@aztec/p2p 0.0.1-commit.e558bd1c → 0.0.1-commit.e57c76e

package/dest/mem_pools/tx_pool_v2/tx_pool_v2_impl.js

@@ -1,13 +1,22 @@
+import { BlockNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
+import { FifoSet } from '@aztec/foundation/fifo-set';
 import { ProtocolContractAddress } from '@aztec/protocol-contracts';
 import { computeFeePayerBalanceStorageSlot } from '@aztec/protocol-contracts/fee-juice';
 import { AztecAddress } from '@aztec/stdlib/aztec-address';
 import { DatabasePublicStateSource } from '@aztec/stdlib/trees';
 import { Tx, TxHash } from '@aztec/stdlib/tx';
 import { TxArchive } from './archive/index.js';
-import { EvictionManager, FeePayerBalanceEvictionRule, FeePayerBalancePreAddRule, InvalidTxsAfterMiningRule, InvalidTxsAfterReorgRule, LowPriorityEvictionRule, LowPriorityPreAddRule, NullifierConflictRule } from './eviction/index.js';
+import { DeletedPool } from './deleted_pool.js';
+import { EvictionManager, FeePayerBalanceEvictionRule, FeePayerBalancePreAddRule, InsufficientFeePerGasEvictionRule, InvalidTxsAfterMiningRule, InvalidTxsAfterReorgRule, LowPriorityEvictionRule, LowPriorityPreAddRule, NullifierConflictRule, TxPoolRejectionCode } from './eviction/index.js';
+import { TxPoolV2Instrumentation } from './instrumentation.js';
 import { DEFAULT_TX_POOL_V2_CONFIG } from './interfaces.js';
 import { buildTxMetaData, checkNullifierConflict } from './tx_metadata.js';
 import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
+/**
+ * Maximum number of full transactions to load into memory at once when finalizing a block.
+ * Bounds peak memory while archiving and hard-deleting mined txs (~23k txs/epoch at 10 TPS would
+ * otherwise OOM the node).
+ */ const FINALIZE_BLOCK_CHUNK_SIZE = 100;
 /**
  * Implementation of TxPoolV2 logic.
  *
@@ -19,26 +28,36 @@ import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
     // === Dependencies ===
     #l2BlockSource;
     #worldStateSynchronizer;
-    #pendingTxValidator;
+    #createTxValidator;
+    #checkAllowedSetupCalls;
     // === In-Memory Indices ===
     #indices = new TxPoolIndices();
     // === Config & Services ===
     #config;
     #archive;
+    #deletedPool;
     #evictionManager;
+    #dateProvider;
+    #instrumentation;
+    #evictedTxHashes;
     #log;
     #callbacks;
-    constructor(store, archiveStore, deps, callbacks, config = {}, log){
+    constructor(store, archiveStore, deps, callbacks, telemetry, config = {}, dateProvider, log){
         this.#store = store;
         this.#txsDB = store.openMap('txs');
         this.#l2BlockSource = deps.l2BlockSource;
         this.#worldStateSynchronizer = deps.worldStateSynchronizer;
-        this.#pendingTxValidator = deps.pendingTxValidator;
+        this.#createTxValidator = deps.createTxValidator;
+        this.#checkAllowedSetupCalls = deps.checkAllowedSetupCalls;
         this.#config = {
             ...DEFAULT_TX_POOL_V2_CONFIG,
             ...config
         };
+        this.#evictedTxHashes = FifoSet.withLimit(this.#config.evictedTxCacheSize);
         this.#archive = new TxArchive(archiveStore, this.#config.archivedTxLimit, log);
+        this.#deletedPool = new DeletedPool(store, this.#txsDB, log);
+        this.#dateProvider = dateProvider;
+        this.#instrumentation = new TxPoolV2Instrumentation(telemetry, ()=>this.#indices.getTotalMetadataBytes());
         this.#log = log;
         this.#callbacks = callbacks;
         // Setup eviction manager with rules
@@ -51,6 +70,7 @@ import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
         }));
         // Post-event eviction rules (run after events to check ALL pending txs)
         this.#evictionManager.registerRule(new InvalidTxsAfterMiningRule());
+        this.#evictionManager.registerRule(new InsufficientFeePerGasEvictionRule(deps.blockMinFeesProvider));
         this.#evictionManager.registerRule(new InvalidTxsAfterReorgRule(deps.worldStateSynchronizer));
         this.#evictionManager.registerRule(new FeePayerBalanceEvictionRule(deps.worldStateSynchronizer));
         // LowPriorityEvictionRule handles cases where txs become pending via prepareForSlot (unprotect)
@@ -69,30 +89,65 @@ import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
    * Note: Protected status is lost on restart. All non-mined txs are rebuilt as pending
    * by running pre-add rules to resolve nullifier conflicts, balance checks, and pool size limits.
    */ async hydrateFromDatabase() {
-        // Step 1: Load all transactions from DB
-        const { loaded, errors: deserializationErrors } = await this.#loadAllTxsFromDb();
-        // Step 2: Check mined status for each tx
-        await this.#markMinedStatusBatch(loaded.map((l)=>l.meta));
-        // Step 3: Partition by mined status
-        const mined = [];
-        const nonMined = [];
-        for (const entry of loaded){
-            if (entry.meta.minedL2BlockId !== undefined) {
-                mined.push(entry.meta);
+        // Step 0: Hydrate deleted pool state
+        await this.#deletedPool.hydrateFromDatabase();
+        // Step 1: Stream txs from DB, building metadata and mined status one at a time.
