@aztec/ethereum 0.0.1-commit.9117c5f5a → 0.0.1-commit.936cb2cae

package/src/client.ts

@@ -25,10 +25,17 @@ type Config = {
   l1ChainId: number;
   /** The polling interval viem uses in ms */
   viemPollingIntervalMS?: number;
+  /** Timeout for HTTP requests to the L1 RPC node in ms. */
+  l1HttpTimeoutMS?: number;
 };
 
 export type { Config as EthereumClientConfig };
 
+/** Creates a viem fallback HTTP transport for the given L1 RPC URLs. */
+export function makeL1HttpTransport(rpcUrls: string[], opts?: { timeout?: number }) {
+  return fallback(rpcUrls.map(url => http(url, { batch: false, timeout: opts?.timeout })));
+}
+
 // TODO: Use these methods to abstract the creation of viem clients.
 
 /** Returns a viem public client given the L1 config. */
@@ -36,7 +43,7 @@ export function getPublicClient(config: Config): ViemPublicClient {
   const chain = createEthereumChain(config.l1RpcUrls, config.l1ChainId);
   return createPublicClient({
     chain: chain.chainInfo,
-    transport: fallback(config.l1RpcUrls.map(url => http(url, { batch: false }))),
+    transport: makeL1HttpTransport(config.l1RpcUrls, { timeout: config.l1HttpTimeoutMS }),
     pollingInterval: config.viemPollingIntervalMS,
   });
 }
@@ -77,6 +84,7 @@ export function createExtendedL1Client(
   chain: Chain = foundry,
   pollingIntervalMS?: number,
   addressIndex?: number,
+  opts?: { httpTimeoutMS?: number },
 ): ExtendedViemWalletClient {
   const hdAccount =
     typeof mnemonicOrPrivateKeyOrHdAccount === 'string'
@@ -88,7 +96,7 @@ export function createExtendedL1Client(
   const extendedClient = createWalletClient({
     account: hdAccount,
     chain,
-    transport: fallback(rpcUrls.map(url => http(url, { batch: false }))),
+    transport: makeL1HttpTransport(rpcUrls, { timeout: opts?.httpTimeoutMS }),
     pollingInterval: pollingIntervalMS,
   }).extend(publicActions);
 

package/src/config.ts

@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ export type GenesisStateConfig = {
   testAccounts: boolean;
   /** Whether to populate the genesis state with initial fee juice for the sponsored FPC */
   sponsoredFPC: boolean;
+  /** Additional addresses to prefund with fee juice at genesis */
+  prefundAddresses: string[];
 };
 
 export type L1ContractsConfig = {
@@ -259,6 +261,16 @@ export const genesisStateConfigMappings: ConfigMappingsType<GenesisStateConfig>
     description: 'Whether to populate the genesis state with initial fee juice for the sponsored FPC.',
     ...booleanConfigHelper(false),
   },
+  prefundAddresses: {
+    env: 'PREFUND_ADDRESSES',
+    description: 'Comma-separated list of Aztec addresses to prefund with fee juice at genesis (local network only).',
+    parseEnv: (val: string) =>
+      val
+        .split(',')
+        .map(a => a.trim())
+        .filter(a => a.length > 0),
+    defaultValue: [],
+  },
 };
 
 export function getL1ContractsConfigEnvVars(): L1ContractsConfig {

package/src/contracts/multicall.ts

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { toHex as toPaddedHex } from '@aztec/foundation/bigint-buffer';
 import { TimeoutError } from '@aztec/foundation/error';
 import type { Logger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 
-import { type EncodeFunctionDataParameters, type Hex, encodeFunctionData, multicall3Abi } from 'viem';
+import { type Address, type EncodeFunctionDataParameters, type Hex, encodeFunctionData, multicall3Abi } from 'viem';
 
 import type { L1BlobInputs, L1TxConfig, L1TxRequest, L1TxUtils } from '../l1_tx_utils/index.js';
 import type { ExtendedViemWalletClient } from '../types.js';
@@ -11,6 +11,39 @@ import { RollupContract } from './rollup.js';
 
 export const MULTI_CALL_3_ADDRESS = '0xcA11bde05977b3631167028862bE2a173976CA11' as const;
 
