@aztec/p2p 0.0.1-commit.6d63667d → 0.0.1-commit.71324e566

package/src/services/libp2p/libp2p_service.ts

@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 import type { EpochCacheInterface } from '@aztec/epoch-cache';
-import { BlockNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
-import { randomInt } from '@aztec/foundation/crypto/random';
-import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
+import { BlockNumber, type SlotNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
+import { maxBy } from '@aztec/foundation/collection';
 import { type Logger, createLibp2pComponentLogger, createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 import { RunningPromise } from '@aztec/foundation/running-promise';
 import { Timer } from '@aztec/foundation/timer';
 import type { AztecAsyncKVStore } from '@aztec/kv-store';
 import { protocolContractsHash } from '@aztec/protocol-contracts';
-import type { EthAddress, L2Block, L2BlockSource } from '@aztec/stdlib/block';
+import type { EthAddress, L2BlockSource } from '@aztec/stdlib/block';
 import type { ContractDataSource } from '@aztec/stdlib/contract';
 import { GasFees } from '@aztec/stdlib/gas';
 import type { ClientProtocolCircuitVerifier, PeerInfo, WorldStateSynchronizer } from '@aztec/stdlib/interfaces/server';
@@ -17,13 +16,12 @@ import {
   CheckpointProposal,
   type CheckpointProposalCore,
   type Gossipable,
-  P2PClientType,
   P2PMessage,
-  type ValidationResult as P2PValidationResult,
   PeerErrorSeverity,
+  PeerErrorSeverityByHarshness,
   TopicType,
   createTopicString,
-  getTopicsForClientAndConfig,
+  getTopicsForConfig,
   metricsTopicStrToLabels,
 } from '@aztec/stdlib/p2p';
 import { MerkleTreeId } from '@aztec/stdlib/trees';
@@ -45,7 +43,7 @@ import {
   type GossipsubMessage,
   gossipsub,
 } from '@chainsafe/libp2p-gossipsub';
-import { createPeerScoreParams, createTopicScoreParams } from '@chainsafe/libp2p-gossipsub/score';
+import { createPeerScoreParams } from '@chainsafe/libp2p-gossipsub/score';
 import { SignaturePolicy } from '@chainsafe/libp2p-gossipsub/types';
 import { noise } from '@chainsafe/libp2p-noise';
 import { yamux } from '@chainsafe/libp2p-yamux';
@@ -59,8 +57,8 @@ import { ENR } from '@nethermindeth/enr';
 import { createLibp2p } from 'libp2p';
 
 import type { P2PConfig } from '../../config.js';
-import { ProposalSlotCapExceededError } from '../../errors/attestation-pool.error.js';
-import type { MemPools } from '../../mem_pools/index.js';
+import { CheckpointProposalReceivedCallbackNotRegisteredError } from '../../errors/p2p-service.error.js';
+import type { MemPools } from '../../mem_pools/interface.js';
 import {
   BlockProposalValidator,
   CheckpointAttestationValidator,
@@ -71,9 +69,11 @@ import {
 } from '../../msg_validators/index.js';
 import { MessageSeenValidator } from '../../msg_validators/msg_seen_validator/msg_seen_validator.js';
 import {
-  type MessageValidator,
-  createTxMessageValidators,
-  createTxReqRespValidator,
+  type TransactionValidator,
+  createFirstStageTxValidationsForGossipedTransactions,
+  createSecondStageTxValidationsForGossipedTransactions,
+  createTxValidatorForBlockProposalReceivedTxs,
+  createTxValidatorForReqResponseReceivedTxs,
 } from '../../msg_validators/tx_validator/factory.js';
 import { GossipSubEvent } from '../../types/index.js';
 import { type PubSubLibp2p, convertToMultiaddr } from '../../util.js';
@@ -81,13 +81,17 @@ import { getVersions } from '../../versioning.js';
 import { AztecDatastore } from '../data_store.js';
 import { DiscV5Service } from '../discv5/discV5_service.js';
 import { SnappyTransform, fastMsgIdFn, getMsgIdFn, msgIdToStrFn } from '../encoding.js';
-import { gossipScoreThresholds } from '../gossipsub/scoring.js';
+import { APP_SPECIFIC_WEIGHT, gossipScoreThresholds } from '../gossipsub/scoring.js';
+import { createAllTopicScoreParams } from '../gossipsub/topic_score_params.js';
 import type { PeerManagerInterface } from '../peer-manager/interface.js';
 import { PeerManager } from '../peer-manager/peer_manager.js';
 import { PeerScoring } from '../peer-manager/peer_scoring.js';
 import type { BatchTxRequesterLibP2PService } from '../reqresp/batch-tx-requester/interface.js';
 import type { P2PReqRespConfig } from '../reqresp/config.js';
 import {
+  AuthRequest,
+  BlockTxsRequest,
+  BlockTxsResponse,
   DEFAULT_SUB_PROTOCOL_VALIDATORS,
   type ReqRespInterface,
   type ReqRespResponse,
@@ -95,17 +99,11 @@ import {
   type ReqRespSubProtocolHandler,
   type ReqRespSubProtocolHandlers,
   type ReqRespSubProtocolValidators,
+  StatusMessage,
   type SubProtocolMap,
   ValidationError,
-} from '../reqresp/index.js';
-import {
-  AuthRequest,
-  BlockTxsRequest,
-  BlockTxsResponse,
-  StatusMessage,
   pingHandler,
   reqGoodbyeHandler,
-  reqRespBlockHandler,
   reqRespBlockTxsHandler,
   reqRespStatusHandler,
   reqRespTxHandler,
@@ -114,6 +112,7 @@ import { ReqResp } from '../reqresp/reqresp.js';
 import type {
   P2PBlockReceivedCallback,
   P2PCheckpointReceivedCallback,
+  P2PDuplicateAttestationCallback,
   P2PService,
   PeerDiscoveryService,
 } from '../service.js';
@@ -128,14 +127,14 @@ interface ValidationResult {
 type ValidationOutcome = { allPassed: true } | { allPassed: false; failure: ValidationResult };
 
 // REFACTOR: Unify with the type above
-type ReceivedMessageValidationResult<T> =
-  | { obj: T; result: Exclude<TopicValidatorResult, TopicValidatorResult.Reject> }
-  | { obj?: undefined; result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject };
+type ReceivedMessageValidationResult<T, M = undefined> =
+  | { obj: T; result: Exclude<TopicValidatorResult, TopicValidatorResult.Reject>; metadata?: M }
+  | { obj?: T; result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject; metadata?: M; severity: PeerErrorSeverity };
 
 /**
  * Lib P2P implementation of the P2PService interface.
  */
-export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends WithTracer implements P2PService {
+export class LibP2PService extends WithTracer implements P2PService {
   private discoveryRunningPromise?: RunningPromise;
   private msgIdSeenValidators: Record<TopicType, MessageSeenValidator> = {} as Record<TopicType, MessageSeenValidator>;
 
@@ -149,6 +148,16 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
 
   private feesCache: { blockNumber: BlockNumber; gasFees: GasFees } | undefined;
 
+  /** Callback invoked when a duplicate proposal is detected (triggers slashing). */
+  private duplicateProposalCallback?: (info: {
+    slot: SlotNumber;
+    proposer: EthAddress;
+    type: 'checkpoint' | 'block';
+  }) => void;
+
+  /** Callback invoked when a duplicate attestation is detected (triggers slashing). */
+  private duplicateAttestationCallback?: P2PDuplicateAttestationCallback;
+
   /**
    * Callback for when a block is received from a peer.
    * @param block - The block received from the peer.
@@ -161,7 +170,13 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
    * @param checkpoint - The checkpoint proposal received from the peer.
    * @returns The attestations for the checkpoint, if any.
    */
-  private checkpointReceivedCallback: P2PCheckpointReceivedCallback;
+  private allNodesCheckpointReceivedCallback: P2PCheckpointReceivedCallback;
+  /**
+   * Callback for when a checkpoint proposal is received - specifically for validators - from a peer.
+   * @param checkpoint - The checkpoint proposal received from the peer.
+   * @returns The attestations for the checkpoint, if any.
+   */
+  private validatorCheckpointReceivedCallback: P2PCheckpointReceivedCallback;
 
   private gossipSubEventHandler: (e: CustomEvent<GossipsubMessage>) => void;
 
