@aztec/pxe 0.0.1-commit.96dac018d → 0.0.1-commit.993d240

package/src/tagging/get_all_logs_by_tags.ts

@@ -1,49 +1,54 @@
+import type { BlockNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
 import type { AztecAddress } from '@aztec/stdlib/aztec-address';
 import type { BlockHash } from '@aztec/stdlib/block';
-import { MAX_LOGS_PER_TAG, MAX_RPC_LEN } from '@aztec/stdlib/interfaces/api-limit';
+import { MAX_RPC_LEN } from '@aztec/stdlib/interfaces/api-limit';
 import type { AztecNode } from '@aztec/stdlib/interfaces/client';
-import type { SiloedTag, Tag, TxScopedL2Log } from '@aztec/stdlib/logs';
+import {
+  type LogIncludeOptions,
+  type LogResult,
+  type SiloedTag,
+  type Tag,
+  queryAllPrivateLogsByTags,
+  queryAllPublicLogsByTags,
+} from '@aztec/stdlib/logs';
+
+/** Optional block-range, effects opt-in, and pagination cap shared by both wrappers. */
+export type GetAllLogsByTagsOptions = {
+  /** Lower block bound, inclusive. */
+  fromBlock?: BlockNumber;
+  /** Upper block bound, exclusive. */
+  toBlock?: BlockNumber;
+  /**
+   * When set, each log also carries `noteHashes` and all `nullifiers` of its tx. Defaults to off — sender
+   * sync only needs `txHash`. The recipient-sync/log-service paths flip this on to build `PendingTaggedLog`
+   * / `LogRetrievalResponse` from note data.
+   */
+  includeEffects?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Maximum number of logs returned per tag per round-trip. Capped at `MAX_LOGS_PER_TAG` on the node
+   * (rejected if higher). Defaults to `MAX_LOGS_PER_TAG`. Mainly useful for tests that need to force
+   * pagination at a small page size.
+   */
+  limitPerTag?: number;
+};
 
 /**
- * Generic pagination helper that fetches all pages of results.
- * @param numTags - The number of tags being queried (determines result array size).
- * @param fetchPage - Function that fetches a single page of results given a page number.
- * @returns An array of arrays, one per tag, containing all results across all pages.
+ * Splits tags into chunks of MAX_RPC_LEN, paginates each chunk via the stdlib per-tag cursor helper,
+ * then stitches the results back into a single array preserving the original tag order.
  */
-async function getAllPages<T>(numTags: number, fetchPage: (page: number) => Promise<T[][]>): Promise<T[][]> {
-  const allResultsPerTag: T[][] = Array.from({ length: numTags }, () => []);
-  let page = 0;
-  let hasMore = true;
-
-  while (hasMore) {
-    const resultsPage = await fetchPage(page);
-    hasMore = false;
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < resultsPage.length; i++) {
-      allResultsPerTag[i].push(...resultsPage[i]);
-      if (resultsPage[i].length === MAX_LOGS_PER_TAG) {
-        hasMore = true;
-      }
-    }
-    page++;
+async function getAllPagesInBatches<T extends Tag | SiloedTag, Opts extends LogIncludeOptions>(
+  tags: T[],
+  fetchAllPagesForBatch: (batch: T[]) => Promise<LogResult<Opts>[][]>,
+): Promise<LogResult<Opts>[][]> {
+  if (tags.length === 0) {
+    return [];
   }
 
-  return allResultsPerTag;
-}
-
-/**
- * Splits tags into chunks of MAX_RPC_LEN, fetches logs for each chunk using getAllPages, then stitches the results
- * back into a single array preserving the original tag order.
- */
-async function getAllPagesInBatches<Tag, T>(
-  tags: Tag[],
-  fetchAllPagesForBatch: (batch: Tag[]) => Promise<T[][]>,
-): Promise<T[][]> {
   if (tags.length <= MAX_RPC_LEN) {
     return fetchAllPagesForBatch(tags);
   }
 
