@aztec/sequencer-client 0.0.0-test.1 → 0.0.1-commit.001888fc

package/src/sequencer/sequencer.ts

@@ -1,759 +1,885 @@
-import type { L2Block } from '@aztec/aztec.js';
+import { getKzg } from '@aztec/blob-lib';
 import { INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM } from '@aztec/constants';
-import { omit } from '@aztec/foundation/collection';
+import type { EpochCache } from '@aztec/epoch-cache';
+import { NoCommitteeError, type RollupContract } from '@aztec/ethereum/contracts';
+import { BlockNumber, CheckpointNumber, EpochNumber, SlotNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
+import { merge, omit, pick } from '@aztec/foundation/collection';
+import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { EthAddress } from '@aztec/foundation/eth-address';
-import type { Signature } from '@aztec/foundation/eth-signature';
-import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
 import { createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 import { RunningPromise } from '@aztec/foundation/running-promise';
-import { type DateProvider, Timer, elapsed } from '@aztec/foundation/timer';
+import type { DateProvider } from '@aztec/foundation/timer';
+import type { TypedEventEmitter } from '@aztec/foundation/types';
 import type { P2P } from '@aztec/p2p';
-import type { BlockBuilderFactory } from '@aztec/prover-client/block-builder';
-import type { PublicProcessorFactory } from '@aztec/simulator/server';
-import { AztecAddress } from '@aztec/stdlib/aztec-address';
-import type { L2BlockSource } from '@aztec/stdlib/block';
-import type { ContractDataSource } from '@aztec/stdlib/contract';
-import type { L1RollupConstants } from '@aztec/stdlib/epoch-helpers';
-import { Gas } from '@aztec/stdlib/gas';
+import type { SlasherClientInterface } from '@aztec/slasher';
+import type { BlockData, L2BlockSink, L2BlockSource, ValidateCheckpointResult } from '@aztec/stdlib/block';
+import type { Checkpoint } from '@aztec/stdlib/checkpoint';
+import { getSlotStartBuildTimestamp } from '@aztec/stdlib/epoch-helpers';
 import {
-  type AllowedElement,
+  type ResolvedSequencerConfig,
+  type SequencerConfig,
   SequencerConfigSchema,
   type WorldStateSynchronizer,
-  type WorldStateSynchronizerStatus,
 } from '@aztec/stdlib/interfaces/server';
 import type { L1ToL2MessageSource } from '@aztec/stdlib/messaging';
 import { pickFromSchema } from '@aztec/stdlib/schemas';
-import type { L2BlockBuiltStats } from '@aztec/stdlib/stats';
-import { AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot, MerkleTreeId } from '@aztec/stdlib/trees';
-import {
-  BlockHeader,
-  ContentCommitment,
-  type GlobalVariables,
-  StateReference,
-  Tx,
-  type TxHash,
-} from '@aztec/stdlib/tx';
+import { MerkleTreeId } from '@aztec/stdlib/trees';
 import { Attributes, type TelemetryClient, type Tracer, getTelemetryClient, trackSpan } from '@aztec/telemetry-client';
-import type { ValidatorClient } from '@aztec/validator-client';
+import { FullNodeCheckpointsBuilder, NodeKeystoreAdapter, type ValidatorClient } from '@aztec/validator-client';
+
+import EventEmitter from 'node:events';
 
+import { DefaultSequencerConfig } from '../config.js';
 import type { GlobalVariableBuilder } from '../global_variable_builder/global_builder.js';
-import { type SequencerPublisher, VoteType } from '../publisher/sequencer-publisher.js';
-import type { SlasherClient } from '../slasher/slasher_client.js';
-import { createValidatorsForBlockBuilding } from '../tx_validator/tx_validator_factory.js';
-import { getDefaultAllowedSetupFunctions } from './allowed.js';
-import type { SequencerConfig } from './config.js';
+import type { SequencerPublisherFactory } from '../publisher/sequencer-publisher-factory.js';
+import type { InvalidateCheckpointRequest, SequencerPublisher } from '../publisher/sequencer-publisher.js';
+import { CheckpointProposalJob } from './checkpoint_proposal_job.js';
+import { CheckpointVoter } from './checkpoint_voter.js';
+import { SequencerInterruptedError, SequencerTooSlowError } from './errors.js';
+import type { SequencerEvents } from './events.js';
 import { SequencerMetrics } from './metrics.js';
-import { SequencerTimetable, SequencerTooSlowError } from './timetable.js';
-import { SequencerState, orderAttestations } from './utils.js';
+import { SequencerTimetable } from './timetable.js';
+import type { SequencerRollupConstants } from './types.js';
+import { SequencerState } from './utils.js';
 
 export { SequencerState };
 
-type SequencerRollupConstants = Pick<L1RollupConstants, 'ethereumSlotDuration' | 'l1GenesisTime' | 'slotDuration'>;
-
 /**
  * Sequencer client
- * - Wins a period of time to become the sequencer (depending on finalized protocol).
- * - Chooses a set of txs from the tx pool to be in the rollup.
- * - Simulate the rollup of txs.
- * - Adds proof requests to the request pool (not for this milestone).
- * - Receives results to those proofs from the network (repeats as necessary) (not for this milestone).
- * - Publishes L1 tx(s) to the rollup contract via RollupPublisher.
+ * - Checks whether it is elected as proposer for the next slot
+ * - Builds multiple blocks and broadcasts them
+ * - Collects attestations for the checkpoint
+ * - Publishes the checkpoint to L1
+ * - Votes for proposals and slashes on L1
  */
-export class Sequencer {
+export class Sequencer extends (EventEmitter as new () => TypedEventEmitter<SequencerEvents>) {
   private runningPromise?: RunningPromise;
-  private pollingIntervalMs: number = 1000;
-  private maxTxsPerBlock = 32;
-  private minTxsPerBlock = 1;
-  private maxL1TxInclusionTimeIntoSlot = 0;
-  // TODO: zero values should not be allowed for the following 2 values in PROD
-  private _coinbase = EthAddress.ZERO;
-  private _feeRecipient = AztecAddress.ZERO;
   private state = SequencerState.STOPPED;
-  private allowedInSetup: AllowedElement[] = [];
-  private maxBlockSizeInBytes: number = 1024 * 1024;
-  private maxBlockGas: Gas = new Gas(100e9, 100e9);
   private metrics: SequencerMetrics;
-  private isFlushing: boolean = false;
+
+  /** The last slot for which we attempted to perform our voting duties with degraded block production */
+  private lastSlotForFallbackVote: SlotNumber | undefined;
+
+  /** The last slot for which we logged "no committee" warning, to avoid spam */
+  private lastSlotForNoCommitteeWarning: SlotNumber | undefined;
+
+  /** The last slot for which we triggered a checkpoint proposal job, to prevent duplicate attempts. */
+  private lastSlotForCheckpointProposalJob: SlotNumber | undefined;
+
+  /** Last successful checkpoint proposed */
+  private lastCheckpointProposed: Checkpoint | undefined;
+
+  /** The last epoch for which we logged strategy comparison in fisherman mode. */
+  private lastEpochForStrategyComparison: EpochNumber | undefined;
 
   /** The maximum number of seconds that the sequencer can be into a slot to transition to a particular state. */
   protected timetable!: SequencerTimetable;
 
