@aztec/ethereum 0.0.1-commit.343b43af6 → 0.0.1-commit.35158ae7e

package/dest/test/eth_cheat_codes.d.ts

@@ -58,10 +58,12 @@ export declare class EthCheatCodes {
      */
     chainId(): Promise<number>;
     /**
-     * Get the current timestamp
-     * @returns The current timestamp
+     * Get the timestamp of the latest mined L1 block.
+     * Note: this is NOT the current time — it's the discrete timestamp of the last block.
+     * Between blocks, the actual chain time advances but no new block reflects it.
+     * @returns The latest block timestamp in seconds
      */
-    timestamp(): Promise<number>;
+    lastBlockTimestamp(): Promise<number>;
     /**
      * Advance the chain by a number of blocks
      * @param numberOfBlocks - The number of blocks to mine
@@ -226,4 +228,4 @@ export type TxPoolTransaction = Transaction & {
     poolState: TxPoolState;
 };
 export {};
-//# 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+//# 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package/dest/test/eth_cheat_codes.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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package/dest/test/eth_cheat_codes.js

@@ -70,9 +70,11 @@ import { foundry } from 'viem/chains';
         return parseInt(res, 16);
     }
     /**
-   * Get the current timestamp
-   * @returns The current timestamp
-   */ async timestamp() {
+   * Get the timestamp of the latest mined L1 block.
+   * Note: this is NOT the current time — it's the discrete timestamp of the last block.
+   * Between blocks, the actual chain time advances but no new block reflects it.
+   * @returns The latest block timestamp in seconds
+   */ async lastBlockTimestamp() {
         const res = await this.doRpcCall('eth_getBlockByNumber', [
             'latest',
             true
@@ -536,7 +538,7 @@ import { foundry } from 'viem/chains';
         }
     }
     async syncDateProvider() {
-        const timestamp = await this.timestamp();
+        const timestamp = await this.lastBlockTimestamp();
         if ('setTime' in this.dateProvider) {
             this.dateProvider.setTime(timestamp * 1000);
         }

package/dest/test/start_anvil.d.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import type { TestDateProvider } from '@aztec/foundation/timer';
 /** Minimal interface matching the @viem/anvil Anvil shape used by callers. */
 export interface Anvil {
     readonly port: number;
@@ -24,10 +25,16 @@ export declare function startAnvil(opts?: {
      * L1-finality-based logic work without needing hundreds of mined blocks.
      */
     slotsInAnEpoch?: number;
+    /**
+     * If provided, the date provider will be synced to anvil's block time on every mined block.
+     * This keeps the dateProvider in lockstep with anvil's chain time, avoiding drift between
+     * the wall clock and the L1 chain when computing L1 slot timestamps.
+     */
+    dateProvider?: TestDateProvider;
 }): Promise<{
     anvil: Anvil;
     methodCalls?: string[];
     rpcUrl: string;
     stop: () => Promise<void>;
 }>;
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+//# sourceMappingURL=data:application/json;base64,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

package/dest/test/start_anvil.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"start_anvil.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/test/start_anvil.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAOA,8EAA8E;AAC9E,MAAM,WAAW,KAAK;IACpB,QAAQ,CAAC,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACtB,QAAQ,CAAC,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACtB,QAAQ,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,WAAW,GAAG,MAAM,CAAC;IACtC,IAAI,IAAI,OAAO,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC;CACvB;AAED;;GAEG;AACH,wBAAsB,UAAU,CAC9B,IAAI,GAAE;IACJ,IAAI,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACd,WAAW,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACrB,GAAG,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,CAAC;IACd,kBAAkB,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,CAAC;IAC7B,QAAQ,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IAClB,OAAO,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACjB,qDAAqD;IACrD,QAAQ,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IAClB;;;;;OAKG;IACH,cAAc,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;CACpB,GACL,OAAO,CAAC;IAAE,KAAK,EAAE,KAAK,CAAC;IAAC,WAAW,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC;IAAC,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IAAC,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,OAAO,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAA;CAAE,CAAC,CA4H9F"}
+{"version":3,"file":"start_anvil.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../src/test/start_anvil.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAEA,OAAO,KAAK,EAAE,gBAAgB,EAAE,MAAM,yBAAyB,CAAC;AAMhE,8EAA8E;AAC9E,MAAM,WAAW,KAAK;IACpB,QAAQ,CAAC,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACtB,QAAQ,CAAC,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACtB,QAAQ,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,WAAW,GAAG,MAAM,CAAC;IACtC,IAAI,IAAI,OAAO,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC;CACvB;AAED;;GAEG;AACH,wBAAsB,UAAU,CAC9B,IAAI,GAAE;IACJ,IAAI,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACd,WAAW,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACrB,GAAG,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,CAAC;IACd,kBAAkB,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,CAAC;IAC7B,QAAQ,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IAClB,OAAO,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACjB,qDAAqD;IACrD,QAAQ,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IAClB;;;;;OAKG;IACH,cAAc,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IACxB;;;;OAIG;IACH,YAAY,CAAC,EAAE,gBAAgB,CAAC;CAC5B,GACL,OAAO,CAAC;IAAE,KAAK,EAAE,KAAK,CAAC;IAAC,WAAW,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC;IAAC,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC;IAAC,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,OAAO,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAA;CAAE,CAAC,CA+H9F"}

