@aztec/foundation 0.0.1-commit.fffb133c → 0.0.1-dev

package/dest/serialize/buffer_reader.d.ts

@@ -72,6 +72,13 @@ export declare class BufferReader {
      * @returns The read 256 bit value as a bigint.
      */
     readUInt256(): bigint;
+    /**
+     * Reads a 256-bit signed integer (two's complement) from the buffer at the current index position.
+     * Updates the index position by 32 bytes after reading the number.
+     *
+     * @returns The read 256 bit signed value as a bigint.
+     */
+    readInt256(): bigint;
     /** Alias for readUInt256 */
     readBigInt(): bigint;
     /**
@@ -153,16 +160,29 @@ export declare class BufferReader {
         fromBuffer: (reader: BufferReader) => T;
     }): T[];
     /**
-     * Read an array of a fixed size with elements of type T from the buffer.
-     * The 'itemDeserializer' object should have a 'fromBuffer' method that takes a BufferReader instance as input,
-     * and returns an instance of the desired deserialized data type T.
-     * This method will call the 'fromBuffer' method for each element in the array and return the resulting array.
+     * Read an array from the buffer using lazy allocation (new Array + loop).
+     * Safe for use with untrusted sizes — does not pre-allocate memory proportional to size.
      *
-     * @param size - The fixed number of elements in the array.
+     * @param size - The number of elements to read.
      * @param itemDeserializer - An object with a 'fromBuffer' method to deserialize individual elements of type T.
      * @returns An array of instances of type T.
      */
-    readArray<T, N extends number>(size: N, itemDeserializer: {
+    readArray<T>(size: number, itemDeserializer: {
+        /**
+         * A function for deserializing data from a BufferReader instance.
+         */
+        fromBuffer: (reader: BufferReader) => T;
+    }): T[];
+    /**
+     * Read a fixed-size tuple from the buffer using dense allocation (Array.from).
+     * Only use with compile-time constant sizes — the size parameter MUST NOT come from untrusted input
+     * as Array.from pre-allocates memory proportional to size.
+     *
+     * @param size - The fixed number of elements (must be a compile-time constant).
+     * @param itemDeserializer - An object with a 'fromBuffer' method to deserialize individual elements of type T.
+     * @returns A densely-allocated tuple of instances of type T.
+     */
+    readTuple<T, N extends number>(size: N, itemDeserializer: {
         /**
          * A function for deserializing data from a BufferReader instance.
          */
@@ -264,4 +284,4 @@ export interface FromBuffer<T> {
      */
     fromBuffer(buffer: Buffer): T;
 }
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package/dest/serialize/buffer_reader.d.ts.map

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package/dest/serialize/buffer_reader.js

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { toBigIntBE } from '../bigint-buffer/index.js';
 /**
  * The BufferReader class provides a utility for reading various data types from a buffer.
  * It supports reading numbers, booleans, byte arrays, Fr and Fq field elements,
@@ -103,6 +104,18 @@
         this.index += 32;
         return result;
     }
+    /**
+   * Reads a 256-bit signed integer (two's complement) from the buffer at the current index position.
+   * Updates the index position by 32 bytes after reading the number.
+   *
+   * @returns The read 256 bit signed value as a bigint.
+   */ readInt256() {
+        this.#rangeCheck(32);
+        const unsigned = toBigIntBE(this.buffer.subarray(this.index, this.index + 32));
+        this.index += 32;
+        const signBit = 1n << 255n;
+        return unsigned >= signBit ? unsigned - (1n << 256n) : unsigned;
+    }
     /** Alias for readUInt256 */ readBigInt() {
         return this.readUInt256();
     }
@@ -211,15 +224,28 @@
         return result;
     }
     /**
-   * Read an array of a fixed size with elements of type T from the buffer.
-   * The 'itemDeserializer' object should have a 'fromBuffer' method that takes a BufferReader instance as input,
-   * and returns an instance of the desired deserialized data type T.
-   * This method will call the 'fromBuffer' method for each element in the array and return the resulting array.
+   * Read an array from the buffer using lazy allocation (new Array + loop).
+   * Safe for use with untrusted sizes — does not pre-allocate memory proportional to size.
    *
-   * @param size - The fixed number of elements in the array.
+   * @param size - The number of elements to read.
    * @param itemDeserializer - An object with a 'fromBuffer' method to deserialize individual elements of type T.
    * @returns An array of instances of type T.
    */ readArray(size, itemDeserializer) {
+        const result = new Array(size);
+        for(let i = 0; i < size; i++){
+            result[i] = itemDeserializer.fromBuffer(this);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+    /**
+   * Read a fixed-size tuple from the buffer using dense allocation (Array.from).
+   * Only use with compile-time constant sizes — the size parameter MUST NOT come from untrusted input
+   * as Array.from pre-allocates memory proportional to size.
+   *
+   * @param size - The fixed number of elements (must be a compile-time constant).
+   * @param itemDeserializer - An object with a 'fromBuffer' method to deserialize individual elements of type T.
+   * @returns A densely-allocated tuple of instances of type T.
+   */ readTuple(size, itemDeserializer) {
         const result = Array.from({
             length: size
         }, ()=>itemDeserializer.fromBuffer(this));