+        const minedMetas = [];
+        const pendingMetas = [];
+        const deserializationErrors = [];
+        for await (const [txHashStr, buffer] of this.#txsDB.entriesAsync()){
+            // Skip soft-deleted transactions - they stay in DB but not in indices
+            if (this.#deletedPool.isSoftDeleted(txHashStr)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let meta;
+            let txEffect;
+            try {
+                const tx = Tx.fromBuffer(buffer);
+                // Resolve allowed-setup-calls and the tx effect concurrently
+                // getTxEffect failures are non-fatal (we just treat the tx as not-yet-mined), so
+                // its rejection is swallowed before the Promise.all so it can't fail-fast the batch.
+                const txEffectPromise = this.#l2BlockSource.getTxEffect(tx.getTxHash()).catch((err)=>{
+                    this.#log.warn(`Failed to check mined status for tx ${txHashStr}`, {
+                        err
+                    });
+                    return undefined;
+                });
+                const [allowedSetupCalls, fetchedTxEffect] = await Promise.all([
+                    this.#checkAllowedSetupCalls(tx),
+                    txEffectPromise
+                ]);
+                meta = await buildTxMetaData(tx, allowedSetupCalls);
+                txEffect = fetchedTxEffect;
+            } catch (err) {
+                this.#log.warn(`Failed to deserialize tx ${txHashStr}, deleting`, {
+                    err
+                });
+                deserializationErrors.push(txHashStr);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (txEffect) {
+                meta.minedL2BlockId = {
+                    number: txEffect.l2BlockNumber,
+                    hash: txEffect.l2BlockHash.toString()
+                };
+            }
+            if (meta.minedL2BlockId !== undefined) {
+                minedMetas.push(meta);
             } else {
-                nonMined.push(entry);
+                pendingMetas.push(meta);
             }
         }
-        // Step 4: Validate non-mined transactions
-        const { valid, invalid } = await this.#validateTxBatch(nonMined, 'on startup');
-        // Step 5: Populate mined indices (these don't need conflict resolution)
-        for (const meta of mined){
+        // Step 2: Validate non-mined transactions
+        const { valid, invalid } = await this.#revalidateMetadata(pendingMetas, 'on startup');
+        // Step 3: Populate mined indices (these don't need conflict resolution)
+        for (const meta of minedMetas){
             this.#indices.addMined(meta);
         }
-        // Step 6: Rebuild pending pool by running pre-add rules for each tx
+        // Step 4: Rebuild pending pool by running pre-add rules for each tx
         // This resolves nullifier conflicts, fee payer balance issues, and pool size limits
         const { rejected } = await this.#rebuildPendingPool(valid);
-        // Step 7: Delete invalid and rejected txs from DB only (indices were never populated for these)
+        // Step 5: Delete invalid and rejected txs from DB only (indices were never populated for these)
         const toDelete = [
             ...deserializationErrors,
             ...invalid,
@@ -106,14 +161,43 @@ import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
                 await this.#txsDB.delete(txHashStr);
             }
         });
-        this.#log.info(`Deleted ${toDelete.length} invalid/rejected transactions on startup`);
+        this.#log.info(`Deleted ${toDelete.length} invalid/rejected transactions on startup`, {
+            txHashes: toDelete
+        });
     }
     async addPendingTxs(txs, opts) {
         const accepted = [];
         const ignored = [];
         const rejected = [];
+        const errors = new Map();
         const acceptedPending = new Set();
+        // Phase 1: Pre-compute all throwable I/O outside the transaction.
+        // If any pre-computation throws, the entire call fails before mutations happen.
+        const precomputed = new Map();
+        const validator = await this.#createTxValidator();
+        for (const tx of txs){
+            const txHash = tx.getTxHash();
+            const txHashStr = txHash.toString();
+            const meta = await buildTxMetaData(tx);
+            const minedBlockId = await this.#getMinedBlockId(txHash);
+            // Validate non-mined txs (mined and pre-protected txs bypass validation inside the transaction)
+            let isValid = true;
+            if (!minedBlockId) {
+                isValid = await this.#validateMeta(meta, validator);
+            }
+            precomputed.set(txHashStr, {
+                meta,
+                minedBlockId,
+                isValid
+            });
+        }
+        // Phase 2: Apply mutations inside the transaction using only pre-computed results,
+        // in-memory reads, and buffered DB writes. Nothing here can throw an unhandled exception.