package/dest/test/start_anvil.js

@@ -75,12 +75,15 @@ import { dirname, resolve } from 'path';
             child.stderr?.on('data', onStderr);
             child.once('close', onClose);
         });
-        // Continue piping for logging / method-call capture after startup.
-        if (logger || opts.captureMethodCalls) {
+        // Continue piping for logging, method-call capture, and/or dateProvider sync after startup.
+        if (logger || opts.captureMethodCalls || opts.dateProvider) {
             child.stdout?.on('data', (data)=>{
                 const text = data.toString();
                 logger?.debug(text.trim());
                 methodCalls?.push(...text.match(/eth_[^\s]+/g) || []);
+                if (opts.dateProvider) {
+                    syncDateProviderFromAnvilOutput(text, opts.dateProvider);
+                }
             });
             child.stderr?.on('data', (data)=>{
                 logger?.debug(data.toString().trim());
@@ -125,6 +128,17 @@ import { dirname, resolve } from 'path';
         rpcUrl: `http://127.0.0.1:${port}`
     };
 }
+/** Extracts block time from anvil stdout and syncs the dateProvider. */ function syncDateProviderFromAnvilOutput(text, dateProvider) {
+    // Anvil logs mined blocks as:
+    //   Block Time: "Fri, 20 Mar 2026 02:10:46 +0000"
+    const match = text.match(/Block Time:\s*"([^"]+)"/);
+    if (match) {
+        const blockTimeMs = new Date(match[1]).getTime();
+        if (!isNaN(blockTimeMs)) {
+            dateProvider.setTime(blockTimeMs);
+        }
+    }
+}
 /** Send SIGTERM, wait up to 5 s, then SIGKILL. All timers are always cleared. */ function killChild(child) {
     return new Promise((resolve)=>{
         if (child.exitCode !== null || child.killed) {

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@aztec/ethereum",
-  "version": "0.0.1-commit.343b43af6",
+  "version": "0.0.1-commit.35158ae7e",
   "type": "module",
   "exports": {
     "./account": "./dest/account.js",
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@
     "../package.common.json"
   ],
   "dependencies": {
-    "@aztec/blob-lib": "0.0.1-commit.343b43af6",
-    "@aztec/constants": "0.0.1-commit.343b43af6",
-    "@aztec/foundation": "0.0.1-commit.343b43af6",
-    "@aztec/l1-artifacts": "0.0.1-commit.343b43af6",
+    "@aztec/blob-lib": "0.0.1-commit.35158ae7e",
+    "@aztec/constants": "0.0.1-commit.35158ae7e",
+    "@aztec/foundation": "0.0.1-commit.35158ae7e",
+    "@aztec/l1-artifacts": "0.0.1-commit.35158ae7e",
     "dotenv": "^16.0.3",
     "lodash.chunk": "^4.2.0",
     "lodash.pickby": "^4.5.0",

package/src/client.ts

@@ -25,10 +25,17 @@ type Config = {
   l1ChainId: number;
   /** The polling interval viem uses in ms */
   viemPollingIntervalMS?: number;
+  /** Timeout for HTTP requests to the L1 RPC node in ms. */
+  l1HttpTimeoutMS?: number;
 };
 
 export type { Config as EthereumClientConfig };
 
+/** Creates a viem fallback HTTP transport for the given L1 RPC URLs. */
+export function makeL1HttpTransport(rpcUrls: string[], opts?: { timeout?: number }) {
+  return fallback(rpcUrls.map(url => http(url, { batch: false, timeout: opts?.timeout })));
+}
+
 // TODO: Use these methods to abstract the creation of viem clients.
 
