@aztec/ethereum 0.0.1-commit.9d2bcf6d → 0.0.1-commit.9ee6fcc6

package/src/l1_tx_utils/l1_tx_utils.ts

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
+import type { BlobKzgInstance } from '@aztec/blob-lib/types';
 import { maxBigint } from '@aztec/foundation/bigint';
 import { merge, pick } from '@aztec/foundation/collection';
 import { InterruptError, TimeoutError } from '@aztec/foundation/error';
 import { EthAddress } from '@aztec/foundation/eth-address';
-import { type Logger, createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
+import { type Logger, type LoggerBindings, createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 import { retryUntil } from '@aztec/foundation/retry';
 import { sleep } from '@aztec/foundation/sleep';
 import { DateProvider } from '@aztec/foundation/timer';
@@ -13,16 +14,13 @@ import {
   type Abi,
   type BlockOverrides,
   type Hex,
-  type NonceManager,
   type PrepareTransactionRequestRequest,
   type StateOverride,
   type TransactionReceipt,
   type TransactionSerializable,
-  createNonceManager,
   formatGwei,
   serializeTransaction,
 } from 'viem';
-import { jsonRpc } from 'viem/nonce';
 
 import type { ViemClient } from '../types.js';
 import { formatViemError } from '../utils.js';
@@ -30,6 +28,7 @@ import { type L1TxUtilsConfig, l1TxUtilsConfigMappings } from './config.js';
 import { MAX_L1_TX_LIMIT } from './constants.js';
 import type { IL1TxMetrics, IL1TxStore } from './interfaces.js';
 import { ReadOnlyL1TxUtils } from './readonly_l1_tx_utils.js';
+import { Delayer, createDelayer, wrapClientWithDelayer } from './tx_delayer.js';
 import {
   DroppedTransactionError,
   type L1BlobInputs,
@@ -45,8 +44,13 @@ import {
 const MAX_L1_TX_STATES = 32;
 
 export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
-  protected nonceManager: NonceManager;
   protected txs: L1TxState[] = [];
+  /** Last nonce successfully sent to the chain. Used as a lower bound when a fallback RPC node returns a stale count. */
+  private lastSentNonce: number | undefined;
+  /** Tx delayer for testing. Only set when enableDelayer config is true. */
+  public delayer?: Delayer;
+  /** KZG instance for blob operations. */
+  protected kzg?: BlobKzgInstance;
 
   constructor(
     public override client: ViemClient,
@@ -58,9 +62,25 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
     debugMaxGasLimit: boolean = false,
     protected store?: IL1TxStore,
     protected metrics?: IL1TxMetrics,
+    kzg?: BlobKzgInstance,
+    delayer?: Delayer,
   ) {
     super(client, logger, dateProvider, config, debugMaxGasLimit);
-    this.nonceManager = createNonceManager({ source: jsonRpc() });
+    this.kzg = kzg;
+
+    // Set up delayer: use provided one or create new
+    if (config?.enableDelayer && config?.ethereumSlotDuration) {
+      this.delayer =
+        delayer ?? this.createDelayer({ ethereumSlotDuration: config.ethereumSlotDuration }, logger.getBindings());
+      this.client = wrapClientWithDelayer(this.client, this.delayer);
+      if (config.txDelayerMaxInclusionTimeIntoSlot !== undefined) {
+        this.delayer.setMaxInclusionTimeIntoSlot(config.txDelayerMaxInclusionTimeIntoSlot);
+      }
+    } else if (delayer) {
+      // Delayer provided but enableDelayer not set — just store it without wrapping
+      logger.warn('Delayer provided but enableDelayer config is not set; delayer will not be used');
+      this.delayer = delayer;
+    }
   }
 
   public get state() {
@@ -87,6 +107,11 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
       this.metrics?.recordMinedTx(l1TxState, new Date(l1Timestamp));
     } else if (newState === TxUtilsState.NOT_MINED) {
       this.metrics?.recordDroppedTx(l1TxState);
+      // The tx was dropped: the chain nonce reverted to l1TxState.nonce, so our lower bound is
+      // no longer valid. Clear it so the next send fetches the real nonce from the chain.
+      if (this.lastSentNonce === l1TxState.nonce) {
+        this.lastSentNonce = undefined;
+      }
     }
 
     // Update state in the store
@@ -221,15 +246,6 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
         throw new InterruptError(`Transaction sending is interrupted`);
       }
 