         const poolAccess = this.#createPreAddPoolAccess();
+        const preAddContext = opts.feeComparisonOnly !== undefined ? {
+            feeComparisonOnly: opts.feeComparisonOnly,
+            priceBumpPercentage: this.#config.priceBumpPercentage
+        } : undefined;
         await this.#store.transactionAsync(async ()=>{
             for (const tx of txs){
                 const txHash = tx.getTxHash();
@@ -123,82 +207,112 @@ import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
                     ignored.push(txHash);
                     continue;
                 }
-                // Check mined status first (applies to all paths)
-                const minedBlockId = await this.#getMinedBlockId(txHash);
+                const { meta, minedBlockId, isValid } = precomputed.get(txHashStr);
                 const preProtectedSlot = this.#indices.getProtectionSlot(txHashStr);
                 if (minedBlockId) {
                     // Already mined - add directly (protection already set if pre-protected)
                     await this.#addTx(tx, {
                         mined: minedBlockId
-                    }, opts);
+                    }, opts, meta);
                     accepted.push(txHash);
                 } else if (preProtectedSlot !== undefined) {
                     // Pre-protected and not mined - add as protected (bypass validation)
                     await this.#addTx(tx, {
                         protected: preProtectedSlot
-                    }, opts);
+                    }, opts, meta);
                     accepted.push(txHash);
+                } else if (!isValid) {
+                    // Failed pre-computed validation
+                    rejected.push(txHash);
                 } else {
-                    // Regular pending tx - validate and run pre-add rules
-                    const result = await this.#tryAddRegularPendingTx(tx, opts, poolAccess, acceptedPending, ignored);
+                    // Regular pending tx - run pre-add rules using pre-computed metadata
+                    const result = await this.#tryAddRegularPendingTx(tx, meta, opts, poolAccess, acceptedPending, ignored, errors, preAddContext);
                     if (result.status === 'accepted') {
                         acceptedPending.add(txHashStr);
-                    } else if (result.status === 'rejected') {
-                        rejected.push(txHash);
                     } else {
                         ignored.push(txHash);
                     }
                 }
             }
+            // Run post-add eviction rules for pending txs (inside transaction for atomicity)
+            if (acceptedPending.size > 0) {
+                const feePayers = Array.from(acceptedPending).map((txHash)=>this.#indices.getMetadata(txHash).feePayer);
+                const uniqueFeePayers = new Set(feePayers);
+                await this.#evictionManager.evictAfterNewTxs(Array.from(acceptedPending), [
+                    ...uniqueFeePayers
+                ]);
+            }
         });
         // Build final accepted list for pending txs (excludes intra-batch evictions)
         for (const txHashStr of acceptedPending){
             accepted.push(TxHash.fromString(txHashStr));
         }
-        // Run post-add eviction rules for pending txs
-        if (acceptedPending.size > 0) {
-            const feePayers = Array.from(acceptedPending).map((txHash)=>this.#indices.getMetadata(txHash).feePayer);
-            const uniqueFeePayers = new Set(feePayers);
-            await this.#evictionManager.evictAfterNewTxs(Array.from(acceptedPending), [
-                ...uniqueFeePayers
-            ]);
+        // Record metrics
+        if (ignored.length > 0) {
+            this.#instrumentation.recordIgnored(ignored.length);
+        }
+        if (rejected.length > 0) {
+            this.#instrumentation.recordRejected(rejected.length);
         }
         return {
             accepted,
             ignored,
-            rejected
+            rejected,
+            ...errors.size > 0 ? {
+                errors
+            } : {}
         };
     }
-    /** Validates and adds a regular pending tx. Returns status. */ async #tryAddRegularPendingTx(tx, opts, poolAccess, acceptedPending, ignored) {
-        const txHash = tx.getTxHash();
-        const txHashStr = txHash.toString();
-        // Validate transaction
-        if (!await this.#validateTx(tx)) {
-            return {
-                status: 'rejected'
-            };
-        }
-        // Build metadata and run pre-add rules
-        const meta = await buildTxMetaData(tx);
-        const preAddResult = await this.#evictionManager.runPreAddRules(meta, poolAccess);
+    /** Adds a validated pending tx, running pre-add rules and evicting conflicts. */ async #tryAddRegularPendingTx(tx, precomputedMeta, opts, poolAccess, acceptedPending, ignored, errors, preAddContext) {
+        const txHashStr = tx.getTxHash().toString();
+        // Run pre-add rules
+        const preAddResult = await this.#evictionManager.runPreAddRules(precomputedMeta, poolAccess, preAddContext);
         if (preAddResult.shouldIgnore) {
-            this.#log.debug(`Ignoring tx ${txHashStr}: ${preAddResult.reason}`);
+            this.#log.debug(`Ignoring tx ${txHashStr}: ${preAddResult.reason?.message ?? 'unknown reason'}`);
+            if (preAddResult.reason && preAddResult.reason.code !== TxPoolRejectionCode.INTERNAL_ERROR) {
+                errors.set(txHashStr, preAddResult.reason);
+            }
             return {
                 status: 'ignored'
             };
         }
-        // Evict conflicts
-        for (const evictHashStr of preAddResult.txHashesToEvict){
-            await this.#deleteTx(evictHashStr);
-            this.#log.debug(`Evicted tx ${evictHashStr} due to higher-fee tx ${txHashStr}`);
-            if (acceptedPending.has(evictHashStr)) {
-                // Evicted tx was from this batch - mark as ignored in result
-                acceptedPending.delete(evictHashStr);
-                ignored.push(TxHash.fromString(evictHashStr));
+        // Evict conflicts, grouped by rule name for metrics
+        if (preAddResult.evictions && preAddResult.evictions.length > 0) {
+            const byReason = new Map();