 /** Returns a viem public client given the L1 config. */
@@ -36,7 +43,7 @@ export function getPublicClient(config: Config): ViemPublicClient {
   const chain = createEthereumChain(config.l1RpcUrls, config.l1ChainId);
   return createPublicClient({
     chain: chain.chainInfo,
-    transport: fallback(config.l1RpcUrls.map(url => http(url, { batch: false }))),
+    transport: makeL1HttpTransport(config.l1RpcUrls, { timeout: config.l1HttpTimeoutMS }),
     pollingInterval: config.viemPollingIntervalMS,
   });
 }
@@ -77,6 +84,7 @@ export function createExtendedL1Client(
   chain: Chain = foundry,
   pollingIntervalMS?: number,
   addressIndex?: number,
+  opts?: { httpTimeoutMS?: number },
 ): ExtendedViemWalletClient {
   const hdAccount =
     typeof mnemonicOrPrivateKeyOrHdAccount === 'string'
@@ -88,7 +96,7 @@ export function createExtendedL1Client(
   const extendedClient = createWalletClient({
     account: hdAccount,
     chain,
-    transport: fallback(rpcUrls.map(url => http(url, { batch: false }))),
+    transport: makeL1HttpTransport(rpcUrls, { timeout: opts?.httpTimeoutMS }),
     pollingInterval: pollingIntervalMS,
   }).extend(publicActions);
 

package/src/contracts/multicall.ts

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { toHex as toPaddedHex } from '@aztec/foundation/bigint-buffer';
 import { TimeoutError } from '@aztec/foundation/error';
 import type { Logger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 
-import { type EncodeFunctionDataParameters, type Hex, encodeFunctionData, multicall3Abi } from 'viem';
+import { type Address, type EncodeFunctionDataParameters, type Hex, encodeFunctionData, multicall3Abi } from 'viem';
 
 import type { L1BlobInputs, L1TxConfig, L1TxRequest, L1TxUtils } from '../l1_tx_utils/index.js';
 import type { ExtendedViemWalletClient } from '../types.js';
@@ -11,6 +11,39 @@ import { RollupContract } from './rollup.js';
 
 export const MULTI_CALL_3_ADDRESS = '0xcA11bde05977b3631167028862bE2a173976CA11' as const;
 
+/** ABI fragment for aggregate3Value — not included in viem's multicall3Abi. */
+export const aggregate3ValueAbi = [
+  {
+    inputs: [
+      {
+        components: [
+          { internalType: 'address', name: 'target', type: 'address' },
+          { internalType: 'bool', name: 'allowFailure', type: 'bool' },
+          { internalType: 'uint256', name: 'value', type: 'uint256' },
+          { internalType: 'bytes', name: 'callData', type: 'bytes' },
+        ],
+        internalType: 'struct Multicall3.Call3Value[]',
+        name: 'calls',
+        type: 'tuple[]',
+      },
+    ],
+    name: 'aggregate3Value',
+    outputs: [
+      {
+        components: [
+          { internalType: 'bool', name: 'success', type: 'bool' },
+          { internalType: 'bytes', name: 'returnData', type: 'bytes' },
+        ],
+        internalType: 'struct Multicall3.Result[]',
+        name: 'returnData',
+        type: 'tuple[]',
+      },
+    ],
+    stateMutability: 'payable',
+    type: 'function',
+  },
+] as const;
+
 export class Multicall3 {
   static async forward(
     requests: L1TxRequest[],
@@ -122,6 +155,37 @@ export class Multicall3 {
       throw err;
     }
   }
+
+  /** Batch multiple value transfers into a single aggregate3Value call on Multicall3. */
+  static async forwardValue(calls: { to: Address; value: bigint }[], l1TxUtils: L1TxUtils, logger: Logger) {
+    const args = calls.map(c => ({
+      target: c.to,
+      allowFailure: false,
+      value: c.value,
+      callData: '0x' as Hex,
+    }));
+
+    const data = encodeFunctionData({
+      abi: aggregate3ValueAbi,
+      functionName: 'aggregate3Value',
+      args: [args],
+    });
+
+    const totalValue = calls.reduce((sum, c) => sum + c.value, 0n);
+
+    logger.info(`Sending aggregate3Value with ${calls.length} calls`, { totalValue });
+    const { receipt } = await l1TxUtils.sendAndMonitorTransaction({
+      to: MULTI_CALL_3_ADDRESS,
+      data,
+      value: totalValue,
+    });
+
+    if (receipt.status !== 'success') {
+      throw new Error(`aggregate3Value transaction reverted: ${receipt.transactionHash}`);
+    }
+
+    return { receipt };
+  }
 }
 
