@aztec/sequencer-client 0.0.1-commit.9b94fc1 → 0.0.1-commit.9badcec54

package/src/sequencer/checkpoint_proposal_job.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1137 @@
+import type { EpochCache } from '@aztec/epoch-cache';
+import type { SimulationOverridesPlan } from '@aztec/ethereum/contracts';
+import {
+  BlockNumber,
+  CheckpointNumber,
+  EpochNumber,
+  IndexWithinCheckpoint,
+  SlotNumber,
+} from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
+import { randomInt } from '@aztec/foundation/crypto/random';
+import {
+  flipSignature,
+  generateRecoverableSignature,
+  generateUnrecoverableSignature,
+} from '@aztec/foundation/crypto/secp256k1-signer';
+import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
+import { EthAddress } from '@aztec/foundation/eth-address';
+import { Signature } from '@aztec/foundation/eth-signature';
+import { filter } from '@aztec/foundation/iterator';
+import { type Logger, type LoggerBindings, createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
+import { sleep, sleepUntil } from '@aztec/foundation/sleep';
+import { type DateProvider, Timer } from '@aztec/foundation/timer';
+import { type TypedEventEmitter, isErrorClass, unfreeze } from '@aztec/foundation/types';
+import type { P2P } from '@aztec/p2p';
+import type { SlasherClientInterface } from '@aztec/slasher';
+import {
+  CommitteeAttestation,
+  CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners,
+  L2Block,
+  type L2BlockSink,
+  type L2BlockSource,
+  MaliciousCommitteeAttestationsAndSigners,
+} from '@aztec/stdlib/block';
+import { type Checkpoint, type ProposedCheckpointData, validateCheckpoint } from '@aztec/stdlib/checkpoint';
+import { computeQuorum, getSlotStartBuildTimestamp, getTimestampForSlot } from '@aztec/stdlib/epoch-helpers';
+import { Gas } from '@aztec/stdlib/gas';
+import {
+  type BlockBuilderOptions,
+  InsufficientValidTxsError,
+  type ResolvedSequencerConfig,
+  type WorldStateSynchronizer,
+} from '@aztec/stdlib/interfaces/server';
+import { type L1ToL2MessageSource, computeInHashFromL1ToL2Messages } from '@aztec/stdlib/messaging';
+import type {
+  BlockProposal,
+  BlockProposalOptions,
+  CheckpointProposal,
+  CheckpointProposalOptions,
+} from '@aztec/stdlib/p2p';
+import { orderAttestations, trimAttestations } from '@aztec/stdlib/p2p';
+import type { L2BlockBuiltStats } from '@aztec/stdlib/stats';
+import { type FailedTx, Tx } from '@aztec/stdlib/tx';
+import { AttestationTimeoutError } from '@aztec/stdlib/validators';
+import { Attributes, type Traceable, type Tracer, trackSpan } from '@aztec/telemetry-client';
+import { CheckpointBuilder, type FullNodeCheckpointsBuilder, type ValidatorClient } from '@aztec/validator-client';
+import { DutyAlreadySignedError, SlashingProtectionError } from '@aztec/validator-ha-signer/errors';
+
+import type { GlobalVariableBuilder } from '../global_variable_builder/global_builder.js';
+import type { InvalidateCheckpointRequest, SequencerPublisher } from '../publisher/sequencer-publisher.js';
+import {
+  buildPipelinedParentSimulationOverridesPlan,
+  buildSubmissionSimulationOverridesPlan,
+} from './chain_state_overrides.js';
+import type { CheckpointProposalJobMetricsRecorder } from './checkpoint_proposal_job_metrics.js';
+import { CheckpointVoter } from './checkpoint_voter.js';
+import { SequencerInterruptedError } from './errors.js';
+import type { SequencerEvents } from './events.js';
+import type { SequencerMetrics } from './metrics.js';
+import type { SequencerTimetable } from './timetable.js';
+import type { SequencerRollupConstants } from './types.js';
+import { SequencerState } from './utils.js';
+
+/** How much time to sleep while waiting for min transactions to accumulate for a block */
+const TXS_POLLING_MS = 500;
+
+/** Result from proposeCheckpoint when a checkpoint was successfully built and broadcast. */
+type CheckpointProposalBroadcast = {
+  checkpoint: Checkpoint;
+  proposal: CheckpointProposal;
+  blockProposedAt: number;
+};
+
+/** Result after attestation collection and signing, ready for L1 submission. */
+type CheckpointProposalResult = {
+  checkpoint: Checkpoint;
+  attestations: CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners;
+  attestationsSignature: Signature;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Handles the execution of a checkpoint proposal after the initial preparation phase.
+ * This includes building blocks, collecting attestations, and publishing the checkpoint to L1,
+ * as well as enqueueing votes for slashing and governance proposals. This class is created from
+ * the Sequencer once the check for being the proposer for the slot has succeeded.
+ */
+export class CheckpointProposalJob implements Traceable {
+  protected readonly log: Logger;
+
+  /** Tracks the fire-and-forget L1 submission promise so it can be awaited during shutdown. */
+  private pendingL1Submission: Promise<void> | undefined;
+
+  /** Pipelined parent chain state used while building and later submitting this checkpoint. */
+  private pipelinedParentSimulationOverridesPlan?: SimulationOverridesPlan;
+
+  constructor(
+    private readonly slotNow: SlotNumber,
+    private readonly targetSlot: SlotNumber,
+    private readonly targetEpoch: EpochNumber,
+    private readonly checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber,
+    private readonly syncedToBlockNumber: BlockNumber,
+    // TODO(palla/mbps): Can we remove the proposer in favor of attestorAddress? Need to check fisherman-node flows.