+            for (const { txHash: evictHash, reason } of preAddResult.evictions){
+                const group = byReason.get(reason);
+                if (group) {
+                    group.push(evictHash);
+                } else {
+                    byReason.set(reason, [
+                        evictHash
+                    ]);
+                }
+            }
+            for (const [reason, hashes] of byReason){
+                await this.#evictTxs(hashes, reason);
             }
+            for (const evictHashStr of preAddResult.txHashesToEvict){
+                this.#log.debug(`Evicted tx ${evictHashStr} due to higher-fee tx ${txHashStr}`, {
+                    evictedTxHash: evictHashStr,
+                    replacementTxHash: txHashStr
+                });
+                if (acceptedPending.has(evictHashStr)) {
+                    // Evicted tx was from this batch - mark as ignored in result
+                    acceptedPending.delete(evictHashStr);
+                    ignored.push(TxHash.fromString(evictHashStr));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Randomly drop the transaction for testing purposes (report as accepted so it propagates)
+        if (this.#config.dropTransactionsProbability > 0 && Math.random() < this.#config.dropTransactionsProbability) {
+            this.#log.debug(`Dropping tx ${txHashStr} (simulated drop for testing)`);
+            return {
+                status: 'accepted'
+            };
         }
         // Add the transaction
-        await this.#addTx(tx, 'pending', opts);
+        await this.#addTx(tx, 'pending', opts, precomputedMeta);
         return {
             status: 'accepted'
         };
@@ -207,38 +321,44 @@ import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
         const txHashStr = tx.getTxHash().toString();
         // Check if already in pool
         if (this.#indices.has(txHashStr)) {
+            this.#log.verbose(`canAddPendingTx: tx ${txHashStr} already in pool`);
             return 'ignored';
         }
-        // Validate transaction (no logging for dry-run check)
-        const validationResult = await this.#pendingTxValidator.validateTx(tx);
-        if (validationResult.result !== 'valid') {
-            return 'rejected';
-        }
-        // Build metadata and use pre-add rules
+        // Build metadata and check pre-add rules
         const meta = await buildTxMetaData(tx);
         const poolAccess = this.#createPreAddPoolAccess();
         const preAddResult = await this.#evictionManager.runPreAddRules(meta, poolAccess);
-        return preAddResult.shouldIgnore ? 'ignored' : 'accepted';
+        if (preAddResult.shouldIgnore) {
+            this.#log.verbose(`canAddPendingTx: tx ${txHashStr} ignored by pre-add rule`, {
+                reason: preAddResult.reason?.message ?? 'no reason provided'
+            });
+            return 'ignored';
+        }
+        return 'accepted';
     }
     async addProtectedTxs(txs, block, opts) {
         const slotNumber = block.globalVariables.slotNumber;
+        // Precompute setup-call allow-list flags outside the store transaction
+        const allowedFlags = await Promise.all(txs.map((tx)=>this.#checkAllowedSetupCalls(tx)));
         await this.#store.transactionAsync(async ()=>{
-            for (const tx of txs){
+            for(let i = 0; i < txs.length; i++){
+                const tx = txs[i];
                 const txHash = tx.getTxHash();
                 const txHashStr = txHash.toString();
                 const isNew = !this.#indices.has(txHashStr);
                 const minedBlockId = await this.#getMinedBlockId(txHash);
                 if (isNew) {
+                    const meta = await buildTxMetaData(tx, allowedFlags[i]);
                     // New tx - add as mined or protected (callback emitted by #addTx)
                     if (minedBlockId) {
                         await this.#addTx(tx, {
                             mined: minedBlockId
-                        }, opts);
+                        }, opts, meta);
                         this.#indices.setProtection(txHashStr, slotNumber);
                     } else {
                         await this.#addTx(tx, {
                             protected: slotNumber
-                        }, opts);
+                        }, opts, meta);
                     }
                 } else {
                     // Existing tx - update protection and mined status
@@ -251,20 +371,53 @@ import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
             }
         });
     }
-    protectTxs(txHashes, block) {
+    async protectTxs(txHashes, block) {
         const slotNumber = block.globalVariables.slotNumber;
         const missing = [];
-        for (const txHash of txHashes){
-            const txHashStr = txHash.toString();
-            if (this.#indices.has(txHashStr)) {
-                // Update protection for existing tx
-                this.#indices.updateProtection(txHashStr, slotNumber);
-            } else {
-                // Pre-record protection for tx we don't have yet
-                this.#indices.setProtection(txHashStr, slotNumber);
-                missing.push(txHash);
+        let softDeletedHits = 0;
+        let missingPreviouslyEvicted = 0;
+        await this.#store.transactionAsync(async ()=>{
+            for (const txHash of txHashes){
+                const txHashStr = txHash.toString();
+                if (this.#indices.has(txHashStr)) {
+                    // Update protection for existing tx
+                    this.#indices.updateProtection(txHashStr, slotNumber);
+                } else if (this.#deletedPool.isSoftDeleted(txHashStr)) {
+                    // Resurrect soft-deleted tx as protected
+                    const buffer = await this.#txsDB.getAsync(txHashStr);
+                    if (buffer) {
+                        const tx = Tx.fromBuffer(buffer);
+                        await this.#addTx(tx, {
+                            protected: slotNumber
+                        });
+                        softDeletedHits++;
+                    } else {
+                        // Data missing despite soft-delete flag — treat as truly missing
+                        this.#indices.setProtection(txHashStr, slotNumber);