package/dest/serialize/field_reader.d.ts

@@ -93,10 +93,18 @@ export declare class FieldReader {
      * @param itemDeserializer - An object with a 'fromFields' method to deserialize individual elements of type T.
      * @returns An array of instances of type T.
      */
-    readArray<T, N extends number>(size: N, itemDeserializer: {
-        /**
-         * A function for deserializing data from a FieldReader instance.
-         */
+    /**
+     * Read an array from the field array using lazy allocation (new Array + loop).
+     * Safe for use with untrusted sizes.
+     */
+    readArray<T>(size: number, itemDeserializer: {
+        fromFields: (reader: FieldReader) => T;
+    }): T[];
+    /**
+     * Read a fixed-size tuple from the field array using dense allocation (Array.from).
+     * Only use with compile-time constant sizes — the size parameter MUST NOT come from untrusted input.
+     */
+    readTuple<T, N extends number>(size: N, itemDeserializer: {
         fromFields: (reader: FieldReader) => T;
     }): Tuple<T, N>;
     /**
@@ -118,4 +126,4 @@ export declare class FieldReader {
      */
     isFinished(): boolean;
 }
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package/dest/serialize/field_reader.js

@@ -140,7 +140,20 @@ import { Fq } from '../curves/bn254/field.js';
    * @param size - The fixed number of elements in the array.
    * @param itemDeserializer - An object with a 'fromFields' method to deserialize individual elements of type T.
    * @returns An array of instances of type T.
+   */ /**
+   * Read an array from the field array using lazy allocation (new Array + loop).
+   * Safe for use with untrusted sizes.
    */ readArray(size, itemDeserializer) {
+        const result = new Array(size);
+        for(let i = 0; i < size; i++){
+            result[i] = itemDeserializer.fromFields(this);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+    /**
+   * Read a fixed-size tuple from the field array using dense allocation (Array.from).
+   * Only use with compile-time constant sizes — the size parameter MUST NOT come from untrusted input.
+   */ readTuple(size, itemDeserializer) {
         const result = Array.from({
             length: size
         }, ()=>itemDeserializer.fromFields(this));

package/dest/serialize/serialize.d.ts

@@ -115,6 +115,13 @@ export declare function toFriendlyJSON(obj: object): string;
  * @returns A Buffer containing the serialized BigInt value in big-endian format.
  */
 export declare function serializeBigInt(n: bigint, width?: number): Buffer<ArrayBufferLike>;
+/**
+ * Serialize a signed BigInt value into a Buffer of specified width using two's complement.
+ * @param n - The signed BigInt value to be serialized.
+ * @param width - The width (in bytes) of the output Buffer, optional with default value 32.
+ * @returns A Buffer containing the serialized signed BigInt value in big-endian format.
+ */
+export declare function serializeSignedBigInt(n: bigint, width?: number): Buffer<ArrayBufferLike>;
 /**
  * Deserialize a big integer from a buffer, given an offset and width.
  * Reads the specified number of bytes from the buffer starting at the offset, converts it to a big integer, and returns the deserialized result along with the number of bytes read (advanced).
@@ -128,6 +135,17 @@ export declare function deserializeBigInt(buf: Buffer, offset?: number, width?:
     elem: bigint;
     adv: number;
 };
+/**
+ * Deserialize a signed BigInt from a buffer (two's complement).
+ * @param buf - The buffer containing the signed big integer to be deserialized.
+ * @param offset - The position in the buffer where the integer starts. Defaults to 0.
+ * @param width - The number of bytes to read from the buffer for the integer. Defaults to 32.
+ * @returns An object containing the deserialized signed bigint value ('elem') and bytes advanced ('adv').
+ */
+export declare function deserializeSignedBigInt(buf: Buffer, offset?: number, width?: number): {
+    elem: bigint;
+    adv: number;
+};
 /**
  * Serializes a Date object into a Buffer containing its timestamp as a big integer value.
  * The resulting Buffer has a fixed width of 8 bytes, representing a 64-bit big-endian integer.
@@ -178,4 +196,4 @@ export declare function deserializeInt32(buf: Buffer, offset?: number): {
     adv: number;
 };
 export {};
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package/dest/serialize/serialize.js