-      const nonce = await this.nonceManager.consume({
-        client: this.client,
-        address: account,
-        chainId: this.client.chain.id,
-      });
-
-      const baseState = { request, gasLimit, blobInputs, gasPrice, nonce };
-      const txData = this.makeTxData(baseState, { isCancelTx: false });
-
       const now = new Date(await this.getL1Timestamp());
       if (gasConfig.txTimeoutAt && now > gasConfig.txTimeoutAt) {
         throw new TimeoutError(
@@ -237,9 +253,20 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
         );
       }
 
+      const chainNonce = await this.client.getTransactionCount({ address: account, blockTag: 'pending' });
+      // If a fallback RPC node returns a stale count (lower than what we last sent), use our
+      // local lower bound to avoid sending a duplicate of an already-pending transaction.
+      const nonce =
+        this.lastSentNonce !== undefined && chainNonce <= this.lastSentNonce ? this.lastSentNonce + 1 : chainNonce;
+
+      const baseState = { request, gasLimit, blobInputs, gasPrice, nonce };
+      const txData = this.makeTxData(baseState, { isCancelTx: false });
+
       // Send the new tx
       const signedRequest = await this.prepareSignedTransaction(txData);
       const txHash = await this.client.sendRawTransaction({ serializedTransaction: signedRequest });
+      // Update after tx is sent successfully
+      this.lastSentNonce = nonce;
 
       // Create the new state for monitoring
       const l1TxState: L1TxState = {
@@ -423,7 +450,6 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
             { nonce, account, pendingNonce, timePassed },
           );
           await this.updateState(state, TxUtilsState.NOT_MINED);
-          this.nonceManager.reset({ address: account, chainId: this.client.chain.id });
           throw new DroppedTransactionError(nonce, account);
         }
 
@@ -515,12 +541,7 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
 
     // Oh no, the transaction has timed out!
     if (isCancelTx || !gasConfig.cancelTxOnTimeout) {
-      // If this was already a cancellation tx, or we are configured to not cancel txs, we just mark it as NOT_MINED
-      // and reset the nonce manager, so the next tx that comes along can reuse the nonce if/when this tx gets dropped.
-      // This is the nastiest scenario for us, since the new tx could acquire the next nonce, but then this tx is dropped,
-      // and the new tx would never get mined. Eventually, the new tx would also drop.
       await this.updateState(state, TxUtilsState.NOT_MINED);
-      this.nonceManager.reset({ address: account, chainId: this.client.chain.id });
     } else {
       // Otherwise we fire the cancellation without awaiting to avoid blocking the caller,
       // and monitor it in the background so we can speed it up as needed.
@@ -659,7 +680,6 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
         { nonce, account },
       );
       await this.updateState(state, TxUtilsState.NOT_MINED);
-      this.nonceManager.reset({ address: account, chainId: this.client.chain.id });
       return;
     }
 
@@ -671,7 +691,6 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
         { nonce, account, currentNonce },
       );
       await this.updateState(state, TxUtilsState.NOT_MINED);
-      this.nonceManager.reset({ address: account, chainId: this.client.chain.id });
       return;
     }
 
@@ -731,8 +750,17 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
     return Number(timestamp) * 1000;
   }
 
-  /** Makes empty blob inputs for the cancellation tx. To be overridden in L1TxUtilsWithBlobs. */
-  protected makeEmptyBlobInputs(_maxFeePerBlobGas: bigint): Required<L1BlobInputs> {
-    throw new Error('Cannot make empty blob inputs for cancellation');
+  /** Makes empty blob inputs for the cancellation tx. */
+  protected makeEmptyBlobInputs(maxFeePerBlobGas: bigint): Required<L1BlobInputs> {
+    if (!this.kzg) {
+      throw new Error('Cannot make empty blob inputs for cancellation without kzg');
+    }
+    const blobData = new Uint8Array(131072).fill(0);
+    return { blobs: [blobData], kzg: this.kzg, maxFeePerBlobGas };
+  }
+
+  /** Creates a new delayer instance. */
+  protected createDelayer(opts: { ethereumSlotDuration: bigint | number }, bindings: LoggerBindings): Delayer {
+    return createDelayer(this.dateProvider, opts, bindings);
   }
 }