-  const batches: Tag[][] = [];
+  const batches: T[][] = [];
   for (let i = 0; i < tags.length; i += MAX_RPC_LEN) {
     batches.push(tags.slice(i, i + MAX_RPC_LEN));
   }
@@ -52,41 +57,64 @@ async function getAllPagesInBatches<Tag, T>(
 }
 
 /**
- * Fetches all private logs for the given tags, automatically paginating through all pages.
+ * Fetches all private logs for the given tags, automatically paginating per-tag via `afterLog` cursors.
+ *
  * @param aztecNode - The Aztec node to query.
  * @param tags - The siloed tags to search for.
- * @param anchorBlockHash - reference block for the Aztec node query, throws if block is not found there (typically
- * because of reorgs).
+ * @param anchorBlockHash - Reference block for the Aztec node query, throws if block is not found there (typically
+ *   because of reorgs).
+ * @param options - Optional `fromBlock`/`toBlock` range and `includeEffects` opt-in.
  * @returns An array of log arrays, one per tag, containing all logs across all pages.
  */
-export function getAllPrivateLogsByTags(
+export function getAllPrivateLogsByTags<Opts extends GetAllLogsByTagsOptions = GetAllLogsByTagsOptions>(
   aztecNode: AztecNode,
   tags: SiloedTag[],
   anchorBlockHash: BlockHash,
-): Promise<TxScopedL2Log[][]> {
-  return getAllPagesInBatches(tags, batch =>
-    getAllPages(batch.length, page => aztecNode.getPrivateLogsByTags(batch, page, anchorBlockHash)),
+  options: Opts = {} as Opts,
+): Promise<LogResult<Opts>[][]> {
+  return getAllPagesInBatches<SiloedTag, Opts>(
+    tags,
+    batch =>
+      queryAllPrivateLogsByTags(aztecNode, {
+        tags: batch,
+        referenceBlock: anchorBlockHash,
+        fromBlock: options.fromBlock,
+        toBlock: options.toBlock,
+        includeEffects: options.includeEffects ?? false,
+        limitPerTag: options.limitPerTag,
+      }) as Promise<LogResult<Opts>[][]>,
   );
 }
 
 /**
- * Fetches all public logs for the given tags from a contract, automatically paginating through all pages.
+ * Fetches all public logs for the given tags from a contract, automatically paginating per-tag via `afterLog` cursors.
+ *
  * @param aztecNode - The Aztec node to query.
  * @param contractAddress - The contract address to search logs for.
  * @param tags - The tags to search for.
- * @param anchorBlockHash - reference block for the Aztec node query, throws if block is not found there (typically
- * because of reorgs).
+ * @param anchorBlockHash - Reference block for the Aztec node query, throws if block is not found there (typically
+ *   because of reorgs).
+ * @param options - Optional `fromBlock`/`toBlock` range and `includeEffects` opt-in.
  * @returns An array of log arrays, one per tag, containing all logs across all pages.
  */
-export function getAllPublicLogsByTagsFromContract(
+export function getAllPublicLogsByTagsFromContract<Opts extends GetAllLogsByTagsOptions = GetAllLogsByTagsOptions>(
   aztecNode: AztecNode,
   contractAddress: AztecAddress,
   tags: Tag[],
   anchorBlockHash: BlockHash,
-): Promise<TxScopedL2Log[][]> {
-  return getAllPagesInBatches(tags, batch =>
-    getAllPages(batch.length, page =>
-      aztecNode.getPublicLogsByTagsFromContract(contractAddress, batch, page, anchorBlockHash),
-    ),
+  options: Opts = {} as Opts,
+): Promise<LogResult<Opts>[][]> {
+  return getAllPagesInBatches<Tag, Opts>(
+    tags,
+    batch =>
+      queryAllPublicLogsByTags(aztecNode, {
+        contractAddress,
+        tags: batch,
+        referenceBlock: anchorBlockHash,
+        fromBlock: options.fromBlock,
+        toBlock: options.toBlock,
+        includeEffects: options.includeEffects ?? false,
+        limitPerTag: options.limitPerTag,
+      }) as Promise<LogResult<Opts>[][]>,
   );
 }

package/src/tagging/index.ts

@@ -4,16 +4,17 @@
  * The objective of the sender sync algorithm is to determine which tags have already been used by a sender, thereby
  * deciding which tag should be used next.
  *
- * The objective of the recipient sync algorithm is to load and process the corresponding logs.
+ * The objective of the recipient sync algorithm is to fetch and sync the corresponding logs.
  *
  * @module tagging
  */
 