+/** ABI fragment for aggregate3Value — not included in viem's multicall3Abi. */
+export const aggregate3ValueAbi = [
+  {
+    inputs: [
+      {
+        components: [
+          { internalType: 'address', name: 'target', type: 'address' },
+          { internalType: 'bool', name: 'allowFailure', type: 'bool' },
+          { internalType: 'uint256', name: 'value', type: 'uint256' },
+          { internalType: 'bytes', name: 'callData', type: 'bytes' },
+        ],
+        internalType: 'struct Multicall3.Call3Value[]',
+        name: 'calls',
+        type: 'tuple[]',
+      },
+    ],
+    name: 'aggregate3Value',
+    outputs: [
+      {
+        components: [
+          { internalType: 'bool', name: 'success', type: 'bool' },
+          { internalType: 'bytes', name: 'returnData', type: 'bytes' },
+        ],
+        internalType: 'struct Multicall3.Result[]',
+        name: 'returnData',
+        type: 'tuple[]',
+      },
+    ],
+    stateMutability: 'payable',
+    type: 'function',
+  },
+] as const;
+
 export class Multicall3 {
   static async forward(
     requests: L1TxRequest[],
@@ -122,6 +155,37 @@ export class Multicall3 {
       throw err;
     }
   }
+
+  /** Batch multiple value transfers into a single aggregate3Value call on Multicall3. */
+  static async forwardValue(calls: { to: Address; value: bigint }[], l1TxUtils: L1TxUtils, logger: Logger) {
+    const args = calls.map(c => ({
+      target: c.to,
+      allowFailure: false,
+      value: c.value,
+      callData: '0x' as Hex,
+    }));
+
+    const data = encodeFunctionData({
+      abi: aggregate3ValueAbi,
+      functionName: 'aggregate3Value',
+      args: [args],
+    });
+
+    const totalValue = calls.reduce((sum, c) => sum + c.value, 0n);
+
+    logger.info(`Sending aggregate3Value with ${calls.length} calls`, { totalValue });
+    const { receipt } = await l1TxUtils.sendAndMonitorTransaction({
+      to: MULTI_CALL_3_ADDRESS,
+      data,
+      value: totalValue,
+    });
+
+    if (receipt.status !== 'success') {
+      throw new Error(`aggregate3Value transaction reverted: ${receipt.transactionHash}`);
+    }
+
+    return { receipt };
+  }
 }
 
 export async function deployMulticall3(l1Client: ExtendedViemWalletClient, logger: Logger) {

package/src/contracts/registry.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 import { RegistryAbi } from '@aztec/l1-artifacts/RegistryAbi';
 import { TestERC20Abi } from '@aztec/l1-artifacts/TestERC20Abi';
 
-import { type GetContractReturnType, type Hex, getContract } from 'viem';
+import { type GetContractReturnType, type Hex, getAbiItem, getContract } from 'viem';
 
 import type { L1ContractAddresses } from '../l1_contract_addresses.js';
 import type { ViemClient } from '../types.js';
@@ -128,4 +128,34 @@ export class RegistryContract {
   public async getRewardDistributor(): Promise<EthAddress> {
     return EthAddress.fromString(await this.registry.read.getRewardDistributor());
   }
+
+  /** Returns the L1 timestamp at which the given rollup was registered via addRollup(). */
+  public async getCanonicalRollupRegistrationTimestamp(
+    rollupAddress: EthAddress,
+    fromBlock?: bigint,
+  ): Promise<bigint | undefined> {
+    const event = getAbiItem({ abi: RegistryAbi, name: 'CanonicalRollupUpdated' });
+    const start = fromBlock ?? 0n;
+    const latestBlock = await this.client.getBlockNumber();
+    const chunkSize = 1_000n;
+
+    for (let from = start; from <= latestBlock; from += chunkSize) {
+      const to = from + chunkSize - 1n > latestBlock ? latestBlock : from + chunkSize - 1n;
+      const logs = await this.client.getLogs({
+        address: this.address.toString(),
+        fromBlock: from,
+        toBlock: to,
+        strict: true,
+        event,
+        args: { instance: rollupAddress.toString() },
+      });
+
+      if (logs.length > 0) {
+        const block = await this.client.getBlock({ blockNumber: logs[0].blockNumber });
+        return block.timestamp;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return undefined;
+  }
 }

