@aztec/pxe 0.0.1-commit.03f7ef2 → 0.0.1-commit.04d373f

package/src/pxe.ts

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import type { PrivateEventFilter } from '@aztec/aztec.js/wallet';
+import { BlockNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
 import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
-import { type Logger, createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
+import { type Logger, type LoggerBindings, createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 import { SerialQueue } from '@aztec/foundation/queue';
 import { Timer } from '@aztec/foundation/timer';
 import { KeyStore } from '@aztec/key-store';
 import type { AztecAsyncKVStore } from '@aztec/kv-store';
-import { L2TipsKVStore } from '@aztec/kv-store/stores';
 import { type ProtocolContractsProvider, protocolContractNames } from '@aztec/protocol-contracts';
 import type { CircuitSimulator } from '@aztec/simulator/client';
 import {
@@ -17,16 +17,15 @@ import {
 } from '@aztec/stdlib/abi';
 import type { AuthWitness } from '@aztec/stdlib/auth-witness';
 import type { AztecAddress } from '@aztec/stdlib/aztec-address';
+import { GENESIS_BLOCK_HEADER_HASH, type L2TipsProvider } from '@aztec/stdlib/block';
 import {
   CompleteAddress,
-  type ContractClassWithId,
   type ContractInstanceWithAddress,
   type PartialAddress,
   computeContractAddressFromInstance,
   getContractClassFromArtifact,
 } from '@aztec/stdlib/contract';
 import { SimulationError } from '@aztec/stdlib/errors';
-import { computeProtocolNullifier, siloNullifier } from '@aztec/stdlib/hash';
 import type { AztecNode, PrivateKernelProver } from '@aztec/stdlib/interfaces/client';
 import type {
   PrivateExecutionStep,
@@ -34,6 +33,7 @@ import type {
   PrivateKernelTailCircuitPublicInputs,
 } from '@aztec/stdlib/kernel';
 import {
+  BlockHeader,
   type ContractOverrides,
   type InTx,
   PrivateExecutionResult,
@@ -47,41 +47,137 @@ import {
   TxProfileResult,
   TxProvingResult,
   TxSimulationResult,
-  UtilitySimulationResult,
+  UtilityExecutionResult,
 } from '@aztec/stdlib/tx';
 
 import { inspect } from 'util';
 
 import { BlockSynchronizer } from './block_synchronizer/index.js';
 import type { PXEConfig } from './config/index.js';
+import { BenchmarkedNodeFactory } from './contract_function_simulator/benchmarked_node.js';
 import {
   ContractFunctionSimulator,
   generateSimulatedProvingResult,
 } from './contract_function_simulator/contract_function_simulator.js';
-import { readCurrentClassId } from './contract_function_simulator/oracle/private_execution.js';
-import { ProxiedContractDataProviderFactory } from './contract_function_simulator/proxied_contract_data_source.js';
+import { ProxiedContractStoreFactory } from './contract_function_simulator/proxied_contract_data_source.js';
+import { displayDebugLogs } from './contract_logging.js';
+import { ContractSyncService } from './contract_sync/contract_sync_service.js';
+import { readCurrentClassId } from './contract_sync/helpers.js';
 import { PXEDebugUtils } from './debug/pxe_debug_utils.js';
 import { enrichPublicSimulationError, enrichSimulationError } from './error_enriching.js';
 import { PrivateEventFilterValidator } from './events/private_event_filter_validator.js';
+import type { ExecutionHooks } from './hooks/index.js';
+import { JobCoordinator } from './job_coordinator/job_coordinator.js';
+import { MessageContextService } from './messages/message_context_service.js';
 import {
   PrivateKernelExecutionProver,
   type PrivateKernelExecutionProverConfig,
 } from './private_kernel/private_kernel_execution_prover.js';
-import { PrivateKernelOracleImpl } from './private_kernel/private_kernel_oracle_impl.js';
-import { AddressDataProvider } from './storage/address_data_provider/address_data_provider.js';
-import { AnchorBlockDataProvider } from './storage/anchor_block_data_provider/anchor_block_data_provider.js';
-import { CapsuleDataProvider } from './storage/capsule_data_provider/capsule_data_provider.js';
-import { ContractDataProvider } from './storage/contract_data_provider/contract_data_provider.js';
-import { NoteDataProvider } from './storage/note_data_provider/note_data_provider.js';
-import { PrivateEventDataProvider } from './storage/private_event_data_provider/private_event_data_provider.js';
-import { RecipientTaggingDataProvider } from './storage/tagging_data_provider/recipient_tagging_data_provider.js';
-import { SenderTaggingDataProvider } from './storage/tagging_data_provider/sender_tagging_data_provider.js';
+import { PrivateKernelOracle } from './private_kernel/private_kernel_oracle.js';
+import { AddressStore } from './storage/address_store/address_store.js';
+import { AnchorBlockStore } from './storage/anchor_block_store/anchor_block_store.js';
+import { CapsuleStore } from './storage/capsule_store/capsule_store.js';
+import { ContractStore } from './storage/contract_store/contract_store.js';
+import { NoteStore } from './storage/note_store/note_store.js';
+import { openPxeStores } from './storage/open_pxe_stores.js';
+import { PrivateEventStore } from './storage/private_event_store/private_event_store.js';
+import { RecipientTaggingStore } from './storage/tagging_store/recipient_tagging_store.js';
+import { SenderAddressBookStore } from './storage/tagging_store/sender_address_book_store.js';
+import { SenderTaggingStore } from './storage/tagging_store/sender_tagging_store.js';
+import { persistSenderTaggingIndexRangesForTx } from './tagging/index.js';
 
 export type PackedPrivateEvent = InTx & {
   packedEvent: Fr[];
   eventSelector: EventSelector;
 };
 