-export { loadPrivateLogsForSenderRecipientPair } from './recipient_sync/load_private_logs_for_sender_recipient_pair.js';
+export { syncTaggedPrivateLogs } from './recipient_sync/sync_tagged_private_logs.js';
 export { syncSenderTaggingIndexes } from './sender_sync/sync_sender_tagging_indexes.js';
+export { persistSenderTaggingIndexRangesForTx } from './persist_sender_tagging_index_ranges.js';
 export { UNFINALIZED_TAGGING_INDEXES_WINDOW_LEN } from './constants.js';
 export { getAllPrivateLogsByTags, getAllPublicLogsByTagsFromContract } from './get_all_logs_by_tags.js';
 
 // Re-export tagging-related types from stdlib
-export { DirectionalAppTaggingSecret, Tag, SiloedTag } from '@aztec/stdlib/logs';
-export { type PreTag } from '@aztec/stdlib/logs';
+export { AppTaggingSecret, Tag, SiloedTag } from '@aztec/stdlib/logs';
+export { type PreTag, type TaggingIndexRange } from '@aztec/stdlib/logs';

package/src/tagging/persist_sender_tagging_index_ranges.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import type { Logger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
+import type { PrivateKernelTailCircuitPublicInputs } from '@aztec/stdlib/kernel';
+import type { TaggingIndexRange } from '@aztec/stdlib/logs';
+import type { TxHash } from '@aztec/stdlib/tx';
+
+import type { SenderTaggingStore } from '../storage/tagging_store/sender_tagging_store.js';
+import { reconcileTaggingIndexRangesAgainstSurvivingTags } from './reconcile_tagging_index_ranges.js';
+
+/**
+ * Persists the tagging index ranges that a tx used as a sender, after reconciling them against the kernel's surviving
+ * private logs.
+ *
+ * The tagging index cache reserves an index for every log emission attempted during private execution, but the kernel
+ * may then squash some of those logs (e.g. when a note is created and nullified within the same tx). This function
+ * shrinks the recorded ranges to match the actual on-chain footprint before writing them, so that what we persist is
+ * consistent with what the network will see.
+ *
+ * @remarks Storing the recorded ranges in the DB may not be seen as necessary because we sync from chain before sending
+ * new logs, but the sync can only see logs already included in blocks. If we sent another transaction before this one
+ * was included from the same PXE, and that transaction contained a log with a tag derived from the same secret, we
+ * would reuse the tag and the transactions would be linked. Persisting in the DB prevents that linkage.
+ *
+ * @param store - The sender tagging store.
+ * @param recordedRanges - The tagging index ranges as recorded during private execution (pre-squash).
+ * @param publicInputs - The final kernel public inputs, used to determine which private logs survived squashing.
+ * @param getTxHash - Lazy accessor for the tx hash. Called only when there is something to persist, since computing
+ * the tx hash is expensive.
+ * @param jobId - Job context for staged writes to the store. See `JobCoordinator` for more details.
+ * @param log - Logger.
+ */
+export async function persistSenderTaggingIndexRangesForTx(
+  store: SenderTaggingStore,
+  recordedRanges: TaggingIndexRange[],
+  publicInputs: PrivateKernelTailCircuitPublicInputs,
+  getTxHash: () => Promise<TxHash>,
+  jobId: string,
+  log: Logger,
+): Promise<void> {
+  if (recordedRanges.length === 0) {
+    log.debug(`No tagging index ranges used in the tx`);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const survivingTags = new Set(
+    publicInputs.getNonEmptyPrivateLogs().map(privateLog => privateLog.fields[0].toString()),
+  );
+  const reconciledRanges = await reconcileTaggingIndexRangesAgainstSurvivingTags(recordedRanges, survivingTags);
+
+  if (reconciledRanges.length === 0) {
+    log.debug(`All tagging index ranges used in the tx were squashed by the kernel`, { recordedRanges });
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const txHash = await getTxHash();
+  await store.storePendingIndexes(reconciledRanges, txHash, jobId);
+  log.debug(`Stored used tagging index ranges as sender for the tx`, { recordedRanges, reconciledRanges });
+}