@@ -172,14 +187,13 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
   protected logger: Logger;
 
   constructor(
-    private clientType: T,
     private config: P2PConfig,
     protected node: PubSubLibp2p,
     private peerDiscoveryService: PeerDiscoveryService,
     private reqresp: ReqRespInterface,
-    private peerManager: PeerManagerInterface,
+    protected peerManager: PeerManagerInterface,
     protected mempools: MemPools,
-    private archiver: L2BlockSource & ContractDataSource,
+    protected archiver: L2BlockSource & ContractDataSource,
     private epochCache: EpochCacheInterface,
     private proofVerifier: ClientProtocolCircuitVerifier,
     private worldStateSynchronizer: WorldStateSynchronizer,
@@ -214,30 +228,39 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
       this.protocolVersion,
     );
 
-    this.blockProposalValidator = new BlockProposalValidator(epochCache, { txsPermitted: !config.disableTransactions });
-    this.checkpointProposalValidator = new CheckpointProposalValidator(epochCache, {
+    const p2pPropagationTime = config.attestationPropagationTime;
+    const proposalValidatorOpts = {
       txsPermitted: !config.disableTransactions,
-    });
+      maxTxsPerBlock: config.validateMaxTxsPerBlock ?? config.validateMaxTxsPerCheckpoint,
+      p2pPropagationTime,
+    };
+    this.blockProposalValidator = new BlockProposalValidator(epochCache, proposalValidatorOpts);
+    this.checkpointProposalValidator = new CheckpointProposalValidator(epochCache, proposalValidatorOpts);
     this.checkpointAttestationValidator = config.fishermanMode
-      ? new FishermanAttestationValidator(epochCache, mempools.attestationPool, telemetry)
-      : new CheckpointAttestationValidator(epochCache);
+      ? new FishermanAttestationValidator(epochCache, mempools.attestationPool, telemetry, {
+          l1PublishingTime: config.l1PublishingTime,
+        })
+      : new CheckpointAttestationValidator(epochCache, { l1PublishingTime: config.l1PublishingTime });
 
     this.gossipSubEventHandler = this.handleGossipSubEvent.bind(this);
 
     this.blockReceivedCallback = async (block: BlockProposal): Promise<boolean> => {
-      this.logger.debug(
-        `Handler not yet registered: Block received callback not set. Received block for slot ${block.slotNumber} from peer.`,
+      this.logger.warn(
+        `Handler for block received not yet registered on P2P service. Received block ${block.blockNumber} for slot ${block.slotNumber} from peer.`,
         { p2pMessageIdentifier: await block.p2pMessageLoggingIdentifier() },
       );
-      return false;
+      return true;
     };
 
-    this.checkpointReceivedCallback = (
-      checkpoint: CheckpointProposalCore,
+    this.allNodesCheckpointReceivedCallback = (
+      _checkpoint: CheckpointProposalCore,
+    ): Promise<CheckpointAttestation[] | undefined> => {
+      throw new CheckpointProposalReceivedCallbackNotRegisteredError();
+    };
+
+    this.validatorCheckpointReceivedCallback = (
+      _checkpoint: CheckpointProposalCore,
     ): Promise<CheckpointAttestation[] | undefined> => {
-      this.logger.debug(
-        `Handler not yet registered: Checkpoint received callback not set. Received checkpoint for slot ${checkpoint.slotNumber} from peer.`,
-      );
       return Promise.resolve(undefined);
     };
   }
@@ -252,8 +275,7 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
    * @param txPool - The transaction pool to be accessed by the service.
    * @returns The new service.
    */
-  public static async new<T extends P2PClientType>(
-    clientType: T,
+  public static async new(
     config: P2PConfig,
     peerId: PeerId,
     deps: {
@@ -305,11 +327,6 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
     const versions = getVersions(config);
     const protocolVersion = compressComponentVersions(versions);
 
-    const txTopic = createTopicString(TopicType.tx, protocolVersion);
-    const blockProposalTopic = createTopicString(TopicType.block_proposal, protocolVersion);
-    const checkpointProposalTopic = createTopicString(TopicType.checkpoint_proposal, protocolVersion);
-    const checkpointAttestationTopic = createTopicString(TopicType.checkpoint_attestation, protocolVersion);
-
     const preferredPeersEnrs: ENR[] = config.preferredPeers.map(enr => ENR.decodeTxt(enr));
     const directPeers = (
       await Promise.all(
@@ -329,6 +346,19 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
 
     const announceTcpMultiaddr = config.p2pIp ? [convertToMultiaddr(config.p2pIp, p2pPort, 'tcp')] : [];
 
+    // Create dynamic topic score params based on network configuration
+    const l1Constants = epochCache.getL1Constants();
+    const topicScoreParams = createAllTopicScoreParams(protocolVersion, {
+      slotDurationMs: l1Constants.slotDuration * 1000,
+      ethereumSlotDuration: l1Constants.ethereumSlotDuration,
+      heartbeatIntervalMs: config.gossipsubInterval,
+      targetCommitteeSize: l1Constants.targetCommitteeSize,
+      blockDurationMs: config.blockDurationMs,
+      l1PublishingTime: config.l1PublishingTime,
+      p2pPropagationTime: config.attestationPropagationTime,
+      expectedBlockProposalsPerSlot: config.expectedBlockProposalsPerSlot,
+    });
+
     const node = await createLibp2p({
       start: false,
       peerId,
@@ -424,28 +454,7 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
           scoreParams: createPeerScoreParams({
             // IPColocation factor can be disabled for local testing - default to -5
             IPColocationFactorWeight: config.debugDisableColocationPenalty ? 0 : -5.0,
-            topics: {
-              [txTopic]: createTopicScoreParams({
-                topicWeight: 1,
-                invalidMessageDeliveriesWeight: -20,
-                invalidMessageDeliveriesDecay: 0.5,
-              }),
-              [blockProposalTopic]: createTopicScoreParams({
-                topicWeight: 1,
-                invalidMessageDeliveriesWeight: -20,
-                invalidMessageDeliveriesDecay: 0.5,
-              }),
-              [checkpointProposalTopic]: createTopicScoreParams({
-                topicWeight: 1,
-                invalidMessageDeliveriesWeight: -20,
-                invalidMessageDeliveriesDecay: 0.5,
-              }),
-              [checkpointAttestationTopic]: createTopicScoreParams({
-                topicWeight: 1,
-                invalidMessageDeliveriesWeight: -20,
-                invalidMessageDeliveriesDecay: 0.5,
-              }),
-            },
+            topics: topicScoreParams,
           }),
         }) as (components: GossipSubComponents) => GossipSub,
         components: (components: { connectionManager: ConnectionManager }) => ({
@@ -471,13 +480,19 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
       epochCache,
     );
 