-  protected enforceTimeTable: boolean = false;
+  /** Config for the sequencer */
+  protected config: ResolvedSequencerConfig = DefaultSequencerConfig;
 
   constructor(
-    protected publisher: SequencerPublisher,
-    protected validatorClient: ValidatorClient | undefined, // During migration the validator client can be inactive
+    protected publisherFactory: SequencerPublisherFactory,
+    protected validatorClient: ValidatorClient,
     protected globalsBuilder: GlobalVariableBuilder,
     protected p2pClient: P2P,
     protected worldState: WorldStateSynchronizer,
-    protected slasherClient: SlasherClient,
-    protected blockBuilderFactory: BlockBuilderFactory,
-    protected l2BlockSource: L2BlockSource,
+    protected slasherClient: SlasherClientInterface | undefined,
+    protected l2BlockSource: L2BlockSource & L2BlockSink,
     protected l1ToL2MessageSource: L1ToL2MessageSource,
-    protected publicProcessorFactory: PublicProcessorFactory,
-    protected contractDataSource: ContractDataSource,
+    protected checkpointsBuilder: FullNodeCheckpointsBuilder,
     protected l1Constants: SequencerRollupConstants,
     protected dateProvider: DateProvider,
-    protected config: SequencerConfig = {},
-    telemetry: TelemetryClient = getTelemetryClient(),
+    protected epochCache: EpochCache,
+    protected rollupContract: RollupContract,
+    config: SequencerConfig,
+    protected telemetry: TelemetryClient = getTelemetryClient(),
     protected log = createLogger('sequencer'),
   ) {
-    this.metrics = new SequencerMetrics(telemetry, () => this.state, 'Sequencer');
-
-    // Register the block builder with the validator client for re-execution
-    this.validatorClient?.registerBlockBuilder(this.buildBlock.bind(this));
-
-    // Register the slasher on the publisher to fetch slashing payloads
-    this.publisher.registerSlashPayloadGetter(this.slasherClient.getSlashPayload.bind(this.slasherClient));
-  }
-
-  get tracer(): Tracer {
-    return this.metrics.tracer;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Updates sequencer config.
-   * @param config - New parameters.
-   */
-  public async updateConfig(config: SequencerConfig) {
-    this.log.info(`Sequencer config set`, omit(pickFromSchema(config, SequencerConfigSchema), 'allowedInSetup'));
+    super();
 
-    if (config.transactionPollingIntervalMS !== undefined) {
-      this.pollingIntervalMs = config.transactionPollingIntervalMS;
-    }
-    if (config.maxTxsPerBlock !== undefined) {
-      this.maxTxsPerBlock = config.maxTxsPerBlock;
-    }
-    if (config.minTxsPerBlock !== undefined) {
-      this.minTxsPerBlock = config.minTxsPerBlock;
-    }
-    if (config.maxDABlockGas !== undefined) {
-      this.maxBlockGas = new Gas(config.maxDABlockGas, this.maxBlockGas.l2Gas);
-    }
-    if (config.maxL2BlockGas !== undefined) {
-      this.maxBlockGas = new Gas(this.maxBlockGas.daGas, config.maxL2BlockGas);
-    }
-    if (config.coinbase) {
-      this._coinbase = config.coinbase;
-    }
-    if (config.feeRecipient) {
-      this._feeRecipient = config.feeRecipient;
-    }
-    if (config.allowedInSetup) {
-      this.allowedInSetup = config.allowedInSetup;
-    } else {
-      this.allowedInSetup = await getDefaultAllowedSetupFunctions();
-    }
-    if (config.maxBlockSizeInBytes !== undefined) {
-      this.maxBlockSizeInBytes = config.maxBlockSizeInBytes;
-    }
-    if (config.governanceProposerPayload) {
-      this.publisher.setGovernancePayload(config.governanceProposerPayload);
-    }
-    if (config.maxL1TxInclusionTimeIntoSlot !== undefined) {
-      this.maxL1TxInclusionTimeIntoSlot = config.maxL1TxInclusionTimeIntoSlot;
+    // Add [FISHERMAN] prefix to logger if in fisherman mode
+    if (config.fishermanMode) {
+      this.log = log.createChild('[FISHERMAN]');
     }
-    if (config.enforceTimeTable !== undefined) {
-      this.enforceTimeTable = config.enforceTimeTable;
-    }
-
-    this.setTimeTable();
 
-    // TODO: Just read everything from the config object as needed instead of copying everything into local vars.
-    this.config = config;
+    this.metrics = new SequencerMetrics(telemetry, this.rollupContract, 'Sequencer');
+    this.updateConfig(config);
   }
 
-  private setTimeTable() {
+  /** Updates sequencer config by the defined values and updates the timetable */
+  public updateConfig(config: Partial<SequencerConfig>) {
+    const filteredConfig = pickFromSchema(config, SequencerConfigSchema);
+    this.log.info(`Updated sequencer config`, omit(filteredConfig, 'txPublicSetupAllowListExtend'));
+    this.config = merge(this.config, filteredConfig);
     this.timetable = new SequencerTimetable(
-      this.l1Constants.ethereumSlotDuration,
-      this.aztecSlotDuration,
-      this.maxL1TxInclusionTimeIntoSlot,
-      this.enforceTimeTable,
+      {
+        ethereumSlotDuration: this.l1Constants.ethereumSlotDuration,
+        aztecSlotDuration: this.aztecSlotDuration,
+        l1PublishingTime: this.l1PublishingTime,
+        p2pPropagationTime: this.config.attestationPropagationTime,
+        blockDurationMs: this.config.blockDurationMs,
+        enforce: this.config.enforceTimeTable,
+      },
       this.metrics,
       this.log,
     );
-    this.log.verbose(`Sequencer timetable updated`, { enforceTimeTable: this.enforceTimeTable });
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Starts the sequencer and moves to IDLE state.
-   */
-  public async start() {
-    await this.updateConfig(this.config);
-    this.runningPromise = new RunningPromise(this.work.bind(this), this.log, this.pollingIntervalMs);
-    this.setState(SequencerState.IDLE, 0n, true /** force */);
+  /** Initializes the sequencer (precomputes tables). Takes about 3s. */
+  public init() {
+    getKzg();
+  }
+
+  /** Starts the sequencer and moves to IDLE state. */
+  public start() {
+    this.runningPromise = new RunningPromise(
+      this.safeWork.bind(this),
+      this.log,
+      this.config.sequencerPollingIntervalMS,
+    );
+    this.setState(SequencerState.IDLE, undefined, { force: true });
     this.runningPromise.start();
-    this.log.info(`Sequencer started with address ${this.publisher.getSenderAddress().toString()}`);
+    this.log.info('Started sequencer');
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Stops the sequencer from processing txs and moves to STOPPED state.
-   */
+  /** Stops the sequencer from building blocks and moves to STOPPED state. */
   public async stop(): Promise<void> {
-    this.log.debug(`Stopping sequencer`);
-    await this.validatorClient?.stop();
+    this.log.info(`Stopping sequencer`);
+    this.setState(SequencerState.STOPPING, undefined, { force: true });
+    this.publisherFactory.interruptAll();
     await this.runningPromise?.stop();
-    this.slasherClient.stop();
-    this.publisher.interrupt();
-    this.setState(SequencerState.STOPPED, 0n, true /** force */);
+    this.setState(SequencerState.STOPPED, undefined, { force: true });
     this.log.info('Stopped sequencer');
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Starts a previously stopped sequencer.
-   */
-  public restart() {
-    this.log.info('Restarting sequencer');
-    this.publisher.restart();
-    this.runningPromise!.start();
-    this.setState(SequencerState.IDLE, 0n, true /** force */);
+  /** Main sequencer loop with a try/catch */
+  protected async safeWork() {
+    try {
+      await this.work();
+    } catch (err) {
+      this.emit('checkpoint-error', { error: err as Error });
+      if (err instanceof SequencerTooSlowError) {
+        // Log as warn only if we had to abort halfway through the block proposal
+        const logLvl = [SequencerState.INITIALIZING_CHECKPOINT, SequencerState.PROPOSER_CHECK].includes(
+          err.proposedState,
+        )
+          ? ('debug' as const)
+          : ('warn' as const);
+        this.log[logLvl](err.message, { now: this.dateProvider.nowInSeconds() });
+      } else {
+        // Re-throw other errors
+        throw err;
+      }
+    } finally {
+      this.setState(SequencerState.IDLE, undefined);
+    }
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Returns the current state of the sequencer.
-   * @returns An object with a state entry with one of SequencerState.
-   */
+  /** Returns the current state of the sequencer. */
   public status() {
     return { state: this.state };
   }
 
