@aztec/ethereum 4.0.0-devnet.2-patch.4 → 4.0.0-devnet.3-patch.0

package/dest/test/start_anvil.js

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 import { makeBackoff, retry } from '@aztec/foundation/retry';
 import { fileURLToPath } from '@aztec/foundation/url';
-import { createAnvil } from '@viem/anvil';
+import { spawn } from 'child_process';
 import { dirname, resolve } from 'path';
 /**
  * Ensures there's a running Anvil instance and returns the RPC URL.
@@ -9,47 +9,161 @@ import { dirname, resolve } from 'path';
     const anvilBinary = resolve(dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)), '../../', 'scripts/anvil_kill_wrapper.sh');
     const logger = opts.log ? createLogger('ethereum:anvil') : undefined;
     const methodCalls = opts.captureMethodCalls ? [] : undefined;
-    let port;
-    // Start anvil.
-    // We go via a wrapper script to ensure if the parent dies, anvil dies.
+    let detectedPort;
     const anvil = await retry(async ()=>{
-        const anvil = createAnvil({
-            anvilBinary,
-            host: '127.0.0.1',
-            port: opts.port ?? (process.env.ANVIL_PORT ? parseInt(process.env.ANVIL_PORT) : 8545),
-            blockTime: opts.l1BlockTime,
-            stopTimeout: 1000,
-            accounts: opts.accounts ?? 20,
-            gasLimit: 45_000_000n,
-            chainId: opts.chainId ?? 31337
-        });
-        // Listen to the anvil output to get the port.
-        const removeHandler = anvil.on('message', (message)=>{
-            logger?.debug(message.trim());
-            methodCalls?.push(...message.match(/eth_[^\s]+/g) || []);
-            if (port === undefined && message.includes('Listening on')) {
-                port = parseInt(message.match(/Listening on ([^:]+):(\d+)/)[2]);
+        const port = opts.port ?? (process.env.ANVIL_PORT ? parseInt(process.env.ANVIL_PORT) : 8545);
+        const args = [
+            '--host',
+            '127.0.0.1',
+            '--port',
+            String(port),
+            '--accounts',
+            String(opts.accounts ?? 20),
+            '--gas-limit',
+            String(45_000_000),
+            '--chain-id',
+            String(opts.chainId ?? 31337)
+        ];
+        if (opts.l1BlockTime !== undefined) {
+            args.push('--block-time', String(opts.l1BlockTime));
+        }
+        if (opts.hardfork !== undefined) {
+            args.push('--hardfork', opts.hardfork);
+        }
+        args.push('--slots-in-an-epoch', String(opts.slotsInAnEpoch ?? 1));
+        const child = spawn(anvilBinary, args, {
+            stdio: [
+                'ignore',
+                'pipe',
+                'pipe'
+            ],
+            env: {
+                ...process.env,
+                RAYON_NUM_THREADS: '1'
             }
         });
-        await anvil.start();
-        if (!logger && !opts.captureMethodCalls) {
-            removeHandler();
+        // Wait for "Listening on" or an early exit.
+        await new Promise((resolve, reject)=>{
+            let stderr = '';
+            const onStdout = (data)=>{
+                const text = data.toString();
+                logger?.debug(text.trim());
+                methodCalls?.push(...text.match(/eth_[^\s]+/g) || []);
+                if (detectedPort === undefined && text.includes('Listening on')) {
+                    const match = text.match(/Listening on ([^:]+):(\d+)/);
+                    if (match) {
+                        detectedPort = parseInt(match[2]);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (detectedPort !== undefined) {
+                    child.stdout?.removeListener('data', onStdout);
+                    child.stderr?.removeListener('data', onStderr);
+                    child.removeListener('close', onClose);
+                    resolve();
+                }
+            };
+            const onStderr = (data)=>{