package/src/contracts/rollup.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { memoize } from '@aztec/foundation/decorators';
 import { EthAddress } from '@aztec/foundation/eth-address';
 import type { ViemSignature } from '@aztec/foundation/eth-signature';
+import { createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 import { makeBackoff, retry } from '@aztec/foundation/retry';
 import { EscapeHatchAbi } from '@aztec/l1-artifacts/EscapeHatchAbi';
 import { RollupAbi } from '@aztec/l1-artifacts/RollupAbi';
@@ -134,6 +135,14 @@ export type L1FeeData = {
   blobFee: bigint;
 };
 
+/** Components of the minimum fee per mana, as returned by the L1 rollup contract. */
+export type ManaMinFeeComponents = {
+  sequencerCost: bigint;
+  proverCost: bigint;
+  congestionCost: bigint;
+  congestionMultiplier: bigint;
+};
+
 /**
  * Reward configuration for the rollup
  */
@@ -204,6 +213,7 @@ export type CheckpointProposedLog = L1EventLog<CheckpointProposedArgs>;
 
 export class RollupContract {
   private readonly rollup: GetContractReturnType<typeof RollupAbi, ViemClient>;
+  private readonly logger = createLogger('ethereum:rollup');
 
   private static cachedStfStorageSlot: Hex | undefined;
   private cachedEscapeHatch?: {
@@ -379,6 +389,20 @@ export class RollupContract {
     return Fr.fromString(await this.rollup.read.archiveAt([0n]));
   }
 
+  @memoize
+  async getVkTreeRoot(): Promise<Fr> {
+    const slot = BigInt(RollupContract.stfStorageSlot) + 3n;
+    const value = await this.client.getStorageAt({ address: this.address, slot: `0x${slot.toString(16)}` });
+    return Fr.fromString(value ?? '0x0');
+  }
+
+  @memoize
+  async getProtocolContractsHash(): Promise<Fr> {
+    const slot = BigInt(RollupContract.stfStorageSlot) + 4n;
+    const value = await this.client.getStorageAt({ address: this.address, slot: `0x${slot.toString(16)}` });
+    return Fr.fromString(value ?? '0x0');
+  }
+
   /**
    * Returns rollup constants used for epoch queries.
    * Return type is `L1RollupConstants` which is defined in stdlib,
@@ -392,16 +416,25 @@ export class RollupContract {
     epochDuration: number;
     proofSubmissionEpochs: number;
     targetCommitteeSize: number;
+    rollupManaLimit: number;
   }> {
-    const [l1StartBlock, l1GenesisTime, slotDuration, epochDuration, proofSubmissionEpochs, targetCommitteeSize] =
-      await Promise.all([
-        this.getL1StartBlock(),
-        this.getL1GenesisTime(),
-        this.getSlotDuration(),
-        this.getEpochDuration(),
-        this.getProofSubmissionEpochs(),
-        this.getTargetCommitteeSize(),
-      ]);
+    const [
+      l1StartBlock,
+      l1GenesisTime,
+      slotDuration,
+      epochDuration,
+      proofSubmissionEpochs,
+      targetCommitteeSize,
+      rollupManaLimit,
+    ] = await Promise.all([
+      this.getL1StartBlock(),
+      this.getL1GenesisTime(),
+      this.getSlotDuration(),
+      this.getEpochDuration(),
+      this.getProofSubmissionEpochs(),
+      this.getTargetCommitteeSize(),
+      this.getManaLimit(),
+    ]);
     return {
       l1StartBlock,
       l1GenesisTime,
@@ -409,6 +442,7 @@ export class RollupContract {
       epochDuration: Number(epochDuration),
       proofSubmissionEpochs: Number(proofSubmissionEpochs),
       targetCommitteeSize,
+      rollupManaLimit: Number(rollupManaLimit),
     };
   }
 