+/** Options for PXE.proveTx. */
+export type ProveTxOpts = {
+  /** Addresses whose private state and keys are accessible during private execution. */
+  scopes: AztecAddress[];
+  /** Sender address used to derive discovery tags for private messages (notes, events, logs) this tx emits. */
+  senderForTags?: AztecAddress;
+};
+
+/** Options for PXE.profileTx. */
+export type ProfileTxOpts = {
+  /** The profiling mode to use. */
+  profileMode: 'full' | 'execution-steps' | 'gates';
+  /** If true, proof generation is skipped during profiling. Defaults to true. */
+  skipProofGeneration?: boolean;
+  /** Addresses whose private state and keys are accessible during private execution. */
+  scopes: AztecAddress[];
+  /** Sender address used to derive discovery tags for private messages (notes, events, logs) this tx emits. */
+  senderForTags?: AztecAddress;
+};
+
+/** Options for PXE.simulateTx. */
+export type SimulateTxOpts = {
+  /** Whether to simulate the public part of the transaction. */
+  simulatePublic: boolean;
+  /** If false, this function throws if the transaction is unable to be included in a block at the current state. */
+  skipTxValidation?: boolean;
+  /** If false, fees are enforced. */
+  skipFeeEnforcement?: boolean;
+  /** If true, kernel logic is emulated in TS for simulation */
+  skipKernels?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Pre-simulation overrides applied to the ephemeral fork and contract DB. Bundles publicStorage
+   * writes (no skipKernels required) and per-address (instance, artifact?) overrides used by both
+   * AVM-side public dispatch and PXE-side ACIR private dispatch (requires skipKernels: true).
+   */
+  overrides?: SimulationOverrides;
+  /** Addresses whose private state and keys are accessible during private execution */
+  scopes: AztecAddress[];
+  /** Sender address used to derive discovery tags for private messages (notes, events, logs) this tx emits. */
+  senderForTags?: AztecAddress;
+};
+
+/** Options for PXE.executeUtility. */
+export type ExecuteUtilityOpts = {
+  /** The authentication witnesses required for the function call. */
+  authwits?: AuthWitness[];
+  /** The accounts whose notes we can access in this call */
+  scopes: AztecAddress[];
+};
+
+/**
+ * Supplies the set of "nice to have" contracts that every PXE preloads regardless of which wallet
+ * drives it. Today this is just the standard multi-call entrypoint: the SDK's self-paid account
+ * deploy flow ({@link DeployAccountMethod} with `from = NO_FROM`) routes its payload through it, so a
+ * PXE that did not register it would fail contract sync with an opaque "no contract instance" error.
+ *
+ * Returning a list keeps this extensible: a wallet may supply its own provider that preloads
+ * additional contracts. Injected the same way as {@link ProtocolContractsProvider} so the PXE never
+ * statically imports the bundled artifacts, keeping the bundle/lazy split intact.
+ */
+export type PreloadedContractsProvider = {
+  /** Returns the contract instances and artifacts the PXE should preload on startup. */
+  getPreloadedContracts: () => Promise<Array<{ instance: ContractInstanceWithAddress; artifact: ContractArtifact }>>;
+};
+
+/** Args for PXE.create. */
+export type PXECreateArgs = {
+  /** The Aztec node to connect to. */
+  node: AztecNode;
+  /** The key-value store for persisting PXE state. */
+  store: AztecAsyncKVStore;
+  /** The prover for generating private kernel proofs. */
+  proofCreator: PrivateKernelProver;
+  /** The circuit simulator for executing ACIR circuits. */
+  simulator: CircuitSimulator;
+  /** Provider for protocol contract artifacts and instances. */
+  protocolContractsProvider: ProtocolContractsProvider;
+  /** Provider for the "nice to have" contracts the PXE preloads. */
+  preloadedContractsProvider: PreloadedContractsProvider;
+  /** PXE configuration options. */
+  config: PXEConfig;
+  /** Optional logger instance or string suffix for the logger name. */
+  loggerOrSuffix?: string | Logger;
+  /** Optional hooks to observe and influence contract execution. */
+  hooks?: ExecutionHooks;
+};
+
 /**
  * Private eXecution Environment (PXE) is a library used by wallets to simulate private phase of transactions and to
  * manage private state of users.
@@ -89,23 +185,32 @@ export type PackedPrivateEvent = InTx & {
 export class PXE {
   private constructor(
     private node: AztecNode,
+    private db: AztecAsyncKVStore,
     private blockStateSynchronizer: BlockSynchronizer,
     private keyStore: KeyStore,
-    private contractDataProvider: ContractDataProvider,
-    private noteDataProvider: NoteDataProvider,
-    private capsuleDataProvider: CapsuleDataProvider,
-    private anchorBlockDataProvider: AnchorBlockDataProvider,
-    private senderTaggingDataProvider: SenderTaggingDataProvider,
-    private recipientTaggingDataProvider: RecipientTaggingDataProvider,
-    private addressDataProvider: AddressDataProvider,
-    private privateEventDataProvider: PrivateEventDataProvider,
+    private contractStore: ContractStore,
+    private noteStore: NoteStore,
+    private capsuleStore: CapsuleStore,
+    private anchorBlockStore: AnchorBlockStore,
+    private senderTaggingStore: SenderTaggingStore,
+    private senderAddressBookStore: SenderAddressBookStore,
+    private recipientTaggingStore: RecipientTaggingStore,
+    private addressStore: AddressStore,
+    private privateEventStore: PrivateEventStore,
+    private contractSyncService: ContractSyncService,
+    private messageContextService: MessageContextService,
+    private l2TipsStore: L2TipsProvider,
     private simulator: CircuitSimulator,
     private proverEnabled: boolean,
+    private autoSync: boolean,
     private proofCreator: PrivateKernelProver,
     private protocolContractsProvider: ProtocolContractsProvider,
+    private preloadedContractsProvider: PreloadedContractsProvider,
     private log: Logger,
     private jobQueue: SerialQueue,
+    private jobCoordinator: JobCoordinator,
     public debug: PXEDebugUtils,
+    private hooks: ExecutionHooks | undefined,
   ) {}
 
   /**
@@ -115,72 +220,123 @@ export class PXE {
    *
    * @returns A promise that resolves PXE is ready to be used.
    */
-  public static async create(
-    node: AztecNode,
-    store: AztecAsyncKVStore,
-    proofCreator: PrivateKernelProver,
-    simulator: CircuitSimulator,
-    protocolContractsProvider: ProtocolContractsProvider,
-    config: PXEConfig,
-    loggerOrSuffix?: string | Logger,
-  ) {
+  public static async create({
+    node,
+    store,
+    proofCreator,
+    simulator,
+    protocolContractsProvider,
+    preloadedContractsProvider,
+    config,
+    loggerOrSuffix,
+    hooks,
+  }: PXECreateArgs) {
+    // Extract bindings from the logger, or use empty bindings if a string suffix is provided.
+    const bindings: LoggerBindings | undefined =
+      loggerOrSuffix && typeof loggerOrSuffix !== 'string' ? loggerOrSuffix.getBindings() : undefined;
+
     const log =
       !loggerOrSuffix || typeof loggerOrSuffix === 'string'
         ? createLogger(loggerOrSuffix ? `pxe:service:${loggerOrSuffix}` : `pxe:service`)
         : loggerOrSuffix;
 
-    const proverEnabled = !!config.proverEnabled;
-    const addressDataProvider = new AddressDataProvider(store);
-    const privateEventDataProvider = new PrivateEventDataProvider(store);
-    const contractDataProvider = new ContractDataProvider(store);
-    const noteDataProvider = await NoteDataProvider.create(store);
-    const anchorBlockDataProvider = new AnchorBlockDataProvider(store);
-    const senderTaggingDataProvider = new SenderTaggingDataProvider(store);
-    const recipientTaggingDataProvider = new RecipientTaggingDataProvider(store);
-    const capsuleDataProvider = new CapsuleDataProvider(store);
-    const keyStore = new KeyStore(store);
-    const tipsStore = new L2TipsKVStore(store, 'pxe');
+    const info = await node.getNodeInfo();
+
+    // Source the genesis block hash from the node so PXE's L2BlockStream agrees with the node's
+    // archiver on the dynamic initial header hash. Without this the tip store would fall back to
+    // the static `GENESIS_BLOCK_HEADER_HASH` constant, which only matches deployments with the
+    // default empty genesis (timestamp 0, no prefilled public data) and diverges otherwise — the
+    // sync at block 0 would then get stuck in `areBlockHashesEqualAt` and abort. If the node does
+    // not return a genesis block (older node or test fixture) we fall back to the static constant.
+    const initialBlockHash = (await node.getBlock(BlockNumber.ZERO))?.hash ?? GENESIS_BLOCK_HEADER_HASH;
+
+    const proverEnabled = config.proverEnabled !== undefined ? config.proverEnabled : info.realProofs;
+    const {
+      addressStore,
+      privateEventStore,
+      contractStore,
+      noteStore,
+      anchorBlockStore,
+      senderTaggingStore,
+      senderAddressBookStore,
+      recipientTaggingStore,
+      capsuleStore,
+      keyStore,
+      l2TipsStore,
+    } = openPxeStores(store, initialBlockHash);
+    const contractSyncService = new ContractSyncService(
+      node,
+      contractStore,
+      noteStore,
+      createLogger('pxe:contract_sync', bindings),
+    );
+    const messageContextService = new MessageContextService(node);
+
     const synchronizer = new BlockSynchronizer(
       node,
-      anchorBlockDataProvider,
-      noteDataProvider,
-      recipientTaggingDataProvider,
-      tipsStore,
+      store,
+      anchorBlockStore,
+      noteStore,
+      privateEventStore,
+      l2TipsStore,
+      contractSyncService,
       config,
-      loggerOrSuffix,
+      bindings,
     );
 