package/src/l1_tx_utils/readonly_l1_tx_utils.ts

@@ -130,9 +130,10 @@ export class ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
     const numBlocks = Math.ceil(gasConfig.stallTimeMs! / BLOCK_TIME_MS);
     for (let i = 0; i < numBlocks; i++) {
       // each block can go up 12.5% from previous baseFee
-      maxFeePerGas = (maxFeePerGas * (1_000n + 125n)) / 1_000n;
+      // ceil, (a+b-1)/b, to avoid truncation at small values (e.g. 1 wei blob base fee)
+      maxFeePerGas = (maxFeePerGas * (1_000n + 125n) + 999n) / 1_000n;
       // same for blob gas fee
-      maxFeePerBlobGas = (maxFeePerBlobGas * (1_000n + 125n)) / 1_000n;
+      maxFeePerBlobGas = (maxFeePerBlobGas * (1_000n + 125n) + 999n) / 1_000n;
     }
 
     if (attempt > 0) {
@@ -242,13 +243,16 @@ export class ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
     const gasConfig = { ...this.config, ..._gasConfig };
     let initialEstimate = 0n;
     if (_blobInputs) {
-      // @note requests with blobs also require maxFeePerBlobGas to be set
+      // @note requests with blobs also require maxFeePerBlobGas to be set.
+      // Use 2x buffer for maxFeePerBlobGas to avoid stale fees and to pass EIP-4844 validation (even if it is a gas estimation call).
+      // 1. maxFeePerBlobGas >= blobBaseFee
+      // 2. account balance >= gas * maxFeePerGas + maxFeePerBlobGas * blobCount + value
       const gasPrice = await this.getGasPrice(gasConfig, true, 0);
       initialEstimate = await this.client.estimateGas({
         account,
         ...request,
         ..._blobInputs,
-        maxFeePerBlobGas: gasPrice.maxFeePerBlobGas!,
+        maxFeePerBlobGas: gasPrice.maxFeePerBlobGas! * 2n,
         gas: MAX_L1_TX_LIMIT,
         blockTag: 'latest',
       });

package/src/{test → l1_tx_utils}/tx_delayer.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { omit } from '@aztec/foundation/collection';
-import { type Logger, createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
+import { type Logger, type LoggerBindings, createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 import { retryUntil } from '@aztec/foundation/retry';
 import type { DateProvider } from '@aztec/foundation/timer';
 
@@ -9,14 +9,16 @@ import {
   type Hex,
   type PublicClient,
   type TransactionSerializableEIP4844,
+  type TransactionSerialized,
   keccak256,
   parseTransaction,
   publicActions,
+  recoverTransactionAddress,
   serializeTransaction,
   walletActions,
 } from 'viem';
 
-import { type ViemClient, isExtendedClient } from '../types.js';
+import type { ExtendedViemWalletClient, ViemClient } from '../types.js';
 
 const MAX_WAIT_TIME_SECONDS = 180;
 
@@ -73,82 +75,98 @@ export function waitUntilL1Timestamp<T extends Client>(
   );
 }
 
-export interface Delayer {
-  /** Returns the hashes of all effectively sent txs. */
-  getSentTxHashes(): Hex[];
-  /** Returns the raw hex for all cancelled txs. */
-  getCancelledTxs(): Hex[];
-  /** Delays the next tx to be sent so it lands on the given L1 block number. */
-  pauseNextTxUntilBlock(l1BlockNumber: number | bigint | undefined): void;
-  /** Delays the next tx to be sent so it lands on the given timestamp. */
-  pauseNextTxUntilTimestamp(l1Timestamp: number | bigint | undefined): void;
-  /** Delays the next tx to be sent indefinitely. */
-  cancelNextTx(): void;
-  /**
-   * Sets max inclusion time into slot. If more than this many seconds have passed
-   * since the last L1 block was mined, then any tx will not be mined in the current
-   * L1 slot but will be deferred for the next one.
-   */
-  setMaxInclusionTimeIntoSlot(seconds: number | bigint | undefined): void;
-}
+/** Manages tx delaying for testing, intercepting sendRawTransaction calls to delay or cancel them. */
+export class Delayer {
+  private logger: Logger;
+
+  public maxInclusionTimeIntoSlot: number | undefined = undefined;
+  public ethereumSlotDuration: bigint;
+  public nextWait: { l1Timestamp: bigint } | { l1BlockNumber: bigint } | { indefinitely: true } | undefined = undefined;
+  public sentTxHashes: Hex[] = [];
+  public cancelledTxs: Hex[] = [];
 
-class DelayerImpl implements Delayer {
-  private logger = createLogger('ethereum:tx_delayer');
   constructor(
     public dateProvider: DateProvider,
     opts: { ethereumSlotDuration: bigint | number },
+    bindings: LoggerBindings,
   ) {
     this.ethereumSlotDuration = BigInt(opts.ethereumSlotDuration);
+    this.logger = createLogger('ethereum:tx_delayer', bindings);
   }
 