@@ -463,7 +497,11 @@ export class RollupContract {
 
       const [isOpen] = await escapeHatch.read.isHatchOpen([BigInt(epoch)]);
       return isOpen;
-    } catch {
+    } catch (err) {
+      this.logger.warn('isEscapeHatchOpen failed (treating as closed); RPC or contract error may cause liveness risk', {
+        epoch: Number(epoch),
+        error: err,
+      });
       return false;
     }
   }
@@ -503,8 +541,9 @@ export class RollupContract {
     return CheckpointNumber.fromBigInt(await this.rollup.read.getPendingCheckpointNumber());
   }
 
-  async getProvenCheckpointNumber(): Promise<CheckpointNumber> {
-    return CheckpointNumber.fromBigInt(await this.rollup.read.getProvenCheckpointNumber());
+  async getProvenCheckpointNumber(options?: { blockNumber?: bigint }): Promise<CheckpointNumber> {
+    await checkBlockTag(options?.blockNumber, this.client);
+    return CheckpointNumber.fromBigInt(await this.rollup.read.getProvenCheckpointNumber(options));
   }
 
   async getSlotNumber(): Promise<SlotNumber> {
@@ -745,14 +784,13 @@ export class RollupContract {
    * timestamp of the next L1 block
    * @throws otherwise
    */
-  public async canProposeAtNextEthBlock(
+  public async canProposeAt(
     archive: Buffer,
     account: `0x${string}` | Account,
-    slotDuration: number,
+    timestamp: bigint,
     opts: { forcePendingCheckpointNumber?: CheckpointNumber } = {},
   ): Promise<{ slot: SlotNumber; checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber; timeOfNextL1Slot: bigint }> {
-    const latestBlock = await this.client.getBlock();
-    const timeOfNextL1Slot = latestBlock.timestamp + BigInt(slotDuration);
+    const timeOfNextL1Slot = timestamp;
     const who = typeof account === 'string' ? account : account.address;
 
     try {
@@ -852,6 +890,16 @@ export class RollupContract {
     return this.rollup.read.getManaMinFeeAt([timestamp, inFeeAsset]);
   }
 
+  async getManaMinFeeComponentsAt(timestamp: bigint, inFeeAsset: boolean): Promise<ManaMinFeeComponents> {
+    const result = await this.rollup.read.getManaMinFeeComponentsAt([timestamp, inFeeAsset]);
+    return {
+      sequencerCost: result.sequencerCost,
+      proverCost: result.proverCost,
+      congestionCost: result.congestionCost,
+      congestionMultiplier: result.congestionMultiplier,
+    };
+  }
+
   async getSlotAt(timestamp: bigint): Promise<SlotNumber> {
     return SlotNumber.fromBigInt(await this.rollup.read.getSlotAt([timestamp]));
   }
@@ -895,11 +943,10 @@ export class RollupContract {
     return this.rollup.read.getSpecificProverRewardsForEpoch([epoch, prover]);
   }
 
-  async getAttesters(): Promise<EthAddress[]> {
+  async getAttesters(timestamp?: bigint): Promise<EthAddress[]> {
     const attesterSize = await this.getActiveAttesterCount();
     const gse = new GSEContract(this.client, await this.getGSE());
-    const ts = (await this.client.getBlock()).timestamp;
-
+    const ts = timestamp ?? (await this.client.getBlock()).timestamp;
     const indices = Array.from({ length: attesterSize }, (_, i) => BigInt(i));
     const chunks = chunk(indices, 1000);
 

package/src/l1_reader.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-import { type ConfigMappingsType, getConfigFromMappings, numberConfigHelper } from '@aztec/foundation/config';
+import {
+  type ConfigMappingsType,
+  getConfigFromMappings,
+  numberConfigHelper,
+  optionalNumberConfigHelper,
+} from '@aztec/foundation/config';
 
 import { type L1ContractAddresses, l1ContractAddressesMapping } from './l1_contract_addresses.js';
 