@@ -176,6 +176,20 @@ import { numToUInt32BE } from './free_funcs.js';
  */ export function serializeBigInt(n, width = 32) {
     return toBufferBE(n, width);
 }
+/**
+ * Serialize a signed BigInt value into a Buffer of specified width using two's complement.
+ * @param n - The signed BigInt value to be serialized.
+ * @param width - The width (in bytes) of the output Buffer, optional with default value 32.
+ * @returns A Buffer containing the serialized signed BigInt value in big-endian format.
+ */ export function serializeSignedBigInt(n, width = 32) {
+    const widthBits = BigInt(width * 8);
+    const max = 1n << widthBits - 1n;
+    if (n < -max || n >= max) {
+        throw new Error(`Signed BigInt ${n.toString()} does not fit into ${width} bytes`);
+    }
+    const unsigned = n < 0n ? (1n << widthBits) + n : n;
+    return toBufferBE(unsigned, width);
+}
 /**
  * Deserialize a big integer from a buffer, given an offset and width.
  * Reads the specified number of bytes from the buffer starting at the offset, converts it to a big integer, and returns the deserialized result along with the number of bytes read (advanced).
@@ -190,6 +204,23 @@ import { numToUInt32BE } from './free_funcs.js';
         adv: width
     };
 }
+/**
+ * Deserialize a signed BigInt from a buffer (two's complement).
+ * @param buf - The buffer containing the signed big integer to be deserialized.
+ * @param offset - The position in the buffer where the integer starts. Defaults to 0.
+ * @param width - The number of bytes to read from the buffer for the integer. Defaults to 32.
+ * @returns An object containing the deserialized signed bigint value ('elem') and bytes advanced ('adv').
+ */ export function deserializeSignedBigInt(buf, offset = 0, width = 32) {
+    const { elem, adv } = deserializeBigInt(buf, offset, width);
+    const widthBits = BigInt(width * 8);
+    const signBit = 1n << widthBits - 1n;
+    const fullRange = 1n << widthBits;
+    const signed = elem >= signBit ? elem - fullRange : elem;
+    return {
+        elem: signed,
+        adv
+    };
+}
 /**
  * Serializes a Date object into a Buffer containing its timestamp as a big integer value.
  * The resulting Buffer has a fixed width of 8 bytes, representing a 64-bit big-endian integer.

package/dest/timer/date.d.ts

@@ -11,5 +11,27 @@ export declare class TestDateProvider extends DateProvider {
     constructor(logger?: import("../log/pino-logger.js").Logger);
     now(): number;
     setTime(timeMs: number): void;
+    /** Advances the time by the given number of seconds. */
+    advanceTime(seconds: number): void;
 }
-//# sourceMappingURL=data:application/json;base64,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
+/**
+ * A date provider for tests that only advances time via explicit advanceTime() calls.
+ * Unlike TestDateProvider, this does NOT track real time progression - time is completely
+ * frozen until explicitly advanced. This eliminates flakiness from tests taking
+ * varying amounts of real time to execute.
+ */
+export declare class ManualDateProvider extends DateProvider {
+    private currentTimeMs;
+    /**
+     * @param initialTimeMs - Initial time in milliseconds. Defaults to a round timestamp for easy visualization.
+     */
+    constructor(initialTimeMs?: number);
+    now(): number;
+    /** Sets the current time to the given timestamp in milliseconds. */
+    setTime(timeMs: number): void;
+    /** Advances the time by the given number of seconds. */
+    advanceTime(seconds: number): void;
+    /** Advances the time by the given number of milliseconds. */
+    advanceTimeMs(ms: number): void;
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=data:application/json;base64,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