-  public maxInclusionTimeIntoSlot: number | undefined = undefined;
-  public ethereumSlotDuration: bigint;
-  public nextWait: { l1Timestamp: bigint } | { l1BlockNumber: bigint } | { indefinitely: true } | undefined = undefined;
-  public sentTxHashes: Hex[] = [];
-  public cancelledTxs: Hex[] = [];
+  /** Returns the logger instance used by this delayer. */
+  getLogger(): Logger {
+    return this.logger;
+  }
 
+  /** Returns the hashes of all effectively sent txs. */
   getSentTxHashes() {
     return this.sentTxHashes;
   }
 
+  /** Returns the raw hex for all cancelled txs. */
   getCancelledTxs(): Hex[] {
     return this.cancelledTxs;
   }
 
+  /** Delays the next tx to be sent so it lands on the given L1 block number. */
   pauseNextTxUntilBlock(l1BlockNumber: number | bigint) {
     this.nextWait = { l1BlockNumber: BigInt(l1BlockNumber) };
   }
 
+  /** Delays the next tx to be sent so it lands on the given timestamp. */
   pauseNextTxUntilTimestamp(l1Timestamp: number | bigint) {
     this.nextWait = { l1Timestamp: BigInt(l1Timestamp) };
   }
 
+  /** Delays the next tx to be sent indefinitely. */
   cancelNextTx() {
     this.nextWait = { indefinitely: true };
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Sets max inclusion time into slot. If more than this many seconds have passed
+   * since the last L1 block was mined, then any tx will not be mined in the current
+   * L1 slot but will be deferred for the next one.
+   */
   setMaxInclusionTimeIntoSlot(seconds: number | undefined) {
     this.maxInclusionTimeIntoSlot = seconds;
   }
 }
 
 /**
- * Returns a new client (without modifying the one passed in) with an injected tx delayer.
- * The delayer can be used to hold off the next tx to be sent until a given block number.
- * TODO(#10824): This doesn't play along well with blob txs for some reason.
+ * Creates a new Delayer instance. Exposed so callers can create a single shared delayer
+ * and pass it to multiple `wrapClientWithDelayer` calls.
  */
-export function withDelayer<T extends ViemClient>(
-  client: T,
+export function createDelayer(
   dateProvider: DateProvider,
   opts: { ethereumSlotDuration: bigint | number },
-): { client: T; delayer: Delayer } {
-  if (!isExtendedClient(client)) {
-    throw new Error('withDelayer has to be instantiated with a wallet viem client.');
+  bindings: LoggerBindings,
+): Delayer {
+  return new Delayer(dateProvider, opts, bindings);
+}
+
+/** Tries to recover the sender address from a serialized signed transaction. */
+async function tryRecoverSender(serializedTransaction: Hex): Promise<string | undefined> {
+  try {
+    return await recoverTransactionAddress({
+      serializedTransaction: serializedTransaction as TransactionSerialized,
+    });
+  } catch {
+    return undefined;
   }
-  const logger = createLogger('ethereum:tx_delayer');
-  const delayer = new DelayerImpl(dateProvider, opts);
+}
 
-  const extended = client
+/**
+ * Wraps a viem client with tx delaying logic. Returns the wrapped client.
+ * The delayer intercepts sendRawTransaction calls and delays them based on the delayer's state.
+ */
+export function wrapClientWithDelayer<T extends ViemClient>(client: T, delayer: Delayer): T {
+  const logger = delayer.getLogger();
+
+  // Cast to ExtendedViemWalletClient for the extend chain since it has sendRawTransaction.
+  // The sendRawTransaction override is applied to all clients regardless of type.
+  const withRawTx = (client as unknown as ExtendedViemWalletClient)
     // Tweak sendRawTransaction so it uses the delay defined in the delayer.
     // Note that this will only work with local accounts (ie accounts for which we have the private key).
     // Transactions signed by the node will not be delayed since they use sendTransaction directly,
@@ -160,6 +178,7 @@ export function withDelayer<T extends ViemClient>(
 
         const { serializedTransaction } = args[0];
         const publicClient = client as unknown as PublicClient;
+        const sender = await tryRecoverSender(serializedTransaction);
 
         if (delayer.nextWait !== undefined) {
           // Check if we have been instructed to delay the next tx.
@@ -171,7 +190,7 @@ export function withDelayer<T extends ViemClient>(
 