+                stderr += data.toString();
+                logger?.debug(data.toString().trim());
+            };
+            const onClose = (code)=>{
+                child.stdout?.removeListener('data', onStdout);
+                child.stderr?.removeListener('data', onStderr);
+                reject(new Error(`Anvil exited with code ${code} before listening. stderr: ${stderr}`));
+            };
+            child.stdout?.on('data', onStdout);
+            child.stderr?.on('data', onStderr);
+            child.once('close', onClose);
+        });
+        // Continue piping for logging, method-call capture, and/or dateProvider sync after startup.
+        if (logger || opts.captureMethodCalls || opts.dateProvider) {
+            child.stdout?.on('data', (data)=>{
+                const text = data.toString();
+                logger?.debug(text.trim());
+                methodCalls?.push(...text.match(/eth_[^\s]+/g) || []);
+                if (opts.dateProvider) {
+                    syncDateProviderFromAnvilOutput(text, opts.dateProvider);
+                }
+            });
+            child.stderr?.on('data', (data)=>{
+                logger?.debug(data.toString().trim());
+            });
+        } else {
+            // Consume streams so the child process doesn't block on full pipe buffers.
+            child.stdout?.resume();
+            child.stderr?.resume();
         }
-        return anvil;
+        return child;
     }, 'Start anvil', makeBackoff([
         5,
         5,
         5
     ]));
-    if (!port) {
+    if (!detectedPort) {
         throw new Error('Failed to start anvil');
     }
-    // Monkeypatch the anvil instance to include the actually assigned port
-    // Object.defineProperty(anvil, 'port', { value: port, writable: false });
+    const port = detectedPort;
+    let status = 'listening';
+    anvil.once('close', ()=>{
+        status = 'idle';
+    });
+    const stop = async ()=>{
+        if (status === 'idle') {
+            return;
+        }
+        await killChild(anvil);
+    };
+    const anvilObj = {
+        port,
+        host: '127.0.0.1',
+        get status () {
+            return status;
+        },
+        stop
+    };
     return {
-        anvil,
+        anvil: anvilObj,
         methodCalls,
-        stop: ()=>anvil.stop(),
+        stop,
         rpcUrl: `http://127.0.0.1:${port}`
     };
 }
+/** Extracts block time from anvil stdout and syncs the dateProvider. */ function syncDateProviderFromAnvilOutput(text, dateProvider) {
+    // Anvil logs mined blocks as:
+    //   Block Time: "Fri, 20 Mar 2026 02:10:46 +0000"
+    const match = text.match(/Block Time:\s*"([^"]+)"/);
+    if (match) {
+        const blockTimeMs = new Date(match[1]).getTime();
+        if (!isNaN(blockTimeMs)) {
+            dateProvider.setTime(blockTimeMs);
+        }
+    }
+}
+/** Send SIGTERM, wait up to 5 s, then SIGKILL. All timers are always cleared. */ function killChild(child) {
+    return new Promise((resolve)=>{
+        if (child.exitCode !== null || child.killed) {
+            child.stdout?.destroy();
+            child.stderr?.destroy();
+            resolve();
+            return;
+        }
+        let killTimer;
+        const onClose = ()=>{
+            if (killTimer !== undefined) {
+                clearTimeout(killTimer);
+            }
+            // Destroy stdio streams so their PipeWrap handles don't keep the event loop alive.
+            child.stdout?.destroy();
+            child.stderr?.destroy();
+            resolve();
+        };
+        child.once('close', onClose);
+        child.kill('SIGTERM');
+        killTimer = setTimeout(()=>{
+            killTimer = undefined;
+            child.kill('SIGKILL');
+        }, 5000);
+        // Ensure the timer does not prevent Node from exiting.
+        killTimer.unref();
+    });
+}