+                        missing.push(txHash);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // Truly missing — pre-record protection for tx we don't have yet
+                    this.#indices.setProtection(txHashStr, slotNumber);
+                    missing.push(txHash);
+                    if (this.#evictedTxHashes.has(txHashStr)) {
+                        missingPreviouslyEvicted++;
+                    }
+                }
             }
+        });
+        // Record metrics
+        if (softDeletedHits > 0) {
+            this.#instrumentation.recordSoftDeletedHits(softDeletedHits);
         }
+        if (missing.length > 0) {
+            this.#log.debug(`protectTxs missing tx hashes: ${missing.map((h)=>h.toString()).join(', ')}`);
+            this.#instrumentation.recordMissingOnProtect(missing.length);
+        }
+        if (missingPreviouslyEvicted > 0) {
+            this.#instrumentation.recordMissingPreviouslyEvicted(missingPreviouslyEvicted);
+        }
+        this.#log.info(`Protected ${txHashes.length} txs, missing: ${missing.length}, soft-deleted hits: ${softDeletedHits}`);
         return missing;
     }
     async addMinedTxs(txs, block, opts) {
@@ -283,6 +436,7 @@ import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
                         mined: blockId
                     }, opts);
                 }
+                await this.#deletedPool.clearIfMinedHigher(txHashStr, blockId.number);
             }
         });
     }
@@ -302,44 +456,53 @@ import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
                 found.push(meta);
             }
         }
-        // Step 4: Mark txs as mined (only those we have in the pool)
-        for (const meta of found){
-            this.#indices.markAsMined(meta, blockId);
+        await this.#store.transactionAsync(async ()=>{
+            // Step 4: Mark txs as mined (only those we have in the pool)
+            for (const meta of found){
+                this.#indices.markAsMined(meta, blockId);
+                await this.#deletedPool.clearIfMinedHigher(meta.txHash, blockId.number);
+            }
+            // Step 5: Run post-event eviction rules (inside transaction for atomicity)
+            await this.#evictionManager.evictAfterNewBlock(block.header, nullifiers, feePayers);
+        });
+        if (found.length > 0) {
+            this.#callbacks.onTxsMined(found.map((m)=>m.txHash));
         }
-        // Step 5: Run eviction rules (remove pending txs with conflicting nullifiers/expired timestamps)
-        await this.#evictionManager.evictAfterNewBlock(block.header, nullifiers, feePayers);
         this.#log.info(`Marked ${found.length} txs as mined in block ${blockId.number}`);
     }
     async prepareForSlot(slotNumber) {
-        // Step 1: Find expired protected txs
-        const expiredProtected = this.#indices.findExpiredProtectedTxs(slotNumber);
-        // Step 2: Clear protection for all expired entries (including those without metadata)
-        this.#indices.clearProtection(expiredProtected);
-        // Step 3: Filter to only txs that have metadata and are not mined
-        const txsToRestore = this.#indices.filterRestorable(expiredProtected);
-        if (txsToRestore.length === 0) {
-            return;
-        }
-        this.#log.info(`Preparing for slot ${slotNumber}: unprotecting ${txsToRestore.length} txs`);
-        // Step 4: Validate for pending pool
-        const { valid, invalid } = await this.#loadAndValidateTxs(txsToRestore, 'during prepareForSlot');
-        // Step 5: Resolve nullifier conflicts and add winners to pending indices
-        const { added, toEvict } = this.#applyNullifierConflictResolution(valid);
-        // Step 6: Delete invalid and evicted txs
-        await this.#deleteTxsBatch([
-            ...invalid,
-            ...toEvict
-        ]);
-        // Step 7: Run eviction rules (enforce pool size limit)
-        if (added.length > 0) {
-            const feePayers = added.map((meta)=>meta.feePayer);
-            const uniqueFeePayers = new Set(feePayers);
-            await this.#evictionManager.evictAfterNewTxs(added.map((m)=>m.txHash), [
-                ...uniqueFeePayers
-            ]);
-        }
+        await this.#store.transactionAsync(async ()=>{
+            // Step 0: Clean up slot-deleted txs from previous slots
+            await this.#deletedPool.cleanupSlotDeleted(slotNumber);
+            // Step 1: Find expired protected txs
+            const expiredProtected = this.#indices.findExpiredProtectedTxs(slotNumber);
+            // Step 2: Clear protection for all expired entries (including those without metadata)
+            this.#indices.clearProtection(expiredProtected);
+            // Step 3: Filter to only txs that have metadata and are not mined
+            const txsToRestore = this.#indices.filterRestorable(expiredProtected);
+            if (txsToRestore.length === 0) {
+                this.#log.debug(`Preparing for slot ${slotNumber}, no txs to unprotect`);
+                return;
+            }
+            this.#log.info(`Preparing for slot ${slotNumber}: unprotecting ${txsToRestore.length} txs`);
+            // Step 4: Validate for pending pool
+            const { valid, invalid } = await this.#revalidateMetadata(txsToRestore, 'during prepareForSlot');
+            // Step 5: Resolve nullifier conflicts and add winners to pending indices
+            const { added, toEvict } = this.#applyNullifierConflictResolution(valid);
+            // Step 6: Delete invalid txs and evict conflict losers
+            await this.#deleteTxsBatch(invalid);
+            await this.#evictTxs(toEvict, 'NullifierConflict');
+            // Step 7: Run eviction rules (enforce pool size limit)
+            if (added.length > 0) {
+                const feePayers = added.map((meta)=>meta.feePayer);
+                const uniqueFeePayers = new Set(feePayers);
+                await this.#evictionManager.evictAfterNewTxs(added.map((m)=>m.txHash), [
+                    ...uniqueFeePayers
+                ]);
+            }
+        });
     }
-    async handlePrunedBlocks(latestBlock) {
+    async handlePrunedBlocks(latestBlock, options) {
         // Step 1: Find transactions mined after the prune point
         const txsToUnmine = this.#indices.findTxsMinedAfter(latestBlock.number);
         if (txsToUnmine.length === 0) {
