHeader?.ethPerFeeAsset;
+                const feeAssetPriceModifier = await this.publisher.getFeeAssetPriceModifier(predictedParentEthPerFeeAssetE12);
                 const fork = _ts_add_disposable_resource(env, await this.worldState.fork(this.syncedToBlockNumber, {
                     closeDelayMs: 12_000
-                }), false);
+                }), true);
                 // Create checkpoint builder for the entire slot
-                const checkpointBuilder = await this.checkpointsBuilder.startCheckpoint(this.checkpointNumber, checkpointGlobalVariables, l1ToL2Messages, previousCheckpointOutHashes, fork, this.log.getBindings());
+                const checkpointBuilder = await this.checkpointsBuilder.startCheckpoint(this.checkpointNumber, checkpointGlobalVariables, feeAssetPriceModifier, l1ToL2Messages, previousCheckpointOutHashes, fork, this.log.getBindings());
                 // Options for the validator client when creating block and checkpoint proposals
                 const blockProposalOptions = {
                     publishFullTxs: !!this.config.publishTxsWithProposals,
@@ -653,10 +1010,11 @@ _dec = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.execute'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Checkpoint
                 };
                 const checkpointProposalOptions = {
                     publishFullTxs: !!this.config.publishTxsWithProposals,
-                    broadcastInvalidCheckpointProposal: this.config.broadcastInvalidBlockProposal
+                    broadcastInvalidCheckpointProposal: this.config.broadcastInvalidCheckpointProposalOnly || this.config.broadcastInvalidBlockProposal
                 };
                 let blocksInCheckpoint = [];
                 let blockPendingBroadcast = undefined;
+                const checkpointBuildTimer = new Timer();
                 try {
                     // Main loop: build blocks for the checkpoint
                     const result = await this.buildBlocksForCheckpoint(checkpointBuilder, checkpointGlobalVariables.timestamp, inHash, blockProposalOptions);
@@ -666,107 +1024,162 @@ _dec = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.execute'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Checkpoint
                     // These errors are expected in HA mode, so we yield and let another HA node handle the slot
                     // The only distinction between the 2 errors is SlashingProtectionError throws when the payload is different,
                     // which is normal for block building (may have picked different txs)
-                    if (err instanceof DutyAlreadySignedError) {
-                        this.log.info(`Checkpoint proposal for slot ${this.slot} already signed by another HA node, yielding`, {
-                            slot: this.slot,
-                            signedByNode: err.signedByNode
-                        });
-                        return undefined;
-                    }
-                    if (err instanceof SlashingProtectionError) {
-                        this.log.info(`Checkpoint proposal for slot ${this.slot} blocked by slashing protection, yielding`, {
-                            slot: this.slot,
-                            existingMessageHash: err.existingMessageHash,
-                            attemptedMessageHash: err.attemptedMessageHash
-                        });
+                    if (this.handleHASigningError(err, 'Block proposal')) {
                         return undefined;
                     }
                     throw err;
                 }
                 if (blocksInCheckpoint.length === 0) {
-                    this.log.warn(`No blocks were built for slot ${this.slot}`, {
-                        slot: this.slot
+                    this.logCheckpointEvent('build-failed', `Checkpoint build failed for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+                        slot: this.targetSlot,
+                        checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                        reason: 'no_blocks_built'
+                    });
+                    this.log.warn(`No blocks were built for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+                        slot: this.targetSlot,
+                        checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                        reason: 'no_blocks_built'
                     });
                     this.eventEmitter.emit('checkpoint-empty', {
-                        slot: this.slot
+                        slot: this.targetSlot
+                    });
+                    return undefined;
+                }
+                const minBlocksForCheckpoint = this.config.minBlocksForCheckpoint;
+                if (minBlocksForCheckpoint !== undefined && blocksInCheckpoint.length < minBlocksForCheckpoint) {
+                    this.logCheckpointEvent('build-failed', `Checkpoint build failed for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+                        slot: this.targetSlot,
+                        checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                        blocksBuilt: blocksInCheckpoint.length,
+                        minBlocksForCheckpoint,
+                        reason: 'min_blocks_not_met'
+                    });
+                    this.log.warn(`Checkpoint has fewer blocks than minimum (${blocksInCheckpoint.length} < ${minBlocksForCheckpoint}), skipping proposal`, {
+                        slot: this.targetSlot,
+                        checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                        blocksBuilt: blocksInCheckpoint.length,
+                        minBlocksForCheckpoint,
+                        reason: 'min_blocks_not_met'
                     });
                     return undefined;
                 }
                 // Assemble and broadcast the checkpoint proposal, including the last block that was not
                 // broadcasted yet, and wait to collect the committee attestations.
-                this.setStateFn(SequencerState.ASSEMBLING_CHECKPOINT, this.slot);
+                this.setState(SequencerState.ASSEMBLING_CHECKPOINT);
                 const checkpoint = await checkpointBuilder.completeCheckpoint();
-                // Do not collect attestations nor publish to L1 in fisherman mode
+                // Final validation: per-block limits are only checked if the operator set them explicitly.
+                // Otherwise, checkpoint-level budgets were already enforced by the redistribution logic.