+    private readonly proposer: EthAddress | undefined,
+    private readonly publisher: SequencerPublisher,
+    private readonly attestorAddress: EthAddress,
+    private readonly invalidateCheckpoint: InvalidateCheckpointRequest | undefined,
+    private readonly validatorClient: ValidatorClient,
+    private readonly globalsBuilder: GlobalVariableBuilder,
+    private readonly p2pClient: P2P,
+    private readonly worldState: WorldStateSynchronizer,
+    private readonly l1ToL2MessageSource: L1ToL2MessageSource,
+    private readonly l2BlockSource: L2BlockSource,
+    private readonly checkpointsBuilder: FullNodeCheckpointsBuilder,
+    private readonly blockSink: L2BlockSink,
+    private readonly l1Constants: SequencerRollupConstants,
+    protected config: ResolvedSequencerConfig,
+    protected timetable: SequencerTimetable,
+    private readonly slasherClient: SlasherClientInterface | undefined,
+    private readonly epochCache: EpochCache,
+    private readonly dateProvider: DateProvider,
+    private readonly metrics: SequencerMetrics,
+    private readonly checkpointMetrics: CheckpointProposalJobMetricsRecorder,
+    private readonly eventEmitter: TypedEventEmitter<SequencerEvents>,
+    private readonly setStateFn: (state: SequencerState, slot?: SlotNumber) => void,
+    public readonly tracer: Tracer,
+    bindings?: LoggerBindings,
+    private readonly proposedCheckpointData?: ProposedCheckpointData,
+  ) {
+    this.log = createLogger('sequencer:checkpoint-proposal', {
+      ...bindings,
+      instanceId: `slot-${this.slotNow}`,
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** Awaits the pending L1 submission if one is in progress. Call during shutdown. */
+  public async awaitPendingSubmission(): Promise<void> {
+    this.log.info('Awaiting pending L1 payload submission');
+    await this.pendingL1Submission;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Executes the checkpoint proposal job.
+   * Builds blocks, assembles checkpoint, and broadcasts the proposal (blocking).
+   * Attestation collection, signing, and L1 submission are backgrounded so the
+   * work loop can return to IDLE immediately for consecutive slot proposals.
+   * Returns the built checkpoint if successful, undefined otherwise.
+   */
+  @trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.execute')
+  public async execute(): Promise<Checkpoint | undefined> {
+    // Enqueue governance and slashing votes (returns promises that will be awaited later)
+    // In fisherman mode, we simulate slashing but don't actually publish to L1
+    // These are constant for the whole slot, so we only enqueue them once
+    const votesPromises = new CheckpointVoter(
+      this.targetSlot,
+      this.publisher,
+      this.attestorAddress,
+      this.validatorClient,
+      this.slasherClient,
+      this.l1Constants,
+      this.config,
+      this.metrics,
+      this.log,
+    ).enqueueVotes();
+
+    // Build blocks, assemble checkpoint, and broadcast proposal (BLOCKING).
+    // Returns after broadcast — attestation collection is deferred.
+    const broadcast = await this.proposeCheckpoint();
+
+    if (!broadcast) {
+      await Promise.all(votesPromises);
+      // Still submit votes even without a checkpoint
+      if (!this.config.fishermanMode) {
+        this.pendingL1Submission = this.publisher.sendRequestsAt(this.dateProvider.nowAsDate()).then(() => {});
+      }
+      return undefined;
+    }
+
+    const { checkpoint } = broadcast;
+    this.metrics.recordCheckpointProposalSuccess();
+
+    // Do not post anything to L1 if we are fishermen, but do perform L1 fee analysis
+    if (this.config.fishermanMode) {
+      await this.handleCheckpointEndAsFisherman(checkpoint);
+      return checkpoint;
+    }
+
+    // Background the attestation → signing → L1 pipeline so the work loop is unblocked
+    this.pendingL1Submission = this.waitForAttestationsAndEnqueueSubmissionAsync(broadcast, votesPromises);
+
+    // Return the built checkpoint immediately — the work loop is now unblocked
+    return checkpoint;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Background pipeline: collects attestations, signs them, enqueues the checkpoint, and submits to L1.
+   * Runs as a fire-and-forget task stored in `pendingL1Submission` so the work loop is unblocked.
+   */
+  private async waitForAttestationsAndEnqueueSubmissionAsync(
+    broadcast: CheckpointProposalBroadcast,
+    votesPromises: Promise<unknown>[],
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    const { checkpoint, proposal, blockProposedAt } = broadcast;
+    try {
+      await Promise.all(votesPromises);
+
+      this.setStateFn(SequencerState.COLLECTING_ATTESTATIONS, this.targetSlot);
+      const attestations = await this.waitForAttestations(proposal);
+
+      this.checkpointMetrics.recordCheckpointAttestationDelay(this.dateProvider.now() - blockProposedAt);
+
+      // Proposer must sign over the attestations before pushing them to L1
+      const signer = this.proposer ?? this.publisher.getSenderAddress();
+      let attestationsSignature: Signature;
+      try {
+        attestationsSignature = await this.validatorClient.signAttestationsAndSigners(
+          attestations,
+          signer,
+          this.targetSlot,
+          this.checkpointNumber,
+        );
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (this.handleHASigningError(err, 'Attestations signature')) {
+          return;
+        }
+        throw err;
+      }
+
+      // Enqueue the checkpoint for L1 submission
+      await this.enqueueCheckpointForSubmission({ checkpoint, attestations, attestationsSignature });
+
+      // Compute the earliest time to submit: pipeline slot start when pipelining, now otherwise.