package/src/tagging/recipient_sync/sync_tagged_private_logs.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+import { BlockNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
+import { isDefined } from '@aztec/foundation/types';
+import type { BlockHash } from '@aztec/stdlib/block';
+import type { AztecNode } from '@aztec/stdlib/interfaces/client';
+import type { AppTaggingSecret, LogResult } from '@aztec/stdlib/logs';
+import { SiloedTag } from '@aztec/stdlib/logs';
+import type { BlockHeader } from '@aztec/stdlib/tx';
+
+import type { RecipientTaggingStore } from '../../storage/tagging_store/recipient_tagging_store.js';
+import { UNFINALIZED_TAGGING_INDEXES_WINDOW_LEN } from '../constants.js';
+import { getAllPrivateLogsByTags } from '../get_all_logs_by_tags.js';
+import { findHighestIndexes } from './utils/find_highest_indexes.js';
+
+/**
+ * Fetches and syncs tagged private logs for multiple sender-recipient pairs, batching tag queries across all secrets
+ * into shared RPC calls.
+ *
+ * # Explanation of how the algorithm works
+ *
+ * For each secret we sync logs that correspond to the tagging index range
+ * (highestAgedIndex, highestFinalizedIndex + WINDOW_LEN]
+ *
+ * highestAgedIndex is the highest index that was used in a tx that is included in a block at least
+ *                  `MAX_TX_LIFETIME` seconds ago.
+ * highestFinalizedIndex is the highest index that was used in a tx that is included in a finalized block.
+ *
+ * "(" denotes an open end of the range - the index is not included in the range.
+ * "]" denotes a closed end of the range - the index is included in the range.
+ *
+ * ## Explanation of highestAgedIndex
+ *
+ * highestAgedIndex is chosen such that for all tagging indexes `i <= highestAgedIndex` we know that no new logs can
+ * ever appear.
+ *
+ * This relies on the "maximum inclusion timestamp" rule enforced by the kernel and rollup circuits:
+ * - a transaction's maximum inclusion timestamp is at most `MAX_TX_LIFETIME` seconds after
+ *   the timestamp of its anchor block; and
+ * - a rollup only includes transactions whose inclusion timestamp is >= the L2 block's timestamp.
+ *
+ * Suppose some device used index `I` in a transaction anchored to block `B_N` at time `N`, and that block is now at
+ * least `MAX_TX_LIFETIME` seconds in the past. Then there is no possibility of any *other* device
+ * trying to use an index <= `I` while anchoring to a *newer* block than `B_N` because if we were anchoring to
+ * a newer block than `B_N` then we would already have seen the log with index `I` and hence the device would have
+ * chosen a larger index.
+ *    If that *other* device would anchor to a block older than `B_N` then that tx could never be included in a block
+ * because it would already have been expired.
+ *
+ * Therefore, once we see that index `I` has been used in a block that is at least `MAX_TX_LIFETIME`
+ * seconds old, we can safely stop syncing logs for all indexes <= `I` and set highestAgedIndex = `I`.
+ *
+ * ## Explanation of the upper bound `highestFinalizedIndex + WINDOW_LEN`
+ *
+ * When a sender chooses a tagging index, they will select an index that is at most `WINDOW_LEN` greater than
+ * the highest finalized index. If that index was already used, they will throw an error. For this reason we
+ * don't have to look further than `highestFinalizedIndex + WINDOW_LEN`.
+ *
+ * ## Batching across secrets
+ *