@@ -14,6 +19,8 @@ export interface L1ReaderConfig {
   l1Contracts: L1ContractAddresses;
   /** The polling interval viem uses in ms */
   viemPollingIntervalMS: number;
+  /** Timeout for HTTP requests to the L1 RPC node in ms. */
+  l1HttpTimeoutMS?: number;
 }
 
 export const l1ReaderConfigMappings: ConfigMappingsType<L1ReaderConfig> = {
@@ -43,6 +50,11 @@ export const l1ReaderConfigMappings: ConfigMappingsType<L1ReaderConfig> = {
     description: 'The polling interval viem uses in ms',
     ...numberConfigHelper(1_000),
   },
+  l1HttpTimeoutMS: {
+    env: 'ETHEREUM_HTTP_TIMEOUT_MS',
+    description: 'Timeout for HTTP requests to the L1 RPC node in ms.',
+    ...optionalNumberConfigHelper(),
+  },
 };
 
 export function getL1ReaderConfigFromEnv(): L1ReaderConfig {

package/src/l1_tx_utils/l1_tx_utils.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { merge, pick } from '@aztec/foundation/collection';
 import { InterruptError, TimeoutError } from '@aztec/foundation/error';
 import { EthAddress } from '@aztec/foundation/eth-address';
 import { type Logger, type LoggerBindings, createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
+import { Semaphore } from '@aztec/foundation/queue';
 import { retryUntil } from '@aztec/foundation/retry';
 import { sleep } from '@aztec/foundation/sleep';
 import { DateProvider } from '@aztec/foundation/timer';
@@ -45,6 +46,10 @@ const MAX_L1_TX_STATES = 32;
 
 export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
   protected txs: L1TxState[] = [];
+  /** Last nonce successfully sent to the chain. Used as a lower bound when a fallback RPC node returns a stale count. */
+  private lastSentNonce: number | undefined;
+  /** Mutex to prevent concurrent sendTransaction calls from racing on the same nonce. */
+  private readonly sendMutex = new Semaphore(1);
   /** Tx delayer for testing. Only set when enableDelayer config is true. */
   public delayer?: Delayer;
   /** KZG instance for blob operations. */
@@ -105,6 +110,11 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
       this.metrics?.recordMinedTx(l1TxState, new Date(l1Timestamp));
     } else if (newState === TxUtilsState.NOT_MINED) {
       this.metrics?.recordDroppedTx(l1TxState);
+      // The tx was dropped: the chain nonce reverted to l1TxState.nonce, so our lower bound is
+      // no longer valid. Clear it so the next send fetches the real nonce from the chain.
+      if (this.lastSentNonce === l1TxState.nonce) {
+        this.lastSentNonce = undefined;
+      }
     }
 
     // Update state in the store
@@ -246,14 +256,27 @@ export class L1TxUtils extends ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
         );
       }
 
-      const nonce = await this.client.getTransactionCount({ address: account, blockTag: 'pending' });
-
-      const baseState = { request, gasLimit, blobInputs, gasPrice, nonce };
-      const txData = this.makeTxData(baseState, { isCancelTx: false });
+      let txHash: Hex;
+      let nonce: number;
+      let baseState: Pick<L1TxState, 'request' | 'gasLimit' | 'blobInputs' | 'gasPrice' | 'nonce'>;
 
-      // Send the new tx
-      const signedRequest = await this.prepareSignedTransaction(txData);
-      const txHash = await this.client.sendRawTransaction({ serializedTransaction: signedRequest });
+      await this.sendMutex.acquire();
+      try {
+        const chainNonce = await this.client.getTransactionCount({ address: account, blockTag: 'pending' });
+        // If a fallback RPC node returns a stale count (lower than what we last sent), use our
+        // local lower bound to avoid sending a duplicate of an already-pending transaction.
+        nonce =
+          this.lastSentNonce !== undefined && chainNonce <= this.lastSentNonce ? this.lastSentNonce + 1 : chainNonce;
+
+        baseState = { request, gasLimit, blobInputs, gasPrice, nonce };
+        const txData = this.makeTxData(baseState, { isCancelTx: false });
+
+        const signedRequest = await this.prepareSignedTransaction(txData);
+        txHash = await this.client.sendRawTransaction({ serializedTransaction: signedRequest });
+        this.lastSentNonce = nonce;
+      } finally {
+        this.sendMutex.release();
+      }
 