+      const submitAfter = this.epochCache.isProposerPipeliningEnabled()
+        ? new Date(Number(getTimestampForSlot(this.targetSlot, this.l1Constants)) * 1000)
+        : new Date(this.dateProvider.now());
+
+      const l1Response = await this.publisher.sendRequestsAt(submitAfter);
+      const proposedAction = l1Response?.successfulActions.find(a => a === 'propose');
+      if (proposedAction) {
+        this.eventEmitter.emit('checkpoint-published', { checkpoint: this.checkpointNumber, slot: this.targetSlot });
+        const coinbase = checkpoint.header.coinbase;
+        await this.metrics.incFilledSlot(this.publisher.getSenderAddress().toString(), coinbase);
+      } else {
+        this.eventEmitter.emit('checkpoint-publish-failed', { ...l1Response, slot: this.targetSlot });
+        if (this.epochCache.isProposerPipeliningEnabled()) {
+          this.metrics.recordPipelineDiscard();
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (err instanceof SequencerInterruptedError) {
+        return;
+      }
+      this.log.error(`Background attestation/L1 pipeline failed for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, err);
+      this.eventEmitter.emit('checkpoint-publish-failed', { slot: this.targetSlot });
+      if (this.epochCache.isProposerPipeliningEnabled()) {
+        this.metrics.recordPipelineDiscard();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Enqueues the checkpoint for L1 submission. Called after pipeline sleep in execute(). */
+  private async enqueueCheckpointForSubmission(result: CheckpointProposalResult): Promise<void> {
+    const { checkpoint, attestations, attestationsSignature } = result;
+
+    this.setStateFn(SequencerState.PUBLISHING_CHECKPOINT, this.targetSlot);
+    const aztecSlotDuration = this.l1Constants.slotDuration;
+    const submissionSlotStart = Number(getTimestampForSlot(this.targetSlot, this.l1Constants));
+    const txTimeoutAt = new Date((submissionSlotStart + aztecSlotDuration) * 1000);
+
+    // If we have been configured to potentially skip publishing checkpoint then roll the dice here
+    if (
+      this.config.skipPublishingCheckpointsPercent !== undefined &&
+      this.config.skipPublishingCheckpointsPercent > 0
+    ) {
+      const roll = Math.max(0, randomInt(100));
+      if (roll < this.config.skipPublishingCheckpointsPercent) {
+        this.log.warn(
+          `Skipping publishing proposal for checkpoint ${checkpoint.number}. Configured percentage: ${this.config.skipPublishingCheckpointsPercent}, generated value: ${roll}`,
+        );
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+
+    const isPipelining = this.epochCache.isProposerPipeliningEnabled();
+    const submissionSimulationOverridesPlan = buildSubmissionSimulationOverridesPlan({
+      pipelinedParentPlan: this.pipelinedParentSimulationOverridesPlan,
+      invalidateToPendingCheckpointNumber: this.invalidateCheckpoint?.forcePendingCheckpointNumber,
+      lastArchiveRoot: checkpoint.header.lastArchiveRoot,
+      pipeliningEnabled: isPipelining,
+    });
+
+    await this.publisher.enqueueProposeCheckpoint(checkpoint, attestations, attestationsSignature, {
+      txTimeoutAt,
+      ...(submissionSimulationOverridesPlan ? { simulationOverridesPlan: submissionSimulationOverridesPlan } : {}),
+    });
+  }
+
+  @trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.proposeCheckpoint', function () {
+    return {
+      // nullish operator needed for tests
+      [Attributes.COINBASE]: this.validatorClient.getCoinbaseForAttestor(this.attestorAddress)?.toString(),
+      [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: this.targetSlot,
+    };
+  })
+  private async proposeCheckpoint(): Promise<CheckpointProposalBroadcast | undefined> {
+    try {
+      const now = this.dateProvider.now();
+      if (this.epochCache.isProposerPipeliningEnabled() && this.proposedCheckpointData) {
+        // Measure against the wall-clock slot whose build window we are currently using.
+        // In pipelining mode `targetSlot` is intentionally one slot ahead, which makes the
+        // target-slot boundary a full slot away from the actual build start time.
+        const slotBoundaryMs = Number(getTimestampForSlot(this.slotNow, this.l1Constants)) * 1000;
+        this.checkpointMetrics.recordPipelinedCheckpointBuildStartOffsetFromSlotBoundary(now - slotBoundaryMs);
+      }
+      this.checkpointMetrics.startCheckpointTiming(now);
+
+      // Get operator configured coinbase and fee recipient for this attestor
+      const coinbase = this.validatorClient.getCoinbaseForAttestor(this.attestorAddress);
+      const feeRecipient = this.validatorClient.getFeeRecipientForAttestor(this.attestorAddress);
+
+      // Start the checkpoint
+      this.setStateFn(SequencerState.INITIALIZING_CHECKPOINT, this.targetSlot);
+      this.log.info(`Starting checkpoint proposal`, {
+        buildSlot: this.slotNow,
+        submissionSlot: this.targetSlot,
+        pipelining: this.epochCache.isProposerPipeliningEnabled(),
+        proposer: this.proposer?.toString(),
+        coinbase: coinbase.toString(),
+      });
+      this.metrics.incOpenSlot(this.targetSlot, this.proposer?.toString() ?? 'unknown');
+
+      // Enqueues checkpoint invalidation (constant for the whole slot)
+      if (this.invalidateCheckpoint && !this.config.skipInvalidateBlockAsProposer) {
+        this.publisher.enqueueInvalidateCheckpoint(this.invalidateCheckpoint);
+      }
+
+      // Create checkpoint builder for the slot.
+      // When pipelining, force the proposed checkpoint number and fee header to our parent so the
+      // fee computation sees the same chain tip that L1 will see once the previous pipelined checkpoint lands.
+      const isPipelining = this.epochCache.isProposerPipeliningEnabled();
+      this.pipelinedParentSimulationOverridesPlan = isPipelining
+        ? await buildPipelinedParentSimulationOverridesPlan({
+            checkpointNumber: this.checkpointNumber,
+            proposedCheckpointData: this.proposedCheckpointData,
+            rollup: this.publisher.rollupContract,
+            log: this.log,
+          })
+        : undefined;
+
+      const checkpointGlobalVariables = await this.globalsBuilder.buildCheckpointGlobalVariables(
+        coinbase,
+        feeRecipient,
+        this.targetSlot,
+        this.pipelinedParentSimulationOverridesPlan,
+      );
+
+      // Collect L1 to L2 messages for the checkpoint and compute their hash
+      const l1ToL2Messages = await this.l1ToL2MessageSource.getL1ToL2Messages(this.checkpointNumber);
+      const inHash = computeInHashFromL1ToL2Messages(l1ToL2Messages);
+