-  /** Forces the sequencer to bypass all time and tx count checks for the next block and build anyway. */
-  public flush() {
-    this.isFlushing = true;
-  }
-
   /**
-   * @notice  Performs most of the sequencer duties:
-   *          - Checks if we are up to date
-   *          - If we are and we are the sequencer, collect txs and build a block
-   *          - Collect attestations for the block
-   *          - Submit block
-   *          - If our block for some reason is not included, revert the state
+   * Main sequencer loop:
+   * - Checks if we are up to date
+   * - If we are and we are the sequencer, collect txs and build blocks
+   * - Build multiple blocks per slot when configured
+   * - Collect attestations for the final block
+   * - Submit checkpoint
    */
-  protected async doRealWork() {
-    this.setState(SequencerState.SYNCHRONIZING, 0n);
-    // Update state when the previous block has been synced
-    const chainTip = await this.getChainTip();
-    // Do not go forward with new block if the previous one has not been mined and processed
-    if (!chainTip) {
+  @trackSpan('Sequencer.work')
+  protected async work() {
+    this.setState(SequencerState.SYNCHRONIZING, undefined);
+    const { slot, ts, now, epoch } = this.epochCache.getEpochAndSlotInNextL1Slot();
+
+    // Check if we are synced and it's our slot, grab a publisher, check previous block invalidation, etc
+    const checkpointProposalJob = await this.prepareCheckpointProposal(epoch, slot, ts, now);
+    if (!checkpointProposalJob) {
       return;
     }
 
-    this.setState(SequencerState.PROPOSER_CHECK, 0n);
+    // Execute the checkpoint proposal job
+    const checkpoint = await checkpointProposalJob.execute();
 
-    const newBlockNumber = chainTip.blockNumber + 1;
+    // Update last checkpoint proposed (currently unused)
+    if (checkpoint) {
+      this.lastCheckpointProposed = checkpoint;
+    }
 
-    // If we cannot find a tip archive, assume genesis.
-    const chainTipArchive = chainTip.archive;
+    // Log fee strategy comparison if on fisherman
+    if (
+      this.config.fishermanMode &&
+      (this.lastEpochForStrategyComparison === undefined || epoch > this.lastEpochForStrategyComparison)
+    ) {
+      this.logStrategyComparison(epoch, checkpointProposalJob.getPublisher());
+      this.lastEpochForStrategyComparison = epoch;
+    }
 
-    const slot = await this.slotForProposal(chainTipArchive.toBuffer(), BigInt(newBlockNumber));
-    if (!slot) {
-      this.log.debug(`Cannot propose block ${newBlockNumber}`);
-      return;
+    return checkpoint;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Prepares the checkpoint proposal by performing all necessary checks and setup.
+   * This is the initial step in the main loop.
+   * @returns CheckpointProposalJob if successful, undefined if we are not yet synced or are not the proposer.
+   */
+  @trackSpan('Sequencer.prepareCheckpointProposal')
+  private async prepareCheckpointProposal(
+    epoch: EpochNumber,
+    slot: SlotNumber,
+    ts: bigint,
+    now: bigint,
+  ): Promise<CheckpointProposalJob | undefined> {
+    // Check we have not already processed this slot (cheapest check)
+    // We only check this if enforce timetable is set, since we want to keep processing the same slot if we are not
+    // running against actual time (eg when we use sandbox-style automining)
+    if (
+      this.lastSlotForCheckpointProposalJob &&
+      this.lastSlotForCheckpointProposalJob >= slot &&
+      this.config.enforceTimeTable
+    ) {
+      this.log.trace(`Slot ${slot} has already been processed`);
+      return undefined;
     }
 
-    this.log.debug(`Can propose block ${newBlockNumber} at slot ${slot}`);
+    // But if we have already proposed for this slot, the we definitely have to skip it, automining or not
+    if (this.lastCheckpointProposed && this.lastCheckpointProposed.header.slotNumber >= slot) {
+      this.log.trace(`Slot ${slot} has already been published as checkpoint ${this.lastCheckpointProposed.number}`);
+      return undefined;
+    }
 
-    const newGlobalVariables = await this.globalsBuilder.buildGlobalVariables(
-      new Fr(newBlockNumber),
-      this._coinbase,
-      this._feeRecipient,
-      slot,
-    );
+    // Check all components are synced to latest as seen by the archiver (queries all subsystems)
+    const syncedTo = await this.checkSync({ ts, slot });
+    if (!syncedTo) {
+      await this.tryVoteWhenSyncFails({ slot, ts });
+      return undefined;
+    }
 
-    const enqueueGovernanceVotePromise = this.publisher.enqueueCastVote(
-      slot,
-      newGlobalVariables.timestamp.toBigInt(),
-      VoteType.GOVERNANCE,
-    );
-    const enqueueSlashingVotePromise = this.publisher.enqueueCastVote(
-      slot,
-      newGlobalVariables.timestamp.toBigInt(),
-      VoteType.SLASHING,
-    );
+    // If escape hatch is open for this epoch, do not start checkpoint proposal work and do not attempt invalidations.
+    // Still perform governance/slashing voting (as proposer) once per slot.
+    const isEscapeHatchOpen = await this.epochCache.isEscapeHatchOpen(epoch);
 
-    this.setState(SequencerState.INITIALIZING_PROPOSAL, slot);
-    this.log.verbose(`Preparing proposal for block ${newBlockNumber} at slot ${slot}`, {
-      chainTipArchive,
-      blockNumber: newBlockNumber,
-      slot,
-    });
+    if (isEscapeHatchOpen) {
+      this.setState(SequencerState.PROPOSER_CHECK, slot);
+      const [canPropose, proposer] = await this.checkCanPropose(slot);
+      if (canPropose) {
+        await this.tryVoteWhenEscapeHatchOpen({ slot, proposer });
+      } else {
+        this.log.trace(`Escape hatch open but we are not proposer, skipping vote-only actions`, {
+          slot,
+          epoch,
+          proposer,
+        });
+      }
+      return undefined;
+    }
 
-    // If I created a "partial" header here that should make our job much easier.
-    const proposalHeader = new BlockHeader(
-      new AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot(chainTipArchive, 1),
-      ContentCommitment.empty(),
-      StateReference.empty(),
-      newGlobalVariables,
-      Fr.ZERO,
-      Fr.ZERO,
-    );
+    // Next checkpoint follows from the last synced one
+    const checkpointNumber = CheckpointNumber(syncedTo.checkpointNumber + 1);
 
-    let finishedFlushing = false;
-    const pendingTxCount = await this.p2pClient.getPendingTxCount();
-    if (pendingTxCount >= this.minTxsPerBlock || this.isFlushing) {
-      // We don't fetch exactly maxTxsPerBlock txs here because we may not need all of them if we hit a limit before,
-      // and also we may need to fetch more if we don't have enough valid txs.
-      const pendingTxs = this.p2pClient.iteratePendingTxs();
+    const logCtx = {
+      now,
+      syncedToL2Slot: syncedTo.syncedL2Slot,
+      slot,
+      slotTs: ts,
+      checkpointNumber,
+      isPendingChainValid: pick(syncedTo.pendingChainValidationStatus, 'valid', 'reason', 'invalidIndex'),
+    };
+
+    // Check that we are a proposer for the next slot
+    this.setState(SequencerState.PROPOSER_CHECK, slot);
+    const [canPropose, proposer] = await this.checkCanPropose(slot);
+
+    // If we are not a proposer check if we should invalidate an invalid checkpoint, and bail
+    if (!canPropose) {
+      await this.considerInvalidatingCheckpoint(syncedTo, slot);
+      return undefined;
+    }
 
-      await this.buildBlockAndEnqueuePublish(pendingTxs, proposalHeader).catch(err => {
-        this.log.error(`Error building/enqueuing block`, err, { blockNumber: newBlockNumber, slot });
-      });
-      finishedFlushing = true;
-    } else {
-      this.log.debug(
-        `Not enough txs to build block ${newBlockNumber} at slot ${slot}: got ${pendingTxCount} txs, need ${this.minTxsPerBlock}`,
+    // Check that the slot is not taken by a block already (should never happen, since only us can propose for this slot)
+    if (syncedTo.blockData && syncedTo.blockData.header.getSlot() >= slot) {
+      this.log.warn(
+        `Cannot propose block at next L2 slot ${slot} since that slot was taken by block ${syncedTo.blockNumber}`,
+        { ...logCtx, block: syncedTo.blockData.header.toInspect() },
       );
+      this.metrics.recordCheckpointPrecheckFailed('slot_already_taken');
+      return undefined;
     }
 