+                try {
+                    validateCheckpoint(checkpoint, {
+                        rollupManaLimit: this.l1Constants.rollupManaLimit,
+                        maxL2BlockGas: this.config.maxL2BlockGas,
+                        maxDABlockGas: this.config.maxDABlockGas,
+                        maxTxsPerBlock: this.config.maxTxsPerBlock,
+                        maxTxsPerCheckpoint: this.config.maxTxsPerCheckpoint
+                    });
+                } catch (err) {
+                    this.logCheckpointEvent('build-failed', `Checkpoint build failed for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+                        slot: this.targetSlot,
+                        checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                        blocksBuilt: blocksInCheckpoint.length,
+                        reason: 'invalid_checkpoint',
+                        checkpoint: checkpoint.header.toInspect()
+                    });
+                    this.log.error(`Built an invalid checkpoint at slot ${this.targetSlot} (skipping proposal)`, err, {
+                        slot: this.targetSlot,
+                        checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                        blocksBuilt: blocksInCheckpoint.length,
+                        reason: 'invalid_checkpoint',
+                        checkpoint: checkpoint.header.toInspect()
+                    });
+                    return undefined;
+                }
+                // Record checkpoint-level build metrics
+                this.checkpointMetrics.recordCheckpointBuild(checkpointBuildTimer.ms(), blocksInCheckpoint.length, checkpoint.getStats().txCount, Number(checkpoint.header.totalManaUsed.toBigInt()));
+                this.logCheckpointEvent('built', `Checkpoint built for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+                    slot: this.targetSlot,
+                    buildSlot: this.getBuildSlot(),
+                    checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                    proposer: this.proposer?.toString(),
+                    attestorAddress: this.attestorAddress.toString(),
+                    publisherAddress: this.publisher.getSenderAddress().toString(),
+                    blocksBuilt: blocksInCheckpoint.length,
+                    txCount: checkpoint.getStats().txCount,
+                    totalMana: Number(checkpoint.header.totalManaUsed.toBigInt())
+                });
+                // In fisherman mode, return the checkpoint without broadcasting or collecting attestations
                 if (this.config.fishermanMode) {
-                    this.log.info(`Built checkpoint for slot ${this.slot} with ${blocksInCheckpoint.length} blocks. ` + `Skipping proposal in fisherman mode.`, {
-                        slot: this.slot,
+                    this.log.info(`Built checkpoint for slot ${this.targetSlot} with ${blocksInCheckpoint.length} blocks. ` + `Skipping proposal in fisherman mode.`, {
+                        slot: this.targetSlot,
                         checkpoint: checkpoint.header.toInspect(),
                         blocksBuilt: blocksInCheckpoint.length
                     });
                     this.metrics.recordCheckpointSuccess();
-                    return checkpoint;
+                    // Return a broadcast result with a dummy proposal — fisherman mode skips attestation collection
+                    return {
+                        checkpoint,
+                        proposal: undefined,
+                        blockProposedAt: this.dateProvider.now()
+                    };
                 }
-                // Include the block pending broadcast in the checkpoint proposal if any
-                const lastBlock = blockPendingBroadcast && {
-                    blockHeader: blockPendingBroadcast.block.header,
-                    indexWithinCheckpoint: blockPendingBroadcast.block.indexWithinCheckpoint,
-                    txs: blockPendingBroadcast.txs
-                };
-                // Create the checkpoint proposal and broadcast it
-                const proposal = await this.validatorClient.createCheckpointProposal(checkpoint.header, checkpoint.archive.root, lastBlock, this.proposer, checkpointProposalOptions);
-                const blockProposedAt = this.dateProvider.now();
-                await this.p2pClient.broadcastCheckpointProposal(proposal);
-                this.setStateFn(SequencerState.COLLECTING_ATTESTATIONS, this.slot);
-                const attestations = await this.waitForAttestations(proposal);
-                const blockAttestedAt = this.dateProvider.now();
-                this.metrics.recordCheckpointAttestationDelay(blockAttestedAt - blockProposedAt);
-                // Proposer must sign over the attestations before pushing them to L1
-                const signer = this.proposer ?? this.publisher.getSenderAddress();
-                let attestationsSignature;
+                // Validate the header against L1 state before broadcasting.
+                // If this fails the slot is aborted before any gossip work; state drift between here
+                // and the eventual L1 send is caught by the bundle simulate at send time.
                 try {
-                    attestationsSignature = await this.validatorClient.signAttestationsAndSigners(attestations, signer, this.slot, this.checkpointNumber);
+                    await this.publisher.validateBlockHeader(checkpoint.header, this.checkpointSimulationOverridesPlan);
                 } catch (err) {
-                    // We shouldn't really get here since we yield to another HA node
-                    // as soon as we see these errors when creating block proposals.
-                    if (err instanceof DutyAlreadySignedError) {
-                        this.log.info(`Attestations signature for slot ${this.slot} already signed by another HA node, yielding`, {
-                            slot: this.slot,
-                            signedByNode: err.signedByNode
-                        });
-                        return undefined;
-                    }
-                    if (err instanceof SlashingProtectionError) {
-                        this.log.info(`Attestations signature for slot ${this.slot} blocked by slashing protection, yielding`, {
-                            slot: this.slot,
-                            existingMessageHash: err.existingMessageHash,
-                            attemptedMessageHash: err.attemptedMessageHash
-                        });
-                        return undefined;
+                    this.log.error(`Pre-broadcast header validation failed for slot ${this.targetSlot}; aborting`, err, {
+                        slot: this.targetSlot,
+                        checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber
+                    });
+                    this.metrics.recordCheckpointProposalFailed('header_validation_failed');
+                    this.eventEmitter.emit('header-validation-failed', {
+                        slot: this.targetSlot,
+                        checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                        reason: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
+                    });
+                    return undefined;
+                }
+                // Create the checkpoint proposal and broadcast it
+                const proposal = await this.validatorClient.createCheckpointProposal(checkpoint.header, checkpoint.archive.root, this.checkpointNumber, feeAssetPriceModifier, blockPendingBroadcast, this.proposer, checkpointProposalOptions);
+                // Advance our own optimistic proposed-checkpoint tip locally before gossiping. Gossipsub
+                // doesn't echo our own messages back, so this is how the proposer makes its own proposed
+                // checkpoint visible for pipelining the next slot. Built from local checkpoint data — never
+                // from the broadcast proposal archive, which may be deliberately corrupted under test flags.
+                // Fail closed: if this throws, the outer catch aborts the slot before gossiping.
+                await this.syncProposedCheckpointToArchiver(checkpoint, blocksInCheckpoint.length, feeAssetPriceModifier);
+                const blockProposedAt = this.dateProvider.now();
+                if (this.config.skipBroadcastCheckpointProposal) {
+                    // Test-only: suppress the CheckpointProposal so peers never see a proposed checkpoint for
+                    // this slot, but still broadcast the held last block standalone so peers' archivers ingest
+                    // it as a proposed-but-uncheckpointed tip — the exact orphan-block state that
+                    // pruneOrphanProposedBlocks / checkSync must handle.