+      // Collect the out hashes of all the checkpoints before this one in the same epoch
+      const previousCheckpointOutHashes = (await this.l2BlockSource.getCheckpointsDataForEpoch(this.targetEpoch))
+        .filter(c => c.checkpointNumber < this.checkpointNumber)
+        .map(c => c.checkpointOutHash);
+
+      // Get the fee asset price modifier from the oracle
+      const feeAssetPriceModifier = await this.publisher.getFeeAssetPriceModifier();
+
+      // Create a long-lived forked world state for the checkpoint builder
+      await using fork = await this.worldState.fork(this.syncedToBlockNumber, { closeDelayMs: 12_000 });
+
+      // Create checkpoint builder for the entire slot
+      const checkpointBuilder = await this.checkpointsBuilder.startCheckpoint(
+        this.checkpointNumber,
+        checkpointGlobalVariables,
+        feeAssetPriceModifier,
+        l1ToL2Messages,
+        previousCheckpointOutHashes,
+        fork,
+        this.log.getBindings(),
+      );
+
+      // Options for the validator client when creating block and checkpoint proposals
+      const blockProposalOptions: BlockProposalOptions = {
+        publishFullTxs: !!this.config.publishTxsWithProposals,
+        broadcastInvalidBlockProposal: this.config.broadcastInvalidBlockProposal,
+      };
+
+      const checkpointProposalOptions: CheckpointProposalOptions = {
+        publishFullTxs: !!this.config.publishTxsWithProposals,
+        broadcastInvalidCheckpointProposal: this.config.broadcastInvalidBlockProposal,
+      };
+
+      let blocksInCheckpoint: L2Block[] = [];
+      let blockPendingBroadcast: BlockProposal | undefined = undefined;
+      const checkpointBuildTimer = new Timer();
+
+      try {
+        // Main loop: build blocks for the checkpoint
+        const result = await this.buildBlocksForCheckpoint(
+          checkpointBuilder,
+          checkpointGlobalVariables.timestamp,
+          inHash,
+          blockProposalOptions,
+        );
+        blocksInCheckpoint = result.blocksInCheckpoint;
+        blockPendingBroadcast = result.blockPendingBroadcast;
+      } catch (err) {
+        // These errors are expected in HA mode, so we yield and let another HA node handle the slot
+        // The only distinction between the 2 errors is SlashingProtectionError throws when the payload is different,
+        // which is normal for block building (may have picked different txs)
+        if (this.handleHASigningError(err, 'Block proposal')) {
+          return undefined;
+        }
+        throw err;
+      }
+
+      if (blocksInCheckpoint.length === 0) {
+        this.log.warn(`No blocks were built for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, { slot: this.targetSlot });
+        this.eventEmitter.emit('checkpoint-empty', { slot: this.targetSlot });
+        return undefined;
+      }
+
+      const minBlocksForCheckpoint = this.config.minBlocksForCheckpoint;
+      if (minBlocksForCheckpoint !== undefined && blocksInCheckpoint.length < minBlocksForCheckpoint) {
+        this.log.warn(
+          `Checkpoint has fewer blocks than minimum (${blocksInCheckpoint.length} < ${minBlocksForCheckpoint}), skipping proposal`,
+          { slot: this.targetSlot, blocksBuilt: blocksInCheckpoint.length, minBlocksForCheckpoint },
+        );
+        return undefined;
+      }
+
+      // Assemble and broadcast the checkpoint proposal, including the last block that was not
+      // broadcasted yet, and wait to collect the committee attestations.
+      this.setStateFn(SequencerState.ASSEMBLING_CHECKPOINT, this.targetSlot);
+      const checkpoint = await checkpointBuilder.completeCheckpoint();
+
+      // Final validation: per-block limits are only checked if the operator set them explicitly.
+      // Otherwise, checkpoint-level budgets were already enforced by the redistribution logic.
+      try {
+        validateCheckpoint(checkpoint, {
+          rollupManaLimit: this.l1Constants.rollupManaLimit,
+          maxL2BlockGas: this.config.maxL2BlockGas,
+          maxDABlockGas: this.config.maxDABlockGas,
+          maxTxsPerBlock: this.config.maxTxsPerBlock,
+          maxTxsPerCheckpoint: this.config.maxTxsPerCheckpoint,
+        });
+      } catch (err) {
+        this.log.error(`Built an invalid checkpoint at slot ${this.slotNow} (skipping proposal)`, err, {
+          checkpoint: checkpoint.header.toInspect(),
+        });
+        return undefined;
+      }
+
+      // Record checkpoint-level build metrics
+      this.checkpointMetrics.recordCheckpointBuild(
+        checkpointBuildTimer.ms(),
+        blocksInCheckpoint.length,
+        checkpoint.getStats().txCount,
+        Number(checkpoint.header.totalManaUsed.toBigInt()),
+      );
+
+      // In fisherman mode, return the checkpoint without broadcasting or collecting attestations
+      if (this.config.fishermanMode) {
+        this.log.info(
+          `Built checkpoint for slot ${this.targetSlot} with ${blocksInCheckpoint.length} blocks. ` +
+            `Skipping proposal in fisherman mode.`,
+          {
+            slot: this.targetSlot,
+            checkpoint: checkpoint.header.toInspect(),
+            blocksBuilt: blocksInCheckpoint.length,
+          },
+        );
+        this.metrics.recordCheckpointSuccess();
+        // Return a broadcast result with a dummy proposal — fisherman mode skips attestation collection
+        return { checkpoint, proposal: undefined!, blockProposedAt: this.dateProvider.now() };
+      }
+
+      // Create the checkpoint proposal and broadcast it
+      const proposal = await this.validatorClient.createCheckpointProposal(
+        checkpoint.header,
+        checkpoint.archive.root,
+        this.checkpointNumber,
+        feeAssetPriceModifier,
+        blockPendingBroadcast,
+        this.proposer,
+        checkpointProposalOptions,
+      );
+
+      const blockProposedAt = this.dateProvider.now();
+      await this.p2pClient.broadcastCheckpointProposal(proposal);
+      this.checkpointMetrics.noteCheckpointBroadcast(this.dateProvider.now());
+
+      // Return immediately after broadcast — attestation collection happens in the background
+      return { checkpoint, proposal, blockProposedAt };
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (err && (err instanceof DutyAlreadySignedError || err instanceof SlashingProtectionError)) {
+        // swallow this error. It's already been logged by a function deeper in the stack
+        return undefined;
+      }
+
+      this.log.error(`Error building checkpoint at slot ${this.targetSlot}`, err);
+      return undefined;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Builds blocks for a checkpoint within the current slot.