 export async function deployMulticall3(l1Client: ExtendedViemWalletClient, logger: Logger) {

package/src/contracts/rollup.ts

@@ -134,6 +134,14 @@ export type L1FeeData = {
   blobFee: bigint;
 };
 
+/** Components of the minimum fee per mana, as returned by the L1 rollup contract. */
+export type ManaMinFeeComponents = {
+  sequencerCost: bigint;
+  proverCost: bigint;
+  congestionCost: bigint;
+  congestionMultiplier: bigint;
+};
+
 /**
  * Reward configuration for the rollup
  */
@@ -379,6 +387,20 @@ export class RollupContract {
     return Fr.fromString(await this.rollup.read.archiveAt([0n]));
   }
 
+  @memoize
+  async getVkTreeRoot(): Promise<Fr> {
+    const slot = BigInt(RollupContract.stfStorageSlot) + 3n;
+    const value = await this.client.getStorageAt({ address: this.address, slot: `0x${slot.toString(16)}` });
+    return Fr.fromString(value ?? '0x0');
+  }
+
+  @memoize
+  async getProtocolContractsHash(): Promise<Fr> {
+    const slot = BigInt(RollupContract.stfStorageSlot) + 4n;
+    const value = await this.client.getStorageAt({ address: this.address, slot: `0x${slot.toString(16)}` });
+    return Fr.fromString(value ?? '0x0');
+  }
+
   /**
    * Returns rollup constants used for epoch queries.
    * Return type is `L1RollupConstants` which is defined in stdlib,
@@ -756,14 +778,13 @@ export class RollupContract {
    * timestamp of the next L1 block
    * @throws otherwise
    */
-  public async canProposeAtNextEthBlock(
+  public async canProposeAt(
     archive: Buffer,
     account: `0x${string}` | Account,
-    slotDuration: number,
+    timestamp: bigint,
     opts: { forcePendingCheckpointNumber?: CheckpointNumber } = {},
   ): Promise<{ slot: SlotNumber; checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber; timeOfNextL1Slot: bigint }> {
-    const latestBlock = await this.client.getBlock();
-    const timeOfNextL1Slot = latestBlock.timestamp + BigInt(slotDuration);
+    const timeOfNextL1Slot = timestamp;
     const who = typeof account === 'string' ? account : account.address;
 
     try {
@@ -863,6 +884,16 @@ export class RollupContract {
     return this.rollup.read.getManaMinFeeAt([timestamp, inFeeAsset]);
   }
 
+  async getManaMinFeeComponentsAt(timestamp: bigint, inFeeAsset: boolean): Promise<ManaMinFeeComponents> {
+    const result = await this.rollup.read.getManaMinFeeComponentsAt([timestamp, inFeeAsset]);
+    return {
+      sequencerCost: result.sequencerCost,
+      proverCost: result.proverCost,
+      congestionCost: result.congestionCost,
+      congestionMultiplier: result.congestionMultiplier,
+    };
+  }
+
   async getSlotAt(timestamp: bigint): Promise<SlotNumber> {
     return SlotNumber.fromBigInt(await this.rollup.read.getSlotAt([timestamp]));
   }
@@ -906,11 +937,10 @@ export class RollupContract {
     return this.rollup.read.getSpecificProverRewardsForEpoch([epoch, prover]);
   }
 