+                    if (blockPendingBroadcast && !this.config.skipBroadcastProposals) {
+                        await this.p2pClient.broadcastProposal(blockPendingBroadcast);
                     }
-                    throw err;
+                } else if (!this.config.skipBroadcastProposals) {
+                    await this.p2pClient.broadcastCheckpointProposal(proposal);
+                    this.checkpointMetrics.noteCheckpointBroadcast(this.dateProvider.now());
                 }
-                // Enqueue publishing the checkpoint to L1
-                this.setStateFn(SequencerState.PUBLISHING_CHECKPOINT, this.slot);
-                const aztecSlotDuration = this.l1Constants.slotDuration;
-                const slotStartBuildTimestamp = this.getSlotStartBuildTimestamp();
-                const txTimeoutAt = new Date((slotStartBuildTimestamp + aztecSlotDuration) * 1000);
-                await this.publisher.enqueueProposeCheckpoint(checkpoint, attestations, attestationsSignature, {
-                    txTimeoutAt,
-                    forcePendingCheckpointNumber: this.invalidateCheckpoint?.forcePendingCheckpointNumber
-                });
-                return checkpoint;
+                // Return immediately after broadcast — attestation collection happens in the background
+                return {
+                    checkpoint,
+                    proposal,
+                    blockProposedAt
+                };
             } catch (e) {
                 env.error = e;
                 env.hasError = true;
             } finally{
-                _ts_dispose_resources(env);
+                const result = _ts_dispose_resources(env);
+                if (result) await result;
             }
         } catch (err) {
             if (err && (err instanceof DutyAlreadySignedError || err instanceof SlashingProtectionError)) {
                 // swallow this error. It's already been logged by a function deeper in the stack
                 return undefined;
             }
-            this.log.error(`Error building checkpoint at slot ${this.slot}`, err);
+            this.log.error(`Error building checkpoint at slot ${this.targetSlot}`, err);
             return undefined;
         }
     }
@@ -776,21 +1189,27 @@ _dec = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.execute'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Checkpoint
         const blocksInCheckpoint = [];
         const txHashesAlreadyIncluded = new Set();
         const initialBlockNumber = BlockNumber(this.syncedToBlockNumber + 1);
-        // Remaining blob fields available for blocks (checkpoint end marker already subtracted)
-        let remainingBlobFields = BLOBS_PER_CHECKPOINT * FIELDS_PER_BLOB - NUM_CHECKPOINT_END_MARKER_FIELDS;
         // Last block in the checkpoint will usually be flagged as pending broadcast, so we send it along with the checkpoint proposal
         let blockPendingBroadcast = undefined;
         while(true){
             const blocksBuilt = blocksInCheckpoint.length;
-            const indexWithinCheckpoint = blocksBuilt;
+            const indexWithinCheckpoint = IndexWithinCheckpoint(blocksBuilt);
             const blockNumber = BlockNumber(initialBlockNumber + blocksBuilt);
-            const secondsIntoSlot = this.getSecondsIntoSlot();
-            const timingInfo = this.timetable.canStartNextBlock(secondsIntoSlot);
+            if (blocksBuilt >= this.config.maxBlocksPerCheckpoint) {
+                this.log.debug(`Reached max blocks per checkpoint`, {
+                    slot: this.targetSlot,
+                    blocksBuilt,
+                    maxBlocksPerCheckpoint: this.config.maxBlocksPerCheckpoint
+                });
+                break;
+            }
+            const nowSeconds = this.dateProvider.now() / 1000;
+            const timingInfo = this.timetable.selectNextSubslot(this.targetSlot, nowSeconds);
             if (!timingInfo.canStart) {
                 this.log.debug(`Not enough time left in slot to start another block`, {
-                    slot: this.slot,
+                    slot: this.targetSlot,
                     blocksBuilt,
-                    secondsIntoSlot
+                    nowSeconds
                 });
                 break;
             }
@@ -799,71 +1218,69 @@ _dec = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.execute'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Checkpoint
                 blockTimestamp: timestamp,
                 // Create an empty block if we haven't already and this is the last one
                 forceCreate: timingInfo.isLastBlock && blocksBuilt === 0 && this.config.buildCheckpointIfEmpty,
-                // Build deadline is only set if we are enforcing the timetable
-                buildDeadline: timingInfo.deadline ? new Date((this.getSlotStartBuildTimestamp() + timingInfo.deadline) * 1000) : undefined,
+                buildDeadline: new Date(timingInfo.deadline * 1000),
                 blockNumber,
                 indexWithinCheckpoint,
-                txHashesAlreadyIncluded,
-                remainingBlobFields
+                txHashesAlreadyIncluded
             });
-            if (!buildResult && timingInfo.isLastBlock) {
-                break;
-            } else if (!buildResult && timingInfo.deadline !== undefined) {
-                // But if there is still time for more blocks, wait until the next subslot and try again
+            // If we failed to build the block due to insufficient txs, we try again if there is still time left in the slot
+            if ('failure' in buildResult) {
+                // If this was the last subslot, we're done.
+                if (timingInfo.isLastBlock) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                // Otherwise, if there is still time for more blocks, we wait until the next subslot and try again
                 await this.waitUntilNextSubslot(timingInfo.deadline);
                 continue;
-            } else if (!buildResult) {
-                break;
-            } else if ('error' in buildResult) {
-                // If there was an error building the block, just exit the loop and give up the rest of the slot
+            }
+            // If there was an error building the block, we just exit the loop and give up the rest of the slot.
+            // We don't want to risk building more blocks if something went wrong.
+            if ('error' in buildResult) {
                 if (!(buildResult.error instanceof SequencerInterruptedError)) {
-                    this.log.warn(`Halting block building for slot ${this.slot}`, {
-                        slot: this.slot,
+                    this.log.warn(`Halting block building for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+                        slot: this.targetSlot,
                         blocksBuilt,
                         error: buildResult.error
                     });
                 }
                 break;
             }
-            const { block, usedTxs, remainingBlobFields: newRemainingBlobFields } = buildResult;
-            blocksInCheckpoint.push(block);
-            // Update remaining blob fields for the next block
-            remainingBlobFields = newRemainingBlobFields;
-            // Sync the proposed block to the archiver to make it available
-            // Note that the checkpoint builder uses its own fork so it should not need to wait for this syncing
-            // Eventually we should refactor the checkpoint builder to not need a separate long-lived fork
-            // Fire and forget - don't block the critical path, but log errors
-            this.syncProposedBlockToArchiver(block).catch((err)=>{
-                this.log.error(`Failed to sync proposed block ${block.number} to archiver`, {
-                    blockNumber: block.number,
-                    err
-                });
+            const { block, usedTxs } = buildResult;
+            this.checkpointMetrics.noteCheckpointBlockBuilt(this.dateProvider.now(), {
+                isFirstBlock: blocksBuilt === 0,
+                isLastBlock: timingInfo.isLastBlock
             });
+            blocksInCheckpoint.push(block);
             usedTxs.forEach((tx)=>txHashesAlreadyIncluded.add(tx.txHash.toString()));
-            // If this is the last block, exit the loop now so we start collecting attestations
+            // Sign the block proposal. This will throw if HA signing fails.
+            const proposal = await this.createBlockProposal(block, inHash, usedTxs, {
+                ...blockProposalOptions,
+                broadcastInvalidBlockProposal: blockProposalOptions.broadcastInvalidBlockProposal || block.indexWithinCheckpoint === this.config.invalidBlockProposalIndexWithinCheckpoint
+            });
+            // Sync the proposed block to the archiver to make it available, only after we've managed to sign the proposal,
+            // so we avoid polluting our archive with a block that would fail.
+            // We wait for the sync to succeed, as this helps catch consistency errors, even if it means we lose some time for block-building.
+            // If this throws, we abort the entire checkpoint.
+            await this.syncProposedBlockToArchiver(block);
+            // If this is the last block, do not broadcast it, since it will be included in the checkpoint proposal.
             if (timingInfo.isLastBlock) {
-                this.log.verbose(`Completed final block ${blockNumber} for slot ${this.slot}`, {
-                    slot: this.slot,
+                this.log.verbose(`Completed final block ${blockNumber} for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+                    slot: this.targetSlot,
                     blockNumber,
                     blocksBuilt
                 });
-                blockPendingBroadcast = {
-                    block,
-                    txs: usedTxs
-                };
+                blockPendingBroadcast = proposal;
                 break;
             }
-            // For non-last blocks, broadcast the block proposal (unless we're in fisherman mode)
-            // If the block is the last one, we'll broadcast it along with the checkpoint at the end of the loop
-            if (!this.config.fishermanMode) {
-                const proposal = await this.validatorClient.createBlockProposal(block.header, block.indexWithinCheckpoint, inHash, block.archive.root, usedTxs, this.proposer, blockProposalOptions);
+            // Once we have a signed proposal and the archiver agreed with our proposed block, then we broadcast it.