@@ -347,54 +510,84 @@ import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
             return;
         }
         this.#log.info(`Handling prune to block ${latestBlock.number}: un-mining ${txsToUnmine.length} txs`);
-        // Step 2: Unmine - clear mined status from metadata
-        for (const meta of txsToUnmine){
-            this.#indices.markAsUnmined(meta);
-        }
-        // Step 3: Filter out protected txs (they'll be handled by prepareForSlot)
-        const unprotectedTxs = this.#indices.filterUnprotected(txsToUnmine);
-        // Step 4: Validate for pending pool
-        const { valid, invalid } = await this.#loadAndValidateTxs(unprotectedTxs, 'during handlePrunedBlocks');
-        // Step 5: Resolve nullifier conflicts and add winners to pending indices
-        const { toEvict } = this.#applyNullifierConflictResolution(valid);
-        // Step 6: Delete invalid and evicted txs
-        await this.#deleteTxsBatch([
-            ...invalid,
-            ...toEvict
-        ]);
-        // Step 7: Run eviction rules for ALL pending txs (not just restored ones)
-        // This handles cases like existing pending txs with invalid fee payer balances
-        await this.#evictionManager.evictAfterChainPrune(latestBlock.number);
+        await this.#store.transactionAsync(async ()=>{
+            // Step 2: Mark ALL un-mined txs with their original mined block number
+            // This ensures they get soft-deleted if removed later, and only hard-deleted
+            // when their original mined block is finalized
+            await this.#deletedPool.markFromPrunedBlock(txsToUnmine.map((m)=>({
+                    txHash: m.txHash,
+                    minedAtBlock: BlockNumber(m.minedL2BlockId.number)
+                })));
+            // Step 3: Unmine - clear mined status from metadata
+            for (const meta of txsToUnmine){
+                this.#indices.markAsUnmined(meta);
+            }
+            // If deleteAllTxs is set (epoch prune), delete all un-mined txs and return early
+            if (options?.deleteAllTxs) {
+                const allTxHashes = txsToUnmine.map((m)=>m.txHash);
+                await this.#deleteTxsBatch(allTxHashes);
+                this.#log.info(`Handled prune to block ${latestBlock.number} with deleteAllTxs: deleted ${allTxHashes.length} txs`);
+                return;
+            }
+            // Step 4: Filter out protected txs (they'll be handled by prepareForSlot)
+            const unprotectedTxs = this.#indices.filterUnprotected(txsToUnmine);
+            // Step 5: Validate for pending pool
+            const { valid, invalid } = await this.#revalidateMetadata(unprotectedTxs, 'during handlePrunedBlocks');
+            // Step 6: Resolve nullifier conflicts and add winners to pending indices
+            const { toEvict } = this.#applyNullifierConflictResolution(valid);
+            // Step 7: Delete invalid txs and evict conflict losers
+            await this.#deleteTxsBatch(invalid);
+            await this.#evictTxs(toEvict, 'NullifierConflict');
+            this.#log.info(`Handled prune to block ${latestBlock.number}: ${valid.length} txs restored to pending, ${invalid.length} invalid, ${toEvict.length} evicted due to nullifier conflicts`, {
+                txHashesRestored: valid.map((m)=>m.txHash),
+                txHashesInvalid: invalid,
+                txHashesEvicted: toEvict
+            });
+            // Step 8: Run eviction rules for ALL pending txs (not just restored ones)
+            // This handles cases like existing pending txs with invalid fee payer balances
+            await this.#evictionManager.evictAfterChainPrune(latestBlock.number);
+        });
     }
     async handleFailedExecution(txHashes) {
-        // Delete failed txs
-        await this.#deleteTxsBatch(txHashes.map((h)=>h.toString()));
-        this.#log.info(`Deleted ${txHashes.length} failed txs`);
+        await this.#store.transactionAsync(async ()=>{
+            await this.#deleteTxsBatch(txHashes.map((h)=>h.toString()));
+        });
+        this.#log.info(`Deleted ${txHashes.length} failed txs`, {
+            txHashes: txHashes.map((h)=>h.toString())
+        });
     }
     async handleFinalizedBlock(block) {
         const blockNumber = block.globalVariables.blockNumber;
-        // Step 1: Find txs mined at or before finalized block
-        const txsToFinalize = this.#indices.findTxsMinedAtOrBefore(blockNumber);
-        if (txsToFinalize.length === 0) {
-            return;
-        }
-        // Step 2: Collect txs for archiving (before deletion)
-        const txsToArchive = [];
+        // Step 1: Find mined txs at or before finalized block
+        const minedTxsToFinalize = this.#indices.findTxsMinedAtOrBefore(blockNumber);
+        // Step 2: Archive in chunks if archiving is enabled. Hydrating an entire epoch's worth of
+        // mined txs at once would OOM under load. When archiving is disabled there is no need to hydrate the txs at all.
         if (this.#archive.isEnabled()) {
-            for (const txHashStr of txsToFinalize){
-                const buffer = await this.#txsDB.getAsync(txHashStr);
-                if (buffer) {
-                    txsToArchive.push(Tx.fromBuffer(buffer));
+            for(let i = 0; i < minedTxsToFinalize.length; i += FINALIZE_BLOCK_CHUNK_SIZE){
+                const chunk = minedTxsToFinalize.slice(i, i + FINALIZE_BLOCK_CHUNK_SIZE);
+                const txsToArchive = [];
+                for (const txHashStr of chunk){
+                    const buffer = await this.#txsDB.getAsync(txHashStr);
+                    if (buffer) {
+                        txsToArchive.push(Tx.fromBuffer(buffer));
+                    }
+                }
+                if (txsToArchive.length > 0) {
+                    await this.#archive.archiveTxs(txsToArchive);
                 }
             }
         }
-        // Step 3: Delete from active pool
-        await this.#deleteTxsBatch(txsToFinalize);
-        // Step 4: Archive
-        if (txsToArchive.length > 0) {
-            await this.#archive.archiveTxs(txsToArchive);
+        // Step 3: Delete mined txs from the active pool and finalize soft-deleted txs in one
+        // transaction. Only tx hashes are touched here, so memory is bounded and atomicity is preserved.