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@aztec/ethereum",
-  "version": "4.0.0-devnet.2-patch.4",
+  "version": "4.0.0-devnet.3-patch.0",
   "type": "module",
   "exports": {
     "./account": "./dest/account.js",
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@
     "../package.common.json"
   ],
   "dependencies": {
-    "@aztec/blob-lib": "4.0.0-devnet.2-patch.4",
-    "@aztec/constants": "4.0.0-devnet.2-patch.4",
-    "@aztec/foundation": "4.0.0-devnet.2-patch.4",
-    "@aztec/l1-artifacts": "4.0.0-devnet.2-patch.4",
+    "@aztec/blob-lib": "4.0.0-devnet.3-patch.0",
+    "@aztec/constants": "4.0.0-devnet.3-patch.0",
+    "@aztec/foundation": "4.0.0-devnet.3-patch.0",
+    "@aztec/l1-artifacts": "4.0.0-devnet.3-patch.0",
     "@viem/anvil": "^0.0.10",
     "dotenv": "^16.0.3",
     "lodash.chunk": "^4.2.0",

package/src/client.ts

@@ -25,10 +25,17 @@ type Config = {
   l1ChainId: number;
   /** The polling interval viem uses in ms */
   viemPollingIntervalMS?: number;
+  /** Timeout for HTTP requests to the L1 RPC node in ms. */
+  l1HttpTimeoutMS?: number;
 };
 
 export type { Config as EthereumClientConfig };
 
+/** Creates a viem fallback HTTP transport for the given L1 RPC URLs. */
+export function makeL1HttpTransport(rpcUrls: string[], opts?: { timeout?: number }) {
+  return fallback(rpcUrls.map(url => http(url, { batch: false, timeout: opts?.timeout })));
+}
+
 // TODO: Use these methods to abstract the creation of viem clients.
 
 /** Returns a viem public client given the L1 config. */
@@ -36,7 +43,7 @@ export function getPublicClient(config: Config): ViemPublicClient {
   const chain = createEthereumChain(config.l1RpcUrls, config.l1ChainId);
   return createPublicClient({
     chain: chain.chainInfo,
-    transport: fallback(config.l1RpcUrls.map(url => http(url, { batch: false }))),
+    transport: makeL1HttpTransport(config.l1RpcUrls, { timeout: config.l1HttpTimeoutMS }),
     pollingInterval: config.viemPollingIntervalMS,
   });
 }
@@ -77,6 +84,7 @@ export function createExtendedL1Client(
   chain: Chain = foundry,
   pollingIntervalMS?: number,
   addressIndex?: number,
+  opts?: { httpTimeoutMS?: number },
 ): ExtendedViemWalletClient {
   const hdAccount =
     typeof mnemonicOrPrivateKeyOrHdAccount === 'string'
@@ -88,7 +96,7 @@ export function createExtendedL1Client(
   const extendedClient = createWalletClient({
     account: hdAccount,
     chain,
-    transport: fallback(rpcUrls.map(url => http(url, { batch: false }))),
+    transport: makeL1HttpTransport(rpcUrls, { timeout: opts?.httpTimeoutMS }),
     pollingInterval: pollingIntervalMS,
   }).extend(publicActions);
 

package/src/config.ts

@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ export const genesisStateConfigMappings: ConfigMappingsType<GenesisStateConfig>
   },
   prefundAddresses: {
     env: 'PREFUND_ADDRESSES',
-    description: 'Comma-separated list of Aztec addresses to prefund with fee juice at genesis (local network only).',
+    description: 'Comma-separated list of Aztec addresses to prefund with fee juice at genesis.',
     parseEnv: (val: string) =>
       val
         .split(',')

package/src/contracts/registry.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 import { RegistryAbi } from '@aztec/l1-artifacts/RegistryAbi';
 import { TestERC20Abi } from '@aztec/l1-artifacts/TestERC20Abi';
 
-import { type GetContractReturnType, type Hex, getContract } from 'viem';
+import { type GetContractReturnType, type Hex, getAbiItem, getContract } from 'viem';
 