+            if (proposal && !this.config.skipBroadcastProposals) {
                 await this.p2pClient.broadcastProposal(proposal);
             }
             // Wait until the next block's start time
             await this.waitUntilNextSubslot(timingInfo.deadline);
         }
-        this.log.verbose(`Block building loop completed for slot ${this.slot}`, {
-            slot: this.slot,
+        this.log.verbose(`Block building loop completed for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+            slot: this.targetSlot,
             blocksBuilt: blocksInCheckpoint.length
         });
         return {
@@ -871,115 +1288,167 @@ _dec = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.execute'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Checkpoint
             blockPendingBroadcast
         };
     }
-    /** Sleeps until it is time to produce the next block in the slot */ async waitUntilNextSubslot(nextSubslotStart) {
-        this.setStateFn(SequencerState.WAITING_UNTIL_NEXT_BLOCK, this.slot);
-        this.log.verbose(`Waiting until time for the next block at ${nextSubslotStart}s into slot`, {
-            slot: this.slot
+    /** Creates a block proposal for a given block via the validator client (unless in fisherman mode) */ createBlockProposal(block, inHash, usedTxs, blockProposalOptions) {
+        if (this.config.fishermanMode) {
+            this.log.info(`Skipping block proposal for block ${block.number} in fisherman mode`);
+            return Promise.resolve(undefined);
+        }
+        return this.validatorClient.createBlockProposal(block.header, this.checkpointNumber, block.indexWithinCheckpoint, inHash, block.archive.root, usedTxs, this.proposer, blockProposalOptions);
+    }
+    /**
+   * Sleeps until it is time to produce the next block in the slot.
+   * @param nextSubslotStart - Absolute wall-clock timestamp in seconds of the previous sub-slot deadline.
+   */ async waitUntilNextSubslot(nextSubslotStart) {
+        this.setState(SequencerState.WAITING_UNTIL_NEXT_BLOCK);
+        this.log.verbose(`Waiting until time for the next block at ${nextSubslotStart}s`, {
+            slot: this.targetSlot
         });
-        await this.waitUntilTimeInSlot(nextSubslotStart);
+        await this.awaitInterruptibleSleep(Math.max(0, nextSubslotStart * 1000 - this.dateProvider.now()));
     }
     /** Builds a single block. Called from the main block building loop. */ async buildSingleBlock(checkpointBuilder, opts) {
-        const { blockTimestamp, forceCreate, blockNumber, indexWithinCheckpoint, buildDeadline, txHashesAlreadyIncluded, remainingBlobFields } = opts;
-        this.log.verbose(`Preparing block ${blockNumber} index ${indexWithinCheckpoint} at checkpoint ${this.checkpointNumber} for slot ${this.slot}`, {
+        const { blockTimestamp, forceCreate, blockNumber, indexWithinCheckpoint, buildDeadline, txHashesAlreadyIncluded } = opts;
+        this.log.verbose(`Preparing block ${blockNumber} index ${indexWithinCheckpoint} at checkpoint ${this.checkpointNumber} for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
             ...checkpointBuilder.getConstantData(),
             ...opts
         });
         try {
             // Wait until we have enough txs to build the block
-            const minTxs = this.config.minTxsPerBlock;
-            const { availableTxs, canStartBuilding } = await this.waitForMinTxs(opts);
+            const { canStartBuilding, minTxs } = await this.waitForMinTxs(opts);
             if (!canStartBuilding) {
-                this.log.warn(`Not enough txs to build block ${blockNumber} at index ${indexWithinCheckpoint} in slot ${this.slot} (got ${availableTxs} txs but needs ${minTxs})`, {
+                this.logCheckpointEvent('block-build-failed', `Block build failed for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+                    reason: 'insufficient_txs',
                     blockNumber,
-                    slot: this.slot,
-                    indexWithinCheckpoint
+                    slot: this.targetSlot,
+                    checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                    indexWithinCheckpoint,
+                    minTxs
+                });
+                this.log.verbose(`Not enough age-eligible txs to build block ${blockNumber} at index ${indexWithinCheckpoint} in slot ${this.targetSlot} (needs ${minTxs} eligible)`, {
+                    reason: 'insufficient_txs',
+                    blockNumber,
+                    slot: this.targetSlot,
+                    checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                    indexWithinCheckpoint,
+                    minTxs
                 });
                 this.eventEmitter.emit('block-tx-count-check-failed', {
                     minTxs,
-                    availableTxs,
-                    slot: this.slot
+                    slot: this.targetSlot
                 });
                 this.metrics.recordBlockProposalFailed('insufficient_txs');
-                return undefined;
+                return {
+                    failure: 'insufficient-txs'
+                };
             }
             // Create iterator to pending txs. We filter out txs already included in previous blocks in the checkpoint
             // just in case p2p failed to sync the provisional block and didn't get to remove those txs from the mempool yet.
-            const pendingTxs = filter(this.p2pClient.iteratePendingTxs(), (tx)=>!txHashesAlreadyIncluded.has(tx.txHash.toString()));
-            this.log.debug(`Building block ${blockNumber} at index ${indexWithinCheckpoint} for slot ${this.slot} with ${availableTxs} available txs`, {
-                slot: this.slot,
+            // Block building only executes txs, so we skip loading their proofs unless these same tx objects get attached
+            // to the broadcasted proposals via publishTxsWithProposals.
+            const pendingTxs = filter(this.p2pClient.iterateEligiblePendingTxs({
+                includeProof: !!this.config.publishTxsWithProposals
+            }), (tx)=>!txHashesAlreadyIncluded.has(tx.txHash.toString()));
+            this.log.debug(`Building block ${blockNumber} at index ${indexWithinCheckpoint} for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+                slot: this.targetSlot,
                 blockNumber,
                 indexWithinCheckpoint
             });
-            this.setStateFn(SequencerState.CREATING_BLOCK, this.slot);
-            // Calculate blob fields limit for txs (remaining capacity - this block's end overhead)
-            const blockEndOverhead = getNumBlockEndBlobFields(indexWithinCheckpoint === 0);
-            const maxBlobFieldsForTxs = remainingBlobFields - blockEndOverhead;
+            this.setState(SequencerState.CREATING_BLOCK);
+            // Per-block limits are operator overrides (from SEQ_MAX_L2_BLOCK_GAS etc.) further capped
+            // by remaining checkpoint-level budgets inside CheckpointBuilder before each block is built.
+            // minValidTxs is passed into the builder so it can reject the block *before* updating state.