           // Cancel tx outright if instructed
           if ('indefinitely' in waitUntil && waitUntil.indefinitely) {
-            logger.info(`Cancelling tx ${txHash}`);
+            logger.info(`Cancelling tx ${txHash}`, { sender });
             delayer.cancelledTxs.push(serializedTransaction);
             return Promise.resolve(txHash);
           }
@@ -185,6 +204,7 @@ export function withDelayer<T extends ViemClient>(
                 : undefined;
 
           logger.info(`Delaying tx ${txHash} until ${inspect(waitUntil)}`, {
+            sender,
             argsLen: args.length,
             ...omit(parseTransaction(serializedTransaction), 'data', 'sidecars'),
           });
@@ -196,6 +216,7 @@ export function withDelayer<T extends ViemClient>(
 
           txHash = computeTxHash(serializedTransaction);
           const logData = {
+            sender,
             ...omit(parseTransaction(serializedTransaction), 'data', 'sidecars'),
             lastBlockTimestamp,
             now,
@@ -225,28 +246,35 @@ export function withDelayer<T extends ViemClient>(
                   computedTxHash: txHash,
                 });
               }
-              logger.info(`Sent previously delayed tx ${clientTxHash}`);
+              logger.info(`Sent previously delayed tx ${clientTxHash}`, { sender });
               delayer.sentTxHashes.push(clientTxHash);
             })
             .catch(err => logger.error(`Error sending tx after delay`, err));
           return Promise.resolve(txHash!);
         } else {
           const txHash = await client.sendRawTransaction(...args);
-          logger.debug(`Sent tx immediately ${txHash}`);
+          logger.debug(`Sent tx immediately ${txHash}`, { sender });
           delayer.sentTxHashes.push(txHash);
           return txHash;
         }
       },
-    }))
-    // Re-extend with sendTransaction so it uses the modified sendRawTransaction.
-    .extend(client => ({ sendTransaction: walletActions(client).sendTransaction }))
-    // And with the actions that depend on the modified sendTransaction
-    .extend(client => ({
-      writeContract: walletActions(client).writeContract,
-      deployContract: walletActions(client).deployContract,
-    })) as T;
+    }));
+
+  // Only re-bind wallet actions (sendTransaction, writeContract, deployContract) for wallet clients.
+  // This is needed for tests that use wallet actions directly rather than sendRawTransaction.
+  const isWalletClient = 'account' in client && client.account !== undefined;
+  const extended = isWalletClient
+    ? withRawTx
+        // Re-extend with sendTransaction so it uses the modified sendRawTransaction.
+        .extend(client => ({ sendTransaction: walletActions(client).sendTransaction }))
+        // And with the actions that depend on the modified sendTransaction
+        .extend(client => ({
+          writeContract: walletActions(client).writeContract,
+          deployContract: walletActions(client).deployContract,
+        }))
+    : withRawTx;
 
-  return { client: extended, delayer };
+  return extended as T;
 }
 
 /**

package/src/publisher_manager.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import { pick } from '@aztec/foundation/collection';
 import { type Logger, type LoggerBindings, createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
+import { RunningPromise } from '@aztec/foundation/running-promise';
 
+import { Multicall3 } from './contracts/multicall.js';
 import { L1TxUtils, TxUtilsState } from './l1_tx_utils/index.js';
 
 // Defines the order in which we prioritise publishers based on their state (first is better)
@@ -27,24 +29,72 @@ const busyStates: TxUtilsState[] = [
 
 export type PublisherFilter<UtilsType extends L1TxUtils> = (utils: UtilsType) => boolean;
 
+/** Config accepted by PublisherManager. */
+type PublisherManagerConfig = {
+  publisherAllowInvalidStates?: boolean;
+  publisherFundingThreshold?: bigint;
+  publisherFundingAmount?: bigint;
+};
+
 export class PublisherManager<UtilsType extends L1TxUtils = L1TxUtils> {
   private log: Logger;
-  private config: { publisherAllowInvalidStates?: boolean };
+  private config: PublisherManagerConfig;
+  private static readonly FUNDING_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS = 2 * 60 * 1000;
+  private funder?: UtilsType;
+  private fundingPromise?: RunningPromise;
 