-    await enqueueGovernanceVotePromise.catch(err => {
-      this.log.error(`Error enqueuing governance vote`, err, { blockNumber: newBlockNumber, slot });
-    });
-    await enqueueSlashingVotePromise.catch(err => {
-      this.log.error(`Error enqueuing slashing vote`, err, { blockNumber: newBlockNumber, slot });
-    });
+    // We now need to get ourselves a publisher.
+    // The returned attestor will be the one we provided if we provided one.
+    // Otherwise it will be a valid attestor for the returned publisher.
+    // In fisherman mode, pass undefined to use the fisherman's own keystore instead of the actual proposer's
+    const proposerForPublisher = this.config.fishermanMode ? undefined : proposer;
+    const { attestorAddress, publisher } = await this.publisherFactory.create(proposerForPublisher);
+    this.log.verbose(`Created publisher at address ${publisher.getSenderAddress()} for attestor ${attestorAddress}`);
+
+    // In fisherman mode, set the actual proposer's address for simulations
+    if (this.config.fishermanMode && proposer) {
+      publisher.setProposerAddressForSimulation(proposer);
+      this.log.debug(`Set proposer address ${proposer} for simulation in fisherman mode`);
+    }
 
-    await this.publisher.sendRequests();
+    // Prepare invalidation request if the pending chain is invalid (returns undefined if no need)
+    const invalidateCheckpoint = await publisher.simulateInvalidateCheckpoint(syncedTo.pendingChainValidationStatus);
+
+    // Check with the rollup contract if we can indeed propose at the next L2 slot. This check should not fail
+    // if all the previous checks are good, but we do it just in case.
+    const canProposeCheck = await publisher.canProposeAtNextEthBlock(
+      syncedTo.archive,
+      proposer ?? EthAddress.ZERO,
+      invalidateCheckpoint,
+    );
 
-    if (finishedFlushing) {
-      this.isFlushing = false;
+    if (canProposeCheck === undefined) {
+      this.log.warn(
+        `Cannot propose checkpoint ${checkpointNumber} at slot ${slot} due to failed rollup contract check`,
+        logCtx,
+      );
+      this.emit('proposer-rollup-check-failed', { reason: 'Rollup contract check failed', slot });
+      this.metrics.recordCheckpointPrecheckFailed('rollup_contract_check_failed');
+      return undefined;
     }
 
-    this.setState(SequencerState.IDLE, 0n);
-  }
+    if (canProposeCheck.slot !== slot) {
+      this.log.warn(
+        `Cannot propose block due to slot mismatch with rollup contract (this can be caused by a clock out of sync). Expected slot ${slot} but got ${canProposeCheck.slot}.`,
+        { ...logCtx, rollup: canProposeCheck, expectedSlot: slot },
+      );
+      this.emit('proposer-rollup-check-failed', { reason: 'Slot mismatch', slot });
+      this.metrics.recordCheckpointPrecheckFailed('slot_mismatch');
+      return undefined;
+    }
 
-  @trackSpan('Sequencer.work')
-  protected async work() {
-    try {
-      await this.doRealWork();
-    } catch (err) {
-      if (err instanceof SequencerTooSlowError) {
-        this.log.warn(err.message);
-      } else {
-        // Re-throw other errors
-        throw err;
-      }
-    } finally {
-      this.setState(SequencerState.IDLE, 0n);
+    if (canProposeCheck.checkpointNumber !== checkpointNumber) {
+      this.log.warn(
+        `Cannot propose due to block mismatch with rollup contract (this can be caused by a pending archiver sync). Expected checkpoint ${checkpointNumber} but got ${canProposeCheck.checkpointNumber}.`,
+        { ...logCtx, rollup: canProposeCheck, expectedSlot: slot },
+      );
+      this.emit('proposer-rollup-check-failed', { reason: 'Block mismatch', slot });
+      this.metrics.recordCheckpointPrecheckFailed('block_number_mismatch');
+      return undefined;
     }
+
+    this.lastSlotForCheckpointProposalJob = slot;
+    await this.p2pClient.prepareForSlot(slot);
+    this.log.info(`Preparing checkpoint proposal ${checkpointNumber} at slot ${slot}`, { ...logCtx, proposer });
+
+    // Create and return the checkpoint proposal job
+    return this.createCheckpointProposalJob(
+      epoch,
+      slot,
+      checkpointNumber,
+      syncedTo.blockNumber,
+      proposer,
+      publisher,
+      attestorAddress,
+      invalidateCheckpoint,
+    );
   }
 
-  public getForwarderAddress() {
-    return this.publisher.getForwarderAddress();
+  protected createCheckpointProposalJob(
+    epoch: EpochNumber,
+    slot: SlotNumber,
+    checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber,
+    syncedToBlockNumber: BlockNumber,
+    proposer: EthAddress | undefined,
+    publisher: SequencerPublisher,
+    attestorAddress: EthAddress,
+    invalidateCheckpoint: InvalidateCheckpointRequest | undefined,
+  ): CheckpointProposalJob {
+    return new CheckpointProposalJob(
+      epoch,
+      slot,
+      checkpointNumber,
+      syncedToBlockNumber,
+      proposer,
+      publisher,
+      attestorAddress,
+      invalidateCheckpoint,
+      this.validatorClient,
+      this.globalsBuilder,
+      this.p2pClient,
+      this.worldState,
+      this.l1ToL2MessageSource,
+      this.l2BlockSource,
+      this.checkpointsBuilder,
+      this.l2BlockSource,
+      this.l1Constants,
+      this.config,
+      this.timetable,
+      this.slasherClient,
+      this.epochCache,
+      this.dateProvider,
+      this.metrics,
+      this,
+      this.setState.bind(this),
+      this.tracer,
+      this.log.getBindings(),
+    );
   }
 
   /**
-   * Checks if we can propose at the next block and returns the slot number if we can.
-   * @param tipArchive - The archive of the previous block.
-   * @param proposalBlockNumber - The block number of the proposal.
-   * @returns The slot number if we can propose at the next block, otherwise undefined.
+   * Returns the current sequencer state.
    */
-  async slotForProposal(tipArchive: Buffer, proposalBlockNumber: bigint): Promise<bigint | undefined> {
-    const result = await this.publisher.canProposeAtNextEthBlock(tipArchive);
-
-    if (!result) {
-      return undefined;
-    }
-
-    const [slot, blockNumber] = result;
-
-    if (proposalBlockNumber !== blockNumber) {
-      const msg = `Sequencer block number mismatch. Expected ${proposalBlockNumber} but got ${blockNumber}.`;
-      this.log.warn(msg);
-      throw new Error(msg);
-    }
-    return slot;
+  public getState(): SequencerState {
+    return this.state;
   }
 
   /**
-   * Sets the sequencer state and checks if we have enough time left in the slot to transition to the new state.
+   * Internal helper for setting the sequencer state and checks if we have enough time left in the slot to transition to the new state.
    * @param proposedState - The new state to transition to.
-   * @param currentSlotNumber - The current slot number.
+   * @param slotNumber - The current slot number.
    * @param force - Whether to force the transition even if the sequencer is stopped.
-   *
-   * @dev If the `currentSlotNumber` doesn't matter (e.g. transitioning to IDLE), pass in `0n`;
-   * it is only used to check if we have enough time left in the slot to transition to the new state.
    */
-  setState(proposedState: SequencerState, currentSlotNumber: bigint, force: boolean = false) {
-    if (this.state === SequencerState.STOPPED && force !== true) {
+  protected setState(
+    proposedState: SequencerState,
+    slotNumber: SlotNumber | undefined,
+    opts: { force?: boolean } = {},
+  ): void {
+    if (this.state === SequencerState.STOPPING && proposedState !== SequencerState.STOPPED && !opts.force) {
+      this.log.warn(`Cannot set sequencer to ${proposedState} as it is stopping.`);
+      throw new SequencerInterruptedError();
+    }
+    if (this.state === SequencerState.STOPPED && !opts.force) {
       this.log.warn(`Cannot set sequencer from ${this.state} to ${proposedState} as it is stopped.`);
       return;
     }
-    const secondsIntoSlot = this.getSecondsIntoSlot(currentSlotNumber);
-    this.timetable.assertTimeLeft(proposedState, secondsIntoSlot);
-    this.log.debug(`Transitioning from ${this.state} to ${proposedState}`);
+    let secondsIntoSlot = undefined;
+    if (slotNumber !== undefined) {
+      secondsIntoSlot = this.getSecondsIntoSlot(slotNumber);
+      this.timetable.assertTimeLeft(proposedState, secondsIntoSlot);
+    }
+
+    const boringStates = [SequencerState.IDLE, SequencerState.SYNCHRONIZING];
+    const logLevel =
+      boringStates.includes(proposedState) && boringStates.includes(this.state)
+        ? ('trace' as const)
+        : ('debug' as const);
+    this.log[logLevel](`Transitioning from ${this.state} to ${proposedState}`, { slotNumber, secondsIntoSlot });
+
+    this.emit('state-changed', {
+      oldState: this.state,
+      newState: proposedState,
+      secondsIntoSlot,
+      slot: slotNumber,
+    });
     this.state = proposedState;
   }
 