+ * Instead of running one RPC call per secret, we merge tags from all pending secrets into a single flat array,
+ * make one batched `getAllPrivateLogsByTags` call (which internally chunks at MAX_RPC_LEN), then split results
+ * back per secret using tracked offsets. Only secrets whose window advanced are kept for the next iteration.
+ */
+export async function syncTaggedPrivateLogs(
+  secrets: AppTaggingSecret[],
+  aztecNode: AztecNode,
+  taggingStore: RecipientTaggingStore,
+  anchorBlockHeader: BlockHeader,
+  finalizedBlockNumber: BlockNumber,
+  jobId: string,
+): Promise<LogResult[]> {
+  if (secrets.length === 0) {
+    return [];
+  }
+
+  const anchorBlockNumber = anchorBlockHeader.getBlockNumber();
+  const anchorBlockHash = await anchorBlockHeader.hash();
+  const currentTimestamp = anchorBlockHeader.globalVariables.timestamp;
+
+  // Read stored indexes from the db and compute the initial [start, end) range for each secret
+  let pending = await getIndexRangesForSecrets(secrets, taggingStore, jobId);
+  const allLogs: LogResult[] = [];
+
+  while (pending.length > 0) {
+    // Compute tags for all pending secrets and fetch logs in batched RPC calls
+    const logsPerSecret = await fetchLogsForSecrets(pending, aztecNode, anchorBlockNumber, anchorBlockHash);
+
+    const nextRound = await Promise.all(
+      pending.map(async (pendingSecret, i) => {
+        const logsFoundWithSecret = logsPerSecret[i];
+        if (logsFoundWithSecret.length === 0) {
+          // No logs found, no need to update indexes or advance window.
+          return undefined;
+        }
+
+        allLogs.push(...logsFoundWithSecret.map(({ log }) => log));
+
+        // Persist new indexes. If the finalized index moved forward, the window advances
+        // and we need another round for this secret.
+        return await updateIndexesAndAdvanceWindow(
+          pendingSecret,
+          logsFoundWithSecret,
+          taggingStore,
+          currentTimestamp,
+          finalizedBlockNumber,
+          jobId,
+        );
+      }),
+    );
+
+    pending = nextRound.filter(isDefined);
+  }
+
+  return allLogs;
+}
+
+/** Reads stored indexes for each secret and computes the initial index range to query. */
+function getIndexRangesForSecrets(
+  secrets: AppTaggingSecret[],
+  taggingStore: RecipientTaggingStore,
+  jobId: string,
+): Promise<PendingSecret[]> {
+  return Promise.all(
+    secrets.map(async secret => {
+      const [currentHighestAgedIndex, currentHighestFinalizedIndex] = await Promise.all([
+        taggingStore.getHighestAgedIndex(secret, jobId),
+        taggingStore.getHighestFinalizedIndex(secret, jobId),
+      ]);
+
+      const start = currentHighestAgedIndex === undefined ? 0 : currentHighestAgedIndex + 1;
+      const end = (currentHighestFinalizedIndex ?? 0) + UNFINALIZED_TAGGING_INDEXES_WINDOW_LEN + 1;
+
+      return { secret, start, end };
+    }),
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Computes siloed tags for all pending secrets' index ranges, fetches logs in one batched RPC call,
+ * and returns the results grouped back per secret.
+ */
+async function fetchLogsForSecrets(
+  pending: PendingSecret[],
+  aztecNode: AztecNode,
+  anchorBlockNumber: BlockNumber,
+  anchorBlockHash: BlockHash,
+): Promise<LogWithIndex[][]> {
+  // Determine the index range for each secret
+  const indexesPerSecret = pending.map(({ start, end }) => Array.from({ length: end - start }, (_, i) => start + i));