+            const minValidTxs = forceCreate ? 0 : this.config.minValidTxsPerBlock ?? minTxs;
             const blockBuilderOptions = {
                 maxTransactions: this.config.maxTxsPerBlock,
-                maxBlockSize: this.config.maxBlockSizeInBytes,
-                maxBlockGas: new Gas(this.config.maxDABlockGas, this.config.maxL2BlockGas),
-                maxBlobFields: maxBlobFieldsForTxs,
-                deadline: buildDeadline
+                maxBlockGas: this.config.maxL2BlockGas !== undefined || this.config.maxDABlockGas !== undefined ? new Gas(this.config.maxDABlockGas ?? Infinity, this.config.maxL2BlockGas ?? Infinity) : undefined,
+                deadline: buildDeadline,
+                isBuildingProposal: true,
+                minValidTxs,
+                maxBlocksPerCheckpoint: this.timetable.getMaxBlocksPerCheckpoint(),
+                perBlockAllocationMultiplier: this.config.perBlockAllocationMultiplier,
+                perBlockDAAllocationMultiplier: this.config.perBlockDAAllocationMultiplier
             };
-            // Actually build the block by executing txs
-            const workTimer = new Timer();
-            const { publicGas, block, publicProcessorDuration, numTxs, blockBuildingTimer, usedTxs, failedTxs, usedTxBlobFields } = await checkpointBuilder.buildBlock(pendingTxs, blockNumber, blockTimestamp, blockBuilderOptions);
-            const blockBuildDuration = workTimer.ms();
+            // Actually build the block by executing txs. The builder throws InsufficientValidTxsError
+            // if the number of successfully processed txs is below minValidTxs, ensuring state is not
+            // updated for blocks that will be discarded.
+            const buildResult = await this.buildSingleBlockWithCheckpointBuilder(checkpointBuilder, pendingTxs, blockNumber, blockTimestamp, blockBuilderOptions);
             // If any txs failed during execution, drop them from the mempool so we don't pick them up again
-            await this.dropFailedTxsFromP2P(failedTxs);
-            // Check if we have created a block with enough txs. If there were invalid txs in the pool, or if execution took
-            // too long, then we may not get to minTxsPerBlock after executing public functions.
-            const minValidTxs = this.config.minValidTxsPerBlock ?? minTxs;
-            if (!forceCreate && numTxs < minValidTxs) {
-                this.log.warn(`Block ${blockNumber} at index ${indexWithinCheckpoint} on slot ${this.slot} has too few valid txs to be proposed (got ${numTxs} but required ${minValidTxs})`, {
-                    slot: this.slot,
+            await this.dropFailedTxsFromP2P(buildResult.failedTxs);
+            if (buildResult.status === 'insufficient-valid-txs') {
+                this.logCheckpointEvent('block-build-failed', `Block build failed for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+                    reason: 'insufficient_valid_txs',
+                    slot: this.targetSlot,
+                    checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
                     blockNumber,
-                    numTxs,
-                    indexWithinCheckpoint
+                    numTxs: buildResult.processedCount,
+                    indexWithinCheckpoint,
+                    minValidTxs
                 });
-                this.eventEmitter.emit('block-tx-count-check-failed', {
-                    minTxs: minValidTxs,
-                    availableTxs: numTxs,
-                    slot: this.slot
+                this.log.warn(`Block ${blockNumber} at index ${indexWithinCheckpoint} on slot ${this.targetSlot} has too few valid txs to be proposed`, {
+                    reason: 'insufficient_valid_txs',
+                    slot: this.targetSlot,
+                    checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                    blockNumber,
+                    numTxs: buildResult.processedCount,
+                    indexWithinCheckpoint,
+                    minValidTxs
+                });
+                this.eventEmitter.emit('block-build-failed', {
+                    reason: `Insufficient valid txs`,
+                    slot: this.targetSlot
                 });
                 this.metrics.recordBlockProposalFailed('insufficient_valid_txs');
-                return undefined;
+                return {
+                    failure: 'insufficient-valid-txs'
+                };
             }
             // Block creation succeeded, emit stats and metrics
+            const { block, publicProcessorDuration, usedTxs, blockBuildDuration, numTxs } = buildResult;
             const blockStats = {
                 eventName: 'l2-block-built',
                 duration: blockBuildDuration,
                 publicProcessDuration: publicProcessorDuration,
-                rollupCircuitsDuration: blockBuildingTimer.ms(),
                 ...block.getStats()
             };
             const blockHash = await block.hash();
             const txHashes = block.body.txEffects.map((tx)=>tx.txHash);
-            const manaPerSec = publicGas.l2Gas / (blockBuildDuration / 1000);
-            this.log.info(`Built block ${block.number} at checkpoint ${this.checkpointNumber} for slot ${this.slot} with ${numTxs} txs`, {
+            const manaPerSec = block.header.totalManaUsed.toNumberUnsafe() / (blockBuildDuration / 1000);
+            this.log.info(`Built block ${block.number} at checkpoint ${this.checkpointNumber} for slot ${this.targetSlot} with ${numTxs} txs`, {
                 blockHash,
                 txHashes,
                 manaPerSec,
                 ...blockStats
             });
+            // `slot` is the target/submission slot (may be one ahead when pipelining),
+            // `buildSlot` is the wall-clock slot during which the block was actually built.
             this.eventEmitter.emit('block-proposed', {
                 blockNumber: block.number,
-                slot: this.slot
+                blockHash,
+                checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                indexWithinCheckpoint: block.indexWithinCheckpoint,
+                slot: this.targetSlot,
+                buildSlot: this.getBuildSlot()
             });
-            this.metrics.recordBuiltBlock(blockBuildDuration, publicGas.l2Gas);
+            this.metrics.recordBuiltBlock(blockBuildDuration, block.header.totalManaUsed.toNumberUnsafe(), this.targetSlot);
             return {
                 block,
-                usedTxs,
-                remainingBlobFields: maxBlobFieldsForTxs - usedTxBlobFields
+                usedTxs
             };
         } catch (err) {
             this.eventEmitter.emit('block-build-failed', {
                 reason: err.message,
-                slot: this.slot
+                slot: this.targetSlot
+            });
+            this.logCheckpointEvent('block-build-failed', `Block build failed for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+                reason: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+                slot: this.targetSlot,
+                checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                blockNumber
             });
             this.log.error(`Error building block`, err, {
-                blockNumber,
-                slot: this.slot
+                reason: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+                slot: this.targetSlot,
+                checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+                blockNumber
             });
             this.metrics.recordBlockProposalFailed(err.name || 'unknown_error');
             this.metrics.recordFailedBlock();
@@ -988,43 +1457,90 @@ _dec = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.execute'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Checkpoint
             };
         }
     }
+    /** Uses the checkpoint builder to build a block, catching InsufficientValidTxsError. */ async buildSingleBlockWithCheckpointBuilder(checkpointBuilder, pendingTxs, blockNumber, blockTimestamp, blockBuilderOptions) {
+        try {
+            const workTimer = new Timer();
+            const result = await checkpointBuilder.buildBlock(pendingTxs, blockNumber, blockTimestamp, blockBuilderOptions);
+            const blockBuildDuration = workTimer.ms();
+            return {
+                ...result,
+                blockBuildDuration,
+                status: 'success'
+            };
+        } catch (err) {
+            if (isErrorClass(err, InsufficientValidTxsError)) {
+                return {
+                    failedTxs: err.failedTxs,
+                    processedCount: err.processedCount,
+                    status: 'insufficient-valid-txs'
+                };
+            }
+            throw err;
+        }
+    }
     /** Waits until minTxs are available on the pool for building a block. */ async waitForMinTxs(opts) {
-        const minTxs = this.config.minTxsPerBlock;
         const { indexWithinCheckpoint, blockNumber, buildDeadline, forceCreate } = opts;
-        // Deadline is undefined if we are not enforcing the timetable, meaning we'll exit immediately when out of time
-        const startBuildingDeadline = buildDeadline ? new Date(buildDeadline.getTime() - this.timetable.minExecutionTime * 1000) : undefined;
-        let availableTxs = await this.p2pClient.getPendingTxCount();
-        while(!forceCreate && availableTxs < minTxs){
+        // We only allow a block with 0 txs in the first block of the checkpoint
+        const minTxs = indexWithinCheckpoint > 0 && this.config.minTxsPerBlock === 0 ? 1 : this.config.minTxsPerBlock;
+        // Latest time to keep waiting for txs: wait_for_txs_deadline = block_build_deadline(k) - min_block_duration.