-    const debugUtils = new PXEDebugUtils(contractDataProvider, noteDataProvider);
+    const jobCoordinator = new JobCoordinator(store, bindings);
+    jobCoordinator.registerStores([
+      capsuleStore,
+      senderTaggingStore,
+      recipientTaggingStore,
+      privateEventStore,
+      noteStore,
+      contractSyncService,
+    ]);
+
+    const debugUtils = new PXEDebugUtils(contractSyncService, noteStore, synchronizer, anchorBlockStore);
 
     const jobQueue = new SerialQueue();
 
     const pxe = new PXE(
       node,
+      store,
       synchronizer,
       keyStore,
-      contractDataProvider,
-      noteDataProvider,
-      capsuleDataProvider,
-      anchorBlockDataProvider,
-      senderTaggingDataProvider,
-      recipientTaggingDataProvider,
-      addressDataProvider,
-      privateEventDataProvider,
+      contractStore,
+      noteStore,
+      capsuleStore,
+      anchorBlockStore,
+      senderTaggingStore,
+      senderAddressBookStore,
+      recipientTaggingStore,
+      addressStore,
+      privateEventStore,
+      contractSyncService,
+      messageContextService,
+      l2TipsStore,
       simulator,
       proverEnabled,
+      config.autoSync,
       proofCreator,
       protocolContractsProvider,
+      preloadedContractsProvider,
       log,
       jobQueue,
+      jobCoordinator,
       debugUtils,
+      hooks,
     );
 
-    debugUtils.setPXE(pxe);
+    debugUtils.setPXEHelpers(
+      pxe.#putInJobQueue.bind(pxe),
+      pxe.#getSimulatorForTx.bind(pxe),
+      pxe.#executeUtility.bind(pxe),
+    );
 
     pxe.jobQueue.start();
 
-    await pxe.#registerProtocolContracts();
-    const info = await node.getNodeInfo();
+    await Promise.all([pxe.#registerProtocolContracts(), pxe.#registerPreloadedContracts()]);
     log.info(`Started PXE connected to chain ${info.l1ChainId} version ${info.rollupVersion}`);
     return pxe;
   }
@@ -188,24 +344,25 @@ export class PXE {
   // Internal methods
 
   #getSimulatorForTx(overrides?: { contracts?: ContractOverrides }) {
-    const proxyContractDataProvider = ProxiedContractDataProviderFactory.create(
-      this.contractDataProvider,
-      overrides?.contracts,
-    );
-
-    return new ContractFunctionSimulator(
-      proxyContractDataProvider,
-      this.noteDataProvider,
-      this.keyStore,
-      this.addressDataProvider,
-      this.node,
-      this.anchorBlockDataProvider,
-      this.senderTaggingDataProvider,
-      this.recipientTaggingDataProvider,
-      this.capsuleDataProvider,
-      this.privateEventDataProvider,
-      this.simulator,
-    );
+    const proxyContractStore = ProxiedContractStoreFactory.create(this.contractStore, overrides?.contracts);
+
+    return new ContractFunctionSimulator({
+      contractStore: proxyContractStore,
+      noteStore: this.noteStore,
+      keyStore: this.keyStore,
+      addressStore: this.addressStore,
+      aztecNode: BenchmarkedNodeFactory.create(this.node),
+      l2TipsStore: this.l2TipsStore,
+      senderTaggingStore: this.senderTaggingStore,
+      recipientTaggingStore: this.recipientTaggingStore,
+      senderAddressBookStore: this.senderAddressBookStore,
+      capsuleStore: this.capsuleStore,
+      privateEventStore: this.privateEventStore,
+      simulator: this.simulator,
+      contractSyncService: this.contractSyncService,
+      messageContextService: this.messageContextService,
+      hooks: this.hooks,
+    });
   }
 
   #contextualizeError(err: Error, ...context: string[]): Error {
@@ -228,7 +385,7 @@ export class PXE {
    *
    * Useful for tasks that cannot run concurrently, such as contract function simulation.
    */
-  #putInJobQueue<T>(fn: () => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
+  #putInJobQueue<T>(fn: (jobId: string) => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
     // TODO(#12636): relax the conditions under which we forbid concurrency.
     if (this.jobQueue.length() != 0) {
       this.log.warn(
@@ -236,88 +393,125 @@ export class PXE {
       );
     }
 
-    return this.jobQueue.put(fn);
+    return this.jobQueue.put(async () => {
+      const jobId = this.jobCoordinator.beginJob();
+      this.log.verbose(`Beginning job ${jobId}`);
+
+      try {
+        const result = await fn(jobId);
+        this.log.verbose(`Committing job ${jobId}`);
+
+        await this.jobCoordinator.commitJob(jobId);
+        return result;
+      } catch (err) {
+        this.log.verbose(`Aborting job ${jobId}`);
+        await this.jobCoordinator.abortJob(jobId);
+        throw err;
+      }
+    });
   }
 
   async #registerProtocolContracts() {
-    const registered: Record<string, string> = {};
-    for (const name of protocolContractNames) {
-      const { address, contractClass, instance, artifact } =
-        await this.protocolContractsProvider.getProtocolContractArtifact(name);
-      await this.contractDataProvider.addContractArtifact(contractClass.id, artifact);
-      await this.contractDataProvider.addContractInstance(instance);
-      registered[name] = address.toString();
-    }
+    const registered = Object.fromEntries(
+      await Promise.all(
+        protocolContractNames.map(async name => {
+          const { address, instance, artifact } =
+            await this.protocolContractsProvider.getProtocolContractArtifact(name);
+          await this.contractStore.addContractArtifact(artifact);
+          await this.contractStore.addContractInstance(instance);
+          return [name, address.toString()] as const;
+        }),
+      ),
+    );
     this.log.verbose(`Registered protocol contracts in pxe`, registered);
   }
 
-  async #isContractClassPubliclyRegistered(id: Fr): Promise<boolean> {
-    return !!(await this.node.getContractClass(id));
-  }
-
-  async #isContractPublished(address: AztecAddress): Promise<boolean> {
-    return !!(await this.node.getContract(address));
-  }
-
-  async #isContractInitialized(address: AztecAddress): Promise<boolean> {
-    const initNullifier = await siloNullifier(address, address.toField());
-    return !!(await this.node.getNullifierMembershipWitness('latest', initNullifier));
+  async #registerPreloadedContracts() {
+    const contracts = await this.preloadedContractsProvider.getPreloadedContracts();
+    await Promise.all(contracts.map(({ instance, artifact }) => this.registerContract({ instance, artifact })));
+    this.log.verbose(`Registered preloaded contracts in pxe`, {
+      contracts: contracts.map(({ instance }) => instance.address.toString()),
+    });
   }
 