+   */
+  @trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.buildBlocksForCheckpoint')
+  private async buildBlocksForCheckpoint(
+    checkpointBuilder: CheckpointBuilder,
+    timestamp: bigint,
+    inHash: Fr,
+    blockProposalOptions: BlockProposalOptions,
+  ): Promise<{
+    blocksInCheckpoint: L2Block[];
+    blockPendingBroadcast: BlockProposal | undefined;
+  }> {
+    const blocksInCheckpoint: L2Block[] = [];
+    const txHashesAlreadyIncluded = new Set<string>();
+    const initialBlockNumber = BlockNumber(this.syncedToBlockNumber + 1);
+
+    // Last block in the checkpoint will usually be flagged as pending broadcast, so we send it along with the checkpoint proposal
+    let blockPendingBroadcast: BlockProposal | undefined = undefined;
+
+    while (true) {
+      const blocksBuilt = blocksInCheckpoint.length;
+      const indexWithinCheckpoint = IndexWithinCheckpoint(blocksBuilt);
+      const blockNumber = BlockNumber(initialBlockNumber + blocksBuilt);
+
+      const secondsIntoSlot = this.getSecondsIntoSlot();
+      const timingInfo = this.timetable.canStartNextBlock(secondsIntoSlot);
+
+      if (!timingInfo.canStart) {
+        this.log.debug(`Not enough time left in slot to start another block`, {
+          slot: this.targetSlot,
+          blocksBuilt,
+          secondsIntoSlot,
+        });
+        break;
+      }
+
+      const buildResult = await this.buildSingleBlock(checkpointBuilder, {
+        // Create all blocks with the same timestamp
+        blockTimestamp: timestamp,
+        // Create an empty block if we haven't already and this is the last one
+        forceCreate: timingInfo.isLastBlock && blocksBuilt === 0 && this.config.buildCheckpointIfEmpty,
+        // Build deadline is only set if we are enforcing the timetable
+        buildDeadline: timingInfo.deadline
+          ? new Date((this.getSlotStartBuildTimestamp() + timingInfo.deadline) * 1000)
+          : undefined,
+        blockNumber,
+        indexWithinCheckpoint,
+        txHashesAlreadyIncluded,
+      });
+
+      // If we failed to build the block due to insufficient txs, we try again if there is still time left in the slot
+      if ('failure' in buildResult) {
+        // If this was the last subslot, or we're running with a single block per slot, we're done
+        if (timingInfo.isLastBlock || timingInfo.deadline === undefined) {
+          break;
+        }
+        // Otherwise, if there is still time for more blocks, we wait until the next subslot and try again
+        await this.waitUntilNextSubslot(timingInfo.deadline);
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      // If there was an error building the block, we just exit the loop and give up the rest of the slot.
+      // We don't want to risk building more blocks if something went wrong.
+      if ('error' in buildResult) {
+        if (!(buildResult.error instanceof SequencerInterruptedError)) {
+          this.log.warn(`Halting block building for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+            slot: this.targetSlot,
+            blocksBuilt,
+            error: buildResult.error,
+          });
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      const { block, usedTxs } = buildResult;
+      this.checkpointMetrics.noteCheckpointBlockBuilt(this.dateProvider.now(), {
+        isFirstBlock: blocksBuilt === 0,
+        isLastBlock: timingInfo.isLastBlock,
+      });
+
+      blocksInCheckpoint.push(block);
+      usedTxs.forEach(tx => txHashesAlreadyIncluded.add(tx.txHash.toString()));
+
+      // Sign the block proposal. This will throw if HA signing fails.
+      const proposal = await this.createBlockProposal(block, inHash, usedTxs, blockProposalOptions);
+
+      // Sync the proposed block to the archiver to make it available, only after we've managed to sign the proposal,
+      // so we avoid polluting our archive with a block that would fail.
+      // We wait for the sync to succeed, as this helps catch consistency errors, even if it means we lose some time for block-building.
+      // If this throws, we abort the entire checkpoint.
+      await this.syncProposedBlockToArchiver(block);
+
+      // If this is the last block, do not broadcast it, since it will be included in the checkpoint proposal.
+      if (timingInfo.isLastBlock) {
+        this.log.verbose(`Completed final block ${blockNumber} for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+          slot: this.targetSlot,
+          blockNumber,
+          blocksBuilt,
+        });
+
+        blockPendingBroadcast = proposal;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // Once we have a signed proposal and the archiver agreed with our proposed block, then we broadcast it.
+      proposal && (await this.p2pClient.broadcastProposal(proposal));
+
+      // Wait until the next block's start time
+      await this.waitUntilNextSubslot(timingInfo.deadline);
+    }
+
+    this.log.verbose(`Block building loop completed for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+      slot: this.targetSlot,
+      blocksBuilt: blocksInCheckpoint.length,
+    });
+
+    return { blocksInCheckpoint, blockPendingBroadcast };
+  }
+
+  /** Creates a block proposal for a given block via the validator client (unless in fisherman mode) */
+  private createBlockProposal(
+    block: L2Block,
+    inHash: Fr,
+    usedTxs: Tx[],
+    blockProposalOptions: BlockProposalOptions,
+  ): Promise<BlockProposal | undefined> {
+    if (this.config.fishermanMode) {
+      this.log.info(`Skipping block proposal for block ${block.number} in fisherman mode`);
+      return Promise.resolve(undefined);
+    }
+    return this.validatorClient.createBlockProposal(
+      block.header,
+      this.checkpointNumber,
+      block.indexWithinCheckpoint,
+      inHash,
+      block.archive.root,
+      usedTxs,
+      this.proposer,
+      blockProposalOptions,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** Sleeps until it is time to produce the next block in the slot */
+  @trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.waitUntilNextSubslot')
+  private async waitUntilNextSubslot(nextSubslotStart: number) {
+    this.setStateFn(SequencerState.WAITING_UNTIL_NEXT_BLOCK, this.targetSlot);
+    this.log.verbose(`Waiting until time for the next block at ${nextSubslotStart}s into slot`, {
+      slot: this.targetSlot,
+    });
+    await this.waitUntilTimeInSlot(nextSubslotStart);
+  }
+
+  /** Builds a single block. Called from the main block building loop. */
+  @trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.buildSingleBlock')
+  protected async buildSingleBlock(
+    checkpointBuilder: CheckpointBuilder,
+    opts: {
+      forceCreate?: boolean;
+      blockTimestamp: bigint;
+      blockNumber: BlockNumber;
+      indexWithinCheckpoint: IndexWithinCheckpoint;
+      buildDeadline: Date | undefined;
+      txHashesAlreadyIncluded: Set<string>;
+    },
+  ): Promise<
+    { block: L2Block; usedTxs: Tx[] } | { failure: 'insufficient-txs' | 'insufficient-valid-txs' } | { error: Error }
+  > {
+    const { blockTimestamp, forceCreate, blockNumber, indexWithinCheckpoint, buildDeadline, txHashesAlreadyIncluded } =
+      opts;
+
+    this.log.verbose(
+      `Preparing block ${blockNumber} index ${indexWithinCheckpoint} at checkpoint ${this.checkpointNumber} for slot ${this.targetSlot}`,
+      { ...checkpointBuilder.getConstantData(), ...opts },
+    );
+
+    try {
+      // Wait until we have enough txs to build the block
+      const { availableTxs, canStartBuilding, minTxs } = await this.waitForMinTxs(opts);
+      if (!canStartBuilding) {
+        this.log.warn(
+          `Not enough txs to build block ${blockNumber} at index ${indexWithinCheckpoint} in slot ${this.targetSlot} (got ${availableTxs} txs but needs ${minTxs})`,
+          { blockNumber, slot: this.targetSlot, indexWithinCheckpoint },
+        );
+        this.eventEmitter.emit('block-tx-count-check-failed', { minTxs, availableTxs, slot: this.targetSlot });
+        this.metrics.recordBlockProposalFailed('insufficient_txs');
+        return { failure: 'insufficient-txs' };
+      }
+
+      // Create iterator to pending txs. We filter out txs already included in previous blocks in the checkpoint
+      // just in case p2p failed to sync the provisional block and didn't get to remove those txs from the mempool yet.