+        const startBuildingDeadline = buildDeadline ? new Date(buildDeadline.getTime() - this.timetable.minBlockDuration * 1000) : undefined;
+        // Gate on age-eligible txs so we don't start building on txs the builder would then filter out for being
+        // too fresh. hasEligiblePendingTxs early-exits once minTxs are eligible instead of counting the whole pool.
+        while(!forceCreate && !await this.p2pClient.hasEligiblePendingTxs(minTxs)){
             // If we're past deadline, or we have no deadline, give up
             const now = this.dateProvider.nowAsDate();
             if (startBuildingDeadline === undefined || now >= startBuildingDeadline) {
                 return {
                     canStartBuilding: false,
-                    availableTxs: availableTxs
+                    minTxs
                 };
             }
             // Wait a bit before checking again
-            this.setStateFn(SequencerState.WAITING_FOR_TXS, this.slot);
-            this.log.verbose(`Waiting for enough txs to build block ${blockNumber} at index ${indexWithinCheckpoint} in slot ${this.slot} (have ${availableTxs} but need ${minTxs})`, {
+            this.setState(SequencerState.WAITING_FOR_TXS);
+            this.log.verbose(`Waiting for ${minTxs} age-eligible txs to build block ${blockNumber} at index ${indexWithinCheckpoint} in slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
                 blockNumber,
-                slot: this.slot,
-                indexWithinCheckpoint
+                slot: this.targetSlot,
+                indexWithinCheckpoint,
+                minTxs
             });
-            await sleep(TXS_POLLING_MS);
-            availableTxs = await this.p2pClient.getPendingTxCount();
+            await this.waitForTxsPollingInterval();
         }
         return {
             canStartBuilding: true,
-            availableTxs
+            minTxs
         };
     }
+    async getSignedCommitteeAttestations(broadcast) {
+        const { proposal, blockProposedAt } = broadcast;
+        this.setState(SequencerState.COLLECTING_ATTESTATIONS);
+        const attestations = await this.waitForAttestations(proposal);
+        if (!attestations) {
+            return undefined;
+        }
+        this.checkpointMetrics.recordCheckpointAttestationDelay(this.dateProvider.now() - blockProposedAt);
+        // Proposer must sign over the attestations before pushing them to L1
+        const signer = this.proposer ?? this.publisher.getSenderAddress();
+        try {
+            const attestationsSignature = await this.validatorClient.signAttestationsAndSigners(attestations, signer, this.targetSlot, this.checkpointNumber);
+            return {
+                attestations,
+                attestationsSignature
+            };
+        } catch (err) {
+            if (this.handleHASigningError(err, 'Attestations signature')) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.log.error(`Error signing attestations for checkpoint proposal at slot ${proposal.slotNumber}`, err);
+            return undefined;
+        }
+    }
     /**
    * Waits for enough attestations to be collected via p2p.
    * This is run after all blocks for the checkpoint have been built.
    */ async waitForAttestations(proposal) {
         if (this.config.fishermanMode) {
             this.log.debug('Skipping attestation collection in fisherman mode');
-            return CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners.empty();
+            return CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners.empty(this.getSignatureContext());
         }
         const slotNumber = proposal.slotNumber;
         const { committee, seed, epoch } = await this.epochCache.getCommittee(slotNumber);
@@ -1032,47 +1548,92 @@ _dec = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.execute'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Checkpoint
             throw new Error('No committee when collecting attestations');
         } else if (committee.length === 0) {
             this.log.verbose(`Attesting committee is empty`);
-            return CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners.empty();
+            return CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners.empty(this.getSignatureContext());
         } else {
             this.log.debug(`Attesting committee length is ${committee.length}`, {
                 committee
             });
         }
-        const numberOfRequiredAttestations = Math.floor(committee.length * 2 / 3) + 1;
+        const numberOfRequiredAttestations = computeQuorum(committee.length);
         if (this.config.skipCollectingAttestations) {
             this.log.warn('Skipping attestation collection as per config (attesting with own keys only)');
-            const attestations = await this.validatorClient?.collectOwnAttestations(proposal);
-            return new CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners(orderAttestations(attestations ?? [], committee));
+            const attestations = await this.validatorClient?.collectOwnAttestations(proposal, this.checkpointNumber);
+            this.logCheckpointAttestations('collected', committee, attestations ?? [], numberOfRequiredAttestations, {
+                reason: 'collect_own_only'
+            });
+            return new CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners(orderAttestations(attestations ?? [], committee), this.getSignatureContext());
         }
-        const attestationTimeAllowed = this.config.enforceTimeTable ? this.timetable.getMaxAllowedTime(SequencerState.PUBLISHING_CHECKPOINT) : this.l1Constants.slotDuration;
-        const attestationDeadline = new Date((this.getSlotStartBuildTimestamp() + attestationTimeAllowed) * 1000);
-        this.metrics.recordRequiredAttestations(numberOfRequiredAttestations, attestationTimeAllowed);
+        // Hard attestation-collection cutoff = the single consensus attestation_deadline (target_slot_start + S - 2E).