   // Executes the entrypoint private function, as well as all nested private
   // functions that might arise.
-  async #executePrivate(
-    contractFunctionSimulator: ContractFunctionSimulator,
-    txRequest: TxExecutionRequest,
-    scopes?: AztecAddress[],
-  ): Promise<PrivateExecutionResult> {
+  async #executePrivate({
+    contractFunctionSimulator,
+    txRequest,
+    anchorBlockHeader,
+    scopes,
+    jobId,
+    senderForTags,
+  }: {
+    contractFunctionSimulator: ContractFunctionSimulator;
+    txRequest: TxExecutionRequest;
+    anchorBlockHeader: BlockHeader;
+    scopes: AztecAddress[];
+    jobId: string;
+    senderForTags?: AztecAddress;
+  }): Promise<PrivateExecutionResult> {
     const { origin: contractAddress, functionSelector } = txRequest;
 
     try {
-      const anchorBlockHeader = await this.anchorBlockDataProvider.getBlockHeader();
-
-      const result = await contractFunctionSimulator.run(
-        txRequest,
+      await this.contractSyncService.ensureContractSynced(
         contractAddress,
         functionSelector,
-        undefined,
+        (privateSyncCall, execScopes) =>
+          this.#executeUtility(contractFunctionSimulator, privateSyncCall, [], execScopes, jobId),
         anchorBlockHeader,
-        // The sender for tags is set by contracts, typically by an account
-        // contract entrypoint
-        undefined, // senderForTags
+        jobId,
         scopes,
       );
+
+      const result = await contractFunctionSimulator.run(txRequest, {
+        contractAddress,
+        selector: functionSelector,
+        anchorBlockHeader,
+        scopes,
+        jobId,
+        senderForTags,
+      });
       this.log.debug(`Private simulation completed for ${contractAddress.toString()}:${functionSelector}`);
       return result;
     } catch (err) {
       if (err instanceof SimulationError) {
-        await enrichSimulationError(err, this.contractDataProvider, this.log);
+        await enrichSimulationError(err, this.contractStore, this.log);
       }
       throw err;
     }
   }
 
   /**
-   * Simulate a utility function call on the given contract.
+   * Execute a utility function call on the given contract.
    * @param contractFunctionSimulator - The simulator to use for the function call.
    * @param call - The function call to execute.
    * @param authWitnesses - Authentication witnesses required for the function call.
    * @param scopes - Optional array of account addresses whose notes can be accessed in this call. Defaults to all
    * accounts if not specified.
-   * @returns The simulation result containing the outputs of the utility function.
+   * @param jobId - The job ID for staged writes.
+   * @returns The execution result containing the outputs of the utility function.
    */
-  async #simulateUtility(
+  async #executeUtility(
     contractFunctionSimulator: ContractFunctionSimulator,
     call: FunctionCall,
-    authWitnesses?: AuthWitness[],
-    scopes?: AztecAddress[],
+    authWitnesses: AuthWitness[] | undefined,
+    scopes: AztecAddress[],
+    jobId: string,
   ) {
     try {
-      const anchorBlockHeader = await this.anchorBlockDataProvider.getBlockHeader();
-      return contractFunctionSimulator.runUtility(call, authWitnesses ?? [], anchorBlockHeader, scopes);
+      const anchorBlockHeader = await this.anchorBlockStore.getBlockHeader();
+      const { result, offchainEffects } = await contractFunctionSimulator.runUtility(
+        call,
+        authWitnesses ?? [],
+        anchorBlockHeader,
+        scopes,
+        jobId,
+      );
+      return { result, offchainEffects };
     } catch (err) {
       if (err instanceof SimulationError) {
-        await enrichSimulationError(err, this.contractDataProvider, this.log);
+        await enrichSimulationError(err, this.contractStore, this.log);
       }
       throw err;
     }
@@ -329,11 +523,11 @@ export class PXE {
    * It can also be used for estimating gas in the future.
    * @param tx - The transaction to be simulated.
    */
-  async #simulatePublicCalls(tx: Tx, skipFeeEnforcement: boolean) {
+  async #simulatePublicCalls(tx: Tx, skipFeeEnforcement: boolean, overrides?: SimulationOverrides) {
     // Simulating public calls can throw if the TX fails in a phase that doesn't allow reverts (setup)
     // Or return as reverted if it fails in a phase that allows reverts (app logic, teardown)
     try {
-      const result = await this.node.simulatePublicCalls(tx, skipFeeEnforcement);
+      const result = await this.node.simulatePublicCalls(tx, skipFeeEnforcement, overrides);
       if (result.revertReason) {
         throw result.revertReason;
       }
@@ -341,7 +535,7 @@ export class PXE {
     } catch (err) {
       if (err instanceof SimulationError) {
         try {
-          await enrichPublicSimulationError(err, this.contractDataProvider, this.log);
+          await enrichPublicSimulationError(err, this.contractStore, this.log);
         } catch (enrichErr) {
           this.log.error(`Failed to enrich public simulation error: ${enrichErr}`);
         }
@@ -365,87 +559,68 @@ export class PXE {
     txExecutionRequest: TxExecutionRequest,
     proofCreator: PrivateKernelProver,
     privateExecutionResult: PrivateExecutionResult,
+    anchorBlockHeader: BlockHeader,
     config: PrivateKernelExecutionProverConfig,
   ): Promise<PrivateKernelExecutionProofOutput<PrivateKernelTailCircuitPublicInputs>> {
-    const simulationAnchorBlock = privateExecutionResult.getSimulationAnchorBlockNumber();
-    const kernelOracle = new PrivateKernelOracleImpl(
-      this.contractDataProvider,
-      this.keyStore,
-      this.node,
-      simulationAnchorBlock,
+    const kernelOracle = new PrivateKernelOracle(this.contractStore, this.keyStore, this.node, anchorBlockHeader);
+    const kernelTraceProver = new PrivateKernelExecutionProver(
+      kernelOracle,
+      proofCreator,
+      !this.proverEnabled,
+      this.log.getBindings(),
     );
-    const kernelTraceProver = new PrivateKernelExecutionProver(kernelOracle, proofCreator, !this.proverEnabled);
     this.log.debug(`Executing kernel trace prover (${JSON.stringify(config)})...`);
     return await kernelTraceProver.proveWithKernels(txExecutionRequest.toTxRequest(), privateExecutionResult, config);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Syncs with the node only when `autoSync` is enabled.
+   * When `autoSync` is disabled, callers (typically a wallet) are
+   * responsible for invoking `pxe.sync()` at the right granularity.
+   */
+  async #maybeSync(): Promise<void> {
+    if (this.autoSync) {
+      await this.blockStateSynchronizer.sync();
+    }
+  }
+
   // Public API
 
-  public getContractInstance(address: AztecAddress): Promise<ContractInstanceWithAddress | undefined> {
-    return this.contractDataProvider.getContractInstance(address);
+  /**
+   * Triggers a sync of PXE state with the node, regardless of the `autoSync` config flag. Use this to
+   * batch syncs across composite flows when `autoSync` is disabled (e.g. one sync per simulate+send
+   * instead of one per inner PXE call). Serialized through the job queue.
+   */
+  public sync(): Promise<void> {
+    return this.#putInJobQueue(() => this.blockStateSynchronizer.sync());
   }
 