-    // Update gossipsub score params
-    node.services.pubsub.score.params.appSpecificWeight = 10;
+    // Gate req/resp data protocols for unauthenticated peers when p2pAllowOnlyValidators is enabled
+    reqresp.setShouldRejectPeer(peerId => peerManager.shouldDisableP2PGossip(peerId));
+
+    // Configure application-specific scoring for gossipsub.
+    // The weight scales app score to align with gossipsub thresholds:
+    // - Disconnect (-50) × 10 = -500 = gossipThreshold (stops receiving gossip)
+    // - Ban (-100) × 10 = -1000 = publishThreshold (cannot publish)
+    // Note: positive topic scores can offset penalties, so alignment is best-effort.
+    node.services.pubsub.score.params.appSpecificWeight = APP_SPECIFIC_WEIGHT;
     node.services.pubsub.score.params.appSpecificScore = (peerId: string) =>
       peerManager.shouldDisableP2PGossip(peerId) ? -Infinity : peerManager.getPeerScore(peerId);
 
     return new LibP2PService(
-      clientType,
       config,
       node,
       peerDiscoveryService,
@@ -513,14 +528,12 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
     // Create request response protocol handlers
     const txHandler = reqRespTxHandler(this.mempools);
     const goodbyeHandler = reqGoodbyeHandler(this.peerManager);
-    const blockHandler = reqRespBlockHandler(this.archiver);
     const statusHandler = reqRespStatusHandler(this.protocolVersion, this.worldStateSynchronizer, this.logger);
 
     const requestResponseHandlers: Partial<ReqRespSubProtocolHandlers> = {
       [ReqRespSubProtocol.PING]: pingHandler,
       [ReqRespSubProtocol.STATUS]: statusHandler.bind(this),
       [ReqRespSubProtocol.GOODBYE]: goodbyeHandler.bind(this),
-      [ReqRespSubProtocol.BLOCK]: blockHandler.bind(this),
     };
 
     if (!this.config.disableTransactions) {
@@ -541,7 +554,6 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
       ...DEFAULT_SUB_PROTOCOL_VALIDATORS,
       [ReqRespSubProtocol.TX]: this.validateRequestedTxs.bind(this),
       [ReqRespSubProtocol.BLOCK_TXS]: this.validateRequestedBlockTxs.bind(this),
-      [ReqRespSubProtocol.BLOCK]: this.validateRequestedBlock.bind(this),
     };
 
     await this.peerManager.initializePeers();
@@ -551,7 +563,7 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
     await this.node.start();
 
     // Subscribe to standard GossipSub topics by default
-    for (const topic of getTopicsForClientAndConfig(this.clientType, this.config.disableTransactions)) {
+    for (const topic of getTopicsForConfig(this.config.disableTransactions)) {
       this.subscribeToTopic(this.topicStrings[topic]);
     }
 
@@ -617,6 +629,10 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
     return this.peerManager.getPeers(includePending);
   }
 
+  public getGossipMeshPeerCount(topicType: TopicType): number {
+    return this.node.services.pubsub.getMeshPeers(this.topicStrings[topicType]).length;
+  }
+
   private handleGossipSubEvent(e: CustomEvent<GossipsubMessage>) {
     this.logger.trace(`Received PUBSUB message.`);
 
@@ -665,8 +681,35 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
     this.blockReceivedCallback = callback;
   }
 
-  public registerCheckpointReceivedCallback(callback: P2PCheckpointReceivedCallback) {
-    this.checkpointReceivedCallback = callback;
+  public registerValidatorCheckpointReceivedCallback(callback: P2PCheckpointReceivedCallback) {
+    this.validatorCheckpointReceivedCallback = callback;
+  }
+
+  public registerAllNodesCheckpointReceivedCallback(callback: P2PCheckpointReceivedCallback) {
+    this.allNodesCheckpointReceivedCallback = callback;
+  }
+
+  public async notifyOwnCheckpointProposal(checkpoint: CheckpointProposalCore): Promise<void> {
+    await this.allNodesCheckpointReceivedCallback(checkpoint, this.node.peerId);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Registers a callback to be invoked when a duplicate proposal is detected.
+   * This callback is triggered on the first duplicate (when count goes from 1 to 2).
+   */
+  public registerDuplicateProposalCallback(
+    callback: (info: { slot: SlotNumber; proposer: EthAddress; type: 'checkpoint' | 'block' }) => void,
+  ): void {
+    this.duplicateProposalCallback = callback;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Registers a callback to be invoked when a duplicate attestation is detected.
+   * A validator signing attestations for different proposals at the same slot.
+   * This callback is triggered on the first duplicate (when count goes from 1 to 2).
+   */
+  public registerDuplicateAttestationCallback(callback: P2PDuplicateAttestationCallback): void {
+    this.duplicateAttestationCallback = callback;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -733,6 +776,9 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
     if (!validator || !validator.addMessage(msgId)) {
       this.instrumentation.incMessagePrevalidationStatus(false, topicType);
       this.node.services.pubsub.reportMessageValidationResult(msgId, source.toString(), TopicValidatorResult.Ignore);
+      if (topicType === TopicType.tx) {
+        this.logger.verbose(`Ignoring already-seen tx gossip message`, { msgId, source: source.toString() });
+      }
       return { result: false, topicType };
     }
 
@@ -797,9 +843,7 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
       if (msg.topic === this.topicStrings[TopicType.tx]) {
         await this.handleGossipedTx(p2pMessage.payload, msgId, source);
       } else if (msg.topic === this.topicStrings[TopicType.checkpoint_attestation]) {
-        if (this.clientType === P2PClientType.Full) {
-          await this.processCheckpointAttestationFromPeer(p2pMessage.payload, msgId, source);
-        }
+        await this.processCheckpointAttestationFromPeer(p2pMessage.payload, msgId, source);
       } else if (msg.topic === this.topicStrings[TopicType.block_proposal]) {
         await this.processBlockFromPeer(p2pMessage.payload, msgId, source);
       } else if (msg.topic === this.topicStrings[TopicType.checkpoint_proposal]) {
@@ -855,51 +899,134 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
     return;
   }
 
-  protected async validateReceivedMessage<T>(
-    validationFunc: () => Promise<ReceivedMessageValidationResult<T>>,
+  protected async validateReceivedMessage<T, M = undefined>(
+    validationFunc: () => Promise<ReceivedMessageValidationResult<T, M>>,
     msgId: string,
     source: PeerId,
     topicType: TopicType,
-  ): Promise<ReceivedMessageValidationResult<T>> {
-    let resultAndObj: ReceivedMessageValidationResult<T> = { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject };
+  ): Promise<ReceivedMessageValidationResult<T, M>> {
+    // Default to reject result with a penalty if validation function throws an error
+    let resultAndObj: ReceivedMessageValidationResult<T, M> = {
+      result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject,
+      severity: PeerErrorSeverity.MidToleranceError,
+    };
     const timer = new Timer();
     try {
       resultAndObj = await validationFunc();
     } catch (err) {
-      this.peerManager.penalizePeer(source, PeerErrorSeverity.LowToleranceError);
-      this.logger.error(`Error deserializing and validating gossipsub message`, err, {
-        msgId,
-        source: source.toString(),
-        topicType,
-      });
+      this.logger.error(`Error validating gossipsub message`, err, { msgId, source: source.toString(), topicType });
     }
 
     if (resultAndObj.result === TopicValidatorResult.Accept) {
+      this.logger.debug(`Message ${topicType} accepted by validator`, { msgId, source: source.toString(), topicType });
       this.instrumentation.recordMessageValidation(topicType, timer);
+    } else if (resultAndObj.result === TopicValidatorResult.Reject) {
+      this.logger.warn(`Message ${topicType} rejected by validator with severity ${resultAndObj.severity}`, {
+        msgId,
+        source: source.toString(),
+        topicType,
+        severity: resultAndObj.severity,
+      });
+      this.peerManager.penalizePeer(source, resultAndObj.severity);
+    } else {
+      this.logger.trace(`Message ${topicType} ignored by validator`, { msgId, source: source.toString(), topicType });
     }
 
     this.node.services.pubsub.reportMessageValidationResult(msgId, source.toString(), resultAndObj.result);
     return resultAndObj;
   }
 