 import type { L1ContractAddresses } from '../l1_contract_addresses.js';
 import type { ViemClient } from '../types.js';
@@ -128,4 +128,34 @@ export class RegistryContract {
   public async getRewardDistributor(): Promise<EthAddress> {
     return EthAddress.fromString(await this.registry.read.getRewardDistributor());
   }
+
+  /** Returns the L1 timestamp at which the given rollup was registered via addRollup(). */
+  public async getCanonicalRollupRegistrationTimestamp(
+    rollupAddress: EthAddress,
+    fromBlock?: bigint,
+  ): Promise<bigint | undefined> {
+    const event = getAbiItem({ abi: RegistryAbi, name: 'CanonicalRollupUpdated' });
+    const start = fromBlock ?? 0n;
+    const latestBlock = await this.client.getBlockNumber();
+    const chunkSize = 1_000n;
+
+    for (let from = start; from <= latestBlock; from += chunkSize) {
+      const to = from + chunkSize - 1n > latestBlock ? latestBlock : from + chunkSize - 1n;
+      const logs = await this.client.getLogs({
+        address: this.address.toString(),
+        fromBlock: from,
+        toBlock: to,
+        strict: true,
+        event,
+        args: { instance: rollupAddress.toString() },
+      });
+
+      if (logs.length > 0) {
+        const block = await this.client.getBlock({ blockNumber: logs[0].blockNumber });
+        return block.timestamp;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return undefined;
+  }
 }

package/src/contracts/rollup.ts

@@ -134,6 +134,14 @@ export type L1FeeData = {
   blobFee: bigint;
 };
 
+/** Components of the minimum fee per mana, as returned by the L1 rollup contract. */
+export type ManaMinFeeComponents = {
+  sequencerCost: bigint;
+  proverCost: bigint;
+  congestionCost: bigint;
+  congestionMultiplier: bigint;
+};
+
 /**
  * Reward configuration for the rollup
  */
@@ -193,10 +201,10 @@ export type CheckpointProposedArgs = {
   checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber;
   archive: Fr;
   versionedBlobHashes: Buffer[];
-  /** Hash of attestations. Undefined for older events (backwards compatibility). */
-  attestationsHash?: Buffer32;
-  /** Digest of the payload. Undefined for older events (backwards compatibility). */
-  payloadDigest?: Buffer32;
+  /** Hash of attestations emitted in the CheckpointProposed event. */
+  attestationsHash: Buffer32;
+  /** Digest of the payload emitted in the CheckpointProposed event. */
+  payloadDigest: Buffer32;
 };
 
 /** Log type for CheckpointProposed events. */
@@ -379,6 +387,20 @@ export class RollupContract {
     return Fr.fromString(await this.rollup.read.archiveAt([0n]));
   }
 
+  @memoize
+  async getVkTreeRoot(): Promise<Fr> {
+    const slot = BigInt(RollupContract.stfStorageSlot) + 3n;
+    const value = await this.client.getStorageAt({ address: this.address, slot: `0x${slot.toString(16)}` });
+    return Fr.fromString(value ?? '0x0');
+  }
+
+  @memoize
+  async getProtocolContractsHash(): Promise<Fr> {
+    const slot = BigInt(RollupContract.stfStorageSlot) + 4n;
+    const value = await this.client.getStorageAt({ address: this.address, slot: `0x${slot.toString(16)}` });
+    return Fr.fromString(value ?? '0x0');
+  }
+
   /**
    * Returns rollup constants used for epoch queries.
    * Return type is `L1RollupConstants` which is defined in stdlib,
@@ -392,16 +414,25 @@ export class RollupContract {
     epochDuration: number;
     proofSubmissionEpochs: number;
     targetCommitteeSize: number;
+    rollupManaLimit: number;
   }> {
-    const [l1StartBlock, l1GenesisTime, slotDuration, epochDuration, proofSubmissionEpochs, targetCommitteeSize] =
-      await Promise.all([
-        this.getL1StartBlock(),
-        this.getL1GenesisTime(),
-        this.getSlotDuration(),
-        this.getEpochDuration(),
-        this.getProofSubmissionEpochs(),
-        this.getTargetCommitteeSize(),
-      ]);
+    const [
+      l1StartBlock,
+      l1GenesisTime,
+      slotDuration,
+      epochDuration,
+      proofSubmissionEpochs,
+      targetCommitteeSize,
+      rollupManaLimit,
+    ] = await Promise.all([
+      this.getL1StartBlock(),
+      this.getL1GenesisTime(),
+      this.getSlotDuration(),
+      this.getEpochDuration(),
+      this.getProofSubmissionEpochs(),
+      this.getTargetCommitteeSize(),
+      this.getManaLimit(),
+    ]);
     return {
       l1StartBlock,
       l1GenesisTime,
@@ -409,6 +440,7 @@ export class RollupContract {
       epochDuration: Number(epochDuration),
       proofSubmissionEpochs: Number(proofSubmissionEpochs),
       targetCommitteeSize,
+      rollupManaLimit: Number(rollupManaLimit),
     };
   }
 