   /**
-   * Build a block
-   *
-   * Shared between the sequencer and the validator for re-execution
-   *
-   * @param pendingTxs - The pending transactions to construct the block from
-   * @param newGlobalVariables - The global variables for the new block
-   * @param historicalHeader - The historical header of the parent
-   * @param opts - Whether to just validate the block as a validator, as opposed to building it as a proposal
+   * Returns whether all dependencies have caught up.
+   * We don't check against the previous block submitted since it may have been reorg'd out.
    */
-  protected async buildBlock(
-    pendingTxs: Iterable<Tx> | AsyncIterable<Tx>,
-    newGlobalVariables: GlobalVariables,
-    opts: { validateOnly?: boolean } = {},
-  ) {
-    const blockNumber = newGlobalVariables.blockNumber.toNumber();
-    const slot = newGlobalVariables.slotNumber.toBigInt();
-    this.log.debug(`Requesting L1 to L2 messages from contract for block ${blockNumber}`);
-    const l1ToL2Messages = await this.l1ToL2MessageSource.getL1ToL2Messages(BigInt(blockNumber));
-    const msgCount = l1ToL2Messages.length;
-
-    this.log.verbose(`Building block ${blockNumber} for slot ${slot}`, {
-      slot,
-      blockNumber,
-      msgCount,
-      validator: opts.validateOnly,
-    });
-
-    // Sync to the previous block at least
-    await this.worldState.syncImmediate(blockNumber - 1);
-    this.log.debug(`Synced to previous block ${blockNumber - 1}`);
-
-    // NB: separating the dbs because both should update the state
-    const publicProcessorFork = await this.worldState.fork();
-    const orchestratorFork = await this.worldState.fork();
-
-    const previousBlockHeader =
-      (await this.l2BlockSource.getBlock(blockNumber - 1))?.header ?? orchestratorFork.getInitialHeader();
-
-    try {
-      const processor = this.publicProcessorFactory.create(publicProcessorFork, newGlobalVariables, true);
-      const blockBuildingTimer = new Timer();
-      const blockBuilder = this.blockBuilderFactory.create(orchestratorFork);
-      await blockBuilder.startNewBlock(newGlobalVariables, l1ToL2Messages, previousBlockHeader);
-
-      // Deadline for processing depends on whether we're proposing a block
-      const secondsIntoSlot = this.getSecondsIntoSlot(slot);
-      const processingEndTimeWithinSlot = opts.validateOnly
-        ? this.timetable.getValidatorReexecTimeEnd(secondsIntoSlot)
-        : this.timetable.getBlockProposalExecTimeEnd(secondsIntoSlot);
-
-      // Deadline is only set if enforceTimeTable is enabled.
-      const deadline = this.enforceTimeTable
-        ? new Date((this.getSlotStartTimestamp(slot) + processingEndTimeWithinSlot) * 1000)
-        : undefined;
-
-      this.log.verbose(`Processing pending txs`, {
+  protected async checkSync(args: { ts: bigint; slot: SlotNumber }): Promise<SequencerSyncCheckResult | undefined> {
+    // Check that the archiver has fully synced the L2 slot before the one we want to propose in.
+    // TODO(#14766): Archiver reports L1 timestamp based on L1 blocks seen, which means that a missed L1 block will
+    // cause the archiver L1 timestamp to fall behind, and cause this sequencer to start processing one L1 slot later.
+    const syncedL2Slot = await this.l2BlockSource.getSyncedL2SlotNumber();
+    const { slot } = args;
+    if (syncedL2Slot === undefined || syncedL2Slot + 1 < slot) {
+      this.log.debug(`Cannot propose block at next L2 slot ${slot} due to pending sync from L1`, {
         slot,
-        slotStart: new Date(this.getSlotStartTimestamp(slot) * 1000),
-        now: new Date(this.dateProvider.now()),
-        deadline,
+        syncedL2Slot,
       });
+      return undefined;
+    }
 
-      const validators = createValidatorsForBlockBuilding(
-        publicProcessorFork,
-        this.contractDataSource,
-        newGlobalVariables,
-        this.allowedInSetup,
-      );
-
-      // TODO(#11000): Public processor should just handle processing, one tx at a time. It should be responsibility
-      // of the sequencer to update world state and iterate over txs. We should refactor this along with unifying the
-      // publicProcessorFork and orchestratorFork, to avoid doing tree insertions twice when building the block.
-      const proposerLimits = {
-        maxTransactions: this.maxTxsPerBlock,
-        maxBlockSize: this.maxBlockSizeInBytes,
-        maxBlockGas: this.maxBlockGas,
-      };
-      const limits = opts.validateOnly ? { deadline } : { deadline, ...proposerLimits };
-      const [publicProcessorDuration, [processedTxs, failedTxs]] = await elapsed(() =>
-        processor.process(pendingTxs, limits, validators),
-      );
-
-      if (!opts.validateOnly && failedTxs.length > 0) {
-        const failedTxData = failedTxs.map(fail => fail.tx);
-        const failedTxHashes = await Tx.getHashes(failedTxData);
-        this.log.verbose(`Dropping failed txs ${failedTxHashes.join(', ')}`);
-        await this.p2pClient.deleteTxs(failedTxHashes);
-      }
-
-      if (
-        !opts.validateOnly && // We check for minTxCount only if we are proposing a block, not if we are validating it
-        !this.isFlushing && // And we skip the check when flushing, since we want all pending txs to go out, no matter if too few
-        this.minTxsPerBlock !== undefined &&
-        processedTxs.length < this.minTxsPerBlock
-      ) {
-        this.log.warn(
-          `Block ${blockNumber} has too few txs to be proposed (got ${processedTxs.length} but required ${this.minTxsPerBlock})`,
-          { slot, blockNumber, processedTxCount: processedTxs.length },
-        );
-        throw new Error(`Block has too few successful txs to be proposed`);
-      }
+    const syncedBlocks = await Promise.all([
+      this.worldState.status().then(({ syncSummary }) => ({
+        number: syncSummary.latestBlockNumber,
+        hash: syncSummary.latestBlockHash,
+      })),
+      this.l2BlockSource.getL2Tips().then(t => t.proposed),
+      this.p2pClient.getStatus().then(p2p => p2p.syncedToL2Block),
+      this.l1ToL2MessageSource.getL2Tips().then(t => t.proposed),
+      this.l2BlockSource.getPendingChainValidationStatus(),
+    ] as const);
 
-      const start = process.hrtime.bigint();
-      await blockBuilder.addTxs(processedTxs);
-      const end = process.hrtime.bigint();
-      const duration = Number(end - start) / 1_000;
-      this.metrics.recordBlockBuilderTreeInsertions(duration);
+    const [worldState, l2BlockSource, p2p, l1ToL2MessageSource, pendingChainValidationStatus] = syncedBlocks;
 
-      // All real transactions have been added, set the block as full and pad if needed
-      const block = await blockBuilder.setBlockCompleted();
+    // Handle zero as a special case, since the block hash won't match across services if we're changing the prefilled data for the genesis block,
+    // as the world state can compute the new genesis block hash, but other components use the hardcoded constant.
+    // TODO(palla/mbps): Fix the above. All components should be able to handle dynamic genesis block hashes.
+    const result =
+      (l2BlockSource.number === 0 && worldState.number === 0 && p2p.number === 0 && l1ToL2MessageSource.number === 0) ||
+      (worldState.hash === l2BlockSource.hash &&
+        p2p.hash === l2BlockSource.hash &&
+        l1ToL2MessageSource.hash === l2BlockSource.hash);
 
-      // How much public gas was processed
-      const publicGas = processedTxs.reduce((acc, tx) => acc.add(tx.gasUsed.publicGas), Gas.empty());
+    if (!result) {
+      this.log.debug(`Sequencer sync check failed`, { worldState, l2BlockSource, p2p, l1ToL2MessageSource });
+      return undefined;
+    }
 