+        const attestationDeadlineSeconds = this.timetable.getAttestationDeadline(this.targetSlot);
+        const attestationDeadline = new Date(attestationDeadlineSeconds * 1000);
+        this.metrics.recordRequiredAttestations(numberOfRequiredAttestations, Math.max(0, attestationDeadline.getTime() - this.dateProvider.now()));
         const collectAttestationsTimer = new Timer();
         let collectedAttestationsCount = 0;
         try {
-            const attestations = await this.validatorClient.collectAttestations(proposal, numberOfRequiredAttestations, attestationDeadline);
+            const attestations = await this.validatorClient.collectAttestations(proposal, numberOfRequiredAttestations, attestationDeadline, this.checkpointNumber);
             collectedAttestationsCount = attestations.length;
+            // Trim attestations to minimum required to save L1 calldata gas
+            const localAddresses = this.validatorClient.getValidatorAddresses();
+            const trimmed = trimAttestations(attestations, numberOfRequiredAttestations, this.attestorAddress, localAddresses);
+            if (trimmed.length < attestations.length) {
+                this.log.debug(`Trimmed attestations from ${attestations.length} to ${trimmed.length} for L1 submission`);
+            }
             // Rollup contract requires that the signatures are provided in the order of the committee
-            const sorted = orderAttestations(attestations, committee);
+            const sorted = orderAttestations(trimmed, committee);
+            this.logCheckpointAttestations('collected', committee, attestations, numberOfRequiredAttestations, {
+                submittedCount: trimmed.length
+            });
             // Manipulate the attestations if we've been configured to do so
-            if (this.config.injectFakeAttestation || this.config.shuffleAttestationOrdering) {
+            if (this.config.injectFakeAttestation || this.config.injectHighSValueAttestation || this.config.injectUnrecoverableSignatureAttestation || this.config.injectYParityAttestation || this.config.shuffleAttestationOrdering) {
                 return this.manipulateAttestations(proposal.slotNumber, epoch, seed, committee, sorted);
             }
-            return new CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners(sorted);
+            return new CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners(sorted, this.getSignatureContext());
         } catch (err) {
             if (err && err instanceof AttestationTimeoutError) {
                 collectedAttestationsCount = err.collectedCount;
+                this.logCheckpointAttestations('failed', committee, undefined, numberOfRequiredAttestations, {
+                    collectedCount: collectedAttestationsCount,
+                    reason: 'timeout'
+                });
+                this.log.error(`Timeout while waiting for attestations for checkpoint proposal at slot ${proposal.slotNumber} (collected ${collectedAttestationsCount}/${numberOfRequiredAttestations})`, err);
+            } else {
+                this.logCheckpointAttestations('failed', committee, undefined, numberOfRequiredAttestations, {
+                    collectedCount: collectedAttestationsCount,
+                    reason: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
+                });
+                this.log.error(`Error collecting attestations for checkpoint proposal at slot ${proposal.slotNumber}`, err);
             }
-            throw err;
+            return undefined;
         } finally{
             this.metrics.recordCollectedAttestations(collectedAttestationsCount, collectAttestationsTimer.ms());
         }
     }
+    logCheckpointAttestations(status, committee, attestations, requiredAttestations, opts = {}) {
+        const signedValidators = attestations?.map((attestation)=>attestation.getSender()?.toString()).filter((address)=>address !== undefined) ?? [];
+        const collectedCount = opts.collectedCount ?? new Set(signedValidators).size;
+        const missingValidatorCount = status === 'failed' ? Math.max(0, requiredAttestations - collectedCount) : undefined;
+        this.logCheckpointEvent(`attestations-${status}`, `Checkpoint attestations ${status} for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+            slot: this.targetSlot,
+            checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+            committeeSize: committee.length,
+            requiredAttestations,
+            collectedAttestations: collectedCount,
+            ...opts.submittedCount !== undefined && {
+                submittedAttestations: opts.submittedCount
+            },
+            ...missingValidatorCount !== undefined && {
+                missingValidatorCount
+            },
+            ...opts.reason !== undefined && {
+                reason: opts.reason
+            }
+        });
+    }
     /** Breaks the attestations before publishing based on attack configs */ manipulateAttestations(slotNumber, epoch, seed, committee, attestations) {
         // Compute the proposer index in the committee, since we dont want to tweak it.
         // Otherwise, the L1 rollup contract will reject the block outright.
         const proposerIndex = Number(this.epochCache.computeProposerIndex(slotNumber, epoch, seed, BigInt(committee.length)));
-        if (this.config.injectFakeAttestation) {
+        if (this.config.injectFakeAttestation || this.config.injectHighSValueAttestation || this.config.injectUnrecoverableSignatureAttestation) {
             // Find non-empty attestations that are not from the proposer
             const nonProposerIndices = [];
             for(let i = 0; i < attestations.length; i++){
@@ -1082,28 +1643,55 @@ _dec = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.execute'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Checkpoint
             }
             if (nonProposerIndices.length > 0) {
                 const targetIndex = nonProposerIndices[randomInt(nonProposerIndices.length)];
-                this.log.warn(`Injecting fake attestation in checkpoint for slot ${slotNumber} at index ${targetIndex}`);
-                unfreeze(attestations[targetIndex]).signature = Signature.random();
+                if (this.config.injectHighSValueAttestation) {
+                    this.log.warn(`Injecting high-s value attestation in checkpoint for slot ${slotNumber} at index ${targetIndex}`);
+                    unfreeze(attestations[targetIndex]).signature = flipSignature(attestations[targetIndex].signature);
+                } else if (this.config.injectUnrecoverableSignatureAttestation) {
+                    this.log.warn(`Injecting unrecoverable signature attestation in checkpoint for slot ${slotNumber} at index ${targetIndex}`);
+                    unfreeze(attestations[targetIndex]).signature = generateUnrecoverableSignature();
+                } else {
+                    this.log.warn(`Injecting fake attestation in checkpoint for slot ${slotNumber} at index ${targetIndex}`);
+                    unfreeze(attestations[targetIndex]).signature = generateRecoverableSignature();
+                }
             }
-            return new CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners(attestations);
+            return new CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners(attestations, this.getSignatureContext());
+        }
+        if (this.config.injectYParityAttestation) {
+            // Force every non-proposer signed slot's recovery byte to yParity (v ∈ {0, 1}) form in the packed L1
+            // tuple, after packAttestations has canonicalized it. The proposer's own slot is left canonical so
+            // propose() still passes verifyProposer. Models a malicious proposer landing a checkpoint L1 accepts
+            // but that can never be proven (ECDSA.recover rejects v ∉ {27, 28}).
+            this.log.warn(`Injecting yParity attestations in checkpoint for slot ${slotNumber} (proposer #${proposerIndex})`);
+            return new MaliciousYParityCommitteeAttestationsAndSigners(attestations, proposerIndex, this.getSignatureContext());
         }
         if (this.config.shuffleAttestationOrdering) {
             this.log.warn(`Shuffling attestation ordering in checkpoint for slot ${slotNumber} (proposer #${proposerIndex})`);
             const shuffled = [
                 ...attestations
             ];
-            const [i, j] = [
-                (proposerIndex + 1) % shuffled.length,
-                (proposerIndex + 2) % shuffled.length
-            ];
-            const valueI = shuffled[i];
-            const valueJ = shuffled[j];
-            shuffled[i] = valueJ;
-            shuffled[j] = valueI;
-            const signers = new CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners(attestations).getSigners();
-            return new MaliciousCommitteeAttestationsAndSigners(shuffled, signers);
+            // Find two non-proposer positions that both have non-empty signatures to swap.
+            // This ensures the bitmap doesn't change, so the MaliciousCommitteeAttestationsAndSigners
+            // signers array stays correctly aligned with L1's committee reconstruction.