   /**
-   * Returns the contract class metadata given a contract class id.
-   * The metadata consists of its contract class, whether it has been publicly registered, and its artifact.
-   * @remark - it queries the node to check whether the contract class with the given id has been publicly registered.
-   * @param id - Identifier of the class.
-   * @param includeArtifact - Identifier of the class.
-   * @returns - It returns the contract class metadata, with the artifact field being optional, and will only be returned if true is passed in
-   * for `includeArtifact`
-   * TODO(@spalladino): The PXE actually holds artifacts and not classes, what should we return? Also,
-   * should the pxe query the node for contract public info, and merge it with its own definitions?
-   * TODO(@spalladino): This method is strictly needed to decide whether to publicly register a class or not
-   * during a public deployment. We probably want a nicer and more general API for this, but it'll have to
-   * do for the time being.
+   * Returns the block header up to which the PXE has synced.
+   * @returns The synced block header
    */
-  public async getContractClassMetadata(
-    id: Fr,
-    includeArtifact: boolean = false,
-  ): Promise<{
-    contractClass: ContractClassWithId | undefined;
-    isContractClassPubliclyRegistered: boolean;
-    artifact: ContractArtifact | undefined;
-  }> {
-    const artifact = await this.contractDataProvider.getContractArtifact(id);
-    if (!artifact) {
-      this.log.warn(`No artifact found for contract class ${id.toString()} when looking for its metadata`);
-    }
+  public getSyncedBlockHeader(): Promise<BlockHeader> {
+    return this.#putInJobQueue(() => {
+      return this.anchorBlockStore.getBlockHeader();
+    });
+  }
 
-    return {
-      contractClass: artifact && (await getContractClassFromArtifact(artifact)),
-      isContractClassPubliclyRegistered: await this.#isContractClassPubliclyRegistered(id),
-      artifact: includeArtifact ? artifact : undefined,
-    };
+  /**
+   * Returns the contract instance for a given address, if it's registered in the PXE.
+   * @param address - The contract address.
+   * @returns The contract instance if found, undefined otherwise.
+   */
+  public getContractInstance(address: AztecAddress): Promise<ContractInstanceWithAddress | undefined> {
+    return this.contractStore.getContractInstance(address);
   }
 
   /**
-   * Returns the contract metadata given an address.
-   * The metadata consists of its contract instance, which includes the contract class identifier,
-   * initialization hash, deployment salt, and public keys hash; whether the contract instance has been initialized;
-   * and whether the contract instance with the given address has been publicly deployed.
-   * @remark - it queries the node to check whether the contract instance has been initialized / publicly deployed through a node.
-   * This query is not dependent on the PXE.
-   * @param address - The address that the contract instance resides at.
-   * @returns - It returns the contract metadata
-   * TODO(@spalladino): Should we return the public keys in plain as well here?
+   * Returns the contract artifact for a given contract class id, if it's registered in the PXE.
+   * @param id - Identifier of the contract class.
+   * @returns The contract artifact if found, undefined otherwise.
    */
-  public async getContractMetadata(address: AztecAddress): Promise<{
-    contractInstance: ContractInstanceWithAddress | undefined;
-    isContractInitialized: boolean;
-    isContractPublished: boolean;
-  }> {
-    let instance;
-    try {
-      instance = await this.contractDataProvider.getContractInstance(address);
-    } catch {
-      this.log.warn(`No instance found for contract ${address.toString()} when looking for its metadata`);
-    }
-    return {
-      contractInstance: instance,
-      isContractInitialized: await this.#isContractInitialized(address),
-      isContractPublished: await this.#isContractPublished(address),
-    };
+  public async getContractArtifact(id: Fr): Promise<ContractArtifact | undefined> {
+    return await this.contractStore.getContractArtifact(id);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -461,7 +636,7 @@ export class PXE {
   public async registerAccount(secretKey: Fr, partialAddress: PartialAddress): Promise<CompleteAddress> {
     const accounts = await this.keyStore.getAccounts();
     const accountCompleteAddress = await this.keyStore.addAccount(secretKey, partialAddress);
-    if (accounts.includes(accountCompleteAddress.address)) {
+    if (accounts.some(a => a.equals(accountCompleteAddress.address))) {
       this.log.info(`Account:\n "${accountCompleteAddress.address.toString()}"\n already registered.`);
       return accountCompleteAddress;
     } else {
@@ -469,8 +644,7 @@ export class PXE {
       this.log.debug(`Registered account\n ${accountCompleteAddress.toReadableString()}`);
     }
 
-    await this.addressDataProvider.addCompleteAddress(accountCompleteAddress);
-    await this.noteDataProvider.addScope(accountCompleteAddress.address);
+    await this.addressStore.addCompleteAddress(accountCompleteAddress);
     return accountCompleteAddress;
   }
 
@@ -485,16 +659,25 @@ export class PXE {
    * TODO: It's strange that we return the address here and I (benesjan) think we should drop the return value.
    */
   public async registerSender(sender: AztecAddress): Promise<AztecAddress> {
+    if (!(await sender.isValid())) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Address ${sender} is not valid: it does not correspond to a point on the Grumpkin curve. Cannot register it as a sender.`,
+      );
+    }
+
     const accounts = await this.keyStore.getAccounts();
-    if (accounts.includes(sender)) {
+    if (accounts.some(a => a.equals(sender))) {
       this.log.info(`Sender:\n "${sender.toString()}"\n already registered.`);
       return sender;
     }
 
-    const wasAdded = await this.recipientTaggingDataProvider.addSenderAddress(sender);
+    const wasAdded = await this.senderAddressBookStore.addSender(sender);
 
     if (wasAdded) {
       this.log.info(`Added sender:\n ${sender.toString()}`);
+      // Wipe the entire sync cache: the new sender's tagged logs could contain notes/events for any contract, so
+      // all contracts must re-sync to discover them. Queued to avoid wiping while a job is in flight.
+      await this.#putInJobQueue(() => Promise.resolve(this.contractSyncService.wipe()));
     } else {
       this.log.info(`Sender:\n "${sender.toString()}"\n already registered.`);
     }
@@ -507,7 +690,7 @@ export class PXE {
    * @returns Senders registered in this PXE.
    */
   public getSenders(): Promise<AztecAddress[]> {
-    return this.recipientTaggingDataProvider.getSenderAddresses();
+    return this.senderAddressBookStore.getSenders();
   }
 
   /**
@@ -515,7 +698,7 @@ export class PXE {
    * @param sender - The address of the sender to remove.
    */
   public async removeSender(sender: AztecAddress): Promise<void> {
-    const wasRemoved = await this.recipientTaggingDataProvider.removeSenderAddress(sender);
+    const wasRemoved = await this.senderAddressBookStore.removeSender(sender);
 
     if (wasRemoved) {
       this.log.info(`Removed sender:\n ${sender.toString()}`);
@@ -530,7 +713,7 @@ export class PXE {
    */
   public async getRegisteredAccounts(): Promise<CompleteAddress[]> {
     // Get complete addresses of both the recipients and the accounts
-    const completeAddresses = await this.addressDataProvider.getCompleteAddresses();
+    const completeAddresses = await this.addressStore.getCompleteAddresses();
     // Filter out the addresses not corresponding to accounts
     const accounts = await this.keyStore.getAccounts();
     return completeAddresses.filter(completeAddress =>
@@ -544,8 +727,7 @@ export class PXE {
    * @param artifact - The build artifact for the contract class.
    */
   public async registerContractClass(artifact: ContractArtifact): Promise<void> {
-    const { id: contractClassId } = await getContractClassFromArtifact(artifact);
-    await this.contractDataProvider.addContractArtifact(contractClassId, artifact);
+    const contractClassId = await this.contractStore.addContractArtifact(artifact);
     this.log.info(`Added contract class ${artifact.name} with id ${contractClassId}`);
   }
 