+  private tryDeserialize<T>(deserializeFunc: () => T, msgId: string, source: PeerId): T | undefined {
+    try {
+      return deserializeFunc();
+    } catch (err) {
+      this.logger.warn(`Failed to deserialize gossipsub message from buffer`, {
+        err,
+        msgId,
+        source: source.toString(),
+      });
+      return undefined;
+    }
+  }
+
   protected async handleGossipedTx(payloadData: Buffer, msgId: string, source: PeerId) {
     const validationFunc: () => Promise<ReceivedMessageValidationResult<Tx>> = async () => {
-      const tx = Tx.fromBuffer(payloadData);
-      const isValid = await this.validatePropagatedTx(tx, source);
-      const exists = isValid && (await this.mempools.txPool.hasTx(tx.getTxHash()));
+      const tx = this.tryDeserialize(() => Tx.fromBuffer(payloadData), msgId, source);
+      if (!tx) {
+        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject, severity: PeerErrorSeverity.LowToleranceError };
+      }
+
+      const currentBlockNumber = await this.archiver.getBlockNumber();
+      const { ts: nextSlotTimestamp } = this.epochCache.getEpochAndSlotInNextL1Slot();
+
+      // Stage 1: fast validators (metadata, data, timestamps, double-spend, gas, phases, block header)
+      const firstStageValidators = await this.createFirstStageMessageValidators(currentBlockNumber, nextSlotTimestamp);
+      const firstStageOutcome = await this.runValidations(tx, firstStageValidators);
+      if (!firstStageOutcome.allPassed) {
+        const { name } = firstStageOutcome.failure;
+        let { severity } = firstStageOutcome.failure;
+
+        // Double spend validator has a special case handler. We perform more detailed examination
+        // as to how recently the nullifier was entered into the tree and if the transaction should
+        // have 'known' the nullifier existed. This determines the severity of the penalty applied to the peer.
+        if (name === 'doubleSpendValidator') {
+          const txBlockNumber = BlockNumber(currentBlockNumber + 1);
+          severity = await this.handleDoubleSpendFailure(tx, txBlockNumber);
+        }
+
+        this.logger.verbose(`Rejecting gossiped tx ${tx.getTxHash().toString()}: stage 1 validation failed`, {
+          validator: name,
+          severity,
+          source: source.toString(),
+        });
+        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject, severity };
+      }
+
+      // Pool pre-check: see if the pool would accept this tx before doing expensive proof verification
+      const canAdd = await this.mempools.txPool.canAddPendingTx(tx);
+      if (canAdd === 'ignored') {
+        this.logger.verbose(`Ignoring gossiped tx ${tx.getTxHash().toString()}: pool pre-check returned ignored`, {
+          source: source.toString(),
+        });
+        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore, obj: tx };
+      }
 
-      this.logger.trace(`Validate propagated tx`, {
-        isValid,
-        exists,
+      // Stage 2: expensive proof verification
+      const secondStageValidators = this.createSecondStageMessageValidators();
+      const secondStageOutcome = await this.runValidations(tx, secondStageValidators);
+      if (!secondStageOutcome.allPassed) {
+        const { severity, name } = secondStageOutcome.failure;
+        this.logger.verbose(`Rejecting gossiped tx ${tx.getTxHash().toString()}: stage 2 validation failed`, {
+          validator: name,
+          severity,
+          source: source.toString(),
+        });
+        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject, severity };
+      }
+
+      // Pool add: persist the tx
+      const txHash = tx.getTxHash();
+      const addResult = await this.mempools.txPool.addPendingTxs([tx], { source: 'gossip' });
+
+      const wasAccepted = addResult.accepted.some(h => h.equals(txHash));
+      const wasIgnored = addResult.ignored.some(h => h.equals(txHash));
+
+      this.logger.verbose(`Validate propagated tx ${txHash.toString()}`, {
+        wasAccepted,
+        wasIgnored,
         [Attributes.P2P_ID]: source.toString(),
       });
 
-      if (!isValid) {
-        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject };
-      } else if (exists) {
+      if (wasAccepted) {
+        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Accept, obj: tx };
+      } else if (wasIgnored) {
         return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore, obj: tx };
       } else {
-        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Accept, obj: tx };
+        this.logger.warn(`Gossiped tx ${txHash.toString()} unexpectedly rejected by pool`, {
+          source: source.toString(),
+          txHash: txHash.toString(),
+        });
+        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject, severity: PeerErrorSeverity.HighToleranceError };
       }
     };
 
@@ -908,6 +1035,7 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
       return;
     }
 
+    // Tx was accepted into pool and will be propagated - just log and record metrics
     const txHash = tx.getTxHash();
     const txHashString = txHash.toString();
     this.logger.verbose(`Received tx ${txHashString} from external peer ${source.toString()} via gossip`, {
@@ -915,13 +1043,7 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
       txHash: txHashString,
     });
 
-    if (this.config.dropTransactions && randomInt(1000) < this.config.dropTransactionsProbability * 1000) {
-      this.logger.warn(`Intentionally dropping tx ${txHashString} (probability rule)`);
-      return;
-    }
-
     this.instrumentation.incrementTxReceived(1);
-    await this.mempools.txPool.addTxs([tx]);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -933,47 +1055,17 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
     msgId: string,
     source: PeerId,
   ): Promise<void> {
-    const validationFunc: () => Promise<ReceivedMessageValidationResult<CheckpointAttestation>> = async () => {
-      const attestation = CheckpointAttestation.fromBuffer(payloadData);
-      const pool = this.mempools.attestationPool;
-      const validationResult = await this.validateCheckpointAttestation(source, attestation);
-      const isValid = validationResult.result === 'accept';
-      const exists = isValid && (await pool.hasCheckpointAttestation(attestation));
-
-      let canAdd = true;
-      if (isValid && !exists) {
-        const slot = attestation.payload.header.slotNumber;
-        const { committee } = await this.epochCache.getCommittee(slot);
-        const committeeSize = committee?.length ?? 0;
-        canAdd = await pool.canAddCheckpointAttestation(attestation, committeeSize);
-      }
-
-      this.logger.trace(`Validate propagated checkpoint attestation`, {
-        isValid,
-        exists,
-        canAdd,
-        [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: attestation.payload.header.slotNumber.toString(),
-        [Attributes.P2P_ID]: source.toString(),
-      });
-
-      if (validationResult.result === 'reject') {
-        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject };
-      } else if (validationResult.result === 'ignore' || exists) {
-        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore, obj: attestation };
-      } else if (!canAdd) {
-        this.logger.warn(`Dropping checkpoint attestation due to per-(slot, proposalId) attestation cap`, {
-          slot: attestation.payload.header.slotNumber.toString(),
-          archive: attestation.archive.toString(),
-          source: source.toString(),
-        });
-        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore, obj: attestation };
-      } else {
-        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Accept, obj: attestation };
-      }
-    };
-
     const { result, obj: attestation } = await this.validateReceivedMessage<CheckpointAttestation>(
-      validationFunc,
+      () => {
+        const attestation = this.tryDeserialize(() => CheckpointAttestation.fromBuffer(payloadData), msgId, source);
+        if (!attestation) {
+          return Promise.resolve({
+            result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject,
+            severity: PeerErrorSeverity.LowToleranceError,
+          });
+        }
+        return this.validateAndStoreCheckpointAttestation(source, attestation);
+      },
       msgId,
       source,
       TopicType.checkpoint_attestation,
@@ -983,8 +1075,8 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
       return;
     }
 
-    this.logger.debug(
-      `Received checkpoint attestation for slot ${attestation.slotNumber} from external peer ${source.toString()}`,
+    this.logger.verbose(
+      `Received valid checkpoint attestation for slot ${attestation.slotNumber} from external peer ${source.toString()}`,
       {
         p2pMessageIdentifier: await attestation.p2pMessageLoggingIdentifier(),
         slot: attestation.slotNumber,
@@ -992,60 +1084,168 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
         source: source.toString(),
       },
     );
-
-    await this.mempools.attestationPool.addCheckpointAttestations([attestation]);
   }
 