       // Create the new state for monitoring
       const l1TxState: L1TxState = {

package/src/l1_tx_utils/readonly_l1_tx_utils.ts

@@ -130,9 +130,10 @@ export class ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
     const numBlocks = Math.ceil(gasConfig.stallTimeMs! / BLOCK_TIME_MS);
     for (let i = 0; i < numBlocks; i++) {
       // each block can go up 12.5% from previous baseFee
-      maxFeePerGas = (maxFeePerGas * (1_000n + 125n)) / 1_000n;
+      // ceil, (a+b-1)/b, to avoid truncation at small values (e.g. 1 wei blob base fee)
+      maxFeePerGas = (maxFeePerGas * (1_000n + 125n) + 999n) / 1_000n;
       // same for blob gas fee
-      maxFeePerBlobGas = (maxFeePerBlobGas * (1_000n + 125n)) / 1_000n;
+      maxFeePerBlobGas = (maxFeePerBlobGas * (1_000n + 125n) + 999n) / 1_000n;
     }
 
     if (attempt > 0) {
@@ -242,13 +243,16 @@ export class ReadOnlyL1TxUtils {
     const gasConfig = { ...this.config, ..._gasConfig };
     let initialEstimate = 0n;
     if (_blobInputs) {
-      // @note requests with blobs also require maxFeePerBlobGas to be set
+      // @note requests with blobs also require maxFeePerBlobGas to be set.
+      // Use 2x buffer for maxFeePerBlobGas to avoid stale fees and to pass EIP-4844 validation (even if it is a gas estimation call).
+      // 1. maxFeePerBlobGas >= blobBaseFee
+      // 2. account balance >= gas * maxFeePerGas + maxFeePerBlobGas * blobCount + value
       const gasPrice = await this.getGasPrice(gasConfig, true, 0);
       initialEstimate = await this.client.estimateGas({
         account,
         ...request,
         ..._blobInputs,
-        maxFeePerBlobGas: gasPrice.maxFeePerBlobGas!,
+        maxFeePerBlobGas: gasPrice.maxFeePerBlobGas! * 2n,
         gas: MAX_L1_TX_LIMIT,
         blockTag: 'latest',
       });

package/src/publisher_manager.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import { pick } from '@aztec/foundation/collection';
 import { type Logger, type LoggerBindings, createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
+import { RunningPromise } from '@aztec/foundation/running-promise';
 
+import { Multicall3 } from './contracts/multicall.js';
 import { L1TxUtils, TxUtilsState } from './l1_tx_utils/index.js';
 
 // Defines the order in which we prioritise publishers based on their state (first is better)
@@ -27,24 +29,72 @@ const busyStates: TxUtilsState[] = [
 
 export type PublisherFilter<UtilsType extends L1TxUtils> = (utils: UtilsType) => boolean;
 
+/** Config accepted by PublisherManager. */
+type PublisherManagerConfig = {
+  publisherAllowInvalidStates?: boolean;
+  publisherFundingThreshold?: bigint;
+  publisherFundingAmount?: bigint;
+};
+
 export class PublisherManager<UtilsType extends L1TxUtils = L1TxUtils> {
   private log: Logger;
-  private config: { publisherAllowInvalidStates?: boolean };
+  private config: PublisherManagerConfig;
+  private static readonly FUNDING_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS = 2 * 60 * 1000;
+  private funder?: UtilsType;
+  private fundingPromise?: RunningPromise;
 