-  async getAttesters(): Promise<EthAddress[]> {
+  async getAttesters(timestamp?: bigint): Promise<EthAddress[]> {
     const attesterSize = await this.getActiveAttesterCount();
     const gse = new GSEContract(this.client, await this.getGSE());
-    const ts = (await this.client.getBlock()).timestamp;
-
+    const ts = timestamp ?? (await this.client.getBlock()).timestamp;
     const indices = Array.from({ length: attesterSize }, (_, i) => BigInt(i));
     const chunks = chunk(indices, 1000);
 

package/src/l1_reader.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-import { type ConfigMappingsType, getConfigFromMappings, numberConfigHelper } from '@aztec/foundation/config';
+import {
+  type ConfigMappingsType,
+  getConfigFromMappings,
+  numberConfigHelper,
+  optionalNumberConfigHelper,
+} from '@aztec/foundation/config';
 
 import { type L1ContractAddresses, l1ContractAddressesMapping } from './l1_contract_addresses.js';
 
@@ -14,6 +19,8 @@ export interface L1ReaderConfig {
   l1Contracts: L1ContractAddresses;
   /** The polling interval viem uses in ms */
   viemPollingIntervalMS: number;
+  /** Timeout for HTTP requests to the L1 RPC node in ms. */
+  l1HttpTimeoutMS?: number;
 }
 
 export const l1ReaderConfigMappings: ConfigMappingsType<L1ReaderConfig> = {
@@ -43,6 +50,11 @@ export const l1ReaderConfigMappings: ConfigMappingsType<L1ReaderConfig> = {
     description: 'The polling interval viem uses in ms',
     ...numberConfigHelper(1_000),
   },
+  l1HttpTimeoutMS: {
+    env: 'ETHEREUM_HTTP_TIMEOUT_MS',
+    description: 'Timeout for HTTP requests to the L1 RPC node in ms.',
+    ...optionalNumberConfigHelper(),
+  },
 };
 
 export function getL1ReaderConfigFromEnv(): L1ReaderConfig {

package/src/publisher_manager.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import { pick } from '@aztec/foundation/collection';
 import { type Logger, type LoggerBindings, createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
+import { RunningPromise } from '@aztec/foundation/running-promise';
 
+import { Multicall3 } from './contracts/multicall.js';
 import { L1TxUtils, TxUtilsState } from './l1_tx_utils/index.js';
 
 // Defines the order in which we prioritise publishers based on their state (first is better)
@@ -27,24 +29,72 @@ const busyStates: TxUtilsState[] = [
 
 export type PublisherFilter<UtilsType extends L1TxUtils> = (utils: UtilsType) => boolean;
 
+/** Config accepted by PublisherManager. */
+type PublisherManagerConfig = {
+  publisherAllowInvalidStates?: boolean;
+  publisherFundingThreshold?: bigint;
+  publisherFundingAmount?: bigint;
+};
+
 export class PublisherManager<UtilsType extends L1TxUtils = L1TxUtils> {
   private log: Logger;
-  private config: { publisherAllowInvalidStates?: boolean };
+  private config: PublisherManagerConfig;
+  private static readonly FUNDING_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS = 2 * 60 * 1000;
+  private funder?: UtilsType;
+  private fundingPromise?: RunningPromise;
 