+
+  // Compute siloed tags for all indexes
+  const tagsPerSecret = await Promise.all(
+    pending.map(({ secret }, i) =>
+      Promise.all(indexesPerSecret[i].map(index => SiloedTag.compute({ extendedSecret: secret, index }))),
+    ),
+  );
+
+  const allTags = tagsPerSecret.flat();
+
+  // getAllPrivateLogsByTags handles MAX_RPC_LEN chunking internally. Recipient sync builds `PendingTaggedLog` from
+  // each log's note hashes and first nullifier, so we opt into effects. The `toBlock` cap (anchor block + 1,
+  // exclusive) tells the node to skip any logs in blocks past the anchor — the same guard previously enforced
+  // by an in-memory filter on the response.
+  const allResults = await getAllPrivateLogsByTags(aztecNode, allTags, anchorBlockHash, {
+    includeEffects: true,
+    toBlock: BlockNumber(anchorBlockNumber + 1),
+  });
+
+  // Split flat results back per secret using the known lengths
+  const logsPerSecret: LogWithIndex[][] = [];
+  let offset = 0;
+  for (const indexes of indexesPerSecret) {
+    const logsForSecret: LogWithIndex[] = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < indexes.length; i++) {
+      for (const log of allResults[offset + i]) {
+        logsForSecret.push({ log, taggingIndex: indexes[i] });
+      }
+    }
+    logsPerSecret.push(logsForSecret);
+    offset += indexes.length;
+  }
+
+  return logsPerSecret;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Processes a single secret's fetched logs: updates stored indexes and returns a new PendingSecret
+ * if the window needs to advance, or undefined if this secret is done.
+ */
+async function updateIndexesAndAdvanceWindow(
+  pending: PendingSecret,
+  logsWithIndexes: LogWithIndex[],
+  taggingStore: RecipientTaggingStore,
+  currentTimestamp: bigint,
+  finalizedBlockNumber: BlockNumber,
+  jobId: string,
+): Promise<PendingSecret | undefined> {
+  const { highestAgedIndex, highestFinalizedIndex } = findHighestIndexes(
+    logsWithIndexes,
+    currentTimestamp,
+    finalizedBlockNumber,
+  );
+
+  // Store updates in data provider and update local variables
+  if (highestAgedIndex !== undefined) {
+    await taggingStore.updateHighestAgedIndex(pending.secret, highestAgedIndex, jobId);
+  }
+
+  if (highestFinalizedIndex === undefined) {
+    // We have not found a new highest finalized index, so there is no need to move the window forward.
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  if (highestAgedIndex !== undefined && highestAgedIndex > highestFinalizedIndex) {
+    // This is just a sanity check as this should never happen.
+    throw new Error(
+      `Highest aged index (${highestAgedIndex}) must not exceed highest finalized index (${highestFinalizedIndex})`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  await taggingStore.updateHighestFinalizedIndex(pending.secret, highestFinalizedIndex, jobId);
+
+  // For the next iteration we want to look only at indexes for which we have not yet fetched logs while
+  // ensuring that we do not look further than WINDOW_LEN ahead of the highest finalized index.
+  return {
+    secret: pending.secret,
+    start: pending.end,
+    end: highestFinalizedIndex + UNFINALIZED_TAGGING_INDEXES_WINDOW_LEN + 1,
+  };
+}
+
+type PendingSecret = {
+  secret: AppTaggingSecret;
+  start: number;
+  end: number;
+};
+
+type LogWithIndex = {
+  log: LogResult;
+  taggingIndex: number;
+};