@@ -564,25 +746,27 @@ export class PXE {
     if (artifact) {
       // If the user provides an artifact, validate it against the expected class id and register it
       const contractClass = await getContractClassFromArtifact(artifact);
-      const contractClassId = contractClass.id;
-      if (!contractClassId.equals(instance.currentContractClassId)) {
+      if (!contractClass.id.equals(instance.currentContractClassId)) {
         throw new Error(
-          `Artifact does not match expected class id (computed ${contractClassId} but instance refers to ${instance.currentContractClassId})`,
+          `Artifact does not match expected class id (computed ${contractClass.id} but instance refers to ${instance.currentContractClassId})`,
         );
       }
       const computedAddress = await computeContractAddressFromInstance(instance);
       if (!computedAddress.equals(instance.address)) {
         throw new Error('Added a contract in which the address does not match the contract instance.');
       }
-      await this.contractDataProvider.addContractArtifact(contractClass.id, artifact);
+
+      await this.contractStore.addContractArtifact(artifact, contractClass);
 
       const publicFunctionSignatures = artifact.functions
         .filter(fn => fn.functionType === FunctionType.PUBLIC)
         .map(fn => decodeFunctionSignature(fn.name, fn.parameters));
-      await this.node.registerContractFunctionSignatures(publicFunctionSignatures);
+      if (publicFunctionSignatures.length > 0) {
+        await this.node.registerContractFunctionSignatures(publicFunctionSignatures);
+      }
     } else {
       // Otherwise, make sure there is an artifact already registered for that class id
-      artifact = await this.contractDataProvider.getContractArtifact(instance.currentContractClassId);
+      artifact = await this.contractStore.getContractArtifact(instance.currentContractClassId);
       if (!artifact) {
         throw new Error(
           `Artifact not found when registering an instance. Contract class: ${instance.currentContractClassId}.`,
@@ -590,7 +774,7 @@ export class PXE {
       }
     }
 
-    await this.contractDataProvider.addContractInstance(instance);
+    await this.contractStore.addContractInstance(instance);
     this.log.info(
       `Added contract ${artifact.name} at ${instance.address.toString()} with class ${instance.currentContractClassId}`,
     );
@@ -609,35 +793,32 @@ export class PXE {
     // We disable concurrently updating contracts to avoid concurrently syncing with the node, or changing a contract's
     // class while we're simulating it.
     return this.#putInJobQueue(async () => {
-      const currentInstance = await this.contractDataProvider.getContractInstance(contractAddress);
+      const currentInstance = await this.contractStore.getContractInstance(contractAddress);
       if (!currentInstance) {
         throw new Error(`Instance not found when updating a contract. Contract address: ${contractAddress}.`);
       }
       const contractClass = await getContractClassFromArtifact(artifact);
-      await this.blockStateSynchronizer.sync();
+      await this.#maybeSync();
 
-      const header = await this.anchorBlockDataProvider.getBlockHeader();
+      const header = await this.anchorBlockStore.getBlockHeader();
 
-      const currentClassId = await readCurrentClassId(
-        contractAddress,
-        currentInstance,
-        this.node,
-        header.globalVariables.blockNumber,
-        header.globalVariables.timestamp,
-      );
+      const currentClassId = await readCurrentClassId(contractAddress, currentInstance, this.node, header);
       if (!contractClass.id.equals(currentClassId)) {
         throw new Error('Could not update contract to a class different from the current one.');
       }
 
-      await this.contractDataProvider.addContractArtifact(contractClass.id, artifact);
-
       const publicFunctionSignatures = artifact.functions
         .filter(fn => fn.functionType === FunctionType.PUBLIC)
         .map(fn => decodeFunctionSignature(fn.name, fn.parameters));
-      await this.node.registerContractFunctionSignatures(publicFunctionSignatures);
+      if (publicFunctionSignatures.length > 0) {
+        await this.node.registerContractFunctionSignatures(publicFunctionSignatures);
+      }
 
       currentInstance.currentContractClassId = contractClass.id;
-      await this.contractDataProvider.addContractInstance(currentInstance);
+      await Promise.all([
+        this.contractStore.addContractArtifact(artifact, contractClass),
+        this.contractStore.addContractInstance(currentInstance),
+      ]);
       this.log.info(`Updated contract ${artifact.name} at ${contractAddress.toString()} to class ${contractClass.id}`);
     });
   }
@@ -647,7 +828,7 @@ export class PXE {
    * @returns An array of contracts addresses registered on this PXE.
    */
   public getContracts(): Promise<AztecAddress[]> {
-    return this.contractDataProvider.getContractsAddresses();
+    return this.contractStore.getContractsAddresses();
   }
 
   /**
@@ -655,29 +836,38 @@ export class PXE {
    * (where validators prove the public portion).
    *
    * @param txRequest - An authenticated tx request ready for proving
+   * @param scopes - Addresses whose private state and keys are accessible during private execution.
    * @returns A result containing the proof and public inputs of the tail circuit.
    * @throws If contract code not found, or public simulation reverts.
    * Also throws if simulatePublic is true and public simulation reverts.
    */
-  public proveTx(txRequest: TxExecutionRequest): Promise<TxProvingResult> {
+  public proveTx(txRequest: TxExecutionRequest, { scopes, senderForTags }: ProveTxOpts): Promise<TxProvingResult> {
     let privateExecutionResult: PrivateExecutionResult;
     // We disable proving concurrently mostly out of caution, since it accesses some of our stores. Proving is so
     // computationally demanding that it'd be rare for someone to try to do it concurrently regardless.
-    return this.#putInJobQueue(async () => {
+    return this.#putInJobQueue(async jobId => {
       const totalTimer = new Timer();
       try {
         const syncTimer = new Timer();
-        await this.blockStateSynchronizer.sync();
+        await this.#maybeSync();
+        const anchorBlockHeader = await this.anchorBlockStore.getBlockHeader();
         const syncTime = syncTimer.ms();
         const contractFunctionSimulator = this.#getSimulatorForTx();
-        privateExecutionResult = await this.#executePrivate(contractFunctionSimulator, txRequest);
+        privateExecutionResult = await this.#executePrivate({
+          contractFunctionSimulator,
+          txRequest,
+          anchorBlockHeader,
+          scopes,
+          jobId,
+          senderForTags,
+        });
 
         const {
           publicInputs,
           chonkProof,
           executionSteps,
           timings: { proving } = {},
-        } = await this.#prove(txRequest, this.proofCreator, privateExecutionResult, {
+        } = await this.#prove(txRequest, this.proofCreator, privateExecutionResult, anchorBlockHeader, {
           simulate: false,
           skipFeeEnforcement: false,
           profileMode: 'none',
@@ -707,23 +897,20 @@ export class PXE {
           nodeRPCCalls: contractFunctionSimulator?.getStats().nodeRPCCalls,
         });
 
-        // While not strictly necessary to store tagging cache contents in the DB since we sync tagging indexes from
-        // chain before sending new logs, the sync can only see logs already included in blocks. If we send another
-        // transaction before this one is included in a block from this PXE, and that transaction contains a log with
-        // a tag derived from the same secret, we would reuse the tag and the transactions would be linked. Hence
-        // storing the tags here prevents linkage of txs sent from the same PXE.
-        const preTagsUsedInTheTx = privateExecutionResult.entrypoint.preTags;
-        if (preTagsUsedInTheTx.length > 0) {
-          // TODO(benesjan): The following is an expensive operation. Figure out a way to avoid it.
-          const txHash = (await txProvingResult.toTx()).txHash;
-
-          await this.senderTaggingDataProvider.storePendingIndexes(preTagsUsedInTheTx, txHash);
-          this.log.debug(`Stored used pre-tags as sender for the tx`, {
-            preTagsUsedInTheTx,
-          });
-        } else {
-          this.log.debug(`No pre-tags used in the tx`);
-        }
+        // We keep track of which tagging indices we've used in this tx so that we don't repeat them in future txs
+        // (which would link them) without having to rely on this tx being mined (and us seeing the indices being used
+        // onchain).
+        // Note that this must happen _after_ proving as it requires the proof's public inputs, from which the kernels
+        // may have removed some logs due to note-nullifier squashing - this may lead to range of tagging indices we've
+        // actually used to being reduced.
+        await persistSenderTaggingIndexRangesForTx(
+          this.senderTaggingStore,
+          privateExecutionResult.entrypoint.taggingIndexRanges,
+          publicInputs,
+          () => txProvingResult.getTxHash(),
+          jobId,
+          this.log,
+        );
 
         return txProvingResult;
       } catch (err: any) {
@@ -734,20 +921,16 @@ export class PXE {
 