-  private async processBlockFromPeer(payloadData: Buffer, msgId: string, source: PeerId): Promise<void> {
-    const validationFunc: () => Promise<ReceivedMessageValidationResult<BlockProposal>> = async () => {
-      const block = BlockProposal.fromBuffer(payloadData);
-      const validationResult = await this.validateBlockProposal(source, block);
-      const isValid = validationResult.result === 'accept';
-      const pool = this.mempools.attestationPool;
-
-      const exists = isValid && (await pool.hasBlockProposal(block));
-      const canAdd = isValid && (await pool.canAddProposal(block));
-
-      this.logger.trace(`Validate propagated block proposal`, {
-        isValid,
-        exists,
-        canAdd,
-        [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: block.slotNumber.toString(),
-        [Attributes.P2P_ID]: source.toString(),
+  /** Validates a checkpoint attestation and adds it to the pool. Penalizes the peer if validation fails. */
+  @trackSpan('Libp2pService.validateAndStoreCheckpointAttestation', (_peerId, attestation) => ({
+    [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: attestation.payload.header.slotNumber.toString(),
+  }))
+  protected async validateAndStoreCheckpointAttestation(
+    peerId: PeerId,
+    attestation: CheckpointAttestation,
+  ): Promise<ReceivedMessageValidationResult<CheckpointAttestation>> {
+    const validationResult = await this.checkpointAttestationValidator.validate(attestation);
+
+    if (validationResult.result === 'reject') {
+      this.logger.warn(`Penalizing peer ${peerId} for checkpoint attestation validation failure`);
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject, severity: validationResult.severity };
+    }
+
+    if (validationResult.result === 'ignore') {
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore, obj: attestation };
+    }
+
+    // Try to add the attestation: this handles existence check, cap check, and adding in one call
+    // count is the number of attestations by this signer for this slot (for duplicate detection)
+    const slot = attestation.payload.header.slotNumber;
+    const { added, alreadyExists, count } =
+      await this.mempools.attestationPool.tryAddCheckpointAttestation(attestation);
+
+    this.logger.trace(`Validate propagated checkpoint attestation`, {
+      added,
+      alreadyExists,
+      count,
+      [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: slot.toString(),
+      [Attributes.P2P_ID]: peerId.toString(),
+    });
+
+    // Exact same attestation received, no need to re-broadcast
+    if (alreadyExists) {
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore, obj: attestation };
+    }
+
+    // Could not add (cap reached for signer), penalize and do not re-broadcast
+    if (!added) {
+      this.logger.warn(`Rejecting checkpoint attestation due to cap`, {
+        slot: slot.toString(),
+        archive: attestation.archive.toString(),
+        source: peerId.toString(),
+        attester: attestation.getSender()?.toString(),
+        count,
       });
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject, severity: PeerErrorSeverity.HighToleranceError };
+    }
 
-      if (validationResult.result === 'reject') {
-        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject };
-      } else if (validationResult.result === 'ignore' || exists) {
-        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore, obj: block };
-      } else if (!canAdd) {
-        this.peerManager.penalizePeer(source, PeerErrorSeverity.MidToleranceError);
-        this.logger.warn(`Penalizing peer for block proposal exceeding per-slot cap`, {
-          slot: block.slotNumber.toString(),
-          archive: block.archive.toString(),
-          source: source.toString(),
+    // Check if this is a duplicate attestation (signer attested to a different proposal at the same slot)
+    // count is the number of attestations by this signer for this slot
+    if (count === 2) {
+      const attester = attestation.getSender();
+      if (attester) {
+        this.logger.warn(`Detected duplicate attestation (equivocation) at slot ${slot}`, {
+          slot: slot.toString(),
+          archive: attestation.archive.toString(),
+          source: peerId.toString(),
+          attester: attester.toString(),
         });
-        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject };
-      } else {
-        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Accept, obj: block };
+        this.duplicateAttestationCallback?.({ slot, attester });
       }
-    };
+    }
+
+    // Attestation was added successfully - accept it so other nodes can also detect the equivocation
+    return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Accept, obj: attestation };
+  }
 
-    const { result, obj: block } = await this.validateReceivedMessage<BlockProposal>(
-      validationFunc,
+  protected async processBlockFromPeer(payloadData: Buffer, msgId: string, source: PeerId): Promise<void> {
+    const {
+      result,
+      obj: block,
+      metadata: { isEquivocated } = {},
+    } = await this.validateReceivedMessage<BlockProposal, { isEquivocated: boolean }>(
+      () => this.validateAndStoreBlockProposal(source, BlockProposal.fromBuffer(payloadData)),
       msgId,
       source,
       TopicType.block_proposal,
     );
 
-    if (!result || !block) {
+    // If not accepted or equivocated, return
+    if (result !== TopicValidatorResult.Accept || !block || isEquivocated) {
       return;
     }
 
     await this.processValidBlockProposal(block, source);
   }
 
-  // REVIEW: callback pattern https://github.com/AztecProtocol/aztec-packages/issues/7963
+  /** Validates a block proposal. Triggers a penalization to the peer that sent it if invalid. Adds to the mempool if valid. */
+  @trackSpan('Libp2pService.validateAndStoreBlockProposal', (_peerId, block) => ({
+    [Attributes.BLOCK_NUMBER]: block.blockNumber.toString(),
+    [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: block.slotNumber.toString(),
+  }))
+  protected async validateAndStoreBlockProposal(
+    peerId: PeerId,
+    block: BlockProposal,
+  ): Promise<ReceivedMessageValidationResult<BlockProposal, { isEquivocated: boolean }>> {
+    const validationResult = await this.blockProposalValidator.validate(block);
+
+    if (validationResult.result === 'reject') {
+      this.logger.warn(`Penalizing peer ${peerId} for block proposal validation failure`);
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject, severity: validationResult.severity };
+    }
+
+    if (validationResult.result === 'ignore') {
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore, obj: block };
+    }
+
+    // Try to add the proposal: this handles existence check, cap check, and adding in one call
+    const { added, alreadyExists, count } = await this.mempools.attestationPool.tryAddBlockProposal(block);
+    const isEquivocated = count !== undefined && count > 1;
+
+    // Duplicate proposal received, no need to re-broadcast
+    if (alreadyExists) {
+      this.logger.debug(`Ignoring duplicate block proposal received`, {
+        ...block.toBlockInfo(),
+        indexWithinCheckpoint: block.indexWithinCheckpoint,
+        proposer: block.getSender()?.toString(),
+        source: peerId.toString(),
+      });
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore, obj: block, metadata: { isEquivocated } };
+    }
+
+    // Too many blocks received for this slot and index, penalize peer and do not re-broadcast
+    if (!added) {
+      this.logger.warn(`Penalizing peer for block proposal exceeding per-position cap`, {
+        ...block.toBlockInfo(),
+        indexWithinCheckpoint: block.indexWithinCheckpoint,
+        count,
+        proposer: block.getSender()?.toString(),
+        source: peerId.toString(),
+      });
+      return {
+        result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject,
+        metadata: { isEquivocated },
+        severity: PeerErrorSeverity.HighToleranceError,
+      };
+    }
+
+    // If this was a duplicate proposal, do not process it, but do invoke the duplicate callback,
+    // and do re-broadcast it so other nodes in the network know to slash the proposer
+    if (isEquivocated) {
+      const proposer = block.getSender();
+      this.logger.warn(`Detected duplicate block proposal (equivocation) at slot ${block.slotNumber}`, {
+        ...block.toBlockInfo(),
+        source: peerId.toString(),
+        proposer: proposer?.toString(),
+      });
+      // Invoke the duplicate callback on the first duplicate spotted only
+      if (proposer && count === 2) {
+        this.duplicateProposalCallback?.({ slot: block.slotNumber, proposer, type: 'block' });
+      }
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Accept, obj: block, metadata: { isEquivocated } };
+    }
+
+    // Otherwise, we're good to go!
+    return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Accept, obj: block };
+  }
+
   // REFACTOR(palla): This method should be moved to the p2p_client or to a separate component,
   // should not be here as it does not deal with p2p networking.
   @trackSpan('Libp2pService.processValidBlockProposal', async block => ({
@@ -1053,7 +1253,7 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
     [Attributes.BLOCK_ARCHIVE]: block.archive.toString(),
     [Attributes.P2P_ID]: await block.p2pMessageLoggingIdentifier().then(i => i.toString()),
   }))
-  private async processValidBlockProposal(block: BlockProposal, sender: PeerId) {
+  protected async processValidBlockProposal(block: BlockProposal, sender: PeerId) {
     const slot = block.slotNumber;
     this.logger.verbose(`Received block proposal for slot ${slot} from external peer ${sender.toString()}.`, {
       p2pMessageIdentifier: await block.p2pMessageLoggingIdentifier(),
@@ -1061,30 +1261,14 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
       ...block.toBlockInfo(),
     });
 