@@ -503,8 +535,9 @@ export class RollupContract {
     return CheckpointNumber.fromBigInt(await this.rollup.read.getPendingCheckpointNumber());
   }
 
-  async getProvenCheckpointNumber(): Promise<CheckpointNumber> {
-    return CheckpointNumber.fromBigInt(await this.rollup.read.getProvenCheckpointNumber());
+  async getProvenCheckpointNumber(options?: { blockNumber?: bigint }): Promise<CheckpointNumber> {
+    await checkBlockTag(options?.blockNumber, this.client);
+    return CheckpointNumber.fromBigInt(await this.rollup.read.getProvenCheckpointNumber(options));
   }
 
   async getSlotNumber(): Promise<SlotNumber> {
@@ -745,14 +778,13 @@ export class RollupContract {
    * timestamp of the next L1 block
    * @throws otherwise
    */
-  public async canProposeAtNextEthBlock(
+  public async canProposeAt(
     archive: Buffer,
     account: `0x${string}` | Account,
-    slotDuration: number,
+    timestamp: bigint,
     opts: { forcePendingCheckpointNumber?: CheckpointNumber } = {},
   ): Promise<{ slot: SlotNumber; checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber; timeOfNextL1Slot: bigint }> {
-    const latestBlock = await this.client.getBlock();
-    const timeOfNextL1Slot = latestBlock.timestamp + BigInt(slotDuration);
+    const timeOfNextL1Slot = timestamp;
     const who = typeof account === 'string' ? account : account.address;
 
     try {
@@ -852,6 +884,16 @@ export class RollupContract {
     return this.rollup.read.getManaMinFeeAt([timestamp, inFeeAsset]);
   }
 
+  async getManaMinFeeComponentsAt(timestamp: bigint, inFeeAsset: boolean): Promise<ManaMinFeeComponents> {
+    const result = await this.rollup.read.getManaMinFeeComponentsAt([timestamp, inFeeAsset]);
+    return {
+      sequencerCost: result.sequencerCost,
+      proverCost: result.proverCost,
+      congestionCost: result.congestionCost,
+      congestionMultiplier: result.congestionMultiplier,
+    };
+  }
+
   async getSlotAt(timestamp: bigint): Promise<SlotNumber> {
     return SlotNumber.fromBigInt(await this.rollup.read.getSlotAt([timestamp]));
   }
@@ -895,11 +937,10 @@ export class RollupContract {
     return this.rollup.read.getSpecificProverRewardsForEpoch([epoch, prover]);
   }
 
-  async getAttesters(): Promise<EthAddress[]> {
+  async getAttesters(timestamp?: bigint): Promise<EthAddress[]> {
     const attesterSize = await this.getActiveAttesterCount();
     const gse = new GSEContract(this.client, await this.getGSE());
-    const ts = (await this.client.getBlock()).timestamp;
-
+    const ts = timestamp ?? (await this.client.getBlock()).timestamp;
     const indices = Array.from({ length: attesterSize }, (_, i) => BigInt(i));
     const chunks = chunk(indices, 1000);
 
@@ -1060,8 +1101,22 @@ export class RollupContract {
           checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber.fromBigInt(log.args.checkpointNumber!),
           archive: Fr.fromString(log.args.archive!),
           versionedBlobHashes: log.args.versionedBlobHashes!.map(h => Buffer.from(h.slice(2), 'hex')),
-          attestationsHash: log.args.attestationsHash ? Buffer32.fromString(log.args.attestationsHash) : undefined,
-          payloadDigest: log.args.payloadDigest ? Buffer32.fromString(log.args.payloadDigest) : undefined,
+          attestationsHash: (() => {
+            if (!log.args.attestationsHash) {
+              throw new Error(
+                `CheckpointProposed event missing attestationsHash for checkpoint ${log.args.checkpointNumber}`,
+              );
+            }
+            return Buffer32.fromString(log.args.attestationsHash);
+          })(),
+          payloadDigest: (() => {
+            if (!log.args.payloadDigest) {
+              throw new Error(
+                `CheckpointProposed event missing payloadDigest for checkpoint ${log.args.checkpointNumber}`,
+              );
+            }
+            return Buffer32.fromString(log.args.payloadDigest);
+          })(),
         },
       }));
   }