package/dest/timer/date.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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+{"version":3,"file":"date.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/timer/date.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAEA,gCAAgC;AAChC,qBAAa,YAAY;IAChB,GAAG,IAAI,MAAM,CAEnB;IAEM,YAAY,IAAI,MAAM,CAE5B;IAEM,SAAS,IAAI,IAAI,CAEvB;CACF;AAED,0DAA0D;AAC1D,qBAAa,gBAAiB,SAAQ,YAAY;IAGpC,OAAO,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC,MAAM;IAFnC,OAAO,CAAC,MAAM,CAAK;IAEnB,YAA6B,MAAM,yCAAgD,EAElF;IAEe,GAAG,IAAI,MAAM,CAE5B;IAEM,OAAO,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,QAG5B;IAED,wDAAwD;IACjD,WAAW,CAAC,OAAO,EAAE,MAAM,QAEjC;CACF;AAED;;;;;GAKG;AACH,qBAAa,kBAAmB,SAAQ,YAAY;IAClD,OAAO,CAAC,aAAa,CAAS;IAE9B;;OAEG;IACH,YAAY,aAAa,GAAE,MAAsC,EAGhE;IAEe,GAAG,IAAI,MAAM,CAE5B;IAED,oEAAoE;IAC7D,OAAO,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,QAE5B;IAED,wDAAwD;IACjD,WAAW,CAAC,OAAO,EAAE,MAAM,QAEjC;IAED,6DAA6D;IACtD,aAAa,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE,MAAM,QAE9B;CACF"}

package/dest/timer/date.js

@@ -26,4 +26,33 @@ import { createLogger } from '../log/pino-logger.js';
             timeMs
         });
     }
+    /** Advances the time by the given number of seconds. */ advanceTime(seconds) {
+        this.offset += seconds * 1000;
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * A date provider for tests that only advances time via explicit advanceTime() calls.
+ * Unlike TestDateProvider, this does NOT track real time progression - time is completely
+ * frozen until explicitly advanced. This eliminates flakiness from tests taking
+ * varying amounts of real time to execute.
+ */ export class ManualDateProvider extends DateProvider {
+    currentTimeMs;
+    /**
+   * @param initialTimeMs - Initial time in milliseconds. Defaults to a round timestamp for easy visualization.
+   */ constructor(initialTimeMs = Date.UTC(2025, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0)){
+        super();
+        this.currentTimeMs = initialTimeMs;
+    }
+    now() {
+        return this.currentTimeMs;
+    }
+    /** Sets the current time to the given timestamp in milliseconds. */ setTime(timeMs) {
+        this.currentTimeMs = timeMs;
+    }
+    /** Advances the time by the given number of seconds. */ advanceTime(seconds) {
+        this.currentTimeMs += seconds * 1000;
+    }
+    /** Advances the time by the given number of milliseconds. */ advanceTimeMs(ms) {
+        this.currentTimeMs += ms;
+    }
 }

package/dest/transport/transport_client.js

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ const log = createLogger('foundation:transport_client');
             msgId,
             payload
         };
-        log.debug(format(`->`, msg));
+        log.trace(format(`->`, msg));
         return new Promise((resolve, reject)=>{
             this.pendingRequests.push({
                 resolve,
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ const log = createLogger('foundation:transport_client');
             this.close();
             return;
         }
-        log.debug(format(`<-`, msg));
+        log.trace(format(`<-`, msg));
         if (isEventMessage(msg)) {
             this.emit('event_msg', msg.payload);
             return;

package/dest/types/index.d.ts

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ export type Writeable<T> = {
 export declare function unfreeze<T>(obj: T): Writeable<T>;
 /** Is defined type guard */
 export declare function isDefined<T>(value: T | undefined): value is T;
+/** Type guard for error classes */
+export declare function isErrorClass<T extends Error>(value: unknown, errorClass: new (...args: any[]) => T): value is T;
 /** Resolves a record-like type. Lifted from viem. */
 export type Prettify<T> = {
     [K in keyof T]: T[K];
@@ -41,4 +43,4 @@ export interface TypedEventEmitter<TEventMap extends {
     removeListener<K extends keyof TEventMap>(event: K, listener: TEventMap[K]): this;
     removeAllListeners<K extends keyof TEventMap>(event: K): this;
 }
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package/dest/types/index.js