   /**
    * Profiles a transaction, reporting gate counts (unless disabled) and returns an execution trace.
-   *
-   * @param txRequest - An authenticated tx request ready for simulation
-   * @param msgSender - (Optional) The message sender to use for the simulation.
-   * @param skipTxValidation - (Optional) If false, this function throws if the transaction is unable to be included in a block at the current state.
+   * @param txRequest - An authenticated tx request ready for simulation.
    * @returns A trace of the program execution with gate counts.
    * @throws If the code for the functions executed in this transaction have not been made available via `addContracts`.
    */
   public profileTx(
     txRequest: TxExecutionRequest,
-    profileMode: 'full' | 'execution-steps' | 'gates',
-    skipProofGeneration: boolean = true,
+    { profileMode, skipProofGeneration = true, scopes, senderForTags }: ProfileTxOpts,
   ): Promise<TxProfileResult> {
     // We disable concurrent profiles for consistency with simulateTx.
-    return this.#putInJobQueue(async () => {
+    return this.#putInJobQueue(async jobId => {
       const totalTimer = new Timer();
       try {
         const txInfo = {
@@ -763,16 +946,25 @@ export class PXE {
           txInfo,
         );
         const syncTimer = new Timer();
-        await this.blockStateSynchronizer.sync();
+        await this.#maybeSync();
+        const anchorBlockHeader = await this.anchorBlockStore.getBlockHeader();
         const syncTime = syncTimer.ms();
 
         const contractFunctionSimulator = this.#getSimulatorForTx();
-        const privateExecutionResult = await this.#executePrivate(contractFunctionSimulator, txRequest);
+        const privateExecutionResult = await this.#executePrivate({
+          contractFunctionSimulator,
+          txRequest,
+          anchorBlockHeader,
+          scopes,
+          jobId,
+          senderForTags,
+        });
 
         const { executionSteps, timings: { proving } = {} } = await this.#prove(
           txRequest,
           this.proofCreator,
           privateExecutionResult,
+          anchorBlockHeader,
           {
             simulate: skipProofGeneration,
             skipFeeEnforcement: false,
@@ -824,12 +1016,7 @@ export class PXE {
    * In that case, the transaction returned is only potentially ready to be sent to the network for execution.
    *
    *
-   * @param txRequest - An authenticated tx request ready for simulation
-   * @param simulatePublic - Whether to simulate the public part of the transaction.
-   * @param skipTxValidation - (Optional) If false, this function throws if the transaction is unable to be included in a block at the current state.
-   * @param skipFeeEnforcement - (Optional) If false, fees are enforced.
-   * @param overrides - (Optional) State overrides for the simulation, such as msgSender, contract instances and artifacts.
-   * @param scopes - (Optional) The accounts whose notes we can access in this call. Currently optional and will default to all.
+   * @param txRequest - An authenticated tx request ready for simulation.
    * @returns A simulated transaction result object that includes public and private return values.
    * @throws If the code for the functions executed in this transaction have not been made available via `addContracts`.
    * Also throws if simulatePublic is true and public simulation reverts.
@@ -838,16 +1025,20 @@ export class PXE {
    */
   public simulateTx(
     txRequest: TxExecutionRequest,
-    simulatePublic: boolean,
-    skipTxValidation: boolean = false,
-    skipFeeEnforcement: boolean = false,
-    overrides?: SimulationOverrides,
-    scopes?: AztecAddress[],
+    {
+      simulatePublic,
+      skipTxValidation = false,
+      skipFeeEnforcement = false,
+      skipKernels = true,
+      overrides,
+      scopes,
+      senderForTags,
+    }: SimulateTxOpts,
   ): Promise<TxSimulationResult> {
     // We disable concurrent simulations since those might execute oracles which read and write to the PXE stores (e.g.
     // to the capsules), and we need to prevent concurrent runs from interfering with one another (e.g. attempting to
     // delete the same read value, or reading values that another simulation is currently modifying).
-    return this.#putInJobQueue(async () => {
+    return this.#putInJobQueue(async jobId => {
       try {
         const totalTimer = new Timer();
         const txInfo = {
@@ -863,39 +1054,49 @@ export class PXE {
           txInfo,
         );
         const syncTimer = new Timer();
-        await this.blockStateSynchronizer.sync();
+        await this.#maybeSync();
+        const anchorBlockHeader = await this.anchorBlockStore.getBlockHeader();
         const syncTime = syncTimer.ms();
 
+        if (overrides?.contracts && Object.keys(overrides.contracts).length > 0 && !skipKernels) {
+          throw new Error(
+            'Simulating with overridden contracts is not compatible with kernel execution. Please set skipKernels to true when simulating with overridden contracts.',
+          );
+        }
         const contractFunctionSimulator = this.#getSimulatorForTx(overrides);
-        // Temporary: in case there are overrides, we have to skip the kernels or validations
-        // will fail. Consider handing control to the user/wallet on whether they want to run them
-        // or not.
-        const skipKernels = overrides?.contracts !== undefined && Object.keys(overrides.contracts ?? {}).length > 0;
 
         // Execution of private functions only; no proving, and no kernel logic.
-        const privateExecutionResult = await this.#executePrivate(contractFunctionSimulator, txRequest, scopes);
+        const privateExecutionResult = await this.#executePrivate({
+          contractFunctionSimulator,
+          txRequest,
+          anchorBlockHeader,
+          scopes,
+          jobId,
+          senderForTags,
+        });
 
         let publicInputs: PrivateKernelTailCircuitPublicInputs | undefined;
         let executionSteps: PrivateExecutionStep[] = [];
 
         if (skipKernels) {
-          // According to the protocol rules, the nonce generator for the note hashes
-          // can either be the first nullifier in the tx or the protocol nullifier if there are none.
-          const nonceGenerator = privateExecutionResult.firstNullifier.equals(Fr.ZERO)
-            ? await computeProtocolNullifier(await txRequest.toTxRequest().hash())
-            : privateExecutionResult.firstNullifier;
           ({ publicInputs, executionSteps } = await generateSimulatedProvingResult(
             privateExecutionResult,
-            nonceGenerator,
-            this.contractDataProvider,
+            (addr, sel) => this.contractStore.getDebugFunctionName(addr, sel),
+            this.node,
           ));
         } else {
           // Kernel logic, plus proving of all private functions and kernels.
-          ({ publicInputs, executionSteps } = await this.#prove(txRequest, this.proofCreator, privateExecutionResult, {
-            simulate: true,
-            skipFeeEnforcement,
-            profileMode: 'none',
-          }));
+          ({ publicInputs, executionSteps } = await this.#prove(
+            txRequest,
+            this.proofCreator,
+            privateExecutionResult,
+            anchorBlockHeader,
+            {
+              simulate: true,
+              skipFeeEnforcement,
+              profileMode: 'none',
+            },
+          ));
         }
 