+            const swappable = [];
+            for(let k = 0; k < shuffled.length; k++){
+                if (!shuffled[k].signature.isEmpty() && k !== proposerIndex) {
+                    swappable.push(k);
+                }
+            }
+            if (swappable.length >= 2) {
+                const [i, j] = [
+                    swappable[0],
+                    swappable[1]
+                ];
+                [shuffled[i], shuffled[j]] = [
+                    shuffled[j],
+                    shuffled[i]
+                ];
+            }
+            const signers = new CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners(attestations, this.getSignatureContext()).getSigners();
+            return new MaliciousCommitteeAttestationsAndSigners(shuffled, signers, this.getSignatureContext());
         }
-        return new CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners(attestations);
+        return new CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners(attestations, this.getSignatureContext());
     }
     async dropFailedTxsFromP2P(failedTxs) {
         if (failedTxs.length === 0) {
@@ -1111,15 +1699,27 @@ _dec = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.execute'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Checkpoint
         }
         const failedTxData = failedTxs.map((fail)=>fail.tx);
         const failedTxHashes = failedTxData.map((tx)=>tx.getTxHash());
-        this.log.verbose(`Dropping failed txs ${failedTxHashes.join(', ')}`);
-        await this.p2pClient.deleteTxs(failedTxHashes);
+        const failures = failedTxs.map((fail)=>({
+                txHash: fail.tx.getTxHash().toString(),
+                reason: fail.error.message
+            }));
+        this.log.warn(`Dropping ${failedTxs.length} txs from mempool due to failures during block building for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+            slot: this.targetSlot,
+            checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+            failures
+        });
+        await this.p2pClient.handleFailedExecution(failedTxHashes);
     }
     /**
    * Adds the proposed block to the archiver so it's available via P2P.
    * Gossip doesn't echo messages back to the sender, so the proposer's archiver/world-state
    * would never receive its own block without this explicit sync.
+   *
+   * In fisherman mode we skip this push: the fisherman builds blocks locally for validation
+   * and fee analysis only, and pushing them to the archiver causes spurious reorg cascades
+   * whenever the real proposer's block arrives from L1.
    */ async syncProposedBlockToArchiver(block) {
-        if (this.config.skipPushProposedBlocksToArchiver !== false) {
+        if (this.config.skipPushProposedBlocksToArchiver || this.config.fishermanMode) {
             this.log.warn(`Skipping push of proposed block ${block.number} to archiver`, {
                 blockNumber: block.number,
                 slot: block.header.globalVariables.slotNumber
@@ -1132,36 +1732,76 @@ _dec = trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.execute'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Checkpoint
         });
         await this.blockSink.addBlock(block);
     }
+    /**
+   * Adds the proposed checkpoint to the archiver so the proposer's optimistic proposed-checkpoint
+   * tip advances locally. Gossip doesn't echo our own messages back, so without this the proposer
+   * would never see its own proposed checkpoint and couldn't pipeline the next slot.
+   *
+   * Skipped whenever proposed blocks aren't pushed (`skipPushProposedBlocksToArchiver`, fisherman
+   * mode): the archiver derives the checkpoint archive from its stored blocks, so without them the
+   * push would fail. All blocks were already added (and awaited) during block building, so this
+   * needs no retry — they are guaranteed present by the time we get here.
+   */ async syncProposedCheckpointToArchiver(checkpoint, blockCount, feeAssetPriceModifier) {
+        if (this.config.skipPushProposedBlocksToArchiver || this.config.fishermanMode) {
+            return;
+        }
+        const startBlock = BlockNumber(this.syncedToBlockNumber + 1);
+        this.log.debug(`Syncing proposed checkpoint ${this.checkpointNumber} to archiver`, {
+            checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+            slot: this.targetSlot,
+            startBlock,
+            blockCount
+        });
+        await this.blockSink.addProposedCheckpoint({
+            header: checkpoint.header,
+            checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+            startBlock,
+            blockCount,
+            totalManaUsed: checkpoint.header.totalManaUsed.toBigInt(),
+            feeAssetPriceModifier
+        });
+    }
     /** Runs fee analysis and logs checkpoint outcome as fisherman */ async handleCheckpointEndAsFisherman(checkpoint) {
         // Perform L1 fee analysis before clearing requests
         // The callback is invoked asynchronously after the next block is mined
-        const feeAnalysis = await this.publisher.analyzeL1Fees(this.slot, (analysis)=>this.metrics.recordFishermanFeeAnalysis(analysis));
+        const feeAnalysis = await this.publisher.analyzeL1Fees(this.targetSlot, (analysis)=>this.metrics.recordFishermanFeeAnalysis(analysis));
         if (checkpoint) {
-            this.log.info(`Validation checkpoint building SUCCEEDED for slot ${this.slot}`, {
+            this.log.info(`Validation checkpoint building SUCCEEDED for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
                 ...checkpoint.toCheckpointInfo(),
                 ...checkpoint.getStats(),
                 feeAnalysisId: feeAnalysis?.id
             });
         } else {
-            this.log.warn(`Validation block building FAILED for slot ${this.slot}`, {
-                slot: this.slot,
+            this.log.warn(`Validation block building FAILED for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+                slot: this.targetSlot,
                 feeAnalysisId: feeAnalysis?.id
             });
-            this.metrics.recordBlockProposalFailed('block_build_failed');
+            this.metrics.recordCheckpointProposalFailed('block_build_failed');
         }
         this.publisher.clearPendingRequests();
     }
-    /** Waits until a specific time within the current slot */ async waitUntilTimeInSlot(targetSecondsIntoSlot) {
-        const slotStartTimestamp = this.getSlotStartBuildTimestamp();
-        const targetTimestamp = slotStartTimestamp + targetSecondsIntoSlot;
-        await sleepUntil(new Date(targetTimestamp * 1000), this.dateProvider.nowAsDate());
-    }
-    getSlotStartBuildTimestamp() {
-        return getSlotStartBuildTimestamp(this.slot, this.l1Constants);
+    /**
+   * Helper to handle HA double-signing errors. Returns true if the error was handled (caller should yield).
+   */ handleHASigningError(err, errorContext) {
+        if (err instanceof DutyAlreadySignedError) {
+            this.log.info(`${errorContext} for slot ${this.targetSlot} already signed by another HA node, yielding`, {
+                slot: this.targetSlot,
+                signedByNode: err.signedByNode
+            });
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (err instanceof SlashingProtectionError) {
+            this.log.info(`${errorContext} for slot ${this.targetSlot} blocked by slashing protection, yielding`, {
+                slot: this.targetSlot,
+                existingMessageHash: err.existingMessageHash,
+                attemptedMessageHash: err.attemptedMessageHash
+            });
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
     }
-    getSecondsIntoSlot() {
-        const slotStartTimestamp = this.getSlotStartBuildTimestamp();
-        return Number((this.dateProvider.now() / 1000 - slotStartTimestamp).toFixed(3));
+    /** Waits the polling interval for transactions. Extracted for test overriding. */ async waitForTxsPollingInterval() {
+        await this.awaitInterruptibleSleep(TXS_POLLING_MS);
     }
     getPublisher() {
         return this.publisher;