+    // Special case for genesis state
+    const blockNumber = worldState.number;
+    if (blockNumber < INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM) {
+      const archive = new Fr((await this.worldState.getCommitted().getTreeInfo(MerkleTreeId.ARCHIVE)).root);
       return {
-        block,
-        publicGas,
-        publicProcessorDuration,
-        numMsgs: l1ToL2Messages.length,
-        numTxs: processedTxs.length,
-        numFailedTxs: failedTxs.length,
-        blockBuildingTimer,
+        checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber.ZERO,
+        blockNumber: BlockNumber.ZERO,
+        archive,
+        syncedL2Slot,
+        pendingChainValidationStatus,
       };
-    } finally {
-      // We create a fresh processor each time to reset any cached state (eg storage writes)
-      // We wait a bit to close the forks since the processor may still be working on a dangling tx
-      // which was interrupted due to the processingDeadline being hit.
-      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-misused-promises
-      setTimeout(async () => {
-        try {
-          await publicProcessorFork.close();
-          await orchestratorFork.close();
-        } catch (err) {
-          // This can happen if the sequencer is stopped before we hit this timeout.
-          this.log.warn(`Error closing forks for block processing`, err);
-        }
-      }, 5000);
     }
+
+    const blockData = await this.l2BlockSource.getBlockData(blockNumber);
+    if (!blockData) {
+      // this shouldn't really happen because a moment ago we checked that all components were in sync
+      this.log.error(`Failed to get L2 block data ${blockNumber} from the archiver with all components in sync`);
+      return undefined;
+    }
+
+    return {
+      blockData,
+      blockNumber: blockData.header.getBlockNumber(),
+      checkpointNumber: blockData.checkpointNumber,
+      archive: blockData.archive.root,
+      syncedL2Slot,
+      pendingChainValidationStatus,
+    };
   }
 
   /**
-   * @notice  Build and propose a block to the chain
-   *
-   * @dev     MUST throw instead of exiting early to ensure that world-state
-   *          is being rolled back if the block is dropped.
-   *
-   * @param pendingTxs - Iterable of pending transactions to construct the block from
-   * @param proposalHeader - The partial header constructed for the proposal
+   * Checks if we are the proposer for the next slot.
+   * @returns True if we can propose, and the proposer address (undefined if anyone can propose)
    */
-  @trackSpan('Sequencer.buildBlockAndEnqueuePublish', (_validTxs, proposalHeader) => ({
-    [Attributes.BLOCK_NUMBER]: proposalHeader.globalVariables.blockNumber.toNumber(),
-  }))
-  private async buildBlockAndEnqueuePublish(
-    pendingTxs: Iterable<Tx> | AsyncIterable<Tx>,
-    proposalHeader: BlockHeader,
-  ): Promise<void> {
-    await this.publisher.validateBlockForSubmission(proposalHeader);
-
-    const newGlobalVariables = proposalHeader.globalVariables;
-    const blockNumber = newGlobalVariables.blockNumber.toNumber();
-    const slot = newGlobalVariables.slotNumber.toBigInt();
-
-    // this.metrics.recordNewBlock(blockNumber, validTxs.length);
-    const workTimer = new Timer();
-    this.setState(SequencerState.CREATING_BLOCK, slot);
+  protected async checkCanPropose(slot: SlotNumber): Promise<[boolean, EthAddress | undefined]> {
+    let proposer: EthAddress | undefined;
 
     try {
-      const buildBlockRes = await this.buildBlock(pendingTxs, newGlobalVariables);
-      const { publicGas, block, publicProcessorDuration, numTxs, numMsgs, blockBuildingTimer } = buildBlockRes;
-      this.metrics.recordBuiltBlock(workTimer.ms(), publicGas.l2Gas);
-
-      // TODO(@PhilWindle) We should probably periodically check for things like another
-      // block being published before ours instead of just waiting on our block
-      await this.publisher.validateBlockForSubmission(block.header);
-
-      const blockStats: L2BlockBuiltStats = {
-        eventName: 'l2-block-built',
-        creator: this.publisher.getSenderAddress().toString(),
-        duration: workTimer.ms(),
-        publicProcessDuration: publicProcessorDuration,
-        rollupCircuitsDuration: blockBuildingTimer.ms(),
-        ...block.getStats(),
-      };
+      proposer = await this.epochCache.getProposerAttesterAddressInSlot(slot);
+    } catch (e) {
+      if (e instanceof NoCommitteeError) {
+        if (this.lastSlotForNoCommitteeWarning !== slot) {
+          this.lastSlotForNoCommitteeWarning = slot;
+          this.log.warn(`Cannot propose at next L2 slot ${slot} since the committee does not exist on L1`);
+        }
+        return [false, undefined];
+      }
+      this.log.error(`Error getting proposer for slot ${slot}`, e);
+      return [false, undefined];
+    }
 
-      const blockHash = await block.hash();
-      const txHashes = block.body.txEffects.map(tx => tx.txHash);
-      this.log.info(
-        `Built block ${block.number} for slot ${slot} with ${numTxs} txs and ${numMsgs} messages. ${
-          publicGas.l2Gas / workTimer.s()
-        } mana/s`,
-        {
-          blockHash,
-          globalVariables: block.header.globalVariables.toInspect(),
-          txHashes,
-          ...blockStats,
-        },
-      );
+    // If proposer is undefined, then the committee is empty and anyone may propose
+    if (proposer === undefined) {
+      return [true, undefined];
+    }
+    // In fisherman mode, just return the current proposer
+    if (this.config.fishermanMode) {
+      return [true, proposer];
+    }
 
-      this.log.debug('Collecting attestations');
-      const stopCollectingAttestationsTimer = this.metrics.startCollectingAttestationsTimer();
-      const attestations = await this.collectAttestations(block, txHashes);
-      if (attestations !== undefined) {
-        this.log.verbose(`Collected ${attestations.length} attestations`, { blockHash, blockNumber });
-      }
-      stopCollectingAttestationsTimer();
+    const validatorAddresses = this.validatorClient.getValidatorAddresses();
+    const weAreProposer = validatorAddresses.some(addr => addr.equals(proposer));
 
-      return this.enqueuePublishL2Block(block, attestations, txHashes);
-    } catch (err) {
-      this.metrics.recordFailedBlock();
-      throw err;
+    if (!weAreProposer) {
+      this.log.debug(`Cannot propose at slot ${slot} since we are not a proposer`, { validatorAddresses, proposer });
+      return [false, proposer];
     }
+
+    return [true, proposer];
   }
 
-  @trackSpan('Sequencer.collectAttestations', (block, txHashes) => ({
-    [Attributes.BLOCK_NUMBER]: block.number,
-    [Attributes.BLOCK_ARCHIVE]: block.archive.toString(),
-    [Attributes.BLOCK_TXS_COUNT]: txHashes.length,
-  }))
-  protected async collectAttestations(block: L2Block, txHashes: TxHash[]): Promise<Signature[] | undefined> {
-    // TODO(https://github.com/AztecProtocol/aztec-packages/issues/7962): inefficient to have a round trip in here - this should be cached
-    const committee = await this.publisher.getCurrentEpochCommittee();
-
-    if (committee.length === 0) {
-      this.log.verbose(`Attesting committee is empty`);
-      return undefined;
-    } else {
-      this.log.debug(`Attesting committee length is ${committee.length}`);
+  /**
+   * Tries to vote on slashing actions and governance when the sync check fails but we're past the max time for initializing a proposal.
+   * This allows the sequencer to participate in governance/slashing votes even when it cannot build blocks.
+   */
+  @trackSpan('Seqeuencer.tryVoteWhenSyncFails', ({ slot }) => ({ [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: slot }))
+  protected async tryVoteWhenSyncFails(args: { slot: SlotNumber; ts: bigint }): Promise<void> {
+    const { slot } = args;
+
+    // Prevent duplicate attempts in the same slot
+    if (this.lastSlotForFallbackVote === slot) {
+      this.log.trace(`Already attempted to vote in slot ${slot} (skipping)`);
+      return;
     }
 