   constructor(
     private publishers: UtilsType[],
-    config: { publisherAllowInvalidStates?: boolean },
-    bindings?: LoggerBindings,
+    config: PublisherManagerConfig,
+    opts?: { bindings?: LoggerBindings; funder?: UtilsType },
   ) {
-    this.log = createLogger('publisher:manager', bindings);
+    this.funder = opts?.funder;
+    this.log = createLogger('publisher:manager', opts?.bindings);
     this.log.info(`PublisherManager initialized with ${publishers.length} publishers.`);
     this.publishers = publishers;
-    this.config = pick(config, 'publisherAllowInvalidStates');
+    this.config = pick(config, 'publisherAllowInvalidStates', 'publisherFundingThreshold', 'publisherFundingAmount');
+
+    const hasThreshold = this.config.publisherFundingThreshold !== undefined;
+    const hasAmount = this.config.publisherFundingAmount !== undefined;
+    if (hasThreshold !== hasAmount) {
+      this.log.warn(`Incomplete funding config: both publisherFundingThreshold and publisherFundingAmount must be set`);
+    }
+
+    if (this.funder) {
+      const funderAddress = this.funder.getSenderAddress();
+      if (publishers.some(p => p.getSenderAddress().equals(funderAddress))) {
+        this.log.error(`Funding account ${funderAddress} is also a publisher, disabling funding to avoid self-funding`);
+        this.funder = undefined;
+      }
+    }
   }
 
-  /** Loads the state of all publishers and resumes monitoring any pending txs */
-  public async loadState(): Promise<void> {
-    await Promise.all(this.publishers.map(pub => pub.loadStateAndResumeMonitoring()));
+  /** Loads the state of all publishers and the funder, and starts periodic funding checks. */
+  public async start(): Promise<void> {
+    await Promise.all([
+      ...this.publishers.map(pub => pub.loadStateAndResumeMonitoring()),
+      this.funder?.loadStateAndResumeMonitoring(),
+    ]);
+
+    if (
+      this.funder &&
+      this.config.publisherFundingThreshold !== undefined &&
+      this.config.publisherFundingAmount !== undefined
+    ) {
+      this.fundingPromise = new RunningPromise(
+        () => this.triggerFundingIfNeeded(),
+        this.log,
+        PublisherManager.FUNDING_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS,
+      );
+      this.fundingPromise.start();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Stops the funding loop and interrupts all publishers. */
+  public async stop(): Promise<void> {
+    await this.fundingPromise?.stop();
+    this.publishers.forEach(pub => pub.interrupt());
+    this.funder?.interrupt();
   }
 
   // Finds and prioritises available publishers based on
@@ -102,7 +152,52 @@ export class PublisherManager<UtilsType extends L1TxUtils = L1TxUtils> {
     return sortedPublishers[0].publisher;
   }
 
-  public interrupt() {
-    this.publishers.forEach(pub => pub.interrupt());
+  /** Check all publisher balances and fund those below threshold. */
+  private async triggerFundingIfNeeded(): Promise<void> {
+    const { funder, config } = this;
+    if (!funder || config.publisherFundingThreshold === undefined || config.publisherFundingAmount === undefined) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const allBalances = await Promise.all(
+      this.publishers.map(async pub => ({ balance: await pub.getSenderBalance(), publisher: pub })),
+    );
+    const lowBalance = allBalances.filter(p => p.balance < config.publisherFundingThreshold!);
+    if (lowBalance.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const fundingAmount = config.publisherFundingAmount!;
+    const funderBalance = await funder.getSenderBalance();
+
+    if (funderBalance < 10n * fundingAmount) {
+      this.log.warn(`Funding account balance is low`, { funderBalance, threshold: 10n * fundingAmount });
+    }
+    const affordableCount = Number(funderBalance / fundingAmount);
+    if (affordableCount === 0) {
+      this.log.error(`Funding account balance too low to fund any publisher`, { funderBalance, fundingAmount });
+      return;
+    }
+    if (affordableCount < lowBalance.length) {
+      this.log.warn(`Funder can only afford ${affordableCount}/${lowBalance.length} publishers`, {
+        funderBalance,
+        fundingAmount,
+      });
+    }
+
+    const toFund = lowBalance.slice(0, affordableCount).map(p => p.publisher);
+    await this.fundPublishers(toFund);
+  }
+
+  /** Fund publishers via a single Multicall3 aggregate3Value transaction. */
+  private async fundPublishers(publishers: UtilsType[]): Promise<void> {
+    const fundingAmount = this.config.publisherFundingAmount!;
+    const calls = publishers.map(pub => ({
+      to: pub.getSenderAddress().toString(),
+      value: fundingAmount,
+    }));
+
+    await Multicall3.forwardValue(calls, this.funder!, this.log);
+    this.log.info(`Funded ${publishers.length} publishers`);
   }
 }