package/src/tagging/recipient_sync/utils/find_highest_indexes.ts

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import { MAX_TX_LIFETIME } from '@aztec/constants';
-import type { TxScopedL2Log } from '@aztec/stdlib/logs';
+import type { LogResult } from '@aztec/stdlib/logs';
 
 /**
  * Finds the highest aged and the highest finalized tagging indexes.
  */
 export function findHighestIndexes(
-  privateLogsWithIndexes: Array<{ log: TxScopedL2Log; taggingIndex: number }>,
+  privateLogsWithIndexes: Array<{ log: LogResult; taggingIndex: number }>,
   currentTimestamp: bigint,
   finalizedBlockNumber: number,
 ): { highestAgedIndex: number | undefined; highestFinalizedIndex: number | undefined } {

package/src/tagging/reconcile_tagging_index_ranges.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+import { type AppTaggingSecret, SiloedTag, type TaggingIndexRange } from '@aztec/stdlib/logs';
+
+/**
+ * Reconciles tagging index ranges recorded by the PXE during private execution against the set of siloed tags whose
+ * private logs survived to the final kernel output.
+ *
+ * Each input range is the contiguous `[lowestIndex, highestIndex]` set of indexes that the tagging index cache
+ * reserved for a given tagging secret while a tx was being executed. The kernel may then squash some of those logs
+ * (e.g. when a note is created and nullified within the same tx, taking its log with it), so the actual on-chain
+ * footprint can be a strict subset of what was reserved.
+ *
+ * For each input range, this function shrinks `[lowestIndex, highestIndex]` so that both bounds correspond to indexes
+ * that actually survived, trimming any dropped indices at the front or the back. It is possible that some interior
+ * indexes were also dropped, leaving gaps between the lowest and highest indices, but we ignore those and accept the
+ * resulting inefficiency rather than complicate the tagging model with one in which transactions may use interleaved
+ * indices.
+ *
+ * Trimming tailing indices (e.g. `highestIndex`) is highly useful as it lets us reuse those indices in future
+ * transactions. Trimming indices at the front (e.g. `lowestIndex`) is not as impactful since we will not ever use a
+ * tagging index if a larger one exists (same as with gaps), but it does help in both making the consistency check
+ * between database and transaction effects cheaper (as there's fewer logs to test) and making the database more
+ * accurately reflect reality.
+ *
+ * Ranges with no surviving indexes are dropped from the output entirely.
+ *
+ * Example scenario:
+ *   - used indexes 3 to 7, kerel squashed indexes 3, 5, and 7:
+ *      - range: [3, 7]
+ *      - survived: set(3, 5, 7)
+ *      - output: [4, 6]  (trimmed from both ends, gap at 5 is tolerated)
+ *
+ * @param ranges - The tagging index ranges as recorded during private execution (pre-squash).
+ * @param survivingTags - The set of siloed tag values (as strings) of private logs that survived kernel squashing.
+ * @returns The reconciled ranges, with bounds tightened to surviving indexes and fully-squashed ranges removed.
+ */
+export async function reconcileTaggingIndexRangesAgainstSurvivingTags(
+  ranges: TaggingIndexRange[],
+  survivingTags: Set<string>,
+): Promise<TaggingIndexRange[]> {
+  const reconciled: TaggingIndexRange[] = [];
+
+  for (const range of ranges) {
+    const newLowestIndex = await findFirstSurvivingIndex(
+      range.extendedSecret,
+      range.lowestIndex,
+      range.highestIndex,
+      survivingTags,
+    );
+    if (newLowestIndex === undefined) {
+      // No index in this range corresponds to a surviving log: the entire range was squashed.
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // newLowestIndex is itself a survivor, so the backward scan is guaranteed to find at least that index.
+    const newHighestIndex = await findLastSurvivingIndex(
+      range.extendedSecret,
+      newLowestIndex,
+      range.highestIndex,
+      survivingTags,
+    );
+
+    reconciled.push({
+      extendedSecret: range.extendedSecret,
+      lowestIndex: newLowestIndex,
+      highestIndex: newHighestIndex!,
+    });
+  }
+
+  return reconciled;
+}
+
+/** Scans `[start, end]` ascending and returns the first index whose siloed tag is in `survivingTags`. */
+async function findFirstSurvivingIndex(
+  secret: AppTaggingSecret,
+  start: number,
+  end: number,
+  survivingTags: Set<string>,
+): Promise<number | undefined> {
+  for (let index = start; index <= end; index++) {
+    const tag = await SiloedTag.compute({ extendedSecret: secret, index });
+    if (survivingTags.has(tag.value.toString())) {
+      return index;
+    }
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+/** Scans `[start, end]` descending and returns the first index whose siloed tag is in `survivingTags`. */
+async function findLastSurvivingIndex(
+  secret: AppTaggingSecret,
+  start: number,
+  end: number,
+  survivingTags: Set<string>,
+): Promise<number | undefined> {
+  for (let index = end; index >= start; index--) {
+    const tag = await SiloedTag.compute({ extendedSecret: secret, index });
+    if (survivingTags.has(tag.value.toString())) {
+      return index;
+    }
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}