package/src/generated/l1-contracts-defaults.ts

@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 /** Default L1 contracts configuration values from network-defaults.yml */
 export const l1ContractsDefaultEnv = {
   ETHEREUM_SLOT_DURATION: 12,
-  AZTEC_SLOT_DURATION: 36,
+  AZTEC_SLOT_DURATION: 72,
   AZTEC_EPOCH_DURATION: 32,
   AZTEC_TARGET_COMMITTEE_SIZE: 48,
   AZTEC_LAG_IN_EPOCHS_FOR_VALIDATOR_SET: 2,
-  AZTEC_LAG_IN_EPOCHS_FOR_RANDAO: 2,
+  AZTEC_LAG_IN_EPOCHS_FOR_RANDAO: 1,
   AZTEC_ACTIVATION_THRESHOLD: 100000000000000000000,
   AZTEC_EJECTION_THRESHOLD: 50000000000000000000,
   AZTEC_LOCAL_EJECTION_THRESHOLD: 98000000000000000000,

package/src/l1_reader.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-import { type ConfigMappingsType, getConfigFromMappings, numberConfigHelper } from '@aztec/foundation/config';
+import {
+  type ConfigMappingsType,
+  getConfigFromMappings,
+  numberConfigHelper,
+  optionalNumberConfigHelper,
+} from '@aztec/foundation/config';
 
 import { type L1ContractAddresses, l1ContractAddressesMapping } from './l1_contract_addresses.js';
 
@@ -14,6 +19,8 @@ export interface L1ReaderConfig {
   l1Contracts: L1ContractAddresses;
   /** The polling interval viem uses in ms */
   viemPollingIntervalMS: number;
+  /** Timeout for HTTP requests to the L1 RPC node in ms. */
+  l1HttpTimeoutMS?: number;
 }
 
 export const l1ReaderConfigMappings: ConfigMappingsType<L1ReaderConfig> = {
@@ -43,6 +50,11 @@ export const l1ReaderConfigMappings: ConfigMappingsType<L1ReaderConfig> = {
     description: 'The polling interval viem uses in ms',
     ...numberConfigHelper(1_000),
   },
+  l1HttpTimeoutMS: {
+    env: 'ETHEREUM_HTTP_TIMEOUT_MS',
+    description: 'Timeout for HTTP requests to the L1 RPC node in ms.',
+    ...optionalNumberConfigHelper(),
+  },
 };
 
 export function getL1ReaderConfigFromEnv(): L1ReaderConfig {

package/src/l1_tx_utils/l1_tx_utils.ts

@@ -14,16 +14,13 @@ import {
   type Abi,
   type BlockOverrides,
   type Hex,
-  type NonceManager,
   type PrepareTransactionRequestRequest,
   type StateOverride,
   type TransactionReceipt,
   type TransactionSerializable,
-  createNonceManager,
   formatGwei,
   serializeTransaction,
 } from 'viem';
-import { jsonRpc } from 'viem/nonce';
 
 import type { ViemClient } from '../types.js';
 import { formatViemError } from '../utils.js';
@@ -47,8 +44,9 @@ import {
 const MAX_L1_TX_STATES = 32;
 
 export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
-  protected nonceManager: NonceManager;
   protected txs: L1TxState[] = [];
+  /** Last nonce successfully sent to the chain. Used as a lower bound when a fallback RPC node returns a stale count. */
+  private lastSentNonce: number | undefined;
   /** Tx delayer for testing. Only set when enableDelayer config is true. */
   public delayer?: Delayer;
   /** KZG instance for blob operations. */
@@ -68,7 +66,6 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
     delayer?: Delayer,
   ) {
     super(client, logger, dateProvider, config, debugMaxGasLimit);
-    this.nonceManager = createNonceManager({ source: jsonRpc() });
     this.kzg = kzg;
 