-    // Attempt to add proposal
-    try {
-      await this.mempools.attestationPool.addBlockProposal(block);
-    } catch (err: unknown) {
-      // Drop proposals if we hit per-slot cap in the attestation pool; rethrow unknown errors
-      if (err instanceof ProposalSlotCapExceededError) {
-        this.logger.warn(`Dropping block proposal due to per-slot proposal cap`, {
-          slot: String(slot),
-          archive: block.archive.toString(),
-          error: (err as Error).message,
-        });
-        return;
-      }
-      throw err;
-    }
-
-    // Mark the txs in this proposal as non-evictable
-    await this.mempools.txPool.markTxsAsNonEvictable(block.txHashes);
+    // Mark the txs in this proposal as protected
+    await this.mempools.txPool.protectTxs(block.txHashes, block.blockHeader);
 
     // Call the block received callback to validate the proposal.
     // Note: Validators do NOT attest to individual blocks, only to checkpoint proposals.
     const isValid = await this.blockReceivedCallback(block, sender);
     if (!isValid) {
-      this.logger.warn(`Block proposal validation failed for block ${block.blockNumber}`, block.toBlockInfo());
+      this.logger.info(`Block proposal validation failed for block ${block.blockNumber}`, block.toBlockInfo());
     }
   }
 
@@ -1092,67 +1276,149 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
    * Handle a gossiped checkpoint proposal.
    * Validates and processes the checkpoint proposal, then triggers the callback for attestation.
    */
-  private async handleGossipedCheckpointProposal(payloadData: Buffer, msgId: string, source: PeerId): Promise<void> {
-    // TODO(palla/mbps): This pattern is repeated across multiple message handlers, consider abstracting it.
-    const validationFunc: () => Promise<ReceivedMessageValidationResult<CheckpointProposal>> = async () => {
-      const checkpoint = CheckpointProposal.fromBuffer(payloadData);
-      const validationResult = await this.validateCheckpointProposal(source, checkpoint);
-      const isValid = validationResult.result === 'accept';
-      const pool = this.mempools.attestationPool;
-
-      const exists = isValid && (await pool.hasCheckpointProposal(checkpoint));
-      const canAdd = isValid && (await pool.canAddCheckpointProposal(checkpoint));
-
-      this.logger.trace(`Validate propagated checkpoint proposal`, {
-        isValid,
-        exists,
-        canAdd,
-        [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: checkpoint.slotNumber.toString(),
-        [Attributes.P2P_ID]: source.toString(),
-      });
-
-      if (validationResult.result === 'reject') {
-        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject };
-      } else if (validationResult.result === 'ignore' || exists) {
-        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore, obj: checkpoint };
-      } else if (!canAdd) {
-        this.peerManager.penalizePeer(source, PeerErrorSeverity.MidToleranceError);
-        this.logger.warn(`Penalizing peer for checkpoint proposal exceeding per-slot cap`, {
-          slot: checkpoint.slotNumber.toString(),
-          archive: checkpoint.archive.toString(),
-          source: source.toString(),
-        });
-        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject };
-      } else {
-        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Accept, obj: checkpoint };
-      }
-    };
-
-    const { result, obj: checkpoint } = await this.validateReceivedMessage<CheckpointProposal>(
-      validationFunc,
+  protected async handleGossipedCheckpointProposal(payloadData: Buffer, msgId: string, source: PeerId): Promise<void> {
+    const {
+      result,
+      obj: checkpoint,
+      metadata: { isEquivocated, processBlock } = {},
+    } = await this.validateReceivedMessage<CheckpointProposal, { isEquivocated: boolean; processBlock: boolean }>(
+      () => this.validateAndStoreCheckpointProposal(source, CheckpointProposal.fromBuffer(payloadData)),
       msgId,
       source,
       TopicType.checkpoint_proposal,
     );
 
-    if (result !== TopicValidatorResult.Accept || !checkpoint) {
+    // If the checkpoint contained a valid last block, we process it even if the checkpoint itself is to be rejected
+    // TODO(palla/mbps): Is this ok? Should we be considering a block from a checkpoint that was equivocated?
+    if (processBlock && checkpoint?.getBlockProposal()) {
+      await this.processValidBlockProposal(checkpoint.getBlockProposal()!, source);
+    }
+
+    if (result !== TopicValidatorResult.Accept || !checkpoint || isEquivocated) {
       return;
     }
 
-    await this.processValidCheckpointProposal(checkpoint, source);
+    await this.processValidCheckpointProposal(checkpoint.toCore(), source);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Validates a checkpoint proposal. Penalizes peer if validation fails. Adds the checkpoint and
+   * its last block (if present) to the mempool if valid. Triggers equivocation detection on both.
+   */
+  @trackSpan('Libp2pService.validateAndStoreCheckpointProposal', (_peerId, checkpoint) => ({
+    [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: checkpoint.slotNumber.toString(),
+  }))
+  protected async validateAndStoreCheckpointProposal(
+    peerId: PeerId,
+    checkpoint: CheckpointProposal,
+  ): Promise<ReceivedMessageValidationResult<CheckpointProposal, { isEquivocated: boolean; processBlock: boolean }>> {
+    const validationResult = await this.checkpointProposalValidator.validate(checkpoint);
+
+    if (validationResult.result === 'reject') {
+      this.logger.warn(`Penalizing peer ${peerId} for checkpoint proposal validation failure`);
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject, severity: validationResult.severity };
+    }
+
+    if (validationResult.result === 'ignore') {
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore, obj: checkpoint };
+    }
+
+    // Extract and try to add the block proposal first if present
+    const blockProposal = checkpoint.getBlockProposal();
+    let processBlock = false;
+    if (blockProposal) {
+      this.logger.debug(`Validating block proposal from propagated checkpoint`, {
+        [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: checkpoint.slotNumber.toString(),
+        [Attributes.P2P_ID]: peerId.toString(),
+      });
+      const blockProposalResult = await this.validateAndStoreBlockProposal(peerId, blockProposal);
+      const { obj, metadata: { isEquivocated } = {} } = blockProposalResult;
+      if (blockProposalResult.result === TopicValidatorResult.Reject || !obj || isEquivocated) {
+        this.logger.debug(`Rejecting checkpoint due to invalid last block proposal`, {
+          [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: checkpoint.slotNumber.toString(),
+          [Attributes.P2P_ID]: peerId.toString(),
+          isEquivocated,
+          result: blockProposalResult.result,
+        });
+        return {
+          result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject,
+          severity:
+            'severity' in blockProposalResult ? blockProposalResult.severity : PeerErrorSeverity.MidToleranceError,
+        };
+      } else if (blockProposalResult.result === TopicValidatorResult.Accept && obj && !isEquivocated) {
+        processBlock = true;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Try to add the checkpoint proposal core: this handles existence check, cap check, and adding in one call
+    const checkpointCore = checkpoint.toCore();
+    const tryAddResult = await this.mempools.attestationPool.tryAddCheckpointProposal(checkpointCore);
+    const { added, alreadyExists, count } = tryAddResult;
+    const isEquivocated = count !== undefined && count > 1;
+
+    // Duplicate proposal received, do not re-broadcast
+    if (alreadyExists) {
+      this.logger.debug(`Ignoring duplicate checkpoint proposal received`, {
+        ...checkpoint.toCheckpointInfo(),
+        source: peerId.toString(),
+      });
+      return {
+        result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore,
+        obj: checkpoint,
+        metadata: { isEquivocated, processBlock },
+      };
+    }
+
+    // Too many checkpoint proposals received for this slot, penalize peer and do not re-broadcast
+    // Note: We still return the checkpoint obj so the lastBlock can be processed if valid
+    if (!added) {
+      this.logger.warn(`Penalizing peer for checkpoint proposal exceeding per-slot cap`, {
+        ...checkpoint.toCheckpointInfo(),
+        count,
+        source: peerId.toString(),
+      });
+      return {
+        result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject,
+        obj: checkpoint,
+        metadata: { isEquivocated, processBlock },
+        severity: PeerErrorSeverity.HighToleranceError,
+      };
+    }
+
+    // If this was a duplicate proposal, do not process it, but do invoke the duplicate callback,
+    // and do re-broadcast it so other nodes in the network know to slash the proposer
+    if (isEquivocated) {
+      const proposer = checkpoint.getSender();
+      this.logger.warn(`Detected duplicate checkpoint proposal (equivocation) at slot ${checkpoint.slotNumber}`, {
+        ...checkpoint.toCheckpointInfo(),
+        source: peerId.toString(),
+        proposer: proposer?.toString(),
+      });
+      // Invoke the duplicate callback on the first duplicate spotted only
+      if (proposer && count === 2) {
+        this.duplicateProposalCallback?.({ slot: checkpoint.slotNumber, proposer, type: 'checkpoint' });
+      }
+      return {
+        result: TopicValidatorResult.Accept,
+        obj: checkpoint,
+        metadata: { isEquivocated, processBlock },
+      };
+    }
+
+    // Otherwise, we're good to go!
+    return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Accept, obj: checkpoint, metadata: { processBlock, isEquivocated } };
   }
 