-    if (!this.validatorClient) {
-      const msg = 'Missing validator client: Cannot collect attestations';
-      this.log.error(msg);
-      throw new Error(msg);
+    // Check if we're past the max time for initializing a proposal
+    const secondsIntoSlot = this.getSecondsIntoSlot(slot);
+    const maxAllowedTime = this.timetable.getMaxAllowedTime(SequencerState.INITIALIZING_CHECKPOINT);
+
+    // If we haven't exceeded the time limit for initializing a proposal, don't proceed with voting
+    // We use INITIALIZING_PROPOSAL time limit because if we're past that, we can't build a block anyway
+    if (maxAllowedTime === undefined || secondsIntoSlot <= maxAllowedTime) {
+      this.log.trace(`Not attempting to vote since there is still time for block building`, {
+        secondsIntoSlot,
+        maxAllowedTime,
+      });
+      return;
     }
 
-    const numberOfRequiredAttestations = Math.floor((committee.length * 2) / 3) + 1;
-    const slotNumber = block.header.globalVariables.slotNumber.toBigInt();
-    this.setState(SequencerState.COLLECTING_ATTESTATIONS, slotNumber);
+    this.log.trace(`Sync for slot ${slot} failed, checking for voting opportunities`, {
+      secondsIntoSlot,
+      maxAllowedTime,
+    });
 
-    this.log.debug('Creating block proposal for validators');
-    const proposal = await this.validatorClient.createBlockProposal(block.header, block.archive.root, txHashes);
-    if (!proposal) {
-      const msg = `Failed to create block proposal`;
-      throw new Error(msg);
+    // Check if we're a proposer or proposal is open
+    const [canPropose, proposer] = await this.checkCanPropose(slot);
+    if (!canPropose) {
+      this.log.trace(`Cannot vote in slot ${slot} since we are not a proposer`, { slot, proposer });
+      return;
     }
 
-    this.log.debug('Broadcasting block proposal to validators');
-    this.validatorClient.broadcastBlockProposal(proposal);
+    // Mark this slot as attempted
+    this.lastSlotForFallbackVote = slot;
+
+    // Get a publisher for voting
+    const { attestorAddress, publisher } = await this.publisherFactory.create(proposer);
 
-    const attestationTimeAllowed = this.enforceTimeTable
-      ? this.timetable.getMaxAllowedTime(SequencerState.PUBLISHING_BLOCK)!
-      : this.aztecSlotDuration;
-    const attestationDeadline = new Date(this.dateProvider.now() + attestationTimeAllowed * 1000);
-    const attestations = await this.validatorClient.collectAttestations(
-      proposal,
-      numberOfRequiredAttestations,
-      attestationDeadline,
+    this.log.debug(`Attempting to vote despite sync failure at slot ${slot}`, {
+      attestorAddress,
+      slot,
+    });
+
+    // Enqueue governance and slashing votes
+    const voter = new CheckpointVoter(
+      slot,
+      publisher,
+      attestorAddress,
+      this.validatorClient,
+      this.slasherClient,
+      this.l1Constants,
+      this.config,
+      this.metrics,
+      this.log,
     );
+    const votesPromises = voter.enqueueVotes();
+    const votes = await Promise.all(votesPromises);
+
+    if (votes.every(p => !p)) {
+      this.log.debug(`No votes to enqueue for slot ${slot}`);
+      return;
+    }
 
-    // note: the smart contract requires that the signatures are provided in the order of the committee
-    return orderAttestations(attestations, committee);
+    this.log.info(`Voting in slot ${slot} despite sync failure`, { slot });
+    await publisher.sendRequests();
   }
 
   /**
-   * Publishes the L2Block to the rollup contract.
-   * @param block - The L2Block to be published.
+   * Tries to vote on slashing actions and governance proposals when escape hatch is open.
+   * This allows the sequencer to participate in voting without performing checkpoint proposal work.
    */
-  @trackSpan('Sequencer.enqueuePublishL2Block', block => ({
-    [Attributes.BLOCK_NUMBER]: block.number,
-  }))
-  protected async enqueuePublishL2Block(
-    block: L2Block,
-    attestations?: Signature[],
-    txHashes?: TxHash[],
-  ): Promise<void> {
-    // Publishes new block to the network and awaits the tx to be mined
-    this.setState(SequencerState.PUBLISHING_BLOCK, block.header.globalVariables.slotNumber.toBigInt());
+  @trackSpan('Sequencer.tryVoteWhenEscapeHatchOpen', ({ slot }) => ({ [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: slot }))
+  protected async tryVoteWhenEscapeHatchOpen(args: {
+    slot: SlotNumber;
+    proposer: EthAddress | undefined;
+  }): Promise<void> {
+    const { slot, proposer } = args;
+
+    // Prevent duplicate attempts in the same slot
+    if (this.lastSlotForFallbackVote === slot) {
+      this.log.trace(`Already attempted to vote in slot ${slot} (escape hatch open, skipping)`);
+      return;
+    }
 
-    // Time out tx at the end of the slot
-    const slot = block.header.globalVariables.slotNumber.toNumber();
-    const txTimeoutAt = new Date((this.getSlotStartTimestamp(slot) + this.aztecSlotDuration) * 1000);
+    // Mark this slot as attempted
+    this.lastSlotForFallbackVote = slot;
 
-    const enqueued = await this.publisher.enqueueProposeL2Block(block, attestations, txHashes, {
-      txTimeoutAt,
-    });
+    const { attestorAddress, publisher } = await this.publisherFactory.create(proposer);
+
+    this.log.debug(`Escape hatch open for slot ${slot}, attempting vote-only actions`, { slot, attestorAddress });
+
+    const voter = new CheckpointVoter(
+      slot,
+      publisher,
+      attestorAddress,
+      this.validatorClient,
+      this.slasherClient,
+      this.l1Constants,
+      this.config,
+      this.metrics,
+      this.log,
+    );
+
+    const votesPromises = voter.enqueueVotes();
+    const votes = await Promise.all(votesPromises);
 
-    if (!enqueued) {
-      throw new Error(`Failed to enqueue publish of block ${block.number}`);
+    if (votes.every(p => !p)) {
+      this.log.debug(`No votes to enqueue for slot ${slot} (escape hatch open)`);
+      return;
     }
+
+    this.log.info(`Voting in slot ${slot} (escape hatch open)`, { slot });
+    await publisher.sendRequests();
   }
 
   /**
-   * Returns whether all dependencies have caught up.
-   * We don't check against the previous block submitted since it may have been reorg'd out.
-   * @returns Boolean indicating if our dependencies are synced to the latest block.
+   * Considers invalidating a block if the pending chain is invalid. Depends on how long the invalid block
+   * has been there without being invalidated and whether the sequencer is in the committee or not. We always
+   * have the proposer try to invalidate, but if they fail, the sequencers in the committee are expected to try,
+   * and if they fail, any sequencer will try as well.
    */
-  protected async getChainTip(): Promise<{ blockNumber: number; archive: Fr } | undefined> {
-    const syncedBlocks = await Promise.all([
-      this.worldState.status().then((s: WorldStateSynchronizerStatus) => {
-        return {
-          number: s.syncSummary.latestBlockNumber,
-          hash: s.syncSummary.latestBlockHash,
-        };
-      }),
-      this.l2BlockSource.getL2Tips().then(t => t.latest),
-      this.p2pClient.getStatus().then(p2p => p2p.syncedToL2Block),
-      this.l1ToL2MessageSource.getBlockNumber(),
-    ] as const);
+  protected async considerInvalidatingCheckpoint(
+    syncedTo: SequencerSyncCheckResult,
+    currentSlot: SlotNumber,
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    const { pendingChainValidationStatus, syncedL2Slot } = syncedTo;
+    if (pendingChainValidationStatus.valid) {
+      return;
+    }
 