     // Set up delayer: use provided one or create new
@@ -110,6 +107,11 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
       this.metrics?.recordMinedTx(l1TxState, new Date(l1Timestamp));
     } else if (newState === TxUtilsState.NOT_MINED) {
       this.metrics?.recordDroppedTx(l1TxState);
+      // The tx was dropped: the chain nonce reverted to l1TxState.nonce, so our lower bound is
+      // no longer valid. Clear it so the next send fetches the real nonce from the chain.
+      if (this.lastSentNonce === l1TxState.nonce) {
+        this.lastSentNonce = undefined;
+      }
     }
 
     // Update state in the store
@@ -244,9 +246,6 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
         throw new InterruptError(`Transaction sending is interrupted`);
       }
 
-      // Check timeout before consuming nonce to avoid leaking a nonce that was never sent.
-      // A leaked nonce creates a gap (e.g. nonce 107 consumed but unsent), so all subsequent
-      // transactions (108, 109, ...) can never be mined since the chain expects 107 first.
       const now = new Date(await this.getL1Timestamp());
       if (gasConfig.txTimeoutAt && now > gasConfig.txTimeoutAt) {
         throw new TimeoutError(
@@ -254,11 +253,11 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
         );
       }
 
-      const nonce = await this.nonceManager.consume({
-        client: this.client,
-        address: account,
-        chainId: this.client.chain.id,
-      });
+      const chainNonce = await this.client.getTransactionCount({ address: account, blockTag: 'pending' });
+      // If a fallback RPC node returns a stale count (lower than what we last sent), use our
+      // local lower bound to avoid sending a duplicate of an already-pending transaction.
+      const nonce =
+        this.lastSentNonce !== undefined && chainNonce <= this.lastSentNonce ? this.lastSentNonce + 1 : chainNonce;
 
       const baseState = { request, gasLimit, blobInputs, gasPrice, nonce };
       const txData = this.makeTxData(baseState, { isCancelTx: false });
@@ -266,6 +265,8 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
       // Send the new tx
       const signedRequest = await this.prepareSignedTransaction(txData);
       const txHash = await this.client.sendRawTransaction({ serializedTransaction: signedRequest });
+      // Update after tx is sent successfully
+      this.lastSentNonce = nonce;
 
       // Create the new state for monitoring
       const l1TxState: L1TxState = {
@@ -449,7 +450,6 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
             { nonce, account, pendingNonce, timePassed },
           );
           await this.updateState(state, TxUtilsState.NOT_MINED);
-          this.nonceManager.reset({ address: account, chainId: this.client.chain.id });
           throw new DroppedTransactionError(nonce, account);
         }
 
@@ -541,12 +541,7 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
 
     // Oh no, the transaction has timed out!
     if (isCancelTx || !gasConfig.cancelTxOnTimeout) {
-      // If this was already a cancellation tx, or we are configured to not cancel txs, we just mark it as NOT_MINED
-      // and reset the nonce manager, so the next tx that comes along can reuse the nonce if/when this tx gets dropped.
-      // This is the nastiest scenario for us, since the new tx could acquire the next nonce, but then this tx is dropped,
-      // and the new tx would never get mined. Eventually, the new tx would also drop.
       await this.updateState(state, TxUtilsState.NOT_MINED);
-      this.nonceManager.reset({ address: account, chainId: this.client.chain.id });
     } else {
       // Otherwise we fire the cancellation without awaiting to avoid blocking the caller,
       // and monitor it in the background so we can speed it up as needed.
@@ -685,7 +680,6 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
         { nonce, account },
       );
       await this.updateState(state, TxUtilsState.NOT_MINED);
-      this.nonceManager.reset({ address: account, chainId: this.client.chain.id });
       return;
     }
 
@@ -697,7 +691,6 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
         { nonce, account, currentNonce },
       );
       await this.updateState(state, TxUtilsState.NOT_MINED);
-      this.nonceManager.reset({ address: account, chainId: this.client.chain.id });
       return;
     }