   /**
    * Process a validated checkpoint proposal.
-   * Extracts and processes the last block proposal (if present) first, then processes the checkpoint.
-   * The block callback is invoked before the checkpoint callback.
+   * Note: The proposal was already added to the pool by tryAddCheckpointProposal in handleGossipedCheckpointProposal.
    */
   @trackSpan('Libp2pService.processValidCheckpointProposal', async checkpoint => ({
     [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: checkpoint.slotNumber,
     [Attributes.BLOCK_ARCHIVE]: checkpoint.archive.toString(),
     [Attributes.P2P_ID]: await checkpoint.p2pMessageLoggingIdentifier().then(i => i.toString()),
   }))
-  private async processValidCheckpointProposal(checkpoint: CheckpointProposal, sender: PeerId) {
+  protected async processValidCheckpointProposal(checkpoint: CheckpointProposalCore, sender: PeerId) {
     const slot = checkpoint.slotNumber;
     this.logger.verbose(`Received checkpoint proposal for slot ${slot} from external peer ${sender.toString()}.`, {
       p2pMessageIdentifier: await checkpoint.p2pMessageLoggingIdentifier(),
@@ -1161,37 +1427,14 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
       source: sender.toString(),
     });
 
-    // Extract block proposal before adding to pool (pool stores them separately)
-    const blockProposal = checkpoint.getBlockProposal();
-
-    // Add proposal to the pool (this extracts and stores block proposal separately)
-    await this.mempools.attestationPool.addCheckpointProposal(checkpoint);
-
-    // Mark txs as non-evictable if present (from the last block)
-    if (checkpoint.txHashes.length > 0) {
-      await this.mempools.txPool.markTxsAsNonEvictable(checkpoint.txHashes);
-    }
-
-    // If there was a last block proposal, invoke the block callback first for validation.
-    // Note: The block proposal is already stored in the pool by addCheckpointProposal.
-    if (blockProposal) {
-      const isValid = await this.blockReceivedCallback(blockProposal, sender);
-      if (!isValid) {
-        this.logger.warn(`Block proposal from checkpoint failed validation`, {
-          slot: slot.toString(),
-          archive: checkpoint.archive.toString(),
-          blockNumber: blockProposal.blockNumber.toString(),
-        });
-        return;
-      }
-    }
+    await this.allNodesCheckpointReceivedCallback(checkpoint, sender);
 
     // Call the checkpoint received callback with the core version (without lastBlock)
     // to validate and potentially generate attestations
-    const attestations = await this.checkpointReceivedCallback(checkpoint.toCore(), sender);
+    const attestations = await this.validatorCheckpointReceivedCallback(checkpoint, sender);
     if (attestations && attestations.length > 0) {
       // If the callback returned attestations, add them to the pool and propagate them
-      await this.mempools.attestationPool.addCheckpointAttestations(attestations);
+      await this.mempools.attestationPool.addOwnCheckpointAttestations(attestations);
       for (const attestation of attestations) {
         await this.propagate(attestation);
       }
@@ -1220,7 +1463,7 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
   @trackSpan('Libp2pService.validateRequestedBlockTxs', request => ({
     [Attributes.BLOCK_ARCHIVE]: request.archiveRoot.toString(),
   }))
-  private async validateRequestedBlockTxs(
+  protected async validateRequestedBlockTxs(
     request: BlockTxsRequest,
     response: BlockTxsResponse,
     peerId: PeerId,
@@ -1336,54 +1579,12 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
     }
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Validates a BLOCK response.
-   *
-   * If a local copy exists, enforces hash equality. If missing, rejects (no penalty) since the hash cannot be verified.
-   * Penalizes on block number mismatch or hash mismatch.
-   *
-   * @param requestedBlockNumber - The requested block number.
-   * @param responseBlock - The block returned by the peer.
-   * @param peerId - The peer that returned the block.
-   * @returns True if the response is valid, false otherwise.
-   */
-  @trackSpan('Libp2pService.validateRequestedBlock', (requestedBlockNumber, _responseBlock) => ({
-    [Attributes.BLOCK_NUMBER]: requestedBlockNumber.toString(),
-  }))
-  private async validateRequestedBlock(
-    requestedBlockNumber: Fr,
-    responseBlock: L2Block,
+  protected async validateRequestedTx(
+    tx: Tx,
     peerId: PeerId,
-  ): Promise<boolean> {
-    try {
-      const reqNum = Number(requestedBlockNumber.toString());
-      if (responseBlock.number !== reqNum) {
-        this.peerManager.penalizePeer(peerId, PeerErrorSeverity.LowToleranceError);
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      const local = await this.archiver.getBlock(BlockNumber(reqNum));
-      if (!local) {
-        // We are missing the local block; we cannot verify the hash yet. Reject without penalizing.
-        // TODO: Consider extending this validator to accept an expected hash or
-        // performing quorum-based checks when using P2P syncing prior to L1 sync.
-        this.logger.warn(`Local block ${reqNum} not found; rejecting BLOCK response without hash verification`);
-        return false;
-      }
-      const [localHash, respHash] = await Promise.all([local.hash(), responseBlock.hash()]);
-      if (!localHash.equals(respHash)) {
-        this.peerManager.penalizePeer(peerId, PeerErrorSeverity.MidToleranceError);
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      return true;
-    } catch (e) {
-      this.logger.warn(`Error validating requested block`, e);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  private async validateRequestedTx(tx: Tx, peerId: PeerId, txValidator: TxValidator, requested?: Set<`0x${string}`>) {
+    txValidator: TxValidator,
+    requested?: Set<`0x${string}`>,
+  ) {
     const penalize = (severity: PeerErrorSeverity) => this.peerManager.penalizePeer(peerId, severity);
     if (requested && !requested.has(tx.getTxHash().toString())) {
       penalize(PeerErrorSeverity.MidToleranceError);
@@ -1397,44 +1598,13 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
     }
   }
 
-  private createRequestedTxValidator(): TxValidator {
-    return createTxReqRespValidator(this.proofVerifier, {
+  protected createRequestedTxValidator(): TxValidator {
+    return createTxValidatorForReqResponseReceivedTxs(this.proofVerifier, {
       l1ChainId: this.config.l1ChainId,
       rollupVersion: this.config.rollupVersion,
     });
   }
 
-  @trackSpan('Libp2pService.validatePropagatedTx', tx => ({
-    [Attributes.TX_HASH]: tx.getTxHash().toString(),
-  }))
-  private async validatePropagatedTx(tx: Tx, peerId: PeerId): Promise<boolean> {
-    const currentBlockNumber = await this.archiver.getBlockNumber();
-
-    // We accept transactions if they are not expired by the next slot (checked based on the IncludeByTimestamp field)
-    const { ts: nextSlotTimestamp } = this.epochCache.getEpochAndSlotInNextL1Slot();
-    const messageValidators = await this.createMessageValidators(currentBlockNumber, nextSlotTimestamp);
-
-    for (const validator of messageValidators) {
-      const outcome = await this.runValidations(tx, validator);
-
-      if (outcome.allPassed) {
-        continue;
-      }
-      const { name } = outcome.failure;
-      let { severity } = outcome.failure;
-
-      // Double spend validator has a special case handler
-      if (name === 'doubleSpendValidator') {
-        const txBlockNumber = BlockNumber(currentBlockNumber + 1); // tx is expected to be in the next block
-        severity = await this.handleDoubleSpendFailure(tx, txBlockNumber);
-      }
-
-      this.peerManager.penalizePeer(peerId, severity);
-      return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-  }
-
   private async getGasFees(blockNumber: BlockNumber): Promise<GasFees> {
     if (blockNumber === this.feesCache?.blockNumber) {
       return this.feesCache.gasFees;
@@ -1462,60 +1632,62 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
     };
   }
 