+        await this.#store.transactionAsync(async ()=>{
+            await this.#deleteTxsBatch(minedTxsToFinalize);
+            await this.#deletedPool.finalizeBlock(blockNumber);
+        });
+        if (minedTxsToFinalize.length > 0) {
+            this.#log.info(`Finalized ${minedTxsToFinalize.length} mined txs from blocks up to ${blockNumber}`, {
+                txHashes: minedTxsToFinalize
+            });
         }
-        this.#log.info(`Finalized ${txsToFinalize.length} txs from blocks up to ${blockNumber}`);
     }
     // === Query Methods ===
     async getTxByHash(txHash) {
@@ -410,20 +603,34 @@ import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
         return results;
     }
     hasTxs(txHashes) {
-        return txHashes.map((h)=>this.#indices.has(h.toString()));
+        return txHashes.map((h)=>{
+            const hashStr = h.toString();
+            return this.#indices.has(hashStr) || this.#deletedPool.isSoftDeleted(hashStr);
+        });
     }
     getTxStatus(txHash) {
-        const meta = this.#indices.getMetadata(txHash.toString());
-        if (!meta) {
-            return undefined;
+        const txHashStr = txHash.toString();
+        const meta = this.#indices.getMetadata(txHashStr);
+        if (meta) {
+            return this.#indices.getTxState(meta);
+        }
+        // Check if soft-deleted
+        if (this.#deletedPool.isSoftDeleted(txHashStr)) {
+            return 'deleted';
         }
-        return this.#indices.getTxState(meta);
+        return undefined;
     }
     getPendingTxHashes() {
         return [
             ...this.#indices.iteratePendingByPriority('desc')
         ].map((hash)=>TxHash.fromString(hash));
     }
+    getEligiblePendingTxHashes() {
+        const maxReceivedAt = this.#dateProvider.now() - this.#config.minTxPoolAgeMs;
+        return [
+            ...this.#indices.iterateEligiblePendingByPriority('desc', maxReceivedAt)
+        ].map((hash)=>TxHash.fromString(hash));
+    }
     getPendingTxCount() {
         return this.#indices.getPendingTxCount();
     }
@@ -463,6 +670,9 @@ import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
             this.#config.archivedTxLimit = config.archivedTxLimit;
             this.#archive.updateLimit(config.archivedTxLimit);
         }
+        if (config.minTxPoolAgeMs !== undefined) {
+            this.#config.minTxPoolAgeMs = config.minTxPoolAgeMs;
+        }
         // Update eviction rules with new config
         this.#evictionManager.updateConfig(config);
     }
@@ -477,7 +687,10 @@ import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
     }
     // === Metrics ===
     countTxs() {
-        return this.#indices.countTxs();
+        return {
+            ...this.#indices.countTxs(),
+            softDeleted: this.#deletedPool.getSoftDeletedCount()
+        };
     }
     // ============================================================================
     // PRIVATE HELPERS - Transaction Management
@@ -485,10 +698,12 @@ import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
     /**
    * Adds a new transaction to the pool with the specified state.
    * Emits onTxsAdded callback immediately after DB write.
-   */ async #addTx(tx, state, opts = {}) {
+   */ async #addTx(tx, state, opts = {}, precomputedMeta) {
         const txHashStr = tx.getTxHash().toString();
-        const meta = await buildTxMetaData(tx);
+        const meta = precomputedMeta ?? await buildTxMetaData(tx);
+        meta.receivedAt = this.#dateProvider.now();
         await this.#txsDB.set(txHashStr, tx.toBuffer());
+        await this.#deletedPool.clearSoftDeleted(txHashStr);
         this.#callbacks.onTxsAdded([
             tx
         ], opts);
@@ -501,64 +716,66 @@ import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
             this.#indices.addMined(meta);
         }
         const stateStr = typeof state === 'string' ? state : Object.keys(state)[0];
-        this.#log.verbose(`Added ${stateStr} tx ${txHashStr}`, {
+        this.#log.debug(`Added tx ${txHashStr} as ${stateStr}`, {
             eventName: 'tx-added-to-pool',
-            state: stateStr
+            txHash: txHashStr,
+            state: stateStr,
+            source: opts.source
         });
         return meta;
     }
     /**
    * Deletes a transaction from both indices and DB.
    * Emits onTxsRemoved callback immediately after DB delete.
+   */ /**
+   * Deletes a transaction from the pool.
+   * Delegates to DeletedPool which decides soft vs hard delete based on whether
+   * the tx is from a pruned block.