+      const pendingTxs = filter(
+        this.p2pClient.iterateEligiblePendingTxs(),
+        tx => !txHashesAlreadyIncluded.has(tx.txHash.toString()),
+      );
+
+      this.log.debug(
+        `Building block ${blockNumber} at index ${indexWithinCheckpoint} for slot ${this.targetSlot} with ${availableTxs} available txs`,
+        { slot: this.targetSlot, blockNumber, indexWithinCheckpoint },
+      );
+      this.setStateFn(SequencerState.CREATING_BLOCK, this.targetSlot);
+
+      // Per-block limits are operator overrides (from SEQ_MAX_L2_BLOCK_GAS etc.) further capped
+      // by remaining checkpoint-level budgets inside CheckpointBuilder before each block is built.
+      // minValidTxs is passed into the builder so it can reject the block *before* updating state.
+      const minValidTxs = forceCreate ? 0 : (this.config.minValidTxsPerBlock ?? minTxs);
+      const blockBuilderOptions: BlockBuilderOptions = {
+        maxTransactions: this.config.maxTxsPerBlock,
+        maxBlockGas:
+          this.config.maxL2BlockGas !== undefined || this.config.maxDABlockGas !== undefined
+            ? new Gas(this.config.maxDABlockGas ?? Infinity, this.config.maxL2BlockGas ?? Infinity)
+            : undefined,
+        deadline: buildDeadline,
+        isBuildingProposal: true,
+        minValidTxs,
+        maxBlocksPerCheckpoint: this.timetable.maxNumberOfBlocks,
+        perBlockAllocationMultiplier: this.config.perBlockAllocationMultiplier,
+      };
+
+      // Actually build the block by executing txs. The builder throws InsufficientValidTxsError
+      // if the number of successfully processed txs is below minValidTxs, ensuring state is not
+      // updated for blocks that will be discarded.
+      const buildResult = await this.buildSingleBlockWithCheckpointBuilder(
+        checkpointBuilder,
+        pendingTxs,
+        blockNumber,
+        blockTimestamp,
+        blockBuilderOptions,
+      );
+
+      // If any txs failed during execution, drop them from the mempool so we don't pick them up again
+      await this.dropFailedTxsFromP2P(buildResult.failedTxs);
+
+      if (buildResult.status === 'insufficient-valid-txs') {
+        this.log.warn(
+          `Block ${blockNumber} at index ${indexWithinCheckpoint} on slot ${this.targetSlot} has too few valid txs to be proposed`,
+          {
+            slot: this.targetSlot,
+            blockNumber,
+            numTxs: buildResult.processedCount,
+            indexWithinCheckpoint,
+            minValidTxs,
+          },
+        );
+        this.eventEmitter.emit('block-build-failed', {
+          reason: `Insufficient valid txs`,
+          slot: this.targetSlot,
+        });
+        this.metrics.recordBlockProposalFailed('insufficient_valid_txs');
+        return { failure: 'insufficient-valid-txs' };
+      }
+
+      // Block creation succeeded, emit stats and metrics
+      const { block, publicProcessorDuration, usedTxs, blockBuildDuration, numTxs } = buildResult;
+
+      const blockStats = {
+        eventName: 'l2-block-built',
+        duration: blockBuildDuration,
+        publicProcessDuration: publicProcessorDuration,
+        ...block.getStats(),
+      } satisfies L2BlockBuiltStats;
+
+      const blockHash = await block.hash();
+      const txHashes = block.body.txEffects.map(tx => tx.txHash);
+      const manaPerSec = block.header.totalManaUsed.toNumberUnsafe() / (blockBuildDuration / 1000);
+
+      this.log.info(
+        `Built block ${block.number} at checkpoint ${this.checkpointNumber} for slot ${this.targetSlot} with ${numTxs} txs`,
+        { blockHash, txHashes, manaPerSec, ...blockStats },
+      );
+
+      // `slot` is the target/submission slot (may be one ahead when pipelining),
+      // `buildSlot` is the wall-clock slot during which the block was actually built.
+      this.eventEmitter.emit('block-proposed', {
+        blockNumber: block.number,
+        slot: this.targetSlot,
+        buildSlot: this.slotNow,
+      });
+      this.metrics.recordBuiltBlock(blockBuildDuration, block.header.totalManaUsed.toNumberUnsafe(), this.targetSlot);
+
+      return { block, usedTxs };
+    } catch (err: any) {
+      this.eventEmitter.emit('block-build-failed', {
+        reason: err.message,
+        slot: this.targetSlot,
+      });
+      this.log.error(`Error building block`, err, { blockNumber, slot: this.targetSlot });
+      this.metrics.recordBlockProposalFailed(err.name || 'unknown_error');
+      this.metrics.recordFailedBlock();
+      return { error: err };
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Uses the checkpoint builder to build a block, catching InsufficientValidTxsError. */
+  private async buildSingleBlockWithCheckpointBuilder(
+    checkpointBuilder: CheckpointBuilder,
+    pendingTxs: AsyncIterable<Tx>,
+    blockNumber: BlockNumber,
+    blockTimestamp: bigint,
+    blockBuilderOptions: BlockBuilderOptions,
+  ) {
+    try {
+      const workTimer = new Timer();
+      const result = await checkpointBuilder.buildBlock(pendingTxs, blockNumber, blockTimestamp, blockBuilderOptions);
+      const blockBuildDuration = workTimer.ms();
+      return { ...result, blockBuildDuration, status: 'success' as const };
+    } catch (err: unknown) {
+      if (isErrorClass(err, InsufficientValidTxsError)) {
+        return {
+          failedTxs: err.failedTxs,
+          processedCount: err.processedCount,
+          status: 'insufficient-valid-txs' as const,
+        };
+      }
+      throw err;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Waits until minTxs are available on the pool for building a block. */
+  @trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.waitForMinTxs')
+  private async waitForMinTxs(opts: {
+    forceCreate?: boolean;
+    blockNumber: BlockNumber;
+    indexWithinCheckpoint: IndexWithinCheckpoint;
+    buildDeadline: Date | undefined;
+  }): Promise<{ canStartBuilding: boolean; availableTxs: number; minTxs: number }> {
+    const { indexWithinCheckpoint, blockNumber, buildDeadline, forceCreate } = opts;
+
+    // We only allow a block with 0 txs in the first block of the checkpoint
+    const minTxs = indexWithinCheckpoint > 0 && this.config.minTxsPerBlock === 0 ? 1 : this.config.minTxsPerBlock;
+
+    // Deadline is undefined if we are not enforcing the timetable, meaning we'll exit immediately when out of time
+    const startBuildingDeadline = buildDeadline
+      ? new Date(buildDeadline.getTime() - this.timetable.minExecutionTime * 1000)
+      : undefined;
+
+    let availableTxs = await this.p2pClient.getPendingTxCount();
+
+    while (!forceCreate && availableTxs < minTxs) {
+      // If we're past deadline, or we have no deadline, give up
+      const now = this.dateProvider.nowAsDate();
+      if (startBuildingDeadline === undefined || now >= startBuildingDeadline) {
+        return { canStartBuilding: false, availableTxs, minTxs };
+      }
+
+      // Wait a bit before checking again
+      this.setStateFn(SequencerState.WAITING_FOR_TXS, this.targetSlot);
+      this.log.verbose(
+        `Waiting for enough txs to build block ${blockNumber} at index ${indexWithinCheckpoint} in slot ${this.targetSlot} (have ${availableTxs} but need ${minTxs})`,
+        { blockNumber, slot: this.targetSlot, indexWithinCheckpoint },
+      );
+      await this.waitForTxsPollingInterval();
+      availableTxs = await this.p2pClient.getPendingTxCount();
+    }
+
+    return { canStartBuilding: true, availableTxs, minTxs };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Waits for enough attestations to be collected via p2p.