-  public async validate(txs: Tx[]): Promise<void> {
-    const currentBlockNumber = await this.archiver.getBlockNumber();
-
-    // We accept transactions if they are not expired by the next slot (checked based on the IncludeByTimestamp field)
-    const { ts: nextSlotTimestamp } = this.epochCache.getEpochAndSlotInNextL1Slot();
-    const messageValidators = await this.createMessageValidators(currentBlockNumber, nextSlotTimestamp);
+  public async validateTxsReceivedInBlockProposal(txs: Tx[]): Promise<void> {
+    const validator = createTxValidatorForBlockProposalReceivedTxs(
+      this.proofVerifier,
+      { l1ChainId: this.config.l1ChainId, rollupVersion: this.config.rollupVersion },
+      this.logger.getBindings(),
+    );
 
-    await Promise.all(
+    const results = await Promise.all(
       txs.map(async tx => {
-        for (const validator of messageValidators) {
-          const outcome = await this.runValidations(tx, validator);
-          if (!outcome.allPassed) {
-            throw new Error('Invalid tx detected', { cause: { outcome } });
-          }
-        }
+        const result = await validator.validateTx(tx);
+        return result.result !== 'invalid';
       }),
     );
+    if (results.some(value => value === false)) {
+      throw new Error('Invalid tx detected');
+    }
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Create message validators for the given block number and timestamp.
-   *
-   * Each validator is a pair of a validator and a severity.
-   * If a validator fails, the peer is penalized with the severity of the validator.
-   *
-   * @param currentBlockNumber - The current synced block number.
-   * @param nextSlotTimestamp - The timestamp of the next slot (used to validate txs are not expired).
-   * @returns The message validators.
-   */
-  private async createMessageValidators(
+  /** Creates the first stage (fast) validators for gossiped transactions. */
+  protected async createFirstStageMessageValidators(
     currentBlockNumber: BlockNumber,
     nextSlotTimestamp: UInt64,
-  ): Promise<Record<string, MessageValidator>[]> {
+  ): Promise<Record<string, TransactionValidator>> {
     const gasFees = await this.getGasFees(currentBlockNumber);
-    const allowedInSetup = this.config.txPublicSetupAllowList ?? (await getDefaultAllowedSetupFunctions());
-
-    const blockNumberInWhichTheTxIsConsideredToBeIncluded = BlockNumber(currentBlockNumber + 1);
-
-    return createTxMessageValidators(
+    const allowedInSetup = [
+      ...(await getDefaultAllowedSetupFunctions()),
+      ...(this.config.txPublicSetupAllowListExtend ?? []),
+    ];
+    const blockNumber = BlockNumber(currentBlockNumber + 1);
+    const l1Constants = await this.archiver.getL1Constants();
+
+    return createFirstStageTxValidationsForGossipedTransactions(
       nextSlotTimestamp,
-      blockNumberInWhichTheTxIsConsideredToBeIncluded,
+      blockNumber,
       this.worldStateSynchronizer,
       gasFees,
       this.config.l1ChainId,
       this.config.rollupVersion,
       protocolContractsHash,
       this.archiver,
-      this.proofVerifier,
       !this.config.disableTransactions,
       allowedInSetup,
       this.logger.getBindings(),
+      {
+        rollupManaLimit: l1Constants.rollupManaLimit,
+        maxBlockL2Gas: this.config.validateMaxL2BlockGas,
+        maxBlockDAGas: this.config.validateMaxDABlockGas,
+      },
     );
   }
 
+  /** Creates the second stage (expensive proof verification) validators for gossiped transactions. */
+  protected createSecondStageMessageValidators(): Record<string, TransactionValidator> {
+    return createSecondStageTxValidationsForGossipedTransactions(this.proofVerifier, this.logger.getBindings());
+  }
+
   /**
    * Run validations on a tx.
    * @param tx - The tx to validate.
@@ -1524,7 +1696,7 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
    */
   private async runValidations(
     tx: Tx,
-    messageValidators: Record<string, MessageValidator>,
+    messageValidators: Record<string, TransactionValidator>,
   ): Promise<ValidationOutcome> {
     const validationPromises = Object.entries(messageValidators).map(async ([name, { validator, severity }]) => {
       const { result } = await validator.validateTx(tx);
@@ -1533,8 +1705,10 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
 
     // A promise that resolves when all validations have been run
     const allValidations = await Promise.all(validationPromises);
-    const failed = allValidations.find(x => !x.isValid);
-    if (failed) {
+    const failures = allValidations.filter(x => !x.isValid);
+    if (failures.length > 0) {
+      // Pick the most severe failure (lowest tolerance = harshest penalty)
+      const failed = maxBy(failures, f => PeerErrorSeverityByHarshness.indexOf(f.severity))!;
       return {
         allPassed: false,
         failure: {
@@ -1587,74 +1761,6 @@ export class LibP2PService<T extends P2PClientType = P2PClientType.Full> extends
     return PeerErrorSeverity.HighToleranceError;
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Validate a checkpoint attestation.
-   *
-   * @param attestation - The checkpoint attestation to validate.
-   * @returns True if the checkpoint attestation is valid, false otherwise.
-   */
-  @trackSpan('Libp2pService.validateCheckpointAttestation', async (_, attestation) => ({
-    [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: attestation.payload.header.slotNumber,
-    [Attributes.BLOCK_ARCHIVE]: attestation.archive.toString(),
-    [Attributes.P2P_ID]: await attestation.p2pMessageLoggingIdentifier().then(i => i.toString()),
-  }))
-  public async validateCheckpointAttestation(
-    peerId: PeerId,
-    attestation: CheckpointAttestation,
-  ): Promise<P2PValidationResult> {
-    const result = await this.checkpointAttestationValidator.validate(attestation);
-
-    if (result.result === 'reject') {
-      this.logger.debug(`Penalizing peer ${peerId} for checkpoint attestation validation failure`);
-      this.peerManager.penalizePeer(peerId, result.severity);
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Validate a block proposal.
-   *
-   * @param block - The block proposal to validate.
-   * @returns True if the block proposal is valid, false otherwise.
-   */
-  @trackSpan('Libp2pService.validateBlockProposal', (_peerId, block) => ({
-    [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: block.slotNumber.toString(),
-  }))
-  public async validateBlockProposal(peerId: PeerId, block: BlockProposal): Promise<P2PValidationResult> {
-    const result = await this.blockProposalValidator.validate(block);
-
-    if (result.result === 'reject') {
-      this.logger.debug(`Penalizing peer ${peerId} for block proposal validation failure`);
-      this.peerManager.penalizePeer(peerId, result.severity);
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Validate a checkpoint proposal.
-   *
-   * @param checkpoint - The checkpoint proposal to validate.
-   * @returns True if the checkpoint proposal is valid, false otherwise.
-   */
-  @trackSpan('Libp2pService.validateCheckpointProposal', (_peerId, checkpoint) => ({
-    [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: checkpoint.slotNumber.toString(),
-  }))
-  public async validateCheckpointProposal(
-    peerId: PeerId,
-    checkpoint: CheckpointProposal,
-  ): Promise<P2PValidationResult> {
-    const result = await this.checkpointProposalValidator.validate(checkpoint);
-
-    if (result.result === 'reject') {
-      this.logger.debug(`Penalizing peer ${peerId} for checkpoint proposal validation failure`);
-      this.peerManager.penalizePeer(peerId, result.severity);
-    }
-
-    return result;
-  }
-
   public getPeerScore(peerId: PeerId): number {
     return this.node.services.pubsub.score.score(peerId.toString());
   }