-    const [worldState, l2BlockSource, p2p, l1ToL2MessageSource] = syncedBlocks;
+    const invalidCheckpointNumber = pendingChainValidationStatus.checkpoint.checkpointNumber;
+    const invalidCheckpointTimestamp = pendingChainValidationStatus.checkpoint.timestamp;
+    const timeSinceChainInvalid = this.dateProvider.nowInSeconds() - Number(invalidCheckpointTimestamp);
+    const ourValidatorAddresses = this.validatorClient.getValidatorAddresses();
+
+    const { secondsBeforeInvalidatingBlockAsCommitteeMember, secondsBeforeInvalidatingBlockAsNonCommitteeMember } =
+      this.config;
+
+    const logData = {
+      invalidL1Timestamp: invalidCheckpointTimestamp,
+      syncedL2Slot,
+      invalidCheckpoint: pendingChainValidationStatus.checkpoint,
+      secondsBeforeInvalidatingBlockAsCommitteeMember,
+      secondsBeforeInvalidatingBlockAsNonCommitteeMember,
+      ourValidatorAddresses,
+      currentSlot,
+    };
+
+    const inCurrentCommittee = () =>
+      this.epochCache
+        .getCommittee(currentSlot)
+        .then(c => c?.committee?.some(member => ourValidatorAddresses.some(addr => addr.equals(member))));
+
+    const invalidateAsCommitteeMember =
+      secondsBeforeInvalidatingBlockAsCommitteeMember !== undefined &&
+      secondsBeforeInvalidatingBlockAsCommitteeMember > 0 &&
+      timeSinceChainInvalid > secondsBeforeInvalidatingBlockAsCommitteeMember &&
+      (await inCurrentCommittee());
+
+    const invalidateAsNonCommitteeMember =
+      secondsBeforeInvalidatingBlockAsNonCommitteeMember !== undefined &&
+      secondsBeforeInvalidatingBlockAsNonCommitteeMember > 0 &&
+      timeSinceChainInvalid > secondsBeforeInvalidatingBlockAsNonCommitteeMember;
+
+    if (!invalidateAsCommitteeMember && !invalidateAsNonCommitteeMember) {
+      this.log.debug(`Not invalidating pending chain`, logData);
+      return;
+    }
 
-    const result =
-      // check that world state has caught up with archiver
-      // note that the archiver reports undefined hash for the genesis block
-      // because it doesn't have access to world state to compute it (facepalm)
-      (l2BlockSource.hash === undefined || worldState.hash === l2BlockSource.hash) &&
-      // and p2p client and message source are at least at the same block
-      // this should change to hashes once p2p client handles reorgs
-      // and once we stop pretending that the l1tol2message source is not
-      // just the archiver under a different name
-      (!l2BlockSource.hash || p2p.hash === l2BlockSource.hash) &&
-      l1ToL2MessageSource === l2BlockSource.number;
-
-    this.log.debug(`Sequencer sync check ${result ? 'succeeded' : 'failed'}`, {
-      worldStateNumber: worldState.number,
-      worldStateHash: worldState.hash,
-      l2BlockSourceNumber: l2BlockSource.number,
-      l2BlockSourceHash: l2BlockSource.hash,
-      p2pNumber: p2p.number,
-      p2pHash: p2p.hash,
-      l1ToL2MessageSourceNumber: l1ToL2MessageSource,
-    });
+    let validatorToUse: EthAddress;
+    if (invalidateAsCommitteeMember) {
+      // When invalidating as a committee member, use first validator that's actually in the committee
+      const { committee } = await this.epochCache.getCommittee(currentSlot);
+      if (committee) {
+        const committeeSet = new Set(committee.map(addr => addr.toString()));
+        validatorToUse =
+          ourValidatorAddresses.find(addr => committeeSet.has(addr.toString())) ?? ourValidatorAddresses[0];
+      } else {
+        validatorToUse = ourValidatorAddresses[0];
+      }
+    } else {
+      // When invalidating as a non-committee member, use the first validator
+      validatorToUse = ourValidatorAddresses[0];
+    }
 
-    if (!result) {
-      return undefined;
+    const { publisher } = await this.publisherFactory.create(validatorToUse);
+
+    const invalidateCheckpoint = await publisher.simulateInvalidateCheckpoint(pendingChainValidationStatus);
+    if (!invalidateCheckpoint) {
+      this.log.warn(`Failed to simulate invalidate checkpoint`, logData);
+      return;
     }
-    if (worldState.number >= INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM) {
-      const block = await this.l2BlockSource.getBlock(worldState.number);
-      if (!block) {
-        // this shouldn't really happen because a moment ago we checked that all components were in synch
-        return undefined;
-      }
 
-      return { blockNumber: block.number, archive: block.archive.root };
+    this.log.info(
+      invalidateAsCommitteeMember
+        ? `Invalidating checkpoint ${invalidCheckpointNumber} as committee member`
+        : `Invalidating checkpoint ${invalidCheckpointNumber} as non-committee member`,
+      logData,
+    );
+
+    publisher.enqueueInvalidateCheckpoint(invalidateCheckpoint);
+
+    if (!this.config.fishermanMode) {
+      await publisher.sendRequests();
     } else {
-      const archive = new Fr((await this.worldState.getCommitted().getTreeInfo(MerkleTreeId.ARCHIVE)).root);
-      return { blockNumber: INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM - 1, archive };
+      this.log.info('Invalidating checkpoint in fisherman mode, clearing pending requests');
+      publisher.clearPendingRequests();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private logStrategyComparison(epoch: EpochNumber, publisher: SequencerPublisher): void {
+    const feeAnalyzer = publisher.getL1FeeAnalyzer();
+    if (!feeAnalyzer) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const comparison = feeAnalyzer.getStrategyComparison();
+    if (comparison.length === 0) {
+      this.log.debug(`No strategy data available yet for epoch ${epoch}`);
+      return;
     }
+
+    this.log.info(`L1 Fee Strategy Performance Report - End of Epoch ${epoch}`, {
+      epoch: Number(epoch),
+      totalAnalyses: comparison[0]?.totalAnalyses,
+      strategies: comparison.map(s => ({
+        id: s.strategyId,
+        name: s.strategyName,
+        inclusionRate: `${(s.inclusionRate * 100).toFixed(1)}%`,
+        inclusionCount: `${s.inclusionCount}/${s.totalAnalyses}`,
+        avgCostEth: s.avgEstimatedCostEth.toFixed(6),
+        totalCostEth: s.totalEstimatedCostEth.toFixed(6),
+        avgOverpaymentEth: s.avgOverpaymentEth.toFixed(6),
+        totalOverpaymentEth: s.totalOverpaymentEth.toFixed(6),
+        avgPriorityFeeDeltaGwei: s.avgPriorityFeeDeltaGwei.toFixed(2),
+      })),
+    });
   }
 
-  private getSlotStartTimestamp(slotNumber: number | bigint): number {
-    return Number(this.l1Constants.l1GenesisTime) + Number(slotNumber) * this.l1Constants.slotDuration;
+  private getSlotStartBuildTimestamp(slotNumber: SlotNumber): number {
+    return getSlotStartBuildTimestamp(slotNumber, this.l1Constants);
   }
 
-  private getSecondsIntoSlot(slotNumber: number | bigint): number {
-    const slotStartTimestamp = this.getSlotStartTimestamp(slotNumber);
+  private getSecondsIntoSlot(slotNumber: SlotNumber): number {
+    const slotStartTimestamp = this.getSlotStartBuildTimestamp(slotNumber);
     return Number((this.dateProvider.now() / 1000 - slotStartTimestamp).toFixed(3));
   }
 
-  get aztecSlotDuration() {
+  public get aztecSlotDuration() {
     return this.l1Constants.slotDuration;
   }
 
-  get coinbase(): EthAddress {
-    return this._coinbase;
+  public get maxL2BlockGas(): number | undefined {
+    return this.config.maxL2BlockGas;
+  }
+
+  public getSlasherClient(): SlasherClientInterface | undefined {
+    return this.slasherClient;
+  }
+
+  public get tracer(): Tracer {
+    return this.metrics.tracer;
+  }
+
+  public getValidatorAddresses() {
+    return this.validatorClient?.getValidatorAddresses();
+  }
+
+  /** Updates the publisher factory's node keystore adapter after a keystore reload. */
+  public updatePublisherNodeKeyStore(adapter: NodeKeystoreAdapter): void {
+    this.publisherFactory.updateNodeKeyStore(adapter);
+  }
+
+  public getConfig() {
+    return this.config;
   }
 
-  get feeRecipient(): AztecAddress {
-    return this._feeRecipient;
+  private get l1PublishingTime(): number {
+    return this.config.l1PublishingTime ?? this.l1Constants.ethereumSlotDuration;
   }
 }
+
+type SequencerSyncCheckResult = {
+  blockData?: BlockData;
+  checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber;
+  blockNumber: BlockNumber;
+  archive: Fr;
+  syncedL2Slot: SlotNumber;
+  pendingChainValidationStatus: ValidateCheckpointResult;
+};