+   * This is run after all blocks for the checkpoint have been built.
+   */
+  @trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.waitForAttestations')
+  private async waitForAttestations(proposal: CheckpointProposal): Promise<CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners> {
+    if (this.config.fishermanMode) {
+      this.log.debug('Skipping attestation collection in fisherman mode');
+      return CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners.empty();
+    }
+
+    const slotNumber = proposal.slotNumber;
+    const { committee, seed, epoch } = await this.epochCache.getCommittee(slotNumber);
+
+    if (!committee) {
+      throw new Error('No committee when collecting attestations');
+    } else if (committee.length === 0) {
+      this.log.verbose(`Attesting committee is empty`);
+      return CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners.empty();
+    } else {
+      this.log.debug(`Attesting committee length is ${committee.length}`, { committee });
+    }
+
+    const numberOfRequiredAttestations = computeQuorum(committee.length);
+
+    if (this.config.skipCollectingAttestations) {
+      this.log.warn('Skipping attestation collection as per config (attesting with own keys only)');
+      const attestations = await this.validatorClient?.collectOwnAttestations(proposal, this.checkpointNumber);
+      return new CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners(orderAttestations(attestations ?? [], committee));
+    }
+
+    const attestationTimeAllowed = this.config.enforceTimeTable
+      ? this.timetable.getCheckpointAttestationDeadline()
+      : this.l1Constants.slotDuration;
+    const attestationDeadline = new Date((this.getSlotStartBuildTimestamp() + attestationTimeAllowed) * 1000);
+
+    this.metrics.recordRequiredAttestations(numberOfRequiredAttestations, attestationTimeAllowed);
+
+    const collectAttestationsTimer = new Timer();
+    let collectedAttestationsCount: number = 0;
+    try {
+      const attestations = await this.validatorClient.collectAttestations(
+        proposal,
+        numberOfRequiredAttestations,
+        attestationDeadline,
+        this.checkpointNumber,
+      );
+
+      collectedAttestationsCount = attestations.length;
+
+      // Trim attestations to minimum required to save L1 calldata gas
+      const localAddresses = this.validatorClient.getValidatorAddresses();
+      const trimmed = trimAttestations(
+        attestations,
+        numberOfRequiredAttestations,
+        this.attestorAddress,
+        localAddresses,
+      );
+      if (trimmed.length < attestations.length) {
+        this.log.debug(`Trimmed attestations from ${attestations.length} to ${trimmed.length} for L1 submission`);
+      }
+
+      // Rollup contract requires that the signatures are provided in the order of the committee
+      const sorted = orderAttestations(trimmed, committee);
+
+      // Manipulate the attestations if we've been configured to do so
+      if (
+        this.config.injectFakeAttestation ||
+        this.config.injectHighSValueAttestation ||
+        this.config.injectUnrecoverableSignatureAttestation ||
+        this.config.shuffleAttestationOrdering
+      ) {
+        return this.manipulateAttestations(proposal.slotNumber, epoch, seed, committee, sorted);
+      }
+
+      return new CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners(sorted);
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (err && err instanceof AttestationTimeoutError) {
+        collectedAttestationsCount = err.collectedCount;
+      }
+      throw err;
+    } finally {
+      this.metrics.recordCollectedAttestations(collectedAttestationsCount, collectAttestationsTimer.ms());
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Breaks the attestations before publishing based on attack configs */
+  private manipulateAttestations(
+    slotNumber: SlotNumber,
+    epoch: EpochNumber,
+    seed: bigint,
+    committee: EthAddress[],
+    attestations: CommitteeAttestation[],
+  ) {
+    // Compute the proposer index in the committee, since we dont want to tweak it.
+    // Otherwise, the L1 rollup contract will reject the block outright.