    */ async #deleteTx(txHashStr) {
         this.#indices.remove(txHashStr);
-        await this.#txsDB.delete(txHashStr);
         this.#callbacks.onTxsRemoved([
             txHashStr
         ]);
+        await this.#deletedPool.deleteTx(txHashStr);
     }
     /** Deletes a batch of transactions, emitting callbacks individually for each. */ async #deleteTxsBatch(txHashes) {
         for (const txHashStr of txHashes){
             await this.#deleteTx(txHashStr);
         }
     }
+    /** Evicts transactions: records eviction metric with reason, caches hashes, then deletes. */ async #evictTxs(txHashes, reason) {
+        if (txHashes.length === 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        this.#instrumentation.recordEvictions(txHashes.length, reason);
+        for (const txHashStr of txHashes){
+            this.#log.debug(`Evicting tx ${txHashStr}`, {
+                txHash: txHashStr,
+                reason
+            });
+            this.#evictedTxHashes.add(txHashStr);
+        }
+        await this.#deleteTxsBatch(txHashes);
+    }
     // ============================================================================
     // PRIVATE HELPERS - Validation & Conflict Resolution
     // ============================================================================
-    /** Validates a single transaction, returning true if valid */ async #validateTx(tx, context) {
-        const result = await this.#pendingTxValidator.validateTx(tx);
+    /** Validates transaction metadata, returning true if valid */ async #validateMeta(meta, validator, context) {
+        const txValidator = validator ?? await this.#createTxValidator();
+        const result = await txValidator.validateTx(meta);
         if (result.result !== 'valid') {
             const contextStr = context ? ` ${context}` : '';
-            this.#log.info(`Tx ${tx.getTxHash()}${contextStr} failed validation: ${result.reason?.join(', ')}`);
+            this.#log.info(`Tx ${meta.txHash}${contextStr} failed validation: ${result.reason?.join(', ')}`);
             return false;
         }
         return true;
     }
-    /** Loads transactions from DB, returning loaded txs and missing hashes */ async #loadTxsFromDb(metas) {
-        const loaded = [];
-        const missing = [];
-        for (const meta of metas){
-            const buffer = await this.#txsDB.getAsync(meta.txHash);
-            if (!buffer) {
-                this.#log.warn(`Tx ${meta.txHash} not found in DB`);
-                missing.push(meta.txHash);
-                continue;
-            }
-            loaded.push({
-                tx: Tx.fromBuffer(buffer),
-                meta
-            });
-        }
-        return {
-            loaded,
-            missing
-        };
-    }
-    /** Validates a batch of transactions, returning valid and invalid groups */ async #validateTxBatch(txs, context) {
+    /** Validates metadata directly */ async #revalidateMetadata(metas, context) {
         const valid = [];
         const invalid = [];
-        for (const { tx, meta } of txs){
-            if (await this.#validateTx(tx, context)) {
+        const validator = await this.#createTxValidator();
+        for (const meta of metas){
+            if (await this.#validateMeta(meta, validator, context)) {
                 valid.push(meta);
             } else {
                 invalid.push(meta.txHash);
@@ -569,17 +786,6 @@ import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
             invalid
         };
     }
-    /** Loads transactions from DB and validates them */ async #loadAndValidateTxs(metas, context) {
-        const { loaded, missing } = await this.#loadTxsFromDb(metas);
-        const { valid, invalid } = await this.#validateTxBatch(loaded, context);
-        return {
-            valid,
-            invalid: [
-                ...missing,
-                ...invalid
-            ]
-        };
-    }
     /**
    * Resolves nullifier conflicts between incoming txs and existing pending txs.
    * Modifies the pending indices during iteration to maintain consistent state
@@ -631,46 +837,6 @@ import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
             hash: txEffect.l2BlockHash.toString()
         };
     }
-    /** Loads all transactions from the database, returning loaded txs and deserialization errors */ async #loadAllTxsFromDb() {
-        const loaded = [];
-        const errors = [];
-        for await (const [txHashStr, buffer] of this.#txsDB.entriesAsync()){
-            try {
-                const tx = Tx.fromBuffer(buffer);
-                const meta = await buildTxMetaData(tx);
-                loaded.push({
-                    tx,
-                    meta
-                });
-            } catch (err) {
-                this.#log.warn(`Failed to deserialize tx ${txHashStr}, deleting`, {
-                    err
-                });
-                errors.push(txHashStr);
-            }
-        }
-        return {
-            loaded,
-            errors
-        };
-    }
-    /** Queries block source and marks mined status on transaction metadata */ async #markMinedStatusBatch(metas) {
-        for (const meta of metas){
-            try {
-                const txEffect = await this.#l2BlockSource.getTxEffect(TxHash.fromString(meta.txHash));
-                if (txEffect) {
-                    meta.minedL2BlockId = {
-                        number: txEffect.l2BlockNumber,
-                        hash: txEffect.l2BlockHash.toString()
-                    };
-                }
-            } catch (err) {
-                this.#log.warn(`Failed to check mined status for tx ${meta.txHash}`, {
-                    err
-                });
-            }
-        }
-    }
     /**
    * Rebuilds the pending pool by processing each tx through pre-add rules.
    * Starts with an empty pending pool and adds txs one by one, resolving conflicts.
@@ -685,7 +851,7 @@ import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
             if (preAddResult.shouldIgnore) {
                 // Transaction rejected - mark for deletion from DB
                 rejected.push(meta.txHash);
-                this.#log.debug(`Rejected tx ${meta.txHash} during rebuild: ${preAddResult.reason}`);
+                this.#log.debug(`Rejected tx ${meta.txHash} during rebuild: ${preAddResult.reason?.message ?? 'unknown reason'}`);
                 continue;
             }
             // Evict any conflicting txs identified by pre-add rules
@@ -721,7 +887,7 @@ import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
             getFeePayerPendingTxs: (feePayer)=>this.#indices.getFeePayerPendingTxs(feePayer),
             getPendingTxCount: ()=>this.#indices.getPendingTxCount(),
             getLowestPriorityPending: (limit)=>this.#indices.getLowestPriorityPending(limit),
-            deleteTxs: (txHashes)=>this.#deleteTxsBatch(txHashes)
+            deleteTxs: (txHashes, reason)=>this.#evictTxs(txHashes, reason ?? 'unknown')
         };
     }
     #createPreAddPoolAccess() {