   constructor(
     private publishers: UtilsType[],
-    config: { publisherAllowInvalidStates?: boolean },
-    bindings?: LoggerBindings,
+    config: PublisherManagerConfig,
+    opts?: { bindings?: LoggerBindings; funder?: UtilsType },
   ) {
-    this.log = createLogger('publisher:manager', bindings);
+    this.funder = opts?.funder;
+    this.log = createLogger('publisher:manager', opts?.bindings);
     this.log.info(`PublisherManager initialized with ${publishers.length} publishers.`);
     this.publishers = publishers;
-    this.config = pick(config, 'publisherAllowInvalidStates');
+    this.config = pick(config, 'publisherAllowInvalidStates', 'publisherFundingThreshold', 'publisherFundingAmount');
+
+    const hasThreshold = this.config.publisherFundingThreshold !== undefined;
+    const hasAmount = this.config.publisherFundingAmount !== undefined;
+    if (hasThreshold !== hasAmount) {
+      this.log.warn(`Incomplete funding config: both publisherFundingThreshold and publisherFundingAmount must be set`);
+    }
+
+    if (this.funder) {
+      const funderAddress = this.funder.getSenderAddress();
+      if (publishers.some(p => p.getSenderAddress().equals(funderAddress))) {
+        this.log.error(`Funding account ${funderAddress} is also a publisher, disabling funding to avoid self-funding`);
+        this.funder = undefined;
+      }
+    }
   }
 
-  /** Loads the state of all publishers and resumes monitoring any pending txs */
-  public async loadState(): Promise<void> {
-    await Promise.all(this.publishers.map(pub => pub.loadStateAndResumeMonitoring()));
+  /** Loads the state of all publishers and the funder, and starts periodic funding checks. */
+  public async start(): Promise<void> {
+    await Promise.all([
+      ...this.publishers.map(pub => pub.loadStateAndResumeMonitoring()),
+      this.funder?.loadStateAndResumeMonitoring(),
+    ]);
+
+    if (
+      this.funder &&
+      this.config.publisherFundingThreshold !== undefined &&
+      this.config.publisherFundingAmount !== undefined
+    ) {
+      this.fundingPromise = new RunningPromise(
+        () => this.triggerFundingIfNeeded(),
+        this.log,
+        PublisherManager.FUNDING_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS,
+      );
+      this.fundingPromise.start();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Stops the funding loop and interrupts all publishers. */
+  public async stop(): Promise<void> {
+    await this.fundingPromise?.stop();
+    this.publishers.forEach(pub => pub.interrupt());
+    this.funder?.interrupt();
   }
 
   // Finds and prioritises available publishers based on
@@ -102,7 +152,52 @@ export class PublisherManager<UtilsType extends L1TxUtils = L1TxUtils> {
     return sortedPublishers[0].publisher;
   }
 
-  public interrupt() {
-    this.publishers.forEach(pub => pub.interrupt());
+  /** Check all publisher balances and fund those below threshold. */
+  private async triggerFundingIfNeeded(): Promise<void> {
+    const { funder, config } = this;
+    if (!funder || config.publisherFundingThreshold === undefined || config.publisherFundingAmount === undefined) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const allBalances = await Promise.all(
+      this.publishers.map(async pub => ({ balance: await pub.getSenderBalance(), publisher: pub })),
+    );
+    const lowBalance = allBalances.filter(p => p.balance < config.publisherFundingThreshold!);
+    if (lowBalance.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const fundingAmount = config.publisherFundingAmount!;
+    const funderBalance = await funder.getSenderBalance();
+
+    if (funderBalance < 10n * fundingAmount) {
+      this.log.warn(`Funding account balance is low`, { funderBalance, threshold: 10n * fundingAmount });
+    }
+    const affordableCount = Number(funderBalance / fundingAmount);
+    if (affordableCount === 0) {
+      this.log.error(`Funding account balance too low to fund any publisher`, { funderBalance, fundingAmount });
+      return;
+    }
+    if (affordableCount < lowBalance.length) {
+      this.log.warn(`Funder can only afford ${affordableCount}/${lowBalance.length} publishers`, {
+        funderBalance,
+        fundingAmount,
+      });
+    }
+
+    const toFund = lowBalance.slice(0, affordableCount).map(p => p.publisher);
+    await this.fundPublishers(toFund);
+  }
+
+  /** Fund publishers via a single Multicall3 aggregate3Value transaction. */
+  private async fundPublishers(publishers: UtilsType[]): Promise<void> {
+    const fundingAmount = this.config.publisherFundingAmount!;
+    const calls = publishers.map(pub => ({
+      to: pub.getSenderAddress().toString(),
+      value: fundingAmount,
+    }));
+
+    await Multicall3.forwardValue(calls, this.funder!, this.log);
+    this.log.info(`Funded ${publishers.length} publishers`);
   }
 }