@@ -4,3 +4,6 @@
 /** Is defined type guard */ export function isDefined(value) {
     return value !== undefined;
 }
+/** Type guard for error classes */ export function isErrorClass(value, errorClass) {
+    return value instanceof errorClass || value instanceof Error && value.name === errorClass.name;
+}

package/package.json

@@ -1,9 +1,29 @@
 {
   "name": "@aztec/foundation",
-  "version": "0.0.1-commit.fffb133c",
+  "version": "0.0.1-dev",
   "type": "module",
   "main": "./dest/index.js",
   "types": "./dest/index.d.ts",
+  "typedocOptions": {
+    "entryPoints": [
+      "./src/buffer/index.ts",
+      "./src/collection/index.ts",
+      "./src/config/index.ts",
+      "./src/crypto/random/index.ts",
+      "./src/error/index.ts",
+      "./src/eth-address/index.ts",
+      "./src/json-rpc/index.ts",
+      "./src/log/index.ts",
+      "./src/retry/index.ts",
+      "./src/schemas/index.ts",
+      "./src/serialize/index.ts",
+      "./src/sleep/index.ts",
+      "./src/timer/index.ts",
+      "./src/types/index.ts"
+    ],
+    "name": "Foundation",
+    "tsconfig": "./tsconfig.json"
+  },
   "exports": {
     "./eslint": "./eslint.config.js",
     "./eslint.docs": "./eslint.config.docs.js",
@@ -51,6 +71,7 @@
     "./iterable": "./dest/iterable/index.js",
     "./iterator": "./dest/iterator/index.js",
     "./log": "./dest/log/index.js",
+    "./log/server": "./dest/log/pino-logger-server.js",
     "./mutex": "./dest/mutex/index.js",
     "./retry": "./dest/retry/index.js",
     "./running-promise": "./dest/running-promise/index.js",
@@ -123,7 +144,7 @@
     "testEnvironment": "../../foundation/src/jest/env.mjs"
   },
   "dependencies": {
-    "@aztec/bb.js": "0.0.1-commit.fffb133c",
+    "@aztec/bb.js": "0.0.1-dev",
     "@koa/cors": "^5.0.0",
     "@noble/curves": "=1.7.0",
     "@noble/hashes": "^1.6.1",

package/src/array/sorted_array.ts

@@ -21,34 +21,39 @@ export function dedupeSortedArray<T>(arr: T[], cmp: Cmp<T>): void {
 }
 
 export function insertIntoSortedArray<T>(arr: T[], item: T, cmp: Cmp<T>, allowDuplicates = true): boolean {
+  const index = findInsertionIndexInSortedArray(arr, item, cmp);
+
+  if (!allowDuplicates) {
+    // Check element before insertion point (upper bound returns index after equal elements)
+    if (index > 0 && cmp(arr[index - 1], item) === 0) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  arr.splice(index, 0, item);
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Finds the index where needle would be inserted to maintain sorted order.
+ * Returns the count of elements less than or equal to needle.
+ */
+export function findInsertionIndexInSortedArray<T, N>(values: T[], needle: N, cmp: (a: T, b: N) => number): number {
   let start = 0;
-  let end = arr.length;
+  let end = values.length;
 
   while (start < end) {
     const mid = start + (((end - start) / 2) | 0);
-    const comparison = cmp(arr[mid], item);
+    const comparison = cmp(values[mid], needle);
 
-    if (comparison < 0) {
+    if (comparison <= 0) {
       start = mid + 1;
     } else {
       end = mid;
     }
   }
 
-  if (!allowDuplicates) {
-    // Check element at insertion point
-    if (start < arr.length && cmp(arr[start], item) === 0) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    // Check element before insertion point (in case we landed after duplicates)
-    if (start > 0 && cmp(arr[start - 1], item) === 0) {
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  arr.splice(start, 0, item);
-  return true;
+  return start;
 }
 
 export function findIndexInSortedArray<T, N>(values: T[], needle: N, cmp: (a: T, b: N) => number): number {

package/src/branded-types/slot.ts

@@ -73,6 +73,11 @@ SlotNumber.isValid = function (value: unknown): value is SlotNumber {
   return typeof value === 'number' && Number.isInteger(value) && value >= 0;
 };
 
+/** Increments a SlotNumber by a given value. */
+SlotNumber.add = function (sn: SlotNumber, increment: number): SlotNumber {
+  return SlotNumber(sn + increment);
+};
+
 /**
  * The zero slot value.
  */

package/src/buffer/index.ts

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 export * from './buffer32.js';
 export * from './buffer16.js';
+export * from './utils.js';

package/src/buffer/utils.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/** Returns the number of bytes in the buffer, excluding any trailing zero bytes. */
+export function trimmedBytesLength(buf: Uint8Array): number {
+  let end = buf.length;
+  while (end > 0 && buf[end - 1] === 0) {
+    end--;
+  }
+  return end;
+}