   constructor(
     private publishers: UtilsType[],
-    config: { publisherAllowInvalidStates?: boolean },
-    bindings?: LoggerBindings,
+    config: PublisherManagerConfig,
+    opts?: { bindings?: LoggerBindings; funder?: UtilsType },
   ) {
-    this.log = createLogger('publisher:manager', bindings);
+    this.funder = opts?.funder;
+    this.log = createLogger('publisher:manager', opts?.bindings);
     this.log.info(`PublisherManager initialized with ${publishers.length} publishers.`);
     this.publishers = publishers;
-    this.config = pick(config, 'publisherAllowInvalidStates');
+    this.config = pick(config, 'publisherAllowInvalidStates', 'publisherFundingThreshold', 'publisherFundingAmount');
+
+    const hasThreshold = this.config.publisherFundingThreshold !== undefined;
+    const hasAmount = this.config.publisherFundingAmount !== undefined;
+    if (hasThreshold !== hasAmount) {
+      this.log.warn(`Incomplete funding config: both publisherFundingThreshold and publisherFundingAmount must be set`);
+    }
+
+    if (this.funder) {
+      const funderAddress = this.funder.getSenderAddress();
+      if (publishers.some(p => p.getSenderAddress().equals(funderAddress))) {
+        this.log.error(`Funding account ${funderAddress} is also a publisher, disabling funding to avoid self-funding`);
+        this.funder = undefined;
+      }
+    }
   }
 
-  /** Loads the state of all publishers and resumes monitoring any pending txs */
-  public async loadState(): Promise<void> {
-    await Promise.all(this.publishers.map(pub => pub.loadStateAndResumeMonitoring()));
+  /** Loads the state of all publishers and the funder, and starts periodic funding checks. */
+  public async start(): Promise<void> {
+    await Promise.all([
+      ...this.publishers.map(pub => pub.loadStateAndResumeMonitoring()),
+      this.funder?.loadStateAndResumeMonitoring(),
+    ]);
+
+    if (
+      this.funder &&
+      this.config.publisherFundingThreshold !== undefined &&
+      this.config.publisherFundingAmount !== undefined
+    ) {
+      this.fundingPromise = new RunningPromise(
+        () => this.triggerFundingIfNeeded(),
+        this.log,
+        PublisherManager.FUNDING_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS,
+      );
+      this.fundingPromise.start();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Stops the funding loop and interrupts all publishers. */
+  public async stop(): Promise<void> {
+    await this.fundingPromise?.stop();
+    this.publishers.forEach(pub => pub.interrupt());
+    this.funder?.interrupt();
   }
 
   // Finds and prioritises available publishers based on
@@ -102,7 +152,52 @@ export class PublisherManager<UtilsType extends L1TxUtils = L1TxUtils> {
     return sortedPublishers[0].publisher;
   }
 
-  public interrupt() {
-    this.publishers.forEach(pub => pub.interrupt());
+  /** Check all publisher balances and fund those below threshold. */
+  private async triggerFundingIfNeeded(): Promise<void> {
+    const { funder, config } = this;
+    if (!funder || config.publisherFundingThreshold === undefined || config.publisherFundingAmount === undefined) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const allBalances = await Promise.all(
+      this.publishers.map(async pub => ({ balance: await pub.getSenderBalance(), publisher: pub })),
+    );
+    const lowBalance = allBalances.filter(p => p.balance < config.publisherFundingThreshold!);
+    if (lowBalance.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const fundingAmount = config.publisherFundingAmount!;
+    const funderBalance = await funder.getSenderBalance();
+
+    if (funderBalance < 10n * fundingAmount) {
+      this.log.warn(`Funding account balance is low`, { funderBalance, threshold: 10n * fundingAmount });
+    }
+    const affordableCount = Number(funderBalance / fundingAmount);
+    if (affordableCount === 0) {
+      this.log.error(`Funding account balance too low to fund any publisher`, { funderBalance, fundingAmount });
+      return;
+    }
+    if (affordableCount < lowBalance.length) {
+      this.log.warn(`Funder can only afford ${affordableCount}/${lowBalance.length} publishers`, {
+        funderBalance,
+        fundingAmount,
+      });
+    }
+
+    const toFund = lowBalance.slice(0, affordableCount).map(p => p.publisher);
+    await this.fundPublishers(toFund);
+  }
+
+  /** Fund publishers via a single Multicall3 aggregate3Value transaction. */
+  private async fundPublishers(publishers: UtilsType[]): Promise<void> {
+    const fundingAmount = this.config.publisherFundingAmount!;
+    const calls = publishers.map(pub => ({
+      to: pub.getSenderAddress().toString(),
+      value: fundingAmount,
+    }));
+
+    await Multicall3.forwardValue(calls, this.funder!, this.log);
+    this.log.info(`Funded ${publishers.length} publishers`);
   }
 }