         const privateSimulationResult = new PrivateSimulationResult(privateExecutionResult, publicInputs);
@@ -904,8 +1105,11 @@ export class PXE {
         let publicOutput: PublicSimulationOutput | undefined;
         if (simulatePublic && publicInputs.forPublic) {
           const publicSimulationTimer = new Timer();
-          publicOutput = await this.#simulatePublicCalls(simulatedTx, skipFeeEnforcement);
+          publicOutput = await this.#simulatePublicCalls(simulatedTx, skipFeeEnforcement, overrides);
           publicSimulationTime = publicSimulationTimer.ms();
+          if (publicOutput?.debugLogs?.length) {
+            await displayDebugLogs(publicOutput.debugLogs, addr => this.contractStore.getDebugContractName(addr));
+          }
         }
 
         let validationTime: number | undefined;
@@ -914,7 +1118,8 @@ export class PXE {
           const validationResult = await this.node.isValidTx(simulatedTx, { isSimulation: true, skipFeeEnforcement });
           validationTime = validationTimer.ms();
           if (validationResult.result === 'invalid') {
-            throw new Error('The simulated transaction is unable to be added to state and is invalid.');
+            const reason = validationResult.reason.length > 0 ? ` Reason: ${validationResult.reason.join(', ')}` : '';
+            throw new Error(`The simulated transaction is unable to be added to state and is invalid.${reason}`);
           }
         }
 
@@ -965,38 +1170,50 @@ export class PXE {
           inspect(txRequest),
           `simulatePublic=${simulatePublic}`,
           `skipTxValidation=${skipTxValidation}`,
-          `scopes=${scopes?.map(s => s.toString()).join(', ') ?? 'undefined'}`,
+          `scopes=${scopes.map(s => s.toString()).join(', ')}`,
         );
       }
     });
   }
 
   /**
-   * Simulate the execution of a contract utility function.
-   *
+   * Executes a contract utility function.
    * @param call - The function call containing the function details, arguments, and target contract address.
-   * @param authwits - (Optional) The authentication witnesses required for the function call.
-   * @param scopes - (Optional) The accounts whose notes we can access in this call. Currently optional and will
-   * default to all.
-   * @returns The result of the utility function call, structured based on the function ABI.
    */
-  public simulateUtility(
+  public executeUtility(
     call: FunctionCall,
-    authwits?: AuthWitness[],
-    scopes?: AztecAddress[],
-  ): Promise<UtilitySimulationResult> {
-    // We disable concurrent simulations since those might execute oracles which read and write to the PXE stores (e.g.
+    { authwits, scopes }: ExecuteUtilityOpts = { scopes: [] },
+  ): Promise<UtilityExecutionResult> {
+    // We disable concurrent executions since those might execute oracles which read and write to the PXE stores (e.g.
     // to the capsules), and we need to prevent concurrent runs from interfering with one another (e.g. attempting to
-    // delete the same read value, or reading values that another simulation is currently modifying).
-    return this.#putInJobQueue(async () => {
+    // delete the same read value, or reading values that another execution is currently modifying).
+    return this.#putInJobQueue(async jobId => {
       try {
         const totalTimer = new Timer();
         const syncTimer = new Timer();
-        await this.blockStateSynchronizer.sync();
+        await this.#maybeSync();
         const syncTime = syncTimer.ms();
         const functionTimer = new Timer();
         const contractFunctionSimulator = this.#getSimulatorForTx();
-        const executionResult = await this.#simulateUtility(contractFunctionSimulator, call, authwits ?? [], scopes);
+
+        const anchorBlockHeader = await this.anchorBlockStore.getBlockHeader();
+        await this.contractSyncService.ensureContractSynced(
+          call.to,
+          call.selector,
+          (privateSyncCall, execScopes) =>
+            this.#executeUtility(contractFunctionSimulator, privateSyncCall, [], execScopes, jobId),
+          anchorBlockHeader,
+          jobId,
+          scopes,
+        );
+
+        const { result: executionResult, offchainEffects } = await this.#executeUtility(
+          contractFunctionSimulator,
+          call,
+          authwits ?? [],
+          scopes,
+          jobId,
+        );
         const functionTime = functionTimer.ms();
 
         const totalTime = totalTimer.ms();
@@ -1011,14 +1228,19 @@ export class PXE {
         };
 
         const simulationStats = contractFunctionSimulator.getStats();
-        return { result: executionResult, stats: { timings, nodeRPCCalls: simulationStats.nodeRPCCalls } };
+        return {
+          result: executionResult,
+          offchainEffects,
+          anchorBlockTimestamp: anchorBlockHeader.globalVariables.timestamp,
+          stats: { timings, nodeRPCCalls: simulationStats.nodeRPCCalls },
+        };
       } catch (err: any) {
         const { to, name, args } = call;
         const stringifiedArgs = args.map(arg => arg.toString()).join(', ');
         throw this.#contextualizeError(
           err,
-          `simulateUtility ${to}:${name}(${stringifiedArgs})`,
-          `scopes=${scopes?.map(s => s.toString()).join(', ') ?? 'undefined'}`,
+          `executeUtility ${to}:${name}(${stringifiedArgs})`,
+          `scopes=${scopes.map(s => s.toString()).join(', ')}`,
         );
       }
     });
@@ -1041,23 +1263,43 @@ export class PXE {
     eventSelector: EventSelector,
     filter: PrivateEventFilter,
   ): Promise<PackedPrivateEvent[]> {
-    // We need to manually trigger private state sync to have a guarantee that all the events are available.
-    const call = await this.contractDataProvider.getFunctionCall('sync_private_state', [], filter.contractAddress);
-    await this.simulateUtility(call);
+    let anchorBlockNumber: BlockNumber;
+
+    await this.#putInJobQueue(async jobId => {
+      await this.#maybeSync();
+
+      const anchorBlockHeader = await this.anchorBlockStore.getBlockHeader();
+      anchorBlockNumber = anchorBlockHeader.getBlockNumber();
+
+      const contractFunctionSimulator = this.#getSimulatorForTx();
+
+      await this.contractSyncService.ensureContractSynced(
+        filter.contractAddress,
+        null,
+        async (privateSyncCall, execScopes) =>
+          await this.#executeUtility(contractFunctionSimulator, privateSyncCall, [], execScopes, jobId),
+        anchorBlockHeader,
+        jobId,
+        filter.scopes,
+      );
+    });
 
-    const sanitizedFilter = await new PrivateEventFilterValidator(this.anchorBlockDataProvider).validate(filter);
+    // anchorBlockNumber is set during the job and fixed to whatever it is after a block sync
+    const sanitizedFilter = new PrivateEventFilterValidator(anchorBlockNumber!).validate(filter);
 
     this.log.debug(
       `Getting private events for ${sanitizedFilter.contractAddress.toString()} from ${sanitizedFilter.fromBlock} to ${sanitizedFilter.toBlock}`,
     );
 
-    return this.privateEventDataProvider.getPrivateEvents(eventSelector, sanitizedFilter);
+    return this.privateEventStore.getPrivateEvents(eventSelector, sanitizedFilter);
   }
 
   /**
-   * Stops the PXE's job queue.
+   * Stops the PXE's job queue and closes the backing store.
    */
-  public stop(): Promise<void> {
-    return this.jobQueue.end();
+  public async stop(): Promise<void> {
+    await this.jobQueue.end();
+    await this.blockStateSynchronizer.stop();
+    await this.db.close();
   }
 }