+    const proposerIndex = Number(
+      this.epochCache.computeProposerIndex(slotNumber, epoch, seed, BigInt(committee.length)),
+    );
+
+    if (
+      this.config.injectFakeAttestation ||
+      this.config.injectHighSValueAttestation ||
+      this.config.injectUnrecoverableSignatureAttestation
+    ) {
+      // Find non-empty attestations that are not from the proposer
+      const nonProposerIndices: number[] = [];
+      for (let i = 0; i < attestations.length; i++) {
+        if (!attestations[i].signature.isEmpty() && i !== proposerIndex) {
+          nonProposerIndices.push(i);
+        }
+      }
+      if (nonProposerIndices.length > 0) {
+        const targetIndex = nonProposerIndices[randomInt(nonProposerIndices.length)];
+        if (this.config.injectHighSValueAttestation) {
+          this.log.warn(
+            `Injecting high-s value attestation in checkpoint for slot ${slotNumber} at index ${targetIndex}`,
+          );
+          unfreeze(attestations[targetIndex]).signature = flipSignature(attestations[targetIndex].signature);
+        } else if (this.config.injectUnrecoverableSignatureAttestation) {
+          this.log.warn(
+            `Injecting unrecoverable signature attestation in checkpoint for slot ${slotNumber} at index ${targetIndex}`,
+          );
+          unfreeze(attestations[targetIndex]).signature = generateUnrecoverableSignature();
+        } else {
+          this.log.warn(`Injecting fake attestation in checkpoint for slot ${slotNumber} at index ${targetIndex}`);
+          unfreeze(attestations[targetIndex]).signature = generateRecoverableSignature();
+        }
+      }
+      return new CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners(attestations);
+    }
+
+    if (this.config.shuffleAttestationOrdering) {
+      this.log.warn(`Shuffling attestation ordering in checkpoint for slot ${slotNumber} (proposer #${proposerIndex})`);
+
+      const shuffled = [...attestations];
+
+      // Find two non-proposer positions that both have non-empty signatures to swap.
+      // This ensures the bitmap doesn't change, so the MaliciousCommitteeAttestationsAndSigners
+      // signers array stays correctly aligned with L1's committee reconstruction.
+      const swappable: number[] = [];
+      for (let k = 0; k < shuffled.length; k++) {
+        if (!shuffled[k].signature.isEmpty() && k !== proposerIndex) {
+          swappable.push(k);
+        }
+      }
+      if (swappable.length >= 2) {
+        const [i, j] = [swappable[0], swappable[1]];
+        [shuffled[i], shuffled[j]] = [shuffled[j], shuffled[i]];
+      }
+
+      const signers = new CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners(attestations).getSigners();
+      return new MaliciousCommitteeAttestationsAndSigners(shuffled, signers);
+    }
+
+    return new CommitteeAttestationsAndSigners(attestations);
+  }
+
+  private async dropFailedTxsFromP2P(failedTxs: FailedTx[]) {
+    if (failedTxs.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const failedTxData = failedTxs.map(fail => fail.tx);
+    const failedTxHashes = failedTxData.map(tx => tx.getTxHash());
+    this.log.verbose(`Dropping failed txs ${failedTxHashes.join(', ')}`);
+    await this.p2pClient.handleFailedExecution(failedTxHashes);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adds the proposed block to the archiver so it's available via P2P.
+   * Gossip doesn't echo messages back to the sender, so the proposer's archiver/world-state
+   * would never receive its own block without this explicit sync.
+   *
+   * In fisherman mode we skip this push: the fisherman builds blocks locally for validation
+   * and fee analysis only, and pushing them to the archiver causes spurious reorg cascades
+   * whenever the real proposer's block arrives from L1.
+   */
+  private async syncProposedBlockToArchiver(block: L2Block): Promise<void> {
+    if (this.config.skipPushProposedBlocksToArchiver || this.config.fishermanMode) {
+      this.log.warn(`Skipping push of proposed block ${block.number} to archiver`, {
+        blockNumber: block.number,
+        slot: block.header.globalVariables.slotNumber,
+      });
+      return;
+    }
+    this.log.debug(`Syncing proposed block ${block.number} to archiver`, {
+      blockNumber: block.number,
+      slot: block.header.globalVariables.slotNumber,
+    });
+    await this.blockSink.addBlock(block);
+  }
+
+  /** Runs fee analysis and logs checkpoint outcome as fisherman */
+  private async handleCheckpointEndAsFisherman(checkpoint: Checkpoint | undefined) {
+    // Perform L1 fee analysis before clearing requests
+    // The callback is invoked asynchronously after the next block is mined
+    const feeAnalysis = await this.publisher.analyzeL1Fees(this.targetSlot, analysis =>
+      this.metrics.recordFishermanFeeAnalysis(analysis),
+    );
+
+    if (checkpoint) {
+      this.log.info(`Validation checkpoint building SUCCEEDED for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+        ...checkpoint.toCheckpointInfo(),
+        ...checkpoint.getStats(),
+        feeAnalysisId: feeAnalysis?.id,
+      });
+    } else {
+      this.log.warn(`Validation block building FAILED for slot ${this.targetSlot}`, {
+        slot: this.targetSlot,
+        feeAnalysisId: feeAnalysis?.id,
+      });
+      this.metrics.recordCheckpointProposalFailed('block_build_failed');
+    }
+
+    this.publisher.clearPendingRequests();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Helper to handle HA double-signing errors. Returns true if the error was handled (caller should yield).
+   */
+  private handleHASigningError(err: any, errorContext: string): boolean {
+    if (err instanceof DutyAlreadySignedError) {
+      this.log.info(`${errorContext} for slot ${this.targetSlot} already signed by another HA node, yielding`, {
+        slot: this.targetSlot,
+        signedByNode: err.signedByNode,
+      });
+      return true;
+    }
+    if (err instanceof SlashingProtectionError) {
+      this.log.info(`${errorContext} for slot ${this.targetSlot} blocked by slashing protection, yielding`, {
+        slot: this.targetSlot,
+        existingMessageHash: err.existingMessageHash,
+        attemptedMessageHash: err.attemptedMessageHash,
+      });
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /** Waits until a specific time within the current slot */
+  @trackSpan('CheckpointProposalJob.waitUntilTimeInSlot')
+  protected async waitUntilTimeInSlot(targetSecondsIntoSlot: number): Promise<void> {
+    const slotStartTimestamp = this.getSlotStartBuildTimestamp();
+    const targetTimestamp = slotStartTimestamp + targetSecondsIntoSlot;
+    await sleepUntil(new Date(targetTimestamp * 1000), this.dateProvider.nowAsDate());
+  }
+
+  /** Waits the polling interval for transactions. Extracted for test overriding. */
+  protected async waitForTxsPollingInterval(): Promise<void> {
+    await sleep(TXS_POLLING_MS);
+  }
+
+  private getSlotStartBuildTimestamp(): number {
+    return getSlotStartBuildTimestamp(this.slotNow, this.l1Constants);
+  }
+
+  private getSecondsIntoSlot(): number {
+    const slotStartTimestamp = this.getSlotStartBuildTimestamp();
+    return Number((this.dateProvider.now() / 1000 - slotStartTimestamp).toFixed(3));
+  }
+
+  public getPublisher() {
+    return this.